人教版必修4 unit 4语法导学案

人教版必修4 unit 4语法导学案----现在分词作定语和状语
【考点精练】
1.单句语法填空
1.When _______(cross) street, you must be careful.
2._______(separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any country in the world.
3.Generally speaking, if _______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
4.He glanced at her, _______(notice) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.
5._______(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.
6.The teacher came into the lab, _______(follow) by some students.
7.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, _______(wonder) whether to stay or leave.
8.The park was full of people, _______(enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.
9._______(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long,
hard road to becoming a football star.
10.Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way_______(use) the sun and the stars.
11._______(absorb) in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.
12._______(work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
13.In recent years an English word “infosphere”has appeared, _______(combine) the sense of “information”and “atmosphere”.
14.There’s a note pinned to the door_______(say) when the shop will open again.
15.Today there are more airplanes_______(carry) more people than ever before in the sky.
16.He was the first _______(rush) out of the burning flat.
17.It is one of the most interesting stories_______(find) in the magazine so far this year.
18.The railway _______(build) now will lead to Tibet.
19.The part _______(hold) tomorrow is to celebrate their silver wedding.
20.It is well-known that China is still a _______(develop) country.
21.The cooling wind swept through our bedroom, _______(make) air conditioning unnecessary.
22.The church_______(date) from the 18th century is under repair at present.
23.My sister was found sitting on the horse_______(try) to control it.
24._______(win) the gold medal, he was busy training hard.
25.He ran away, _______(wave) his arms.
26.Melting snow made the air wet and the lack of winds led the wetness in the air to thicken, thus _______(cause) the fog.
27._______(throw) their hats into the sky, the fans of the winning team burst out cheering.
28.He hurried home only_______(tell) his uncle had left.
29._______(bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver letters to his door.
30.The young man is old enough_______(join) the army.
II.单句改错
1. After school, I went back home on time to help my parents do some housework while enjoy some light music.
2.Nowadays there are some students use cell phones to copy teachers’ lecture notes.
3. Dressing in black, he was playing with a smartphone while eating.
4. While wait for the bus, he became lost in thought.
5. There were terrible noises followed the sudden burst of light.
6. Heard the alarm, people ran out of the building.
7. Never lost faith in himself, the scientist was determined to carry on with the research, no matter what others said.
8. Had arrived at the station, we learned that the train had already gone.
9. The system using in this school is very successful.
10. The teacher stood there, surrounding by the students.
【考点精讲】
一、现在分词作定语
1．单个的现在分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词之前；现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的词语之后。

例如：
(1) The exciting news made us very happy. 这个令人兴奋的消息使我们很高兴。

(2) A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的小孩常常跌跤。

(3) The house being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。

2．现在分词的完成式一般不可以充当定语。

例如：
(×) Do you know the boy having broken the glass?
(√) Do you know the boy who has broken the glass?
3.由及物动词转化成形容词的分词作定语一般放在名词前面，现在分词一般用于修饰事物，而过去分词多用于修饰人。

注意：有些表示感情的过去分词不直接谈某人如何，而常用来描述受影响的人的表情、声音或举止，但是实际上还是和人有关，可以理解为修饰人。

例如：
(1)I’ve got a broken heart. 我伤心欲绝。

(2)Cholera was then a terrifying disease, and so many terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 霍乱在当时是一种令人可怕的疾病，因此每当其爆发时那么多受惊吓的人都死去。

(3)The old man is a retired teacher who has taught English in a high school for 40 years. 这个老人是一个教了40年书的中学英语教师。

(4)After he heard the good news, there was an excited look on his face. 听到这个好消息后，他的表情很兴奋。

(5)The old man couldn’t wait to leave the troubled place. 这个老人迫不及待地想离开这个是非之地。

4.有些由不及物动词转化而来的现在分词作形容词，表示动作正在进行，而有些由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作形容词，表示完成。

例如：
(1)China is still a developing country while the U. S. is a developed country. 中国仍然是一个发展中国家，而美国是一个发达国家。

(2)Look out! This is boiling water. 当心，这个滚烫的开水。

(3) Please give me some boiled water to drink. 请给我点开过的水喝。

5.分词短语作定语，一般置于名词之后，现在分词短语一般表示主动的或进行的动作，而过去分词短语往往表示一个已经完成的被动动作。

例如：
(1) To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012. (= ... a study which was conducted ...)
(2) Peter received a letter just now saying his grandma would come to see him soon. (= ... A letter just now which said his grandma would
come to see him soon.)
(3) It is one of the funniest things found on the Internet so far this year. (= ...things that have been found on the Internet so far this year.)
(4) The boy sitting under the big tree is my ten-year-old boy. (= The boy who is sitting under the big tree ...)
二、现在分词作状语
[考点归纳]
1．一般来说，现在分词作状语应该和它的逻辑主语保持一致，但是，有一些固定的分词短语用来表示说话人对所说的话表示一种态度，可以看作是句子的独立成分。

这样的现在分词短语有：generally speaking一般来说，judging from…从……来判断，considering…考虑到……，talking of…说到……。

例如：
(1) He was lying on the couch, enjoying his pipe. 他躺在睡椅上吸着烟斗。

[enjoying的逻辑主语是He。

]
(2) Generally speaking, women run slower than men. 一般来说, 女人比男人跑得慢。

(3) Considering his inexperience, he did a good job. 考虑到他缺乏经验，他干得很不错。

2．现在分词作状语，可表示原因、时间、条件、结果、伴随情况和方式等等。

例如：
(1) He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。

[时间状语]
(2) Being sick I am often absent from class. 我因病经常缺课。

[原因状语]
(3) Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet. 坐下吧，埃玛。

你老站着，只会使你更累。

[条件状语] 3．现在分词和动词不定式都可以作结果状语，其区别是：现在分词表示符合逻辑的、必然发生的结果，而动词不定式表示出乎意料的、偶然发生的结果。

例如：
(1) The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了。

(2) I hurried to the airport only to find the plane had taken off. 我匆匆赶到机场，结果发现飞机已经起飞了。

4.一般而言，分词作状语时，应根据其逻辑主语即句子的主语去判断用现在分词还是过去分词，若存在主动关系，则用现在分词，若存在被动关系，则用过去分词。

例如：
(1)Founded in 1636, Harvard University is a world-famous university. （Founded逻辑主语是Harvard University，存在被动关系）
(2)The professor entered the laboratory, followed by his students. （followed的逻辑主语是The professor，教授被学生跟着，是被动关系）
(3)The students entered the laboratory, following their professor. （following的逻辑主语是The students，学生跟在教授后面，属主动关系）
(4)Raised in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. （Raised的逻辑主语是he，存在被动关系）
(5)The old man sat in an armchair, reading a copy of China Daily attentively. （reading的逻辑主语是The old man，是主动关系）
5.英文中有一些及物动词的过去分词并不表示被动与完成，而是表示事物的一种状态。

这样的动词有locate（使位于）, situate（使坐落）, dress，seat （试坐下）, lose，absorb等等。

例如：
(1)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. (= As John was absorbed in painting,...)
(2)Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (= When he is dressed in a white uniform,...)
(3)Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the talk on time. (= As we were faced with so much trouble,...) 试比较：
Facing so much trouble, we failed to complete the talk on time.
(4)Lost in thought, the professor nearly bumped into the electricity
pole. (= As the professor was lost in thought,...)
【参考答案】
I.1. crossing 2. Separated 3. taken 4. noticing 5. Having been told 6. followed 7. wondering 8. enjoying 9. Raised 10. using 11. Absorbed 12. Having worked 13. combining 14. saying 15. carrying 16. to rush 17. found 18. being built 19. to be held 20. developing 21. making 22. dating 23. trying 24. To win 25. waving 26. causing 27. Throwing 28. to be told 29. Bitten 30. to join
II.1. enjoy→enjoying 2. use→using 3. Dressing→Dressed 4. wait→waiting 5. followed→following 6. Heard→Hearing 7. lost→Losing 8. Had→Having 9. Using→Used 10. surrounding→surrounded。