Chap公共部门经济学经济学原理曼昆中英文双语PPT课件
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The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level. 需求曲线和社会 成本曲线的交点决 定了社会最优产量。
u The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。
如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产 铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
第13页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
第20页/共46页
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of
每生产一个单位量的铝，社会成本既包括铝生产 者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。
第14页/共46页
Pollution and the Social
Optimum
Price of Aluminum
铝的价格
污染和社会最优
Cost of Pollution 污染成本
Social cost 社会成本
uImmunizations 免疫 uRestored historic buildings 修复历史古迹 uResearch into new technologies
u 新技术研究开发
第10页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum 铝
市场
Price of A性与市场无效率
u 外部性——一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响，这种影响得不到补偿。 u 外部性导致市场失灵，因此单靠市场力量不能使社会总剩余最大化。
第6页/共46页
An externality arises… 外部性产生…
. . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. …当一个人的行为影响到旁观者的福利时，若此人既不为此支付成本（给旁 观者带来成本时）又不能得到补偿（给旁观者带来利益时），外部性就产生 了。
• Used as the primary method for attempting to internalize positive externalities.
• Industrial Policy
• Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote technology-enhancing industries
铝市场和福利经济学
The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus.
第23页/共46页
正外部性
供给曲线和社会价值曲线的交点决定了社会最优产量水平。 u 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量多。 u 市场生产的量比社会所希望的量少。 u 物品的社会价值大于私人价值。
第24页/共46页
Positive Externalities
• Internalizing Externalities: Subsidies
Education
第21页/共46页
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
教育的 价格
图3. 教育与社会最优
供给 (私人成本)
社会价值
需求 (私人价值)
0
Q市场
Q最优
教育的数量
第22页/共46页
Positive Externalities
The intersection of the supply curve and the social-value curve determines the optimal output level.
第16页/共46页
Negative Externalities 负外部性
Internalizing an externality involves altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions. 外部性的内在化——通过改变激励， 使人们考虑他们自己行为的外部效应。
u An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well -being of a bystander.
u Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus.
第7页/共46页
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
外部性与市场无效率
u When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. 给旁观者带来不利影响的外部性称为负外部性
Supply (private cost） 供给（ 私人成本)
Equilibrium 均衡
Demand (private value） 需求（私人价值)
0
QMARKET
数量Quantity of
第11页/共46页
Aluminum
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
u The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium q u a n t i t y.
u The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable.
u The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good.
物品的社会价值大于私人价值。
第19页/共46页
Positive Externalities 正外部性
A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole. 一个企业的创新或设计不仅给本企业带来效益， 还会增加社会的技术知识存量，给全社会带来 效益，也就是说创新和设计存在着技术溢出效 应，技术溢出效应是一种正外部性
Supply (private cost） 供给（私人成本)
Optimum 社会最优
Equilibrium均衡
Demand
(private value ） 需求（私人价值)
0
Qoptimum QMARKET
第15页/共46页
产量Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities 负外部性
第18页/共46页
Positive Externalities 正外部性
When an externality benefits the bystanders, a positive externality exists. 当外部性有利于旁观者时，就存在正 外部性。
u The social value of the good exceeds the private value.
4
THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 公共部门经济学
第1页/共46页
Externalities
外部性
Chapter 10
第2页/共46页
Market Efficiency - Market Failures
Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market.
But market failures can still happen.
第3页/共46页
市场效率 和 市场失灵
回顾: 亚当.斯密所说的市场中“看不见 的手”引导着市场中自利的买者和卖者 追求自己利益最大化的同时，使整个社 会从市场中获得的总利益也达到最大化。
但是市场也会失灵
第4页/共46页
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
“市场均衡时的生产量和消费量是有效率 的”，这句话的意思是说生产者和消费者的 总剩余最大。
第12页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality), then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers.
u When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. 给旁观者带来有利影响的外部性称为正外部性
第8页/共46页
Examples of Negative Externalities负外部性例子
uAutomobile exhaust 汽车尾气 uCigarette smoking 吸烟 uBarking dogs (loud pets) 狂叫的狗 uLoud stereos in an apartment building 在公寓楼里大声放立体声
第9页/共46页
Examples of Positive Externalities 正外部性例子
第17页/共46页
Achieving the Socially Optimal Output 实现社会最优产量
The government can internalize an externality by imposing a tax on the producer to reduce the equilibrium quantity to the socially desirable quantity. 政府可以向生产者收税以降低市场均衡产量 为社会所希望的产量，将 外部性内在化 。
u The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。
如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产 铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
第13页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
第20页/共46页
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of
每生产一个单位量的铝，社会成本既包括铝生产 者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。
第14页/共46页
Pollution and the Social
Optimum
Price of Aluminum
铝的价格
污染和社会最优
Cost of Pollution 污染成本
Social cost 社会成本
uImmunizations 免疫 uRestored historic buildings 修复历史古迹 uResearch into new technologies
u 新技术研究开发
第10页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum 铝
市场
Price of A性与市场无效率
u 外部性——一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响，这种影响得不到补偿。 u 外部性导致市场失灵，因此单靠市场力量不能使社会总剩余最大化。
第6页/共46页
An externality arises… 外部性产生…
. . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. …当一个人的行为影响到旁观者的福利时，若此人既不为此支付成本（给旁 观者带来成本时）又不能得到补偿（给旁观者带来利益时），外部性就产生 了。
• Used as the primary method for attempting to internalize positive externalities.
• Industrial Policy
• Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote technology-enhancing industries
铝市场和福利经济学
The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus.
第23页/共46页
正外部性
供给曲线和社会价值曲线的交点决定了社会最优产量水平。 u 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量多。 u 市场生产的量比社会所希望的量少。 u 物品的社会价值大于私人价值。
第24页/共46页
Positive Externalities
• Internalizing Externalities: Subsidies
Education
第21页/共46页
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
教育的 价格
图3. 教育与社会最优
供给 (私人成本)
社会价值
需求 (私人价值)
0
Q市场
Q最优
教育的数量
第22页/共46页
Positive Externalities
The intersection of the supply curve and the social-value curve determines the optimal output level.
第16页/共46页
Negative Externalities 负外部性
Internalizing an externality involves altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions. 外部性的内在化——通过改变激励， 使人们考虑他们自己行为的外部效应。
u An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well -being of a bystander.
u Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus.
第7页/共46页
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
外部性与市场无效率
u When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. 给旁观者带来不利影响的外部性称为负外部性
Supply (private cost） 供给（ 私人成本)
Equilibrium 均衡
Demand (private value） 需求（私人价值)
0
QMARKET
数量Quantity of
第11页/共46页
Aluminum
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
u The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium q u a n t i t y.
u The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable.
u The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good.
物品的社会价值大于私人价值。
第19页/共46页
Positive Externalities 正外部性
A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole. 一个企业的创新或设计不仅给本企业带来效益， 还会增加社会的技术知识存量，给全社会带来 效益，也就是说创新和设计存在着技术溢出效 应，技术溢出效应是一种正外部性
Supply (private cost） 供给（私人成本)
Optimum 社会最优
Equilibrium均衡
Demand
(private value ） 需求（私人价值)
0
Qoptimum QMARKET
第15页/共46页
产量Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities 负外部性
第18页/共46页
Positive Externalities 正外部性
When an externality benefits the bystanders, a positive externality exists. 当外部性有利于旁观者时，就存在正 外部性。
u The social value of the good exceeds the private value.
4
THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 公共部门经济学
第1页/共46页
Externalities
外部性
Chapter 10
第2页/共46页
Market Efficiency - Market Failures
Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market.
But market failures can still happen.
第3页/共46页
市场效率 和 市场失灵
回顾: 亚当.斯密所说的市场中“看不见 的手”引导着市场中自利的买者和卖者 追求自己利益最大化的同时，使整个社 会从市场中获得的总利益也达到最大化。
但是市场也会失灵
第4页/共46页
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
“市场均衡时的生产量和消费量是有效率 的”，这句话的意思是说生产者和消费者的 总剩余最大。
第12页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality), then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers.
u When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. 给旁观者带来有利影响的外部性称为正外部性
第8页/共46页
Examples of Negative Externalities负外部性例子
uAutomobile exhaust 汽车尾气 uCigarette smoking 吸烟 uBarking dogs (loud pets) 狂叫的狗 uLoud stereos in an apartment building 在公寓楼里大声放立体声
第9页/共46页
Examples of Positive Externalities 正外部性例子
第17页/共46页
Achieving the Socially Optimal Output 实现社会最优产量
The government can internalize an externality by imposing a tax on the producer to reduce the equilibrium quantity to the socially desirable quantity. 政府可以向生产者收税以降低市场均衡产量 为社会所希望的产量，将 外部性内在化 。