管理学重点

Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
效率是指以最少的投入获得最大的产出。

Effectiveness is concerned with completing activities so that organizational goals are attained.
效果是指实现组织目标的程度。

效率涉及做事的方式，效果涉及事情的结果。

An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
组织是对人员的一种精心安排，以实现某种特定的目的。

Contingency approach
Management approach that says that organizations are different, face different contingencies（situations）and require different ways of managing.
The omnipotent view万能论
The view that managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. Managerial decisions affected by culture
Planning:
The degree of risk that plans should contain.
Whether plans should be developed by individuals or team.
The degree of environmental scanning in which management will engage. Organizing:
How much autonomy should be designed into employees’ jobs.
Whether tasks should be done by individuals or in teams.
The degree to which department managers interact with each other.
Leading:
The degree to which managers are concerned with increasing employee job satisfaction. What leadership styles are appropriate.
Whether all disagreements-even constructive ones-should be eliminated Controlling:
Whether to impose external controls or to allow employees to control their own actions. What criteria should be emphasized in employee performance evaluations.
What repercussions反响，影响will occur from exceeding one’s budget
Key information about three global attitudes
4.How organizations go global
Organizations typically go global in three stages.
Stage I is exporting to or importing from foreign countries.
组织走向全球化往往经历三个阶段：阶段Ⅰ是向国外出口或从国外进口；
Stage II involves hiring foreign representatives to sell the organization's products or contracting with foreign manufacturers to make the organization's products.
阶段Ⅱ是雇用外国代理商销售组织的产品或与国外的制造商订立合同来制造组织的产品；
Stage III is the most serious commitment to global business and involves licensing franchising, strategic alliances, joint ventures, or foreign subsidiaries.
阶段Ⅲ在全球业务中的投入是最为积极的，涉及许可证贸易、特许经营、战略同盟、合资企业或外国子公司。

(ps:p98表格)
Decision: a choice from two or more alternatives
The decision-making process
Decision making is a set of eight steps that includes identifying a problem, selecting a alternative, and evaluating the decisions effectiveness .
(1) identification of problems,
(2) identification of decision criteria,
(3) allocation[ˌæləˈkeiʃən]分配of weights to the criteria,
(4) development of alternatives,
(5) analysis of alternatives,
(6) selection of an alternative,
(7) implementation of the alternative
(8) evaluation of decision effectiveness
Procedure : a series of interrelated steps that can be used to respond to a well-structured problem.
Rule : an explicit statement that tells managers what they can or cannot do.
Policy : a guideline for making decisions.
Risk : 风险性决策的决策树法
Well-designed goals have the following characteristics:
written in terms of outcomes rather than actions; measurable and quantifiable;
设计良好的目标具有下述特征:它是以结果而不是行为来表达的，是可度量的和可定量化的，
clear as to a time frame; challenging but attainable; written down; communicated to all organizational members
是时间架构清晰的和具有挑战性但是可以达到的，是书面的以及与组织成员充分沟通过的。

The strategic management process
网络图的绘制线性规划的图解法
Work specialization describes the degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs.
工作专门化描述组织中的任务被划分为各项专门工作的程度。

Departmentalization describes the way in which jobs are grouped in order to accomplish
organizational goals.
部门化反映将若干职位组合在一起以完成组织目标的方式。

Geographic departmentalization
优点：1more effective and efficient handing of specific regional issues that arise 2serve needs of unique geographic markets better
缺点：1duplication of function
2can feel isolated from other organizational areas
Customer departmentalization
优点:1customers’ needs and problems can be met by specialists
缺点:1duplication of functions
2limited view of organizational goals
1)Mechanistic and organic organization的比较
Selection devices
Written tests
优点：1tests of intellectual ability spatial and mechanical ability perceptual accuracy and motor ability are moderately valid predictors for many semiskilled and unskilled lower-level jobs in industrial organizations
2intelligence tests are reasonably good predictors for supervisory positions
缺点：intelligence and other tested characteristic can be somewhat removed from actual job performance thus reducing their validity
Interviews
优点：1must be structured and well organized to be effective predictors.
2 Interviewers must use common questioning to be effective predictors.
缺点:1 Interviewers must be aware of legality of certain questions
2subject to potential biasesˈbaiəs] especially if interviews are not well structured and standardized
案例分析激励和领导
Concurrent control :a type of control that takes place while a work activity is a progress Feedback control: a type of control that takes place after a work activity is done.。