跨文化交际教程课件
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• Neglect the dynamic and changeable nature of culture
Prevention of Stereotypes
• Pay attention to individual differences.
• Reserve the space for independent exploring.
• Be tolerant.
Ethnocentrism
To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one’s own culture and negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own，including the behaviors, communication modes, social customs, managing methods and social values.
Barriers in Intercultural Communication
• Cultural Assumptions • Stereotypes • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Shock •…
LaRay Barna (a famous scholar in intercultural communication) believes that the main barrier in intercultural communication is to assume the cultural norms of one’s own are accepted by other cultures.
5. …
Ethnocentrism Vs. Patriotism 民族中心主义 爱国主义
Ethnocentrism believes one’s culture is superior to others’ and looks down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.
3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one country always highlight its own while underestimating others’.
4. In composing the world literature history, there has long existed a tendency to place Europe in the centre, while mentioning little about the contribution of Asia, Africa and Latin America, leading to a low evaluation of the works in those places. The reason that lies behind is that the authors are mainly Europeans.
Reasons for Forming Stereotypes
1、 Social environment is the key factor; 2、 The personal experience of childhood plays a
significant role; 3、 It has something to do with the cognitive
２、Learn to observe other country’s culture and compare it with one’s own so as to improve the crosscultural awareness.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are perceptions and beliefs we hold about groups or individuals based on our previously formed opinions or attitudes. They can be positive or negative. Stereotypes can change along with time. Change in social conditions can lead to the change of stereotypes.
Patriotism is a kind of positive and supportive attitude and emotions towards one’s own country.
Culture Shock 文化休克
Culture Shock refers to a transitional process in which an individual perceives threats to her or his well-being in a culturally new environment.
We all like the familiar. Culture makes things familiar, and in so doing helps us reduce the stress of life. But when we are thrust into another culture, by either chance or design, and experience psychological and physical discomfort from this contact, we have become victims of Culture Shock. The term was first introduced by the anthropologist Oberg.
Cultural Assumptions
Craig Storti believes in intercultural communication, people generally go
through four phases:
• Expecting people in another culture to behave similarly
Manifestation of
Ethnocentrism
1. The course book of each country all focuses on the history and culture of its own.
2. The map of each country always places itself in the center.
• Other water or air are “other cultural contexts”
• “I need my culture to feel comfortable!!”
Case 1:
One Chinese student named Li Ying was studying in America and was once invited to attend a friend’s party. He arrived there on time but he found many arrived late in casual clothes. The food was simple and there were few acquaintances. He just had a short conversation with the host. Two hours later he left in disappointment, determined never to attend these kind of parties again.
Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
The Intercultural Context
We become “a fish out of water”.
“out of water”=out of context
• “Water” is my源自culturedevelopment of children.
Stereotypes Vs. Prejudices刻板 印象 偏见
Stereotypes can be either positive or negative and can change along with time.
Prejudices are generally negative and take many forms including “discrimination”, which is an extreme and intentional form of prejudice.
Disadvantages of Stereotypes
• Exaggerate the differences between groups and ignore individual differences
• Lead to ethnocentric and prejudicial conceptions and speeches
• Cultural conflict resulting from the big gap between the expectation and reality
• Feeling angry and fearful • Wanting to shrink and give up
Craig Storti
Case 2:
Coming from Manchester, Sara works as a teacher in Xi’an. When she was giving a lecture, she found the students kept taking notes without asking any questions. She encouraged them to pose questions in class but it didn’t work. The students usually asked questions after class and didn’t read much the reference books she had recommended.
How to Avoid Cultural
Assumption in Intercultural
Communication
１、Constantly remind oneself that people have different cultural backgrounds and contrasting customs.
• Craig Storti is the director of Communicating Across Cultures, specializing in the design and delivery of seminars in intercultural communications, cross-cultural business dynamics, expatriation and repatriation, cultural diversity, and managing the multicultural/global workforce —for clients from government, business, military, and the education sectors.
Prevention of Stereotypes
• Pay attention to individual differences.
• Reserve the space for independent exploring.
• Be tolerant.
Ethnocentrism
To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one’s own culture and negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own，including the behaviors, communication modes, social customs, managing methods and social values.
Barriers in Intercultural Communication
• Cultural Assumptions • Stereotypes • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Shock •…
LaRay Barna (a famous scholar in intercultural communication) believes that the main barrier in intercultural communication is to assume the cultural norms of one’s own are accepted by other cultures.
5. …
Ethnocentrism Vs. Patriotism 民族中心主义 爱国主义
Ethnocentrism believes one’s culture is superior to others’ and looks down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.
3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one country always highlight its own while underestimating others’.
4. In composing the world literature history, there has long existed a tendency to place Europe in the centre, while mentioning little about the contribution of Asia, Africa and Latin America, leading to a low evaluation of the works in those places. The reason that lies behind is that the authors are mainly Europeans.
Reasons for Forming Stereotypes
1、 Social environment is the key factor; 2、 The personal experience of childhood plays a
significant role; 3、 It has something to do with the cognitive
２、Learn to observe other country’s culture and compare it with one’s own so as to improve the crosscultural awareness.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are perceptions and beliefs we hold about groups or individuals based on our previously formed opinions or attitudes. They can be positive or negative. Stereotypes can change along with time. Change in social conditions can lead to the change of stereotypes.
Patriotism is a kind of positive and supportive attitude and emotions towards one’s own country.
Culture Shock 文化休克
Culture Shock refers to a transitional process in which an individual perceives threats to her or his well-being in a culturally new environment.
We all like the familiar. Culture makes things familiar, and in so doing helps us reduce the stress of life. But when we are thrust into another culture, by either chance or design, and experience psychological and physical discomfort from this contact, we have become victims of Culture Shock. The term was first introduced by the anthropologist Oberg.
Cultural Assumptions
Craig Storti believes in intercultural communication, people generally go
through four phases:
• Expecting people in another culture to behave similarly
Manifestation of
Ethnocentrism
1. The course book of each country all focuses on the history and culture of its own.
2. The map of each country always places itself in the center.
• Other water or air are “other cultural contexts”
• “I need my culture to feel comfortable!!”
Case 1:
One Chinese student named Li Ying was studying in America and was once invited to attend a friend’s party. He arrived there on time but he found many arrived late in casual clothes. The food was simple and there were few acquaintances. He just had a short conversation with the host. Two hours later he left in disappointment, determined never to attend these kind of parties again.
Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
The Intercultural Context
We become “a fish out of water”.
“out of water”=out of context
• “Water” is my源自culturedevelopment of children.
Stereotypes Vs. Prejudices刻板 印象 偏见
Stereotypes can be either positive or negative and can change along with time.
Prejudices are generally negative and take many forms including “discrimination”, which is an extreme and intentional form of prejudice.
Disadvantages of Stereotypes
• Exaggerate the differences between groups and ignore individual differences
• Lead to ethnocentric and prejudicial conceptions and speeches
• Cultural conflict resulting from the big gap between the expectation and reality
• Feeling angry and fearful • Wanting to shrink and give up
Craig Storti
Case 2:
Coming from Manchester, Sara works as a teacher in Xi’an. When she was giving a lecture, she found the students kept taking notes without asking any questions. She encouraged them to pose questions in class but it didn’t work. The students usually asked questions after class and didn’t read much the reference books she had recommended.
How to Avoid Cultural
Assumption in Intercultural
Communication
１、Constantly remind oneself that people have different cultural backgrounds and contrasting customs.
• Craig Storti is the director of Communicating Across Cultures, specializing in the design and delivery of seminars in intercultural communications, cross-cultural business dynamics, expatriation and repatriation, cultural diversity, and managing the multicultural/global workforce —for clients from government, business, military, and the education sectors.