A step towards the Zero Energy Building standard by housing
如何使城市更绿色英语作文
如何使城市更绿色英语作文篇1Oh, how wonderful it would be if our cities could become greener! To achieve this, there are several effective measures that we should take. Firstly, increasing the number of urban parks and green spaces is of great significance. Just imagine, more and more parks and green areas would provide residents with wonderful spaces for relaxation and getting close to nature. Isn't it amazing? People could enjoy the beauty of flowers and the shade of trees, breathing in the fresh air.Another important aspect is to promote green modes of transportation. For instance, we should encourage the use of bicycles and public transportation. This would significantly reduce the emissions of vehicle exhaust. How could we ignore such a significant impact? Think about it, fewer cars on the road would mean less pollution and a healthier environment for all of us.Moreover, we could also implement strict environmental regulations for industries. Factories should be required to adopt clean production technologies to minimize their negative effects on the environment. Don't you think this is essential for a greener city?In conclusion, making our cities greener requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and each one of us. Let's take action now andwork towards a more beautiful and sustainable urban environment. How exciting and rewarding it would be when our cities turn into green paradises!篇2Oh, dear friends! Have you ever thought about how to make our cities greener? It's a question that deserves our serious consideration. Making a city greener brings numerous positive impacts on the quality of life for its residents.Imagine breathing in the fresh air! Cleaner air means a significant reduction in respiratory diseases. Isn't that a wonderful thing? People won't suffer as much from breathing problems.And what about the beautiful green landscapes? They are like a balm for our souls. After a long and tiring day at work, when we look out and see greenery all around, the stress just melts away. How amazing is that?Green spaces also provide a haven for various species of birds and insects. This adds to the biodiversity of our cities and creates a more harmonious environment. Don't you think it's essential for a balanced ecosystem?Furthermore, more trees and plants can help regulate the temperature in the city. During hot summers, they offer shade and make the environment cooler. Isn't this a great advantage?So, let's all come together and take actions to make our cities greener.Let's plant more trees, create more parks, and protect the existing green areas. After all, a green city is a happy city!篇3The government plays a crucial role in making cities greener! How can we imagine a green city without the strong support and effective measures from the government? Firstly, the government can formulate and implement strict environmental policies and regulations. For instance, it can impose limits on the emission of pollutants from factories and vehicles. This would surely have a significant impact on improving the air quality in the city. Don't you think this is a powerful step? Secondly, the government has the responsibility to supervise and govern polluting enterprises. It can force these enterprises to install advanced pollution control equipment or even close those that fail to meet environmental standards. Isn't this a necessary action to protect our living environment? Moreover, the government can invest heavily in building green spaces such as parks and gardens. This not only beautifies the city but also provides citizens with places to relax and enjoy nature. How wonderful it is to have such green oases in the midst of a busy urban life! In conclusion, the government is the key driver in making our cities greener. Through its various efforts and policies, we can look forward to a more beautiful and sustainable urban future. Can we achieve this without the government's active participation? The answer is undoubtedly no!Oh, dear friends! Have you ever thought about how we can make our cities greener? It's a question that demands our serious attention and active participation.We, as citizens, bear significant responsibilities and obligations in this noble mission. For instance, let's consider the simple act of garbage classification. How wonderful it would be if everyone sorted their trash consciously! By doing so, we can reduce the burden on our landfills and promote recycling, which is a crucial step towards a greener city.And what about taking care of the flowers, plants and trees around us? Oh, imagine the beauty and freshness they bring to our lives! We should avoid trampling on the grass, protect the young saplings and cherish every blossom.Why is it so important for us to do these things? Because a greener city means cleaner air to breathe, a more pleasant living environment and a healthier life for us and our future generations. Don't you agree?So, dear friends, let's act now! Let's fulfill our duties and obligations with enthusiasm and determination. Let's make our cities not just concrete jungles, but true paradises filled with greenery and life. Can we do it? Yes, we can!In today's rapidly evolving world, the pursuit of making our cities greener has become an imperative goal. How can technological innovation play a crucial role in achieving this? Let's explore!The application of new energy technologies in the energy supply of cities is truly remarkable! For instance, solar and wind power have replaced traditional fossil fuels to a considerable extent. Isn't it amazing how these clean energy sources reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions? They not only provide sustainable power but also contribute to a healthier environment for us and future generations.Another outstanding example is the role of intelligent irrigation systems in urban greening. These systems use sensors and data analysis to precisely control the amount and timing of water supply. How wonderful is it that they can minimize water waste and ensure the vitality of plants? This intelligent approach saves precious resources while keeping our cities beautifully green.However, challenges do exist. The high initial cost of implementing these technologies and the need for updated infrastructure pose significant hurdles. But should we back down because of these difficulties? Absolutely not! We must continue to invest in research and development, promote policy support, and enhance public awareness.In conclusion, technological innovation holds the key to making ourcities greener. Let's embrace these advancements with enthusiasm and determination. Can we create more sustainable and eco-friendly urban landscapes? Yes, we can!。
建设绿色校园专四英语作文
建设绿色校园专四英语作文Building a Green CampusIn the face of the growing global environmental crisis, the importance of creating sustainable and eco-friendly living and learning spaces has become increasingly apparent. As institutions of higher education, universities have a unique opportunity and responsibility to lead the way in promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable practices. One crucial aspect of this endeavor is the development of a green campus - a campus that prioritizes environmental protection, resource conservation, and the overall well-being of the community.The concept of a green campus encompasses a wide range of initiatives and strategies that can be implemented to reduce the environmental impact of a university's operations and infrastructure. At the forefront of these efforts is the incorporation of sustainable design principles in the construction and renovation of campus buildings. This includes the use of energy-efficient materials, the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar panels, andthe implementation of water-saving technologies like low-flow plumbing fixtures. By prioritizing these sustainable design elements, universities can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and energy consumption, while also setting an example for the wider community.Another crucial aspect of a green campus is the promotion of sustainable transportation options. This can be achieved through the development of robust public transportation systems, the establishment of bike-sharing programs, and the creation of pedestrian-friendly infrastructure on campus. By encouraging the use of alternative modes of transportation, universities can not only reduce their carbon emissions but also foster a healthier and more active campus community. Additionally, the implementation of electric vehicle charging stations on campus can further support the transition to sustainable transportation solutions.Waste management is another critical component of a green campus. Universities should strive to implement comprehensive recycling and composting programs that divert as much waste as possible from landfills. This can involve the placement of clearly labeled recycling bins throughout the campus, the provision of composting facilities for food waste, and the implementation of educational campaigns to raise awareness and encourage participation among students, faculty, and staff. By embracing a zero-waste approach, universities cansignificantly reduce their environmental impact and contribute to the development of a more sustainable circular economy.The greening of campus landscapes is also an essential element of a green campus. This can involve the planting of native and drought-resistant vegetation, the creation of bioswales and rain gardens to manage stormwater runoff, and the incorporation of green spaces that provide opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and environmental education. By prioritizing the integration of natural elements into the campus environment, universities can not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of their grounds but also promote biodiversity and ecosystem health.In addition to these physical infrastructure and operational changes, a green campus must also foster a culture of environmental stewardship and sustainability among its community members. This can be achieved through the implementation of educational programs, the integration of sustainability-focused curricula across disciplines, and the creation of student organizations and initiatives dedicated to environmental advocacy and action. By empowering students, faculty, and staff to become active participants in the greening of the campus, universities can cultivate a sense of collective responsibility and ownership towards the environment.Furthermore, the development of a green campus should be viewedas an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation, adaptation, and improvement. Universities should regularly assess their progress, identify areas for improvement, and implement new strategies and technologies to enhance their sustainability efforts. This may involve the establishment of dedicated sustainability offices or the appointment of sustainability coordinators to oversee and coordinate the various green initiatives on campus.The benefits of a green campus extend far beyond the immediate environmental impact. By embracing sustainable practices, universities can also reap significant economic and social benefits. Reduced energy and water consumption, for example, can lead to substantial cost savings, which can then be reinvested into other campus improvements or initiatives. Additionally, the creation of green jobs and the fostering of green skills among students can contribute to the development of a more sustainable workforce and economy.Moreover, a green campus can serve as a powerful catalyst for community engagement and collaboration. By partnering with local organizations, businesses, and government agencies, universities can amplify their sustainability efforts and create a ripple effect that extends beyond the campus boundaries. These partnerships can lead to the development of community-based initiatives, the sharing of best practices, and the creation of innovative solutions to addresspressing environmental challenges.In conclusion, the development of a green campus is a crucial step towards a more sustainable future. By prioritizing environmental protection, resource conservation, and the well-being of the campus community, universities can not only reduce their ecological footprint but also inspire and empower others to follow suit. Through the implementation of comprehensive green initiatives, the cultivation of a sustainability-focused culture, and the fostering of community partnerships, universities can become beacons of environmental stewardship and catalysts for positive change. As institutions of higher learning, universities have a unique opportunity to lead the way in building a greener, more sustainable world for generations to come.。
实现碳中和的意义英语作文
实现碳中和的意义英语作文The Significance of Achieving Carbon Neutrality。
In recent years, the issue of climate change has become a growing concern for people around the world. As theEarth's temperature continues to rise and extreme weather events become more frequent, it has become increasingly clear that urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming. One of the key strategies for addressing climate change is achieving carbon neutrality, which means that the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere is balanced by the amount that is removed or offset.There are several reasons why achieving carbon neutrality is so important. First and foremost, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential for slowing the pace of climate change and preventing its most catastrophic effects. By achieving carbon neutrality, we can help tolimit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius, which is considered the threshold for avoiding the worst impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, and food and water shortages.In addition to its environmental benefits, achieving carbon neutrality also has important economic and social implications. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy can create new job opportunities in industries such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture. It can also help to reduce air pollution and improve public health, particularly in cities where high levels of pollution are a major concern.Furthermore, achieving carbon neutrality can help to enhance energy security and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which are finite resources that contribute to geopolitical tensions and conflicts. By investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, countries can reduce their reliance on imported oil and gas and strengthen their energy independence.Overall, achieving carbon neutrality is a critical step towards building a more sustainable and resilient futurefor our planet. It requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals to reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, and invest in renewable energy sources. By working together to achieve carbon neutrality, we can help to protect the environment, create new economic opportunities, and improve the quality of life for people around the world. Let us all join hands and take action to achieve carbon neutrality for the sake of our planet and future generations.。
电车发展英语作文
电车发展英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Development of Electric CarsIntroductionThe development of electric cars has been a topic of growing interest and importance in the automotive industry in recent years. As awareness of environmental issues and the need for sustainable transportation solutions has increased, electric cars have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. In this essay, we will explore the history and evolution of electric cars, the current state of the industry, and the potential future of electric vehicles.History of Electric CarsWhile electric cars may seem like a recent innovation, they actually have a long history that dates back to the early 19th century. The first electric vehicle was built in 1832 by Scottish inventor Robert Anderson, who created a crude electric carriage powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. Over the next century, electric cars continued to evolve, with improvements inbattery technology and electric motors leading to the development of more practical and efficient vehicles.One of the major milestones in the history of electric cars was the introduction of the General Motors EV1 in 1996. This electric car was one of the first mass-produced electric vehicles and generated significant interest and excitement among consumers. However, due to various factors, including limited range and high production costs, the EV1 was eventually discontinued in 1999.Current State of the IndustryIn recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in electric cars, driven by advancements in technology, concerns about climate change, and government incentives to promote clean energy. Major automakers such as Tesla, Nissan, and BMW have all introduced electric vehicles to their lineups, with models that offer improved range, performance, and affordability.The popularity of electric cars has also been boosted by the development of a charging infrastructure, with more charging stations being installed in cities and along highways. This has alleviated concerns about "range anxiety" – the fear of running out of battery power while driving – and has made electric cars more practical and convenient for everyday use.Future of Electric VehiclesLooking ahead, the future of electric vehicles looks promising, with continued advancements in battery technology and the development of new models with longer ranges and faster charging times. Electric cars are also becoming more affordable, thanks to improvements in production processes and economies of scale.In addition to passenger cars, electric vehicles are also being used in other forms of transportation, such as buses, trucks, and even airplanes. This trend towards electrification is expected to have a significant impact on reducing emissions and improving air quality in urban areas, where transportation is a major source of pollution.ConclusionIn conclusion, the development of electric cars represents a significant shift in the automotive industry towards cleaner and more sustainable transportation solutions. While there are still challenges to overcome, such as the need for more widespread charging infrastructure and lower production costs, the future looks bright for electric vehicles. By embracing this technology and investing in its continued development, we can create amore sustainable and environmentally friendly future for generations to come.篇2The Development of Electric CarsWith the increasing concerns about environmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuels, electric cars have become a popular alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The development of electric cars has advanced rapidly in recent years, with major car manufacturers investing heavily in research and development to produce more efficient and affordable electric vehicles.One of the key benefits of electric cars is their sustainability. By running on electricity instead of gasoline, electric cars produce zero emissions, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly important in urban areas where air quality is a major concern. In addition, electric cars are more energy-efficient than traditional vehicles, as electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines.The advancement of battery technology has also played a crucial role in the development of electric cars. Lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in electric cars, havebecome more affordable and have greater energy density, allowing electric cars to travel longer distances on a single charge. The development of fast-charging technology has also made it easier for electric car owners to recharge their vehicles quickly and conveniently.Furthermore, the increasing demand for electric cars has led to a more diverse range of electric vehicle options available to consumers. From compact city cars to luxury electric SUVs, there is now a wide variety of electric cars to choose from, catering to different needs and preferences. This has helped to popularize electric cars and increase their market share in the automotive industry.In terms of infrastructure, many countries are investing in building more charging stations to support the growing number of electric vehicles on the road. This has helped to alleviate range anxiety and make it more convenient for electric car owners to recharge their vehicles while on the go. Some countries are also offering incentives and subsidies to encourage more people to switch to electric cars, such as tax credits, rebates, and free parking for electric vehicles.Despite the many benefits of electric cars, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to further promote theiradoption. One of the main challenges is the limited range of electric cars compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, which can make long-distance travel more difficult. However, advancements in battery technology and the expansion of charging infrastructure are helping to address this issue.In conclusion, the development of electric cars has come a long way in recent years, with advancements in technology and infrastructure making electric vehicles more practical and accessible to consumers. As the demand for electric cars continues to grow, it is likely that we will see further innovations in the electric vehicle industry, leading to more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation options for the future.篇3The Development of Electric VehiclesIn recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant momentum as the world seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Electric vehicles, powered by electricity instead of gasoline, have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. In this essay, we will explore the current state of electric vehicle development, the challenges and opportunitiesfacing the industry, and the potential impact of electric vehicles on the environment and society.The global electric vehicle market has been growing steadily in recent years, with major automakers investing heavily in research and development to bring EV technology to the mass market. Companies like Tesla, Nissan, and General Motors have launched successful electric vehicle models that have gained popularity among consumers. Governments around the world are also introducing policies and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles, such as tax credits, rebates, and infrastructure investments. As a result, the number of electric vehicles on the road is expected to increase significantly in the coming years.One of the main challenges facing the electric vehicle industry is the high cost of EVs compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. While the price of electric vehicles has been decreasing over time, they are still more expensive to purchase than gasoline cars. This cost barrier has been a major deterrent for many consumers, especially in developing countries where EV infrastructure is still limited. In addition, the range of electric vehicles is a concern for some consumers, asthey may be worried about running out of battery power on long journeys.Despite these challenges, there are significant opportunities for the electric vehicle industry to grow and thrive in the coming years. Advances in battery technology are making electric vehicles more efficient and affordable, with longer driving ranges and faster charging times. Companies are also investing in the development of electric trucks, buses, and even airplanes, which could further reduce emissions and create new opportunities for sustainable transportation. Governments and businesses are also working together to build EV charging infrastructure and develop renewable energy sources to power electric vehicles, further reducing their environmental impact.The impact of electric vehicles on the environment and society could be transformational. By transitioning from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles, we can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, leading to cleaner air and improved public health. Electric vehicles also have the potential to create new jobs in the clean energy sector and stimulate economic growth. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles could also reduce our dependenceon imported oil and increase energy security for countries around the world.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles represents a significant opportunity to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. While there are challenges to overcome, the electric vehicle industry is poised for rapid growth in the coming years. By investing in research and development, building EV infrastructure, and promoting policies that support electric vehicles, we can accelerate the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable future. The development of electric vehicles is not just a technological achievement, but a crucial step towards a more sustainable and prosperous society for future generations.。
减少能量消耗的方法英语作文
减少能量消耗的方法英语作文英文回答：Reducing energy consumption is a crucial step towards creating a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future. By implementing simple changes in our daily lives and utilizing energy-efficient technologies, we can significantly lower our energy footprint and mitigate the impact of climate change.Household Energy Consumption:1. Lighting: Replace incandescent bulbs with LED or CFL bulbs, which consume up to 90% less energy. Use natural light whenever possible by opening curtains and blinds during daylight hours.2. Appliances: Choose energy-efficient appliances with an Energy Star rating. Unplug electronics when not in use to reduce standby power consumption.3. Heating and Cooling: Set thermostats to appropriate temperatures to minimize energy usage. Use fans and natural ventilation instead of air conditioning when possible.4. Water Heating: Install low-flow showerheads and faucets to reduce water and energy consumption. Insulate hot water pipes to minimize heat loss.Transportation Energy Consumption:1. Public Transportation: Utilize public transportation systems or carpooling to reduce individual vehicle usage.2. Driving Habits: Practice eco-driving techniques such as smooth acceleration and braking, minimizing idling, and maintaining proper tire pressure.3. Fuel-Efficient Vehicles: Consider purchasing fuel-efficient vehicles or electric cars to lower your transportation energy footprint.Industrial and Commercial Energy Consumption:1. Energy Audits: Conduct regular energy audits to identify areas for efficiency improvements.2. Process Optimization: Implement energy-efficient manufacturing processes and optimize equipment operation schedules.3. Renewable Energy: Invest in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, or geothermal to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.4. Employee Awareness: Educate employees about energy conservation practices and encourage their participation in energy-saving initiatives.Government and Policy Measures:1. Incentives and Regulations: Governments can implement incentives for energy-efficient technologies and regulations to promote sustainable energy practices.2. Building Codes: Enforce stricter building codes that require energy-efficient construction and materials.3. Renewable Energy Targets: Set ambitious targets for renewable energy production and incentivize investments in clean energy technologies.The Benefits of Reducing Energy Consumption:Lower energy bills.Reduced environmental impact.Improved air quality.Increased energy independence.Contribution to a more sustainable future.中文回答：如何减少能源消耗。
绿色新动力的英语作文
The concept of Green New Deal has been gaining momentum globally as a response to the urgent need for sustainable development and environmental conservation.Heres an essay on this topic:In recent years,the term Green New Deal has emerged as a pivotal strategy to address the dual challenges of climate change and economic inequality.This essay will explore the significance of the Green New Deal,its potential impact on society,and the steps that can be taken to implement it effectively.IntroductionThe Green New Deal is a comprehensive plan that aims to transition economies to renewable energy sources,create jobs,and invest in infrastructure and industry to sustain a healthy environment.It is inspired by the New Deal of the1930s,which was a series of programs and projects initiated by President Franklin D.Roosevelt to help the United States recover from the Great Depression.Environmental BenefitsThe primary goal of the Green New Deal is to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.This involves investing in renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydroelectric power.Transitioning to these cleaner energy sources will not only help in reducing our carbon footprint but also in improving air quality,which has a direct impact on public health.Economic OpportunitiesOne of the key aspects of the Green New Deal is the creation of jobs in the renewable energy sector.As the world shifts from fossil fuels to renewable energy,there will be a demand for skilled workers in areas such as installation,maintenance,and research.This can lead to economic growth and provide new employment opportunities for millions of people.Social EquityThe Green New Deal also seeks to address social and economic inequality by ensuring that the benefits of the transition to a green economy are shared by all.This includes investing in education and training programs to equip workers with the skills needed forthe jobs of the future.Additionally,it emphasizes the importance of affordable housing, healthcare,and public transportation,which are essential for a high quality of life.Implementation ChallengesWhile the Green New Deal presents a promising vision for a sustainable future,its implementation faces several challenges.These include securing political support, managing the economic transition,and overcoming resistance from industries that rely on fossil fuels.It also requires international cooperation to ensure that the benefits of the Green New Deal are felt globally.ConclusionThe Green New Deal represents a bold and necessary step towards a more sustainable and equitable world.By investing in renewable energy,creating new jobs,and addressing social inequalities,it has the potential to transform our societies for the better.However, its success will depend on the collective efforts of governments,businesses,and individuals to embrace this vision and work towards its realization.In conclusion,the Green New Deal is not just an environmental initiative it is a comprehensive approach to building a future that is both sustainable and socially just.It is a call to action for all of us to play our part in creating a world where economic prosperity goes hand in hand with environmental stewardship and social equity.。
低温空气能热泵英语
低温空气能热泵英语Captivating the essence of innovation, the low-temperature air source heat pump emerges as a beacon of efficiency and sustainability in the realm of heating technology. This modern marvel harnesses the ambient air's latent heat, even in the chilliest of climates, to deliver a consistent and reliable source of warmth. Imagine a system that can extract heat from the very air around us, converting it into a cozy warmth that can be felt within our homes and commercial spaces. The low-temperature air source heat pump does just that, defying the odds against the cold and transforming it into a valuable resource.With an impressive coefficient of performance (COP), these heat pumps are not only energy-efficient but also environmentally friendly, reducing carbon footprints and contributing to a greener future. They operate with minimal noise, ensuring a peaceful environment while providing the necessary heat. Whether it's a residential home or a large commercial building, the low-temperature air source heat pump is adaptable and robust, capable of meeting diverse heating demands.Moreover, these heat pumps are equipped with advanced defrosting technology, ensuring that they can operate effectively even in sub-zero temperatures without performance degradation. The integration of smart controls allows for seamless operation, with the ability to adjust settings basedon the user's preferences and the building's specific requirements.In essence, the low-temperature air source heat pump is a testament to human ingenuity, offering a practical and sustainable solution to the age-old problem of heating in cold climates. It's more than just a heating system; it's a step towards a more energy-conscious and eco-friendly lifestyle.。
建筑专业英语作文范文
建筑专业英语作文范文Architectural Design and Sustainability: A Paradigm Shift Towards Eco-Friendly Buildings.In the realm of architecture, sustainability has emerged as a paramount consideration, driving an indispensable paradigm shift towards eco-friendly building practices. As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, architects bear the responsibility to create structures that coexist harmoniously with the natural environment while ensuring the well-being of occupants.The Imperative for Sustainable Building Design.The urgency of sustainable building design stems from the alarming environmental impact of conventional construction practices. The construction sector accounts for a significant portion of global energy consumption, carbon emissions, and waste generation. Furthermore,buildings contribute heavily to urban air pollution, water scarcity, and heat island effects.To mitigate these environmental impacts and create a more sustainable built environment, architects must adopt a holistic approach to design that considers the environmental, economic, and social implications of their creations.Principles of Sustainable Architecture.Sustainable architecture encompasses a comprehensive range of principles and practices that guide the design and construction of eco-friendly buildings. These principles include:Energy Efficiency: Designing buildings to minimize energy consumption through passive solar design, efficient building envelopes, and energy-efficient appliances.Water Conservation: Implementing rainwater harvesting systems, low-flow fixtures, and efficient irrigationpractices to reduce water usage.Material Selection: Utilizing sustainable and recycled materials, such as bamboo, reclaimed wood, and recycled steel, to minimize the environmental impact of construction.Waste Reduction: Minimizing construction waste through prefabrication techniques and recycling programs, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.Healthy Indoor Environments: Ensuring that buildings provide healthy and comfortable living spaces throughproper ventilation, natural lighting, and non-toxic materials.Technologies for Eco-Friendly Building.Advancements in technology have provided architectswith innovative tools and materials to enhance the sustainability of buildings. These technologies include:Solar Panels: Harnessing solar energy to generateelectricity and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Geothermal Heat Pumps: Utilizing the earth's stable temperature to provide heating and cooling, reducing energy consumption.Green Roofs: Installing vegetation on rooftops to provide insulation, reduce runoff, and improve air quality.Intelligent Building Systems: Utilizing sensors and control systems to optimize energy usage, monitor indoorair quality, and automate lighting and HVAC systems.Case Studies of Sustainable Architecture.Numerous case studies demonstrate the successful implementation of sustainable architectural principles. Notable examples include:Burj Khalifa, Dubai: The world's tallest building, designed with a wind turbine system that generates renewable energy.The Bullitt Center, Seattle: A net-zero energy office building that meets the highest environmental standards.Shanghai Tower, China: A 128-story skyscraperfeaturing a double-skin façade that reduces heat gain and improves energy efficiency.One Central Park, Sydney: A mixed-use development with lush rooftop gardens and innovative water conservation systems.Benefits of Sustainable Buildings.Sustainable buildings offer numerous benefits for occupants, the environment, and society as a whole:Reduced Operating Costs: Energy-efficient buildings lower utility bills, leading to significant cost savingsfor owners and tenants.Improved Health and Well-being: Healthy indoorenvironments promote well-being, reduce allergies, and improve cognitive function.Environmental Protection: Sustainable buildings reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve resources, and protect ecosystems.Community Resilience: Green buildings contribute to urban sustainability by reducing heat island effects, improving air quality, and managing water resources.Economic Development: Sustainable construction practices create jobs, stimulate innovation, and enhance the value of properties.Conclusion.The paradigm shift towards eco-friendly building practices is essential for creating a sustainable future. By embracing the principles of sustainable architecture and utilizing innovative technologies, architects can design structures that minimize environmental impact, enhanceoccupant well-being, and contribute to the overall sustainability of our planet. As the built environment continues to evolve, the focus on sustainability will only intensify, ensuring that future generations inherit a world with healthy, energy-efficient, and environmentally responsible buildings.。
net-zero energy building,意指
net-zero energy building,意指
“Net-zero energy building”指的是净零能耗建筑，是一种建筑设计理念，旨在通过高效的能源系统和建筑设计，使建筑在运营过程中产生的能量与所消耗的能量达到平衡。
这种建筑的主要特点包括：
1.能源效率高：通过使用高效隔热材料、LED照明、高效电器等，降低建筑能源消耗。
2.可再生能源利用：通过安装太阳能电池板、风力发电机等可再生能源设备，为建筑提供可再生能源。
3.能量存储系统：利用储能系统（如锂离子电池）储存多余的能量，并在需要时释放。
4.智能化管理：利用智能化系统，如能源管理系统和自动控制系统，实时监控和管理建筑的能源使用。
实现净零能耗建筑的关键是实现高效能源系统和建筑设计的集成优化，以及利用可再生能源和智能化管理技术。
这种建筑有助于减少能源消耗和碳排放，对于实现可持续发展和应对气候变化具有重要意义。
Net Zero Energy Buildings
Net Zero Energy BuildingsNet zero energy buildings, also referred to as ZEBs, are a revolutionary concept in sustainable architecture and construction. The primary goal of a net zero energy building is to produce as much energy as it consumes over the course of a year, resulting in a net zero energy consumption. This is achieved through a combination of energy-efficient building design, renewable energy systems, and smart energy management practices.One of the key principles of net zero energy buildings is energy efficiency. This involves utilizing advanced building materials, design techniques, and technologies to minimize energy consumption. For example, high-performance insulation, energy-efficient windows, and sealed building envelopes can reduce the need for heating and cooling, thus lowering energy usage. Additionally, efficient lighting systems, appliances, and HVAC systems can further decrease energy consumption within the building.Renewable energy systems play a crucial role in achieving net zero energy status. These systems harness natural resources such as sunlight, wind, and geothermal heat to generate clean and renewable energy. Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal heat pumps are common renewable energy technologies used in net zero energy buildings. By generating their own electricity on-site, these buildings are able to offset their energy consumption from the grid and achieve a net zero energy balance.Smart energy management is another key component of net zero energy buildings. Through the use of advanced building automation systems, energy monitoring tools, and occupancy sensors, these buildings can optimize energy use and reduce waste. For example, smart thermostats can adjust temperature settings based on occupancy patterns, while energy monitoring systems can track and analyze energy usage in real-time. By continuously monitoring and adjusting energy use, net zero energy buildings can maximize energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact.In addition to reducing energy consumption and generating renewable energy, net zero energy buildings also focus on resource conservation and sustainability. This includes incorporating sustainable building materials, such as recycled content, low-emission products, and locally sourced materials. Water conservation measures, such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling, can also be integrated to minimize water usage and promote sustainability.The benefits of net zero energy buildings are manifold. Not only do they reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change, but they also offer economic advantages such as long-term cost savings on energy bills. Additionally, these buildings promote a healthier indoor environment for occupants by minimizing pollutants and enhancing indoor air quality. By setting a new standard for energy efficiency and sustainability, net zero energy buildings are driving the future of green building design and construction.In conclusion, net zero energy buildings represent a groundbreaking approach to sustainable architecture and construction. By combining energy-efficient design, renewable energy systems, and smart energy management practices, these buildings are able to achieve a net zero energy balance and minimize their environmental footprint. With a focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy, and resource conservation, net zero energy buildings are leading the way towards a greener and more sustainable future.。
大学生宿舍不应该安装空调英语作文
大学生宿舍不应该安装空调英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Debate on A/C in Dorms: Why We Shouldn't Give InAs the summer heat approaches, the age-old debate surrounding air conditioning in university dorms is reignited. While the prospect of cool, refreshing air on sweltering days may seem like a dream come true, I firmly believe that installing A/C units in dorms would be a misguided decision. Let me break down the reasons why we should embrace the occasional discomfort and reject this tempting but ultimately flawed solution.First and foremost, let's consider the environmental impact. Air conditioning units are notorious energy guzzlers, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbating the very problem that leads to rising temperatures. As students, we should be at the forefront of sustainable living, setting an example for generations to come. By rejecting A/C in dorms, we can collectively reduce our carbon footprint and demonstrate our commitment to preserving our planet.Moreover, the financial implications of installing and maintaining air conditioning units across campus are staggering. The initial costs of purchasing and installing these systems, coupled with the ongoing electricity bills, would undoubtedly result in a substantial hike in tuition fees or a reallocation of funds from other essential university services. Is temporary comfort worth compromising the quality of our education or the resources available to us?Beyond the practical concerns, there's a strong argument for embracing the natural rhythms of the seasons. Living without air conditioning teaches us resilience, adaptability, and appreciation for the world around us. It forces us to find creative ways to cope with heat, such as opening windows, using fans, or simply adjusting our schedules to avoid the hottest hours of the day. These skills are invaluable in the real world, where we cannot expect constant climate control.Furthermore, the absence of air conditioning fosters a sense of community and camaraderie among dorm residents. We bond over shared experiences, commiserating over the heat, and finding solace in each other's company. Rather than retreating to our individual, climate-controlled bubbles, we're encouraged tosocialize, collaborate, and support one another through challenging times.Opponents of this stance may argue that air conditioning is essential for maintaining a conducive learning environment and ensuring student well-being. However, I would counter that discomfort can be a powerful motivator for seeking out cooler study spaces on campus, such as libraries or shaded outdoor areas. Additionally, proper hydration, light clothing, and strategic scheduling can mitigate the impact of heat on our academic performance.It's also worth noting that many regions around the world thrive without the luxury of air conditioning. Our ancestors and countless communities have adapted to harsh climates for generations, developing ingenious methods to stay cool and comfortable. By embracing this mindset, we not only honor our cultural heritage but also cultivate a deeper appreciation for the natural world and its challenges.Critics may further argue that air conditioning is a necessity for those with certain medical conditions or disabilities that make them more vulnerable to heat. While I acknowledge the validity of these concerns, I believe that targeted solutions, such as providing air-conditioned spaces in designated areas oroffering accommodations on a case-by-case basis, would be more practical and cost-effective than outfitting entire dorm buildings.In conclusion, while the prospect of air-conditioned dorms may seem appealing at first glance, the long-term implications outweigh the temporary comfort. By rejecting this temptation, we can uphold our commitment to environmental stewardship, fiscal responsibility, and community building. Moreover, we'll develop invaluable life skills and a deeper appreciation for the natural world. Let's embrace the occasional discomfort and celebrate the seasons, for in doing so, we'll emerge as more resilient, compassionate, and environmentally conscious individuals.篇2Dorm Life Without AC: A Sustainable and Character-Building ExperienceAs a university student, the dorm experience has been an integral part of my college journey. Living on campus, surrounded by peers from diverse backgrounds, has not only provided me with a sense of community but has also taught me invaluable life lessons. One aspect of dorm life that has beenparticularly formative is the absence of air conditioning units in our rooms. While some may view this as an inconvenience, I firmly believe that this decision is both environmentally responsible and character-building.First and foremost, let's address the environmental impact of air conditioning units. It is widely acknowledged that the extensive use of air conditioning contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. By choosing not to install these units in our dorms, the university is taking a commendable step towards reducing its carbon footprint and promoting sustainability. In an era where climate change is a pressing global issue, every effort counts, and our institution is leading by example.Moreover, the absence of air conditioning units encourages us, as students, to adopt more eco-friendly habits. Instead of relying on energy-intensive cooling systems, we learn to adapt to the natural fluctuations of temperature and develop strategies to stay comfortable. Simple measures like opening windows for natural ventilation, using fans, and dressing appropriately for the weather can go a long way in reducing our energy consumption while also fostering a greater appreciation for the environment.Beyond the environmental benefits, living without air conditioning in our dorms also contributes to our personal growth and resilience. It teaches us to embrace discomfort and find creative solutions to challenges. In a world that often caters to instant gratification and convenience, learning to cope with minor discomforts like occasional heat or humidity can be a valuable life lesson. It cultivates patience, adaptability, and a stronger sense of self-reliance – qualities that will undoubtedly serve us well in our future endeavors.Furthermore, the absence of air conditioning units in our dorms fosters a sense of community and shared experience. When we're all facing the same climatic conditions, it creates a bond among residents and encourages us to support one another. We learn to be considerate of our neighbors, whether it's by keeping noise levels down or finding creative ways to cool our shared spaces. This collective effort not only strengthens our social connections but also prepares us for the realities of living in diverse communities beyond the university setting.Critics may argue that the lack of air conditioning units in dorms compromises students' ability to study effectively or maintain a comfortable living environment. However, I would counter that these challenges are precisely what help us developresilience and time management skills. By learning to work around potential distractions and discomforts, we become better equipped to handle the inevitable challenges that life will throw our way.Additionally, the university provides ample resources and facilities to ensure our overall well-being. Air-conditioned study areas, libraries, and common spaces are readily available for those seeking a cool respite from the heat. By strategically utilizing these resources, we can strike a balance between maintaining a comfortable living environment and minimizing our environmental impact.In conclusion, while the absence of air conditioning units in our dorms may initially seem like an inconvenience, it is a decision that aligns with the university's commitment to sustainability and our personal growth as responsible global citizens. By embracing this challenge, we not only contribute to a healthier planet but also develop resilience, adaptability, and a stronger sense of community. As students, it is our responsibility to support and appreciate this forward-thinking approach, for it shapes us into the leaders of tomorrow, equipped with the skills and mindset to tackle the pressing issues facing our world.篇3Yes, I can write an essay of around 2,000 words in English, from a student's perspective, on why air conditioners should not be installed in university dorms. Here it is:The Great AC Debate: Why Dorms Should Remain UnpluggedAs a college student, the dorm room is our humble abode, a sanctuary where we study, socialize, and recharge after a long day of classes. However, the age-old debate over whether or not air conditioners should be permitted in these shared living spaces continues to rage on. While the allure of a perfectly climate-controlled environment might seem tempting, I firmly believe that air conditioning in dorms is an unnecessary luxury that comes with far too many drawbacks.Let's start with the environmental impact. In an era where sustainability is paramount, allowing air conditioners in every dorm room would be a massive drain on energy resources. These units consume vast amounts of electricity, contributing significantly to our carbon footprint and exacerbating the already dire climate crisis. As responsible citizens, we have a duty to minimize our ecological footprint and embrace moreeco-friendly alternatives, such as fans, open windows, and proper insulation.Moreover, the financial burden of installing and operating air conditioners in every dorm room would be staggering. Universities would either have to impose hefty fees on students or divert funds from other essential areas, such as academic programs, research initiatives, or campus improvements. In an age of soaring tuition costs and student loan debt, the last thing we need is an additional financial strain.But the drawbacks of dorm air conditioning extend far beyond environmental and economic concerns. There's also the matter of personal responsibility and character-building. College is a time for growth, self-discovery, and learning to adapt to different environments. By relying too heavily on artificial climate control, we risk becoming overly dependent on technology and losing touch with the natural rhythms of the seasons. Embracing the occasional heat wave or chilly night can teach us resilience, resourcefulness, and appreciation for the great outdoors.Let's not forget the social aspect, either. Dorm life is all about fostering a sense of community and camaraderie among residents. Air conditioning, with its closed windows and isolated environments, can inadvertently discourage interaction and hinder the formation of lasting friendships. Instead, we should embrace the shared experience of weathering the elementstogether, whether it's gathering in common areas to escape the heat or bundling up for late-night study sessions during cooler months.In conclusion, while the temptation of a perfectlyclimate-controlled dorm room might be alluring, the potential drawbacks far outweigh the benefits. By embracing a more sustainable, cost-effective, and character-building approach, we can not only preserve our planet's resources but also foster a stronger sense of community and personal growth. So let's keep those windows open, embrace the natural ebb and flow of the seasons, and remember that a little discomfort can go a long way in shaping us into more resilient, responsible, and environmentally conscious individuals.篇4Student Life Without A/C: Why Dorms Don't Need Air ConditioningAs students, we're always looking for ways to make our college experience more comfortable and enjoyable. One topic that frequently comes up is the idea of installing air conditioning units in dormitory rooms. While the thought of escaping the sweltering summer heat might sound appealing, I firmly believethat university dorms shouldn't be equipped with A/C for several reasons.First and foremost, let's address the environmental impact. Air conditioners consume a substantial amount of energy, which directly contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions and a larger carbon footprint. As young individuals, we should be at the forefront of sustainability efforts, actively seeking ways to reduce our ecological footprint. By avoiding the installation of air conditioning units in dorms, we can significantly lower energy consumption and make a positive impact on the environment.Moreover, the presence of air conditioning can foster a sedentary lifestyle and discourage students from engaging in outdoor activities. College is a time for exploration, adventure, and personal growth. Instead of retreating intoclimate-controlled rooms, we should embrace the natural elements and find creative ways to stay active and socialize outdoors. Whether it's organizing a pickup game of basketball, having a picnic in the quad, or simply taking a leisurely stroll around campus, there are numerous opportunities to enjoy the fresh air and sunshine.Another aspect to consider is the financial burden associated with installing and maintaining air conditioning systems.Universities already face significant budgetary constraints, and allocating funds for A/C units in every dorm room could strain their resources. That money could be better utilized for improving academic facilities, enhancing student services, or providing financial aid to those in need. As students, we should prioritize investments that directly benefit our educational experiences and overall well-being.Additionally, living without air conditioning can foster a sense of resilience and adaptability among students. College is a transitional period where we learn to navigate various challenges and develop essential life skills. By embracing the natural ebbs and flows of the seasons, we can cultivate a greater appreciation for the world around us and learn to adapt to different environments. This resilience will serve us well in our future personal and professional endeavors.Ultimately, the decision to install air conditioning in university dormitories should be carefully considered, taking into account the environmental, financial, and personal implications. Instead of relying on artificial climate control, we should embrace the natural rhythms of the seasons and find creative ways to stay comfortable and engaged with our surroundings.Imagine a campus where students gather under the shade of trees to study or engage in lively discussions. Envision outdoor events and activities that foster a sense of community and appreciation for nature. This is the kind of vibrant, sustainable, and enriching college experience we should strive for – one that nurtures our minds, bodies, and spirits without compromising the planet we call home.So, let's embrace the challenge of living without air conditioning in our dorms. It's an opportunity to grow, to connect with our environment, and to leave a lasting positive impact on the world around us. After all, the true essence of the college experience lies not in artificial comforts but in the invaluable lessons we learn, the memories we create, and the enduring bonds we forge with our fellow students and the natural world.篇5College Dorms: The Case Against Air ConditioningAs a college student, I've spent countless nights tossing and turning in my dorm room, desperately trying to find a comfortable position amidst the sweltering heat. The idea of installing air conditioning units in our dorms has been a topic ofheated debate (pun intended) among students and administrators alike. However, after careful consideration, I firmly believe that air conditioners should not be installed in college dorms for several compelling reasons.First and foremost, the installation and maintenance costs associated with air conditioning units would be astronomical. College tuition rates are already skyrocketing, and adding the expense of air conditioning to the mix would only exacerbate the financial burden on students and their families. Moreover, the energy consumption required to power these units would significantly increase the carbon footprint of our institution, undermining our commitment to environmental sustainability.Furthermore, the presence of air conditioners in dorms could potentially foster a culture of laziness and complacency among students. College is a time for personal growth, self-discipline, and developing resilience in the face of adversity. By relying on the artificial comfort of air conditioning, we risk losing valuable life lessons that can only be learned through enduring and overcoming challenging situations. The ability to adapt to varying temperatures and conditions is an essential skill that will serve us well in our future careers and personal lives.Another consideration is the potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure to air conditioning. While it may provide temporary relief from the heat, air conditioning can also contribute to respiratory issues, dehydration, and even seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in some individuals. By embracing natural ventilation and relying on fans or other low-energy cooling methods, we not only reduce our environmental impact but also promote a healthier living environment.Moreover, the installation of air conditioning units in dorms could create an unfair divide among students. Those who can afford the additional cost of running and maintaining personal air conditioning units would enjoy a level of comfort unavailable to their less fortunate peers. This disparity could breed resentment and undermine the sense of community that should be fostered in a college setting.Instead of investing in air conditioning, I believe our resources would be better spent on improving the overall living conditions in our dorms. This could include upgrading insulation, installing energy-efficient windows, and providing access to communal spaces with adequate ventilation and cooling systems. By focusing on these areas, we can create a more comfortableand equitable living environment for all students, without the need for individual air conditioning units.Lastly, it's important to recognize that our experiences in college dorms are temporary. The discomfort we may endure during hot summer nights is a small price to pay for the invaluable lessons and memories we'll carry with us for the rest of our lives. By embracing the challenges and inconveniences that come with dorm life, we develop a deeper appreciation for the simple pleasures in life and cultivate the resilience necessary to navigate the complexities of the world beyond our campus walls.In conclusion, while the allure of air conditioning may seem tempting in the face of sweltering summer heat, its installation in college dorms would be a misguided and ultimately counterproductive endeavor. Instead of relying on artificial comfort, we should embrace the natural elements, foster a sense of community, and cultivate the resilience and adaptability that will serve us well in our future endeavors. After all, the true essence of the college experience lies not in material luxuries but in the personal growth and lifelong memories we forge along the way.篇6No Need to Install Air Conditioners in University DormsAs a university student, I believe installing air conditioners in dorms is an unnecessary and wasteful expense that should be avoided. While having cool air during hot summer days may seem appealing, there are several compelling reasons why air conditioning (AC) units should not be provided in student housing.First and foremost, the initial cost of purchasing and installing AC units for every dorm room would be astronomical. Universities already face tight budgets and rising tuition costs. Diverting a significant portion of funds towards air conditioning would likely lead to higher fees for students or cuts in other important areas like academic programs, facility maintenance, or student services. Is a few months of cool air really worth compromising the quality of our education or campus experience?Moreover, the ongoing operating costs of running so many AC units would be a continuous drain on the university's resources and finances. Electricity bills would skyrocket, especially during peak summer months when the units are running at maximum capacity. This increased energy consumption would also have a detrimental impact on theenvironment through higher greenhouse gas emissions and contribution to climate change. As students, we should be mindful of our environmental footprint and strive to reduce energy waste whenever possible.Additionally, most university dorms are designed with proper insulation, window shades, and ventilation systems to provide adequate air flow and temperature regulation during warmer periods. While conditions may not be as comfortable as having AC, students can usually find ways to cope by using fans, keeping blinds closed during the day, and opening windows at night. We have survived hot summers for centuries without relying on artificial cooling systems. A little heat and perspiration build character!Importantly, the disturbance and disruption caused by installing AC units in every dorm room would be a major inconvenience for students living on campus. Constant construction noise, drilling into walls, running pipes and wiring - the entire process would create an unpleasant living environment and potentially impact students' ability to study and rest properly. The temporary discomfort of a few warm months is simply not worth enduring months of renovation chaos.From a health perspective, studies have also shown that excessive air conditioning can lead to respiratory issues, dry skin, and other problems caused by prolonged exposure to dry, recycled air. Allowing a moderate amount of heat and humidity indoors can actually be better for our bodies than artificially cooling everything to frigid temperatures. Some fresh air and warmth help strengthen our immune systems.Furthermore, if students become accustomed to constant air conditioning, they may develop an overreliance on it and struggle to adapt when they eventually move into non-AC housing after graduation. Learning to cope with heat and warm temperatures is an important life skill that builds resilience and prepares us for various living conditions we may encounter. Babies don't stay in the womb forever - we have to grow up and brave the great outdoors sometime!Instead of wastefully installing air conditioning, universities could explore more cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives for cooling dorms during heat waves. This could include providing insulated curtains, circulating fans, or temporary cooling stations in common areas. They could also educate students on effective methods to naturally cool their livingspaces and manage heat exposure. A little creativity and resourcefulness go a long way.In conclusion, while air conditioning may seem luxurious, it is ultimately an unnecessary extravagance that universities and students can do without. The high costs, environmental impact, potential health risks, and overall impracticality of installing AC units in every dorm room outweigh any perceived benefits of cool comfort. We are young, hardy students who can adapt to seasonal temperature changes. A bit of warmth in the summer builds character and prepares us for the realities of life after college. Let's spend our money more wisely on enhancing the qualityof our education instead.。
电动汽车的开发受到政府重视英语大学作文
电动汽车的开发受到政府重视英语大学作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Electric cars are super cool, and guess what? The government is paying a lot of attention to developing them! Isn't that awesome? So let's talk about why electric cars are so important and why the government is so interested in them.First of all, electric cars are way better for the environment than regular gas cars. Gas cars burn fossil fuels, like gasoline, which release a lot of harmful gases into the air. These gases can cause air pollution and contribute to climate change. But electric cars run on electricity, which is a much cleaner energy source. So, by driving electric cars, we can help protect our planet and keep it safe for the future.Secondly, electric cars are super quiet and don't make as much noise as gas cars. This is great for the environment and for our ears! Imagine a world where all cars are electric and you can walk down the street without hearing loud engines roaring all the time. It would be so peaceful and nice.Now, you might be wondering why the government is so interested in electric cars. Well, the government knows that using clean energy sources, like electricity, is really important for the future. They want to reduce air pollution, combat climate change, and create a more sustainable way of living for everyone. So, they are investing in the development of electric cars, making it easier for people to buy them and encouraging companies to make more of them.In conclusion, electric cars are awesome, and it's great that the government is taking them seriously. By driving electric cars, we can help protect the environment and create a cleaner, quieter world for everyone. So, let's support electric cars and help make our planet a better place!篇2Oh my gosh, have you heard about electric cars? They're like super cool and the government is totally focusing on developing them! It's so awesome!Electric cars are like regular cars, but they run on electricity instead of gasoline. You can charge them up at home or at special charging stations. And guess what? They don't make anypollution, so they're better for the environment. How cool is that?The government is really into electric cars because they want to reduce air pollution and fight climate change. They're giving out incentives to people who buy electric cars, like tax breaks and rebates. They're also investing in research and development to make electric cars even better.I think it's great that the government is so focused on electric cars. It shows that they care about the environment and our future. Plus, electric cars are just so much fun to drive! I can't wait to see more of them on the road.So, if you're thinking about getting a new car, you should definitely consider an electric one. They're good for the planet, they save you money on gas, and they're just plain cool. Let's all support the government's efforts to develop electric cars and make the world a cleaner, greener place!篇3Title：The Attention of the Government to the Development of Electric VehiclesHey guys, have you ever noticed that the government is paying more and more attention to the development of electric vehicles? Well, let me tell you all about it!Electric vehicles, also known as EVs, are cars that run on electricity instead of gasoline. They are better for the environment because they produce no harmful emissions. That's why the government is so interested in promoting the use of EVs.First of all, the government is investing a lot of money in research and development of electric vehicles. They want to make sure that EVs are more convenient and affordable for everyone. This includes building more charging stations and offering incentives for people to buy EVs.Secondly, the government is setting regulations and standards to encourage the use of electric vehicles. For example, they may require car manufacturers to produce a certain percentage of EVs each year. This will help reduce the use of gasoline-powered cars and decrease air pollution.Lastly, the government is also promoting the use of electric vehicles through public education campaigns. They want to raise awareness about the benefits of EVs and encourage more people to switch to electric cars.In conclusion, the government's focus on the development of electric vehicles is a great step towards a cleaner and greener future. So, let's all support the government's efforts and make the switch to electric vehicles! Let's go green together!篇4Electric cars are super cool, right? They don't need gas and they are good for the environment. And guess what? The government is really starting to pay attention to them!So, why is the government so interested in electric cars? Well, first of all, they don't use gas, which means they don't produce any harmful emissions that can hurt our planet. That's great news for all the animals and plants that live on Earth. Plus, electric cars are really quiet, so they don't make as much noise pollution as regular cars do.Another reason the government likes electric cars is because they can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out, and they can cause a lot of pollution when we burn them. By using electric cars, we can help save these precious resources for the future.The government is also giving incentives to people who buy electric cars, like tax breaks and rebates. This makes it easier for more people to afford these awesome vehicles.Overall, electric cars are the way of the future, and it's great to see the government taking them seriously. Let's all do our part to help save the planet by driving electric cars!篇5Electric cars are super cool! And you know what? The government is really starting to pay attention to them. They're like normal cars, but they run on electricity instead of gasoline. How cool is that?So, why is the government so interested in electric cars all of a sudden? Well, it's because they're way better for the environment. When cars run on gasoline, they release a lot of yucky stuff into the air that makes our planet sick. But electric cars are clean and don't release any bad stuff into the air. Plus, they're much quieter than regular cars, which is pretty cool too.The government is also starting to realize that we're running out of gasoline. Can you imagine that? No more gasoline for cars! That would be a big problem. So, they're thinking that maybe electric cars are the answer. They can be charged up at specialcharging stations and they can go really far on just one charge. It's like having a superpower!There are still some challenges to overcome, though. Like, how do we make enough charging stations for all the electric cars? And how can we make sure that these cars are affordable for everyone? But the good news is that the government is working hard to find answers to these questions.I'm so excited to see more electric cars on the road. They're better for the environment, better for our health, and just plain cool. I can't wait to see what the future holds for electric cars!篇6Electric cars are awesome! And guess what? The government is totally into them too! They're putting a lot of effort into developing electric cars because they're much better for the environment. Let me tell you more about it.First of all, did you know that electric cars don't need gas to run? They run on electricity, which is way cleaner and more efficient. This means they don't release harmful emissions like regular cars do, so they help reduce air pollution. And that's super important because clean air is good for everyone's health.The government is also helping to make electric cars more affordable for people. They're giving out subsidies and incentives to encourage more people to buy them. This is great because it means more people can switch to electric cars and help protect the environment.Another cool thing is that the government is investing in research and development to improve electric car technology. They're working on making batteries last longer and charge faster, so that electric cars can be even more convenient to use. They're also building more charging stations so that people can easily charge their cars wherever they go.So, you see, the government is really serious about developing electric cars. And that's a good thing because it shows that they care about the environment and want to make the world a better place for all of us. I can't wait to see more electric cars on the road!篇7Title: The Development of Electric Cars is Getting Attention from the GovernmentHey guys! Have you heard about electric cars? They are super cool and good for the environment! Recently, thegovernment has been paying a lot of attention to the development of electric cars. Let me tell you more about it.First of all, the government is encouraging car companies to make more electric cars. They are giving them incentives and subsidies to help them develop new technologies and make the cars more affordable for us. This is great news because it means more electric cars will be available for us to use in the future.Secondly, the government is also building more charging stations for electric cars. This is super important because we need places to charge our cars when we are out and about. By having more charging stations, it will be easier for us to use electric cars and help reduce pollution.Furthermore, the government is promoting the use of electric cars in public transportation. They are working on introducing more electric buses and taxis in cities to help reduce air pollution and make transportation more sustainable. This is a big step towards a greener and cleaner future for all of us.In conclusion, it's awesome that the government is taking the development of electric cars seriously. It shows that they care about our future and the environment. Let's all support the use of electric cars and help make our planet a better place to live!篇8Electric cars are super cool! And guess what? The government is really starting to pay attention to them. They're putting a lot of effort into developing electric cars becausethey're much better for the environment than cars that run on gas.First of all, electric cars don't produce any harmful emissions like gas cars do. That means they don't pollute the air and contribute to global warming. Isn't that awesome? Plus, they're way quieter than gas cars, so they don't make as much noise pollution.The government is also helping to make electric cars more affordable for people. They're offering incentives and subsidies to encourage people to buy electric cars. That's pretty cool, right? They're also building more charging stations so that people can charge their electric cars easily.Another reason why the government is focusing on electric cars is because they want to reduce our dependence on oil. Oil is a non-renewable resource, which means it will run out eventually. By switching to electric cars, we can reduce the amount of oil we use and protect the environment at the same time.So, it's really great that the government is taking electric cars seriously. They're helping to make them more popular and accessible to everyone. It's all part of their plan to create a cleaner, greener future for all of us. Let's all do our part and support the development of electric cars!篇9Electric cars are super cool, and guess what? The government is totally into them! They're giving them lots of attention and support. How awesome is that?Firstly, electric cars are really good for the environment. They don't use gasoline like regular cars do, so they don't pollute the air with nasty fumes. This means cleaner air for everyone to breathe. And you know what? The government wants to help protect the environment, so they're all about promoting electric cars.Secondly, electric cars are super quiet. Have you ever heard one driving by? It's like a whisper compared to a noisygas-powered car. This is good news for people who live in busy cities because it means less noise pollution. The government wants to make sure that everyone can enjoy some peace and quiet, so they're all about electric cars.Lastly, electric cars can save you a ton of money in the long run. Sure, they might be more expensive upfront, but you'll save so much money on gas and maintenance. The government knows that saving money is important to everyone, so they're all for supporting electric cars.In conclusion, electric cars are the way of the future, and the government is on board with that. They're putting in lots of effort to promote and support the development of electric cars because they know how important they are for the environment, for reducing noise pollution, and for saving money. So, let's all hop on the electric car train and help make the world a better place!篇10Electric cars are so cool! And guess what? The government is really paying attention to developing them. Isn't that awesome? Let me tell you all about it!First off, electric cars are super important for the environment. They don't use gas, so they don't produce any harmful emissions like regular cars do. That means they help keep our planet clean and healthy. And that's something the government is really focused on. They want to reduce pollutionand combat climate change, so they're investing in electric cars to help make that happen.The government is also offering incentives to people who buy electric cars. That means you can get some money back or pay less in taxes if you choose to drive an electric car. It's like they're saying, "Hey, thanks for helping the environment! Here's a little something for you." How cool is that?But the best part is that the government is working on building more charging stations for electric cars. That way, you can charge up your car wherever you go and never have to worry about running out of power. It's like having your own personal gas station, but better because it's all clean energy!So yeah, electric cars are the way of the future, and the government is on board with making them a big deal. It's great to see them taking action to protect our planet and make our lives better. Go government! Go electric cars! Let's all work together to drive towards a greener, cleaner future!。
上海实验中学2022届高三上英语12月考试
上海实验中学2022届高三12月考试II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.We Must Act Now to Protect Our Threatened OceansLast week, climate strikers young and old came out in force to call upon the government to act with greater urgency in tackling the global climate emergency.They (21) _________ very well feel a need to step up their demands upon hearing the awful findings of the special report on the ocean and cryosphere（低温层）in a changing climate, released on Wednesday by the International Panel on Climate Change. The report highlighted the intimate connections which exist between our climate, our oceans and our very existence. It presented irrefutable scientific evidence (22) _________ our warming climate is placing marine and frozen areas of our planet in grave danger, with some changes happening at a much larger scale and faster rate than previously (23) _________ (predict).Urgent action is needed (24) _________ we are to keep our planet - and our oceans-safe and habitable. This requires (25) _________ (ambitious) targets to reduce our carbon emissions and to shift our energy system away from polluting fossil fuels towards 100% renewable energies. Change is also needed in international cooperation around (26) _________ our oceans are protected.It is hoped that early next year UN member states (27) _________ (sign) a strong global ocean treaty that could pave the way for the creation of marine sanctuaries（禁猎区）, (28) _________ (place) at least 30% of oceans off limits to human activities such as commercial fishing and oil and gas exploration. This is a crucial step towards building the resilience of marine ecosystems and securing a sustainable future for those (29) _________ livelihoods depend on our oceans.The government has been a vocal champion for ocean conservation. Now is the time for Britain (30) _________ (turn) political will into decisive action by leading the way with the forging of a new global ocean treaty. The prime minster's direct involvement could make the difference between a watered-down agreement or a powerful one.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Jane GoodallSixty years after the start of her groundbreaking study of chimpanzees in the wild, the primatologist looks for a silver lining in the pandemic.Chimpanzees have no 31. _________ of deadly foes. Logging, mining, deforestation, human population growth, the bush-meat trade, the exotic pet trade, medical research, bad zoos: All have helped 32. _________ the global chimp population from more than a million in 1900 to less than 300,000 today, according to the international Union for Conservation of Nature. Now, add COVID-19. "The pandemic is a nightmare," says Jane Goodall over the phone from her family home in Bournemouth, U. K., where she has been 33. _________ in place since March. Because chimps share nearly 99% of human DNA, they are 34. _________ to human-borne diseases. Human respiratory viruses are already the leading cause of death in some chimp communities, and while there have been no reports of COVID-19 outbreaks yet, all great apes are believed to be susceptible to the coronavirus that causes it.To prevent transmission, scientists have 35. _________ great-ape research across Africa, including at the center Dr. Goodall founded in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park. The 36. _________ of a deadly virus wiping out yet more of this endangered species is "terrifying," she says. This was supposed to be a festive time for Dr. Goodall, 86. Galas around the world were meant to celebrate the anniversary of her 37. _________ study of chimpanzees in the wild, which began 60 years ago on July 14, 1960. Instead, Dr. Goodall, who usually spends 300 days a year trotting the globe to give talks and meet leaders as an environmental activist, has been putting in long hours trying to 38. _________ masks for local Tanzanians, raise funds for conservation projects run by the Jane Goodall Institute and cheer up staffers over Skype and Zoom.But the new's isn't all bad, she hastily adds. Befitting someone who used the word "hope" in the titles of three of her past four books, Dr. Goodall isn't above squinting（斜视）to find a silver lining. "I think people are seeing that we brought this pandemic upon ourselves by 39. _________ the warming of scientists," she says. She hopes that policy makers recognize that raising animals in unhygienic factory farms or trafficking and selling them in 40. _________markets makes it easier for viruses to jump from animals to humans."I think this is waking people up," she says.III. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Over the last 15 years, digital communication has ushered in more changes than the printing press did in 1570. And the stand-out early adopters in this world are teenagers, whose brains appear to have an extraordinary __41__ to adapt to the world around them, according to Dr Jay Giedd, an adolescent brain expert.We are now proving that as a species, our brains are still flexible and __42__ during adolescence. Having a more flexible brain means that some __43__ of it, such as impulse control and the ability to make long-term decisions, haven't developed yet, which may also explain why we spend a/an __44__ period living under the protection on our parents rather than leaving home at the age of 12 or 13. This also means that the adolescent brain can adapt to new technology, allowing teenagers to __45__ the accelerating pace of digital technology and giving them a multitasking advantage. In the US, teenagers are spending 8.5 hours using computers, mobiles and other devices to learn, interact and play. This jumps to 11.5 if you take into account all of the __46__ that goes on, such as talking on the phone while you're watching TV. Australian teenagers were found to be spending an average of 7 hours, 38 minutes using these devices.There are __47__ as to how social media is affecting the way in which the brain learn to __48__, as one of the most important skills that we learn as children is how to make friends and interact with people around you. Geidd says that from a biology standpoint, a lot of what goes on inside our brains is social. "A lot of the brain changes are sort of set up to develop these social skills." These interactions are now being __49__ by technology -- your could have hundreds of friends, all of whom are real people that you interact with - and scientists aren't sure whether we'll be able to develop the same __50__ using Facebook.There is a possible __51__ of the growing digital trend: YouTube indicates that teenagers all over the world are watching the same clips and laughing at the same jokes, indicating that they are more __52__ than their predecessors. Sharing the same jokes could possibly go a long way to breaking down some of the prejudices out there. They may be __53__ to texting their friends and posting updates on Facebooks, but teenagers today are probably going to have access to technology and __54__ social and educational opportunities that anyone with a less flexible brain might have trouble imagining. __55__, there is a cut off and by the age of 30, our brains become more set in their ways, making it harder for us to adapt and cope with new technologies.41. A. activity B. capacity C. responsibility D. opportunity42. A. operating B. promoting C. adjusting D. establishing43. A. functions B. options C. restrictions D. positions44. A. opposed B. imposed C. limited D. extended45. A. keep up with B. comp up with C. put up with D. end up with46. A. entertaining B. multitasking C. interacting D. gossiping47. A. curiosities B. criticisms C. concerns D. shortcomings48. A. memorize B. internalize C. realize D. socialize49. A. changed B. controlled C. troubled D. interrupted50. A. attitudes B. prospects C. trends D. skills51. A. advantage B. distraction C. indication D. tuition52. A. narrow-minded B. global-minded C. absent-minded D. quick-minded53. A. keen B. addicted C. obsessed D. enthusiastic54. A. however B. hence C. moreover D. instead55. A. Consequently B. Additionally C. Nevertheless D. ThusSection BDirections:Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000 -7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations -- UNESCO and National Geographic among them - have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Centre Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recentlypublished book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience of living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials - including photographs, films, tape records, and field notes - which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.Now, through the two organizations that the has founded - the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project - Turin has started a campaign to make such documents available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.56. Many scholars are making efforts to _________.A. promote global languagesB. rescue disappearing languagesC. search for language communitiesD. set up language research organizations57. What does "that tradition" in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. Having full records of the languagesB. Writing books on language teaching.C. Telling stories about language usersD. Living with the native speaker.58. What is Turin's book based on?A. The cultural studiesB. The documents available At Yale.C. His language research in Bhutan.D. His personal experience in Nepal.59. Which of the following best describe Turin's work?A. Write, sell and donate.B. Record, repair and reward.C. Collect, protect and reconnect.D. Design, experiment and report.(B)If you enjoy American stories, you'll have noticed that quite a few of them take place on theroad. The United States is a vast country whose long highways connect very distant places. Many famous American novels and films are about stories that occur while their characters are traveling along these highways. These novels are often celebrations of American life.Jesmyn Ward's National Book Award winner Sing, Unburied, Sing is a road novel, but not a celebration. The road journey here is through Mississippi, as an African-American mother and her two children travel to collect her white husband - the children's father - as he's released from jail.Nether the mother, Leonie, nor the father, Michael, are ideal parents. Leonie in particular is so full of anger and regret that she takes out her unhappiness on her children, the 13-year-old Jojo and his little sister Kayla. And the pain of lacking proper financial support makes the journey even harder.The telling of the story is divided between various narrators. Jojo, the boy, is the most sympathetic of them. But it is worrying to read about how he experiences the world. Even though he's young, he's already experienced the dark side of life. The opening sentence of the book gives a sense of Jojo's unnatural maturity. "I like to think I know what death is. I like to think that I could look at it straight." This maturity is tested when a white policeman pulls a gun on him when Jojo puts his hand in his pocket.But who, or what, is to blame for these sad circumstances? For Ward, it's clearly the past. She admires the work of fellow novelist William Faulkner. When she thinks about the past, she's of the same mind as him.Faulkner famously wrote: "The past is never dead. It's not even past." At one point, Ward says that her characters are "pulling the past with them," like a too-heavy trailer coupled to the car, as they journey on through Mississippi to the jailhouse, The biggest part of this past, of course, is racism - the remains of slavery - which is always there, and ruining life.This is probably why The Washington Post listed Sing, Unburied, Sing as one of its 10 choices of 2017's Best Books. "The plight of this one family is tired to crimes that stretch over decades." wrote the newspaper. "These are people pulling all the weight of history."60. What can we learn about Sing, Unburied, Sing from the article?A. It was recently adapted as a film.B. It's a celebration of American life.C. It's one of 2017's best-selling American novels.D. It is a story of a road trip through Mississippi.61. According to the text, the character Jojo __________.A. is the main narrator of the novelB. is the youngest child in the familyC. fights with a white policeman on the roadD. shows an unusually mature mind of a child62. What is the root cause of the family's difficulty according to the article?A. The unhappy marriage of the parents.B. The lack of educational opportunities.C. The remaining slavery and racism.D. The lack of financial support from the government.(C)A therapy-animal trend attracts the United States. The San Francisco airport uses a pig to calm tired travelers. University nationwide bring dogs (and a donkey) onto campus to relieve students during finals. And that duck on a plane? It might be an emotional-support animal prescribed by a mental health professional.The trend, which has been gaining popularity hugely since its initial stirrings a few decades ago, is strengthened by a widespread belief that interaction with animals can reduce distress whether it happens over belief physical contact at the airport or in long-term relationships at home. Certainly the groups offering up pets think so, as do some mental health professionals. But the popular embrace if pets as furry therapists is causing growing discomfort among some researchers in the field, who say it has raced far ahead of scientific evidence.Earlier this year in the Journal of Applied Development Science, an introduction to articles on "animal-assisted intervention" said research into its effectiveness "remains in its infancy." A recent literature review by Molly Cross-man, a Y ale University doctoral candidate who recently wrapped up one study involving an 8-year-old dog named Pardner, cited a "vague body of evidence" that sometimes has shown positive short-term effects, often found no effect and occasionally identified higher rates of distress.Overall, Cross-man wrote, animals seem to be helpful in a "small-to-medium" way, but it's unclear whether the animals deserve the credit or something else is at play."It's a field that has been sort of carried forward by the beliefs of practitioners" who haveseen patient's mental health improve after working with or adopting animals, said James Serpell, director or the Centre for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. "That kind of thing has almost driven the field, and the research is playing catch-up. In other words, people are recognizing that stories aren't enough."Using animals in mental health setting is nothing new. In the 17th century, a Quaker-run retreat in England encouraged mentally ill patients to interact with animals on its grounds. Sigmund Freud often included one of his dogs in psychoanalysis sessions. Yet the subject did not become a research target until the American psychologist Boris Levinson began writing in the 1960s about the positive effect his dog Jingles had on patients.But the evidence to date is problematic, according to Cross-man's review and others before it. Most studies had small sample sizes, she wrote, and an "alarming numbers" did not control for other possible reasons for a changed stress level, such as interaction with animal's human handler. Studies also tend to generalize across animals, she noted. If participants are measurably relived by one golden retriever, that doesn't mean another dog -- or another species -- will arouse the same response.63. According to the passage, what makes the therapy-animal trend more popular?A. It has been in existence for no less than twenty years.B. Mental health professionals have managed to cure patients with animals.C. It is widely assumed that staying with animals can make people happier.D. There is much related research to show that animals do good to some patients.64. Molly Cross-man is quoted in the passage to _________.A. illustrate more scientific evidence is needed that animals are effective therapists.B. highlight the importance of practitioners' beliefs in the field of animal therapies.C. question Srepell's view that animals deserve the credit in helping patients.D. criticize people for their taking human-animal stories too seriously.65. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Animal-assisted intervention turns out to be of more use than people think.B. It is hard to see how many reasons there are for people to benefit from animals.C. Research findings relating to one breed of dogs may not apply to another breed.D. Small sample sizes can sometimes produce reliable effects in human-animal studies.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. More evidence found for dog-human relationshipB. Potential effects dogs have on patientsC. Therapeutic animal: nothing new?D. Good dog, good therapist?Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together._________67_________ Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, "Why? Why? Why?"Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. "The great man," said Mencius, "is he who does not lose his child's heart. "Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. _________68_________ We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. _________69_________ We will probably have to force ourselves to awaken our curiosity and discontent and keep themawake.How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuse. You haven't any special ability? Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time? _________70_________ Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking. You're too old? Remember Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.However you start, remember there is no better time to start then right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Ann Grand: a visual thinkerAnn Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures, like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from video-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time, and the image visualized are always specific. For example, if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures, like the one in her old house, and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started.Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 在做决策时，人们常常做加法而非减法，最终错失良机。
哪些东西可以重新利用的英文作文
哪些东西可以重新利用的英文作文Reusing Items: A Necessary Step for Sustainable Development.In today's world, the concept of sustainability has become increasingly important. With the escalating issue of climate change and the depletion of natural resources, it's crucial that we all play our part in ensuring a sustainable future. One of the most effective ways to achieve this is through the reuse of items. By reusing items, we not only reduce waste but also conserve precious resources. In this article, we will explore some of the items that can be reused and the benefits of doing so.One of the most common items that can be reused is glass bottles. Glass is a fully recyclable material that can be easily turned into new bottles, jars, and other glassware. Reusing glass bottles not only reduces the amount of waste generated but also saves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, glass bottles canbe easily cleaned and reused multiple times, making them a great choice for those who want to reduce their waste footprint.Another item that can be easily reused is paper. Paperis made from renewable resources like trees, but the production process can be energy-intensive and generate waste. By reusing paper, we can reduce the demand for new paper products, saving trees and reducing the environmental impact of paper production. Office paper, newspapers, and even paper bags can all be recycled or reused in various ways, such as making notepads or gift wrap.Clothing is another item that can be easily reused.Fast fashion has led to a significant amount of waste being generated by the clothing industry. By donating unwanted clothes, selling them, or giving them to friends and family, we can reduce the amount of waste going to landfills. Additionally, repaired or altered clothes can often be worn again, extending their lifespan and reducing the need for new clothing.Electronic devices are also items that can be reused. With the rapid pace of technology, it's easy to dispose of old phones, laptops, and other devices when they become outdated. However, these devices can often be refurbished or recycled, reducing the waste generated and the environmental impact of electronic waste. Some companies even offer trade-in programs, allowing customers to tradein their old devices for new ones, further promoting reuse.Furniture is another item that can be easily reused. Old furniture that is still in good condition can be donated to charities, sold, or given to friends and family. Alternatively, furniture can be refurbished or upcycled, giving it a new lease on life. Upcycling furniture not only reduces waste but also creates unique and stylish pieces that can add value to a home.In addition to these items, there are also many daily-use products that can be reused. For example, plastic containers and jars can be used to store leftovers or as makeshift pencil cups. Fabric scraps can be sewn into patches or used to make quilts or other crafts. Even simpleitems like ziplock bags can be washed and reused multiple times.Reusing items not only reduces waste but also has numerous other benefits. It saves resources, reduces the environmental impact of production, and creates opportunities for creativity and innovation. By making a conscious effort to reuse items, we can all contribute to building a more sustainable and waste-free future.In conclusion, the reuse of items is a crucial step towards achieving sustainable development. By reusing glass bottles, paper, clothing, electronic devices, furniture, and daily-use products, we can reduce waste, conserve resources, and protect the environment. Let's all make a commitment to reuse and contribute to a better and brighter future for all.。
绿色建筑英语作文
绿色建筑英语作文Green buildings are a vital part of sustainable development, designed to reduce environmental impact while improving the quality of life for occupants. They incorporate various strategies to achieve energy efficiency, water conservation, and the use of sustainable materials.Energy EfficiencyOne of the key features of green buildings is their focus on energy efficiency. This can be achieved through the use of high-performance insulation, energy-efficient windows, and advanced HVAC systems. Solar panels and geothermal systems are also common, harnessing natural energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Water ConservationWater is a precious resource, and green buildings are designed to minimize its use. This can be done through the installation of low-flow fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and greywater recycling. Landscaping with native and drought-resistant plants also helps to reduce water consumption.Sustainable MaterialsThe materials used in green buildings are carefully selected to be environmentally friendly. This includes using recycled or locally sourced materials, which reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation. Additionally,materials with low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are preferred to ensure good indoor air quality.Indoor Environmental QualityGreen buildings prioritize the health and comfort of their occupants. This is achieved through the use of natural light, improved ventilation, and the use of materials that do notoff-gas harmful chemicals. The design also often includes features that promote a connection to the outdoors, such as green roofs and living walls.Life Cycle ConsiderationThe life cycle of a building is taken into account in green building design. This means considering the environmental impact not only during construction but also during the building's operation and eventual demolition. Buildings are designed to be adaptable and long-lasting, reducing the need for future renovations or replacements.Community and TransportationGreen buildings are often located in areas that promote walkability and access to public transportation, reducing the need for personal vehicles. This helps to lower carbon emissions and encourages a more active lifestyle.In conclusion, green buildings are an essential step towards a more sustainable future. They not only reduce the environmental impact of construction and operation but also provide a healthier and more comfortable living and working environment. As awareness of the importance of sustainabilitygrows, the adoption of green building practices is expected to increase, leading to a more eco-friendly urban landscape.。
围绕三步上篮写作文200字
围绕三步上篮写作文200字Have you ever felt the thrill of making a three-step layup in a basketball game? 你有没有感受过在篮球比赛中完成三步上篮的激动？It's a moment of pure exhilaration, the culmination of teamwork, skill, and strategy all coming together in a perfect instant. 这是一个纯粹的激动时刻，团队合作、技巧和策略的结合在一个完美的瞬间。
The first step is crucial - it sets the tone for the entire play, determining your speed, angle, and approach to the basket. 第一步至关重要-它决定了整个进攻的节奏，确定了你的速度、角度和冲向篮筐的方式。
As you take that first step, your mind races, analyzing the defense, calculating your options, and envisioning the path to the hoop. 当你迈出第一步时，你的头脑飞速转动，分析防守，计算选择，设想通往篮筐的路径。
Then comes the second step, a burst of speed and agility as you evade defenders and position yourself for the final push to thebasket. 紧接着是第二步，作为一个速度和敏捷度的爆发，当你避开防守者并为最后的冲向篮筐做准备。
With every dribble and every move, you can feel the energy building, the excitement mounting, as you approach the moment of truth - the jump towards the rim. 随着每一次运球和每一个动作，你可以感受到能量的增长，激动的积蓄，当你接近真实时刻-向篮筐跃起。
绿色建材认证流程
绿色建材认证流程Green building materials certification is a process that ensures the sustainability and environmental performance of construction materials. This certification is important because it provides consumers and builders with reassurance that the materials they are using are safe and environmentally friendly. In today's world where climate change and environmental degradation are pressing issues, choosing green building materials can make a significant difference in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices.绿色建材认证是确保建筑材料的可持续性和环境性能的过程。
这种认证很重要，因为它让消费者和建筑商放心使用安全环保的材料。
在当今世界，气候变化和环境破坏是紧迫的问题，选择绿色建材可以在减少碳排放和推广可持续实践方面产生显著的影响。
The certification process for green building materials typically involves an assessment of the materials' composition, manufacturing process, and end-of-life disposal options. These assessments are carried out by independent third-party organizations that verify compliance with established sustainability criteria. By obtaining thiscertification, manufacturers can distinguish their products in the market and attract environmentally conscious consumers who prioritize sustainability.绿色建材的认证过程通常涉及对材料的成分、制造过程和末端处理选项的评估。
珍爱粮食英语作文
珍爱粮食英语作文Food is a fundamental necessity for human life and one of the most precious resources we have on this planet. In a world where millions go hungry each day, it is crucial that we learn to cherish and value the food we have access to. Wasting food is not only morally wrong but also has severe environmental and economic consequences. As global populations continue to rise, the strain on our food systems will only increase, making it imperative that we develop a deep appreciation for the food we consume.One of the primary reasons we must cherish food is the immense effort and resources required to produce it. From the farmers who toil in the fields to the transportation networks that deliver goods to our tables, the journey of food from farm to fork is a complex and arduous one. Consider the water, land, and energy required to grow crops, raise livestock, and process food products. The environmental toll of industrial agriculture, with its heavy reliance on fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers, and water-intensive practices, is staggering. By wasting food, we are squandering these precious natural resources and contributing to the degradation of our planet.Moreover, the economic cost of food waste is equally significant. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the global cost of food waste amounts to nearly $1 trillion annually. This figure includes the expenses associated with production, processing, transportation, and disposal of uneaten food. In a world where poverty and hunger remain persistent challenges, this level of waste is simply unacceptable. The resources and capital invested in food that ultimately ends up in landfills could be better utilized to address the nutritional needs of the world's most vulnerable populations.Beyond the environmental and economic implications, the moral imperative to cherish food is also paramount. In many parts of the world, people struggle to access adequate sustenance, facing the daily threat of malnutrition and starvation. The privilege of having an abundance of food at our fingertips should not be taken for granted. By recognizing the value of every morsel, we can cultivate a deeper sense of gratitude and responsibility towards those who lack this basic human right.Cherishing food also has the potential to foster a more sustainable and equitable food system. When we adopt a mindset of reverence towards the sustenance we consume, we are more likely to support local, ethical, and environmentally-conscious food productionpractices. This, in turn, can drive positive change in the agricultural industry, incentivizing farmers and producers to prioritize sustainable and socially responsible methods. By aligning our food choices with our values, we can contribute to the creation of a food system that is more resilient, just, and aligned with the needs of both people and the planet.At the individual level, cherishing food can also have a profound impact on our personal well-being. When we approach mealtimes with a sense of appreciation and mindfulness, we are more likely to savor the flavors, textures, and nourishment that our food provides. This can lead to improved digestion, enhanced nutrient absorption, and a deeper connection to the act of eating. Moreover, by reducing food waste in our own households, we can save money, minimize our environmental footprint, and cultivate a greater sense of responsibility and self-reliance.In conclusion, the importance of cherishing food cannot be overstated. As we navigate the complex challenges of the 21st century, from climate change to global food insecurity, developing a reverence for the sustenance we consume is a crucial step towards building a more sustainable and equitable future. By recognizing the immense value of food, both in terms of its material and symbolic significance, we can inspire transformative change at individual, community, and global levels. Let us all strive to be mindfulconsumers, responsible stewards of our natural resources, and advocates for a food system that prioritizes the well-being of all.。
节能新主张的英语作文
Energy conservation is a critical issue in todays world,as the depletion of natural resources and the increasing demand for energy have made it imperative for us to adopt sustainable practices.Here are some key points that can be discussed in an essay on new propositions for energy saving:1.Raising Awareness:The first step towards energy conservation is to raise awareness about the importance of saving energy.This can be done through educational campaigns, social media,and community outreach programs.2.Improving Energy Efficiency:Implementing energyefficient technologies in homes and industries can significantly reduce energy consumption.This includes using energyefficient appliances,LED lighting,and smart thermostats.3.Renewable Energy Sources:Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydroelectric power can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Governments can provide incentives for individuals and businesses to invest in renewable energy systems.4.Green Transportation:Promoting the use of public transportation,cycling,walking, and electric vehicles can help reduce the carbon footprint caused by traditional vehicles. Cities can invest in better public transportation systems and bike lanes to encourage greener commuting options.5.Building Design:Constructing buildings with energy conservation in mind can lead to significant energy savings.This includes the use of better insulation,energyefficient windows,and natural lighting.6.Waste Management:Reducing,reusing,and recycling can help conserve energy by decreasing the need for manufacturing new products.This also includes proper disposal of electronic waste to prevent harmful chemicals from entering the environment.7.Water Conservation:Since the treatment and heating of water consume a lot of energy, conserving water can indirectly save energy.Installing lowflow showerheads and toilets, and fixing leaks can contribute to water and energy conservation.8.Policy and Regulation:Governments can play a crucial role by setting energy conservation standards and implementing policies that encourage energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy.9.Corporate Responsibility:Companies can adopt energysaving practices in theiroperations and promote sustainable products.They can also invest in research and development for new energysaving technologies.10.Individual Actions:Every individual can contribute to energy conservation by making conscious decisions such as turning off lights when not in use,unplugging electronics, and using air conditioning and heating systems efficiently.In conclusion,energy conservation is a collective effort that requires the participation of everyone,from individuals to governments and corporations.By adopting new propositions for energy saving,we can ensure a sustainable future for our planet.。
低碳生活的必要性英语作文
低碳生活的必要性英语作文The Necessity of a Low-Carbon Lifestyle.In today's rapidly developing world, the concept of a low-carbon lifestyle has become increasingly relevant. This way of life aims to reduce one's carbon footprint by adopting environmentally friendly practices and minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases. The necessity of a low-carbon lifestyle is not only a response to the global challenge of climate change but also a crucial step towards sustainable development and a better future for all.Firstly, the need for a low-carbon lifestyle is rooted in the urgent need to address climate change. The excessive emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is a primary cause of global warming, leading to extreme weather events, melting ice caps, and rising sea levels. By adopting a low-carbon lifestyle, individuals and communities can contribute to reducing these emissions and thus mitigate the impact of climate change.Secondly, a low-carbon lifestyle promotes sustainable development. Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Transitioning to a low-carbon lifestyle involves shifting towards renewable energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and adopting circular economic models. These practices not only reduce carbon emissions but also contribute to resource conservation, environmental protection, and social well-being.Moreover, a low-carbon lifestyle benefits individuals and communities directly. By reducing carbon emissions, we can improve air quality and reduce the risk of respiratory diseases. Clean energy sources also provide more reliable and affordable energy options, leading to improved living standards and economic opportunities. Additionally, a low-carbon lifestyle encourages community engagement and collective action, fostering a sense of responsibility and unity among individuals.Globally, the transition to a low-carbon lifestyle is also essential for achieving international climate targets. The Paris Agreement, for instance, aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. To achieve these targets, every individual, community, and country must play their part in reducing carbon emissions. A low-carbon lifestyle, therefore, is not just a personal choice but also a global responsibility.In conclusion, the necessity of a low-carbon lifestyle is evident from the urgent need to address climate change, promote sustainable development, and improve individual and community well-being. Transitioning to a low-carbonlifestyle involves adopting environmentally friendly practices, promoting renewable energy sources, andfostering collective action. This transition is not only possible but also necessary for building a sustainable and resilient future for all.To achieve a low-carbon lifestyle, individuals can take various actions. Firstly, reducing energy consumption byusing energy-efficient appliances and practicing energy-saving habits can significantly lower carbon emissions. Secondly, choosing renewable energy sources like solar and wind power for home and transportation can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Additionally, reducing food waste, shopping for local and organic products, and recycling can also contribute to a low-carbon lifestyle.Governments and businesses also play a crucial role in promoting a low-carbon lifestyle. Governments can introduce policies and regulations to encourage renewable energy use, promote energy efficiency, and support sustainable development projects. Businesses can adopt green practices, invest in clean technology, and create awareness amongtheir employees and customers about the importance of alow-carbon lifestyle.In conclusion, the transition to a low-carbon lifestyle is a crucial step towards sustainable development and a better future for all. It requires the collective effort of individuals, communities, governments, and businesses to adopt environmentally friendly practices and minimizecarbon emissions. By doing so, we can mitigate the impact of climate change, promote social well-being, and build a more resilient and sustainable world.。
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A step towards the Zero Energy Building standard by housingassociations – a case studyWerner Stutterecker11Forschung & Technologietransfer Pinkafeld GmbHSteinamangerstr. 21, A-7423Pinkafeld, AustriaAbstractDue to climate and energy goals, high energy performance standards are starting to penetrate into the sector of housing associations. An apartment house was designed and constructed as a Zero Energy Building by a housing association. However, in order to learn lessons from pilot-projects, a scientific monitoring is useful. The objective of this work is to evaluate, if the building designed and constructed by a housing association could achieve the Zero Energy Building standard. The building (585 m², 6 apartments) has a calculated specific heating energy demand of 9 kWh/(m².a) and is supplied via a semi central ventilation system with decentralized heat pump technology. A 9.5 kWp photovoltaic plant on the roof provides the generated energy to the public electrical grid. An energy monitoring concept was developed and realized. Within this paper the results of 2 years of monitoring will be analyzed. E.g. in the second year 42 % of the total electricity demand of the building could be covered by the PV (load: space heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting, plug loads). The total end energy demand of the building was 42 kWh/(m².a). The monitoring also confirmed the importance of the user behavior. This work should evaluate a first and practical step of a housing association towards the Zero Energy Building standard.Keywords – Nearly Zero Energy Building; Apartment House; Energy Monitoring; Heat Pump; PV1Introduction1.1MotivationFor Zero Energy Buildings it is a challenge to combine a high performance building envelope with efficient building technologies in an optimal manner [1]. Therefore integrated design approaches are crucial for high energy-performance buildings [2]. In order to learn lessons from realized building projects it is important to scientifically monitor relevant energy flows. For example, the monitoring of low energy buildings can reveal that the auxiliary energy use for heating, cooling and ventilation can account for 25 to 45 % of the end energy use [3] [4].The European Directive on the energy performance of buildings demands that all new buildings are nearly zero energy buildings by December 2020 [5]. The building sector is already familiar with the energy efficient designing and construction of single-dwelling houses. Low energy standards are nowadays also penetrating the sector of housing estates [6] [7]. Nevertheless there can be a difference between the standardized and tool-based calculation of the energy demand done by the housing association and the actually occurring energy demand that is significantly influenced by user behavior. In order to learn lessons from pilot-projects, scientific monitoring is useful [8]. Therefore a concept for a 2-year energy monitoring of an energy plus house designed and constructed by a housing association was developed and realized [4].1.2ObjectiveThe objective of this work is to evaluate the energy standard of a building designed by a housing association during the operating phase. Therefore a monitoring concept which accounts for all in- and outgoing energy flows must be developed. For the evaluation of the apartment house a long-term monitoring should be carried out so that the energy balance for a whole operating year can be generated [4].2Method2.1The BuildingThe building was constructed in Burgenland by an Austrian housing association. Construction work was finished in 2008. The gross floor area (GFA) of the object is 585 m² with a heated volume of 2,032 m³ for six apartments. The building has a specific heating energy demand of 9 kWh/(m².a), according to the Austrian standard ÖNORM H5055 [9] and therefore fulfills the criteria of passive house standard (Table 1).The calculated mean U-value of the object is 0.16 W/(m².K) [10]. The azimuth of the main façade of the building is 31° East (South = 0°). The apartments in the 2 story building have a gross floor area of either 75 m² (four exterior apartments) or 55 m² (two center apartments).Table 1. Energy characteristics calculated by the housing association [10]Type ValueUnitGross floor area585m²Gross volume2,032 m³U-values (walls)0.09-0.11W/(m².K)U-values (windows)0.81-0.83W/(m².K)U-value (door) 1.30 W/(m².K)Heating energy demand9.0kWh/(m².a)Hot water energy demand12.8 kWh/(m².a)End energy demand32.6 kWh/(m².a)The building is supplied via a semi-central ventilation system with decentralized heat pump technology (Drexel und Weiss Co., aerosilent centro, micro and termosmart SC), meaning that only electricity is needed for heating, ventilation and hot water production. The ventilation system consists of a central ventilation station, located in the basement, and decentralized ventilation machines in each apartment for individual user control. The decentralized heat pumps, which are located in each apartment, are fed by a horizontal brine-earth collector with an area of 400 m² [10]. The heat pump provides heat for the low-temperature floor heating system and the domestic hot water production. Additionally, the heat pump can be used to heat the fresh air in the decentralized ventilation machine via a heating coil. In the centralized ventilation station the brine can either pre-heat the fresh air, or the exhaust air can heat the brine (Figure 1).On the roof of the building, a 9.45 kWp photovoltaic plant is connected to the public grid. In all, 45 modules (Type HIP-210NKHE1, Sanyo Co.) with a rated capacity of 210 Wp are installed. The azimuth of the modules is 31° East (South = 0°) and they are tilted at an angle of 30°. Two inverters of the (IG 60 HV, Fronius Co.) are used. The rated capacity of one inverter is 4.6 kW.Fig. 1. Heating and ventilation system (modified after [11])2.2Monitoring ConceptAn energy monitoring concept was developed and realized. It included the electrical energy demand of the building, the electrical energy production by the PV modules and thermal energy flows of the central part of the ventilation system (with supply air pre-heating and brine heating) and of one reference apartment (decentralized ventilation system and brine heat pump).The data acquisition system records the total electrical energy demand from each apartment, the electrical energy demand of the centralizedventilation and the general electricity demands like lighting of the staircase. These demands represent the total electrical energy demand of the apartment building. One Apartment was chosen as a representative for the building’s apartments. The area of this apartment is 75 m² and the apartment is located on the south-west outside. Beside the total electrical energy demand of this representative apartment, the electrical energy demand of the decentralized heat pump and the decentralized ventilation were recorded.Concerning the data acquisition system products from the National Industries Co. were used (Field Point Compact, LabView). The system allowed a stand-alone operation and the data were saved on a flash card. The data acquisition module was programmed to save the data every ten seconds. In order to minimize the risk in case of measurement failures the data were saved to a new file every 168 hours (one week). Therefore the interval of one file was usually 168 hours, but in case of an electricity blackout it occurred that the intervals were shorter than one week.As for the electricity meters, single- and three-phase AC electricity meters were used (Eltako Co.). Global solar radiation was measured with a pyranometer sensor (UP Umweltanalytische Produkte GmbH Co.). The pyranometer was installed beside the PV modules with the same slope and azimuth as the modules (30° and 31° East), meaning that the recorded radiation is equivalent to the incident global radiation on the tilted PV modules.After a successful test-monitoring phase the monitoring started Dec. 2nd, 2009. The last data relevant for this work were recorded on Dec. 2nd 2011. Therefore the presented results refer to two years of monitoring.3Monitoring Results3.1Electrical energy demandThe main focus was to compare the total electrical energy use of the apartment building with the electrical energy generated by the grid-connected PV system. The total electrical energy use of the building was calculated by adding the measured demands of the apartments (#1 to #6), the demand of the centralized ventilation system and the general indoor and outdoor demand of the building (e.g. lighting of the staircase).Building demand versus PV generation. Figure 2 displays the totalthe second monitoring year. Each energy value is the cumulated value of one week (only 168 hours intervals are displayed).Fig. 2. 2nd year: total weekly electricity demand of the building vs. weekly net PV outputAt no point during both monitoring years the total energy demand of the building could be covered by the net energy supply of the PV system (compare Figure 2). However it should be noted that the total energy demand includes heating, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting and plug loads. During the summer times a convergence of the two curves was observed. During the 1st monitoring year 34.5% and during the 2nd monitoring year 41.7% of the total electricity demand could be covered by the PV system (Table 2).Table 2: Total energy demand and generation for the 1st and 2nd monitoring year related to thegross floor areast [kWh/(m².a)]nd [kWh/(m².a)]Total annual demand of building 43.4 42.3Net energy generation by PV system 15.0 17.6Global solar radiation 128.3 145.2Primary energy demand of building 113.7 110.8The annual efficiency of the PV system, related to the global radiation on tilted surface of the modules, was 11.7% during the first year and 12.1% during the second year.In Figure 3 the weekly cumulated energy demand of the building versus the weekly mean outdoor temperature is depicted. It shows that by trend the building had a lower weekly energy demand in the second monitoring year. Additionally a base demand of around 400 kWh per week can observed during both years. If the minimum value of the demand is related to the maximum value then this results into 47% in the first year and 48% in the second year. Assuming the minimum values as base demand 69% of the energy demand during the first year and 74% during the second year were not related to the weekly mean outdoor temperature.Fig. 3. Weekly cumulated demand vs. weekly mean outdoor temperature Figure 4 shows the weekly cumulated PV supply versus the weekly cumulated radiation on the tilted surface. By trend the second year shows a better performance especially at a radiation lower than 1,500 kWh per week. The corresponding weekly system efficiency of the global radiation on the tilted modules versus the weekly mean outdoor temperature is displayed in Figure 5. Based on further analyses it is assumed that the lower performance at low temperatures in the first year was due to a snow cover of the modulesduring some winter weeks.Fig. 4. Weekly cumulated PV supply vs. weekly radiation on the tilted surfaceFig. 5. Weekly PV efficiency vs. weekly mean outdoor temperature Apartments and user behavior. The building has six apartments. The energy demand of a single apartment includes the demands of the decentralized heat pump, the decentralized ventilation and all user-related demands like lighting and plug-loads (refrigerator, dishwasher, TV, PC …). The ratio between the maximum and the minimum demand relative to the net floor area of each apartment was 1.92 in the first year and 1.95 in the second year (Figure 8). When compared with Table 2 the energy consumption of all the apartments made up 80 % of the total energy demand of the building during both monitoring years.Fig. 6. Annual energy demand of apartments #1-6 in the first and second monitoring yearrelative to the net floor area of the buildingAnalysis on an hourly bases revealed that there are big differences between the load curves of each apartment. For a better readability the mean value (+ standard deviation) and the minimum and maximum of the cumulated weekly energy demand of all apartments are displayed in Figure 9. If the maximum and the minimum are related to the mean value then factors of up to 1.69 and down to 0.38 can be observed. This first analysis shows how important it will become to consider the user behavior in the planning of nearly ZEBs but also how difficult this task will be. The monitoring data of this building and especially of each apartment can be used to do further research about user behavior. New load curves must be derived from monitoring projects and must be considered with factors in order to comprise the wide range of the user behavior. The determination of the load curves and the range factors will be the future challenge.Fig. 7. Mean value of the weekly cumulated energy demand plus standard deviation of all apartments, the maximum and minimum of all apartments relative to the net floor areaThe representative Apartment. One apartment was equipped with sensors more detailed (compare chapter 2.2). The temperature curves in Figure 11 show the operating points of the decentralized heat pump and the decentralized ventilation as well as the outdoor temperature. In this figure the heat pump is characterized by the brine and the floor heating temperatures. Regarding the ventilation only the temperatures of the fresh air before the heat exchanger (HX) and after the heat exchanger are displayed (compare also Figure 1). The mean outdoor temperature in this December week of the year 2010 was -5.3°C. The floor heating system was operated at a supply temperature level between 32 to 46°C. At the same time the fresh air was heated up to this level via the water/air heat exchanger. The brine supply temperature was between -2°C and 6°C during this period. The specific fan power (SFP) for this December week was 0.08 W/(m³/h).Fig. 8. Temperature curves of the heat pump, the ventilation and the outdoor temperature forone week in Dec. 2010, interval: 10 sec.4ConclusionTwo years of monitoring are evaluated in this paper. 42% of the total energy demand of the passive house building with 6 apartments could be covered by the PV system in the second year. Up to 74% of the total energy demand could not be related to the outdoor temperature and therefore not to heating. The PV system worked like expected with a system efficiency for the second year of 12%.A comparison of the apartments showed that the user behavior has a great influence on the energy demand of each apartment. Differences between the lowest and highest energy consumption of almost the factor 2 were encountered.If for example each apartment would have the same energy demand as the apartment with the lowest energy demand then 63% of the total end energy demand would be covered by PV in the second year (compared to 42% monitored in reality during the second year). This means that especially the user behavior has to be considered in the future planning of nearly ZEBs. However it is shown that it will be a challenge to describe the user behavior for simulation purposes and that future research is needed in this topic. The analysis of the representative apartment showed the operating temperatures of the decentralized heat pump and ventilation.As a conclusion it can be stated that it is import not only to design buildings very carefully, but also to monitor them during the operation phase. Independent of the results it is necessary that housing associations step towards nearly zero energy buildings in order to fulfill the Europeanenergy targets. In particular, it is important to transfer the knowledge gainedfrom studies of high performance single family homes to apartment buildings and other building types. In most cases it is not enough to enlarge the area of the PV modules and to add to the insulation of the walls or to equip a planned building with efficient building technologies. This will lead to sub-optimal solutions. Instead it is necessary to focus on an integrated design approach when housing associations construct new buildings according to EPBD.AcknowledgementThe monitoring of the apartment house – an initiative of the provincial governor of Burgenland - was funded by the provincial government of Burgenland as well as the Österreichischer Verband der gemeinnützigen Bauvereinigungen - Revisionsverband. The support of the housing asso-ciation OSG (Oberwarter gemeinn. Bau-, Wohn- und Siedlungsge-nossenschaft) was crucial for the realization of the measurement concept.References[1] Musall, E., Weiss, T., Voss, K., Lenoir, A., Donn, M., Cory, S. et al. (2010): Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings: An Overview and Analysis on Worldwide Building Projects, IEASHC Task 40/ECBS, EuroSun 2010, Graz[2] Andresen, I., Kleiven, T., Knudstrup, M.-A., Heiselberg, P. (2008). State-of-the-art Review: Vol. 2B. Integrated Building Concepts: ANNEX 44: Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings (DCE Technical Reports; 50). Aalborg: Aalborg University. Department of Civil Engineering.[3] Kalz, D., Herkel, S. and Wagner, A. (2009): The impact of auxiliary energy on the efficiency of the heating and cooling system: Monitoring of low-energy buildings. Energy and Buildings 41, Elsevier[4] Werner Stutterecker, Ernst Blümel (2012): Energy plus standard in buildings constructed by housing associations?, Energy, Volume 48, Issue 1, December 2012, Pages 56-65, ISSN 0360-5442, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.044.[5] Directive 2010/31/EU (2010): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings (recast).[6] Lenz, B., Schreiber, J., Stark, T. (2010): Sustainable Building Services – Principles, Systems, Concepts. Detail Green Books, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, www.detail.de, München[7] Küffer, E. and Hanke, A.-M. (2011): Plus energy apartments Ludmilla-Wohnpark Landshut, www.ludmilla-wohnpark-landshut.de (accessed 5/12/2011)[8] Blümel, E., Krail, J., Jähnig, D. and Wagner, W. (2008): Integrated Building Concepts – Current IEA Trends and Monitoring Results, IEA-ECBS Annex 44[9] ÖNORM H 5055 (2008): Energy certificate for buildings - Space heating and water heating, Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna[10] Synkom ZT (2010): Planning documents for Wohnhausanlage Dobersdorf Stg. 1 u. Stg. 2[11] Drexel und Weiss (2008): Semizentrale Systeme – Passivhaussystem, technical documentation, received via e-mail from Co. Samer on 7.2.2008, Wolfurt。