企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新
税收筹划的外文翻译
外文文献翻译2011 届译文一：企业税收筹划的有效性：基于对报酬的激励作用（上）译文二：企业税收筹划的有效性：基于对报酬的激励作用（下）学生姓名周伟学号********院系经济与管理学院专业会计指导教师许庆高完成日期2010年12月2日Corporate Tax-Planning Effectiveness: The Role of Compensation-Based Incentives (Ⅰ)John D. Phillips University of ConnecticutABSTRACTThis study investigates whether compensating chief executive officers and business-unit managers using after-tax accounting-based performance measures leads to lower effective tax rates, the empirical surrogate used for tax-planning effectiveness. Utilizing proprietary compensation data obtained in a survey of corporate executives, the relation between effective tax rates and after-tax performance measures is modeled and estimated using a two-step approach that corrects for the endogeneity bias associated with firms' decisions to compensate managers on a pre- versus after-tax basis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating business-unit managers, but not chief executive officers, on an after-tax basis leads to lower effective tax rates.KEYWORDS tax planning; performance measures; endogenous treatment effects.I. INTRODUCTIONEffective tax planning, defined by Scholes et al. (2002) as tax planning that maximizes the firm's expected discounted after-tax cash flows, requires managers to consider their decisions' after-tax consequences. In this paper, I investigate whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures lead to lower effective tax rates (ETR), my empirical surrogate for tax planning effectiveness.1 The ETR, an income-statement-based outcome measure calculated as the ratio of total income tax expense to pre-tax income, generally measures the effectiveness of tax reduction strategies that lead to higher after-tax income. A lower ETR, however, can only proxy for tax savings and does not always imply that after-tax income and/or cash flows have been maximized.2 Despite this limitation, the ETR has been used to measure the effectiveness of spending on the tax function (Mills et al. 1998) and corporate tax department performance (Douglas et al. 1996). Also, lowering the ETR is frequently cited as a way to increase earnings(e.g., Ziegler 1997) and increase share price (e.g., Mintz 1999; Swenson 1999).Accounting research has addressed the relation between accounting-based compensation and managers' actions (e.g., Larcker 1983; Healy 1985; Wallace 1997). This paper is the first to address whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures motivate managers to take actions that help lower their firms' ETR and does so at both the chief executive officer (CEO) and business-unit (SBU) manager levels. Prior after-tax performance measure research has focused only on the determinants of compensation CEOs using pre- versus after-tax earnings (e.g., Newman 1989; Carnes and Guffey 2000; Atwood et al. 1998; Dhaliwal et al. 2000) and provides no evidence concerning after-tax compensation's effectiveness in lowering a firm's tax liability. Extending this investigation to the SBU level is motivated out of the apparent conflict between arguments that taxes should be allocated to SBU for incentive compensation purposes (e.g., McLemore 1997) with empirical observations that a majority of firms do not do so (e.g., Douglas et al. 1996).4 The current investigation provides evidence concerning the incremental effectiveness of explicitly motivating CEOs and SBU managers to incorporate tax consequences into their operating and investment decisions.A common issue in cross-sectional studies that attempt to link a particular management accounting choice to an outcome measure is that all sample firms may be optimizing with respect to the choice being investigated (Ittner and Larcker 2001). Without addressing the endogeneity of a firm's choice, it is difficult to provide evidence consistent with this choice leading to an improved outcome. To address this issue, the relation between ETR and CEO and SBU-manager after-tax performance measures is estimated using a two-step approach that helps correct for the potential endogeneity bias associated with these two choice variables. As a first step in implementing this approach, the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle is used to model a firm's decisions to adopt after-tax CEO and SBU-manager performance measures. To include a particular measure in a manager's compensation contract, this principle requires that the expected benefits from holding a manager responsible for a measure must be greater than the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the resulting additional risk and effort. Accordingly, an after- tax performance measure should be used as a contracting variable in a manager's incentive compensation contract only if the manager's involvement in tax-planning efforts leads to a difference between pre-tax and after-tax accounting results, which is generally reflected in the ETR. Consistent with prior research, the pre- versus after-tax CEO and SBU-manager selection models include variables that control for a firm's tax-planning opportunities because the presence of such opportunities reflect the extent to which a manager's actions can be expected to lower the ETR.Even if a manager's efforts are expected to lead to a lower ETR, a firm will use an after-tax performance measure only if the expected benefits exceed the expected costs of doing so. An after-tax performance measure is expected to lead to a lower ETR because it motivates the manager's increased cooperation with tax professionals to help identify, develop, and execute tax-planning strategies. McLemore (1997, 1) cites Hewlett Packard's tax director to support the need for SBU-manager involvement in tax-planning efforts:Tax planning is only as good as being involved in the early stages of such things as business planning, strategic planning, and merger and acquisition work....Your tax department has to be represented at the table when those decisions are made. The evolving model for the future is the tight integration of tax people with business unit planning.Costs associated with using after-tax performance measures include the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the increased risk due to potential tax law changes and the increased effort that results from including income tax expense in the compensation contract. Other potential costs associated with after-tax compensation include the administrative cost of allocating tax expense to a firm's SBU, increased tax examination costs, and increased tax authority scrutiny. Contrary to measuring after-tax compensation's benefits via observed ETR, there are no clear empirical surrogates for after-tax performance measures' costs. This study thus focuses on the realized benefits of compensating managers on an after-tax basis but does not provide evidence of the associated costs' magnitude.Proprietary data obtained in a survey of corporate executives are used to construct certain test variables, including those indicating whether CEOs and SBU managers are compensated using after-tax accounting-based performance measures. Publicly available data are used to construct ETR and other test variables. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating SBU managers, but not CEOs, on an after-tax basis leads to lower ETR, resulting in an estimated median tax savings of $13.3 million annually. Sensitivity tests performed on a subsample of firms with high simulated MTR (Graham 1996) provide further evidence that low-MTR firms' potential ETR-lowering actions that could have ambiguous effects on cash flows and after-tax profits are not driving this result. Further sensitivity tests help rule out the proportion of tax function outsourcing as an alternative explanation for the statistically and economically significant negative relation between after- tax SBU-manager compensation and ETR.The results contribute to the accounting-based compensation literature by linking after- tax accounting-based performance measures to SBU-manager involvement that is incrementally effective in lowering firms' ETR. Consistent with Guidry et al. (1999) who documentbonus-induced earnings management at the SBU level, this finding provides additional insight into the effect that SBU-manager accounting-based incentives have on managers' actions. Also, the estimated explicit tax savings resulting from after-tax performance measures provide corporate decision makers with information relevant to the design of SBU-manager incentive compensation plans.The paper proceeds as follows. The next section sets forth the hypotheses tested in this study. Section III outlines the empirical models and estimation procedures used in testing these hypotheses. Section IV provides a discussion of the data and sample, including a brief overview of the survey used to obtain proprietary compensation data. Results are presented in Section V. The final section provides the conclusion and a discussion of the study's limitations.II. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENTNewman (1989), Cares and Guffey (2000), and Atwood et al. (1998) investigate firms' choices of after-tax earnings as the contracting variable in CEO bonus plans. These studies hypothesize that firms with greater tax-planning opportunities, consistent with the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle, are more likely to use after-tax performance measures. Using proxies for tax-planning opportunities, these studies collectively find that multinational status, number of operating segments, firm size, and capital intensity are positively associated with after-tax CEO compensation. Atwood et al. (1998) also presents evidence that leverage is negatively associated with this choice.企业税收筹划的有效性：基于对报酬的激励作用（上）约翰D·菲利普斯康涅狄格大学摘要本研究探讨首席执行官是否修正主管和业务部门经理利用税后会计为基础的绩效措施，导致较低的实际税率，以报酬激励用于税收筹划的有效性。
增值税纳税申报表中英对照精译版
增值税纳税申报表TAX RETURN OF VAT（适用于增值税一般纳税人）(Applicable to general VAT taxpayers)根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》第二十二条和第二十三条的规定制定本表，纳税人不论有无销售额，均应按主管税务机关核定的纳税期限按期填报本表，并于次月一日起十日内，向当地税务机关申报。
This form is formulated in accordance with the conditions defined in the Article 22 and Article 23 of The Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Value-added TaxAll taxpayers shall complete this form in accordance with the assessable period determined by the competent authorities whether or not there is any sale amount and report to the local authorities within ten days following the end of the period.所属期Taxation period：填表日期date of filing：金额单位：元至角分Monetary Unit：RMB, including Yuan, Jiao and Fen以下由税务机关填写：Only for the use of the taxation institution only below:收到日期：接收人：主管税务部门签章：Date of receipt: Receiver: Seal of competent taxation institution。
企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新
企业增值税纳税筹划外文文献翻译最新This article discusses the importance of value-added tax (VAT) XXX is a tax on the value added to a product or service at each stage of n and n。
ns pliance.The first step in XXX includes identifying the VAT rates。
ns。
XXX。
It is also XXX.Once the VAT rules are understood。
ns XXX and report VAT。
as well as training XXX.XXX。
This can include taking advantage of VAT ns and ced rates。
as well as optimizing the timing of VAT payments and refunds.Overall。
XXX their financial performance。
It requires a thorough understanding of the VAT rules and ns。
as well as a XXX.译文本文讨论了对于公司而言，增值税规划的重要性。
增值税是对于每个生产和分销阶段所增加的产品或服务价值的税收。
公司可以通过增值税规划来最小化其税务责任，并避免违规行为的罚款。
增值税规划的第一步是了解公司运营所在国家的增值税规则和法规。
这包括确定增值税率、免税和门槛。
同样重要的是确定增值税注册要求和截止日期。
一旦了解了增值税规则，公司可以制定增值税合规策略。
这包括实施系统和程序来准确计算和报告增值税，以及培训员工以确保合规性。
增值税规划还涉及识别增值税节省的机会。
这可以包括利用增值税免税和减税，以及优化增值税支付和退款的时机。
企业纳税筹划外文文献翻译
文献出处：MUCAI G P, KINYA G S, NOOR A I, et al. Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Small Scale Enterprises in Kenya[J].2014：3：1236-1243.原文Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Small Scale Enterprises in KenyaMUCAI G P, KINYA G S, NOOR A IAbstractIn order to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of activities, reliability and compliance with applicable laws, small scale enterprises need to have adequate tax controls. The study sought to find out the extent to which expenditure on capital assets in tax planning, to determine how tax planning by Capital Structure influence performance of small enterprises, find out how tax planning through Advertisement expenditure influence performance of small enterprises and to assess how tax planning through Legal Forms of enterprise influence performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. The study had a total population of one hundred and forty nine respondents and a sample of 30 percent was drawn from each stratum. The data was then presented in form of Percentages and Tables. The study found the influence of tax planning by capital structure, tax planning in investment, capital asset planning through advertisement expenditure and found that the Legal Forms of small enterprises in Embu CBD has no significant relationship. The study recommends that small scale enterprises should be ready to seek advice on tax planning. Further to this, the study recommends that there is need to have NGOs to sensitize the respondents as to the need to do formal tax planning as it could increase their Business profitability. Key Words: Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, Tax Planning, Capital Structure.IntroductionThe concept of taxation has been a concern of global significance as it affects every economy irrespective of national differences (Oboh et al., 2012). Within thecontext of Africa, tax, a concept as old as mankind can be described as an amount, effort, contribution or service rendered either in kind (goat, cow, farm produce, clearing of grass etc.) or monetary value contributed into a common purse for the running of the society. According to Omotoso (2001), in his definition of the modern taxes, defined tax as a compulsory charge imposed by a public authority on the income of individuals and companies as stipulated by the government decrees, acts or case laws irrespective of the exact amount of services rendered to the payer in return. Thus, taxes constitute the principal source of government revenue and the beauty of any government is for its citizen to voluntarily execute their tax obligations without much coercion and harassment (Adedeji and Oboh, 2012).Tax evasion and fiscal corruption have been a general and persistent problem throughout history with serious economic consequences, not only in transition economies, but also in countries with developed tax systems (Raza, 2011). In general, tax evasion and corruption can have ambiguous effects on Economic growth: tax evasion increases the amount of resources accumulated by entrepreneurs, but it also reduces the amount of public services supplied by the government, thus leading to negative Consequences for economic growth (Roy and Raffaella, 2011). Previous studies highlight reports of declining effective tax rates and a rising proportion of firms that report little or no tax liability. To date, the maintained assumption in much of the literature is that aggressive tax behavior, rather than economic trends, is the driving factor behind this decline (Desai and Dharmapala 2009).The Kenya Revenue Authority (K.R.A) is the tax collection agency of Kenya. It was formed July 1, 1995 to enhance tax collection on behalf of the Government of Kenya. It collects a number of taxes and duties, including: value added tax, income tax and customs. Since KRA's inception, revenue collection has increased dramatically, enabling the government to provide much needed services to its citizenry like free primary education and Health Services to all. Over 90% of annual national budget funding comes from local taxes collected by the KRA (GOK, 2010).It is however important to establish whether the observed increased revenue collection effectiveness has resulted from aggressive tax management by Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) or whether it is, in part, due to increased use of the new economy business model. This is important because the sources of tax avoidance have distinct policy implications. The policy response to tax avoidance arising from aggressive tax schemes and investments in tax planning is likely to be very different from the response to tax avoidance stemming from a shift in many firms' organizational, operating, and financing attributes, which enable them to exploit their operating flexibility to naturally align with tax incentives that generate tax savings (Drucker 2006).The decreasing trend in effective tax rates may not be solely due to aggressive tax management but Rather, firms' modifications to their business models resulting from changing economic trends potentially enabling them to reduce tax burdens without additional investments in tax planning (Blouin, and Larcker 2011). Performance of Small EnterprisesDifferent approaches are used for performance evaluation in which goal approach, time frame approach, balanced scorecard , system approach, and ineffectiveness approach are included (Jean-Francois, 2004). In stakeholder approach, centre of attention is the ability of a business to meet the needs and expectations of its stakeholders (Daft, 1995).Competing values approach expands the range of other approaches.By using competing values approach, four other models are developed in which rational goal; internal process, open system and human relations are included (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983). Performance of an organization can be evaluated by focusing on problems and retarding factors that inhibit the performance of organizations (Camaron, 1984). Out of the above mentioned approaches, goal approach is the superlative approach to evaluate the performance due to its straightforwardness (Pfeffer and Salancik 1978). Most trendy approach of performance evaluation ofSME's is balanced scorecard approach. Balanced scorecard has four dimensions in which financial growth, quality, customers and learning growth is built-in (Kaplan and Norton, 1992).Balance scorecard actually focuses on maintaining symmetry between monetary and non monetary measures (Neely et al. 1996).Book-tax differences, on average, are systematically related to earnings growth, future stock returns, and earnings persistence (Hanlon, 2005) and among other implications, book-tax differences are useful measures in evaluating firm performance. Consistent with these studies, Shevlin (2002) and Hanlon, Laplante, and Shevlin (2005) find that while book income explains a firm's annual stock returns better than estimated taxable income, estimated taxable income, on average, has incremental explanatory power for book income. However , there is little evidence regarding taxable income as an alternative performance measure and, in particular, cross-sectional differences in firms that mitigates or enhances the ability of taxable income to inform investors regarding firm performance (Lev and Nissim, 2004).Some SME's compare their performance with that of other SME's. They evaluate their performance by means of comparative analysis. Performance can also be evaluated by means of ineffectiveness approach. In ineffectiveness approach, focus is on the factors that hampers the feat of organizations. Therefore this study seeks to investigate the extent to which Tax Planning influences Financial Performance of Small Enterprises in Embu town CBDTax PlanningThe implementation situation of SME income tax planning is distorted tax planning, that is to say, on the one hand, more and more SME pay tax in accordance with the law, and on the other hand, because of the role of the interest mechanism and other various reasons, more and more SME tax-related cases appear (Karing and Wanjala, 2005). According to the survey, the vast majorities SME have not yet started or are considering carrying out tax planning, which can not fight for the legitimate tax interests and ruin financial interests leading to a large number of emerging additionaltax burden (Fjeldstad and Rakne, 2003). In addition, SME tax planning is treated unreasonable. Due to the limitations of the concept, SME tax planning activities often encounter misunderstanding, punishment and censor from some basic taxation law enforcement agencies (Karing and Wanjala, 2005).Tax law is said to be barely connected with the universe and with universal law as we understand it. However, tax law is founded not only on principles but also on practicality. There is no element of perpetuity about tax law, only the constant clash of the immediate and semi permanent (Kibua and Nziok, 2004). A State cannot run a democracy well without taxation and a taxation system cannot be run well without democracy. Oliver Wendell Holmes has said on one occasion, "Taxes are what we pay for civilized society" (Neely et al. 1996).Statement of the ProblemTax reform today has been moving towards considering new legislation, such as whole new taxes or reliefs, rather than patching of existing taxes by either increasing or decreasing the amount of taxation. This breaks down into the fact that there are ongoing considerations of widening the tax base. Kenya is no exception to this and there are ongoing considerations into taxing the informal or "jua kali' sector including the taxation of the "mitumba', the second hand clothing industry as well as the taxation of all informal tax payers of small amounts.A question that appears to generate surprisingly little debate in Kenya is the scope for legally mitigating taxes payable by individuals and corporate entities. Tax planning is bound to gain increasing significance with the ever greater aggressiveness and sophistication of the Kenya Revenue Authority and other tax collecting bodies. The trend of increased aggressiveness and sophistication in tools and methods is occurring against a backdrop of a public policy of domestic sources being the primary sources of revenues for budgetary purposes. This results in governmental pressure on tax collecting agencies to improve their revenue collection performance. The result of this trend is the more stringent enforcement of taxation laws. The past and presentpractice by many of outright evasion is, and likely will continue to be, fraught with risk.Examining the relation between the new economy business model, tax avoidance and investments in tax planning is important as previous Studies in the tax avoidance literature generally examine how specific firm attributes are related to tax avoidance independently, rather than investigating how firms' overall business models facilitate or hinder effective tax planning (Frank, Lynch, and Rego 2009). Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) argue that despite the much literature, these do not explain the variation in tax avoidance very well. Therefore due to this and such seemingly inexorable trends, the question of tax mitigation by legitimate avoidance naturally occurs. This study intends to find out the influence of small Enterprises tax planning within the current legal environment so as so minimize their tax burden. ConclusionDue to the corruption levels, low business growth, and management of public finances in the economy, where there is a great extent of corruption, has a related to a high level of tax evasion and the study concluded that there was no relationship between tax planning in investment in capital asset and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. The study concludes no significant relationship. The study concludes also that no significant relationship exists between tax planning through advertisement expenditure and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD and also concluded there was no significant relationship the Legal Forms of enterprise tax planning and performance of small enterprises in Embu CBD. RecommendationsThe tax authorities should address the lack of formal tax planning as this may be a way of evading taxation in the name of tax avoidance. The small scale enterprises should also be ready to open up to advice on tax planning to make savings lather than playing a hide and seek game with tax authorities. Further to this, the study recommends that there is need to have NGOs to sensitize the respondents as to theneed to do formal tax planning as it could increase their Business profitability Implications on Policy Theory and PracticeThis study though confined to investigate the influence of tax planning on financial performance of small scale enterprises has established that little tax planning take place among the small enterprises and therefore tax Authorities and the chamber of commerce should write a position paper to address the awareness and use of tax planning by small scale enterprises. This would improve the growth rate of the small enterprises and there after the growth of the economy.译文肯尼亚小规模企业的纳税筹划与财务业绩保罗，萨洛姆，努尔摘要为了确保活动的效率和有效性，适用性法律的可靠性与遵从性，小规模企业需要有足够的税收管制。
税收筹划分析英文外文
Tax planning refers to the extent permitted by laws and regulations, through business, investment, financial activities and arrangements in advance planning to minimize tax costs, to maximize the tax benefits of an economic act. The expectation of any taxpayer to reduce tax burden because they often require a minimum of input, maximum output, in order to achieve the goal of maximizing enterprise value, which is the demand for tax planning motives and economic base. In recent years, people have come to understand that although the importance of tax planning, but often as a result of tax planning provisions in the tax laws of the edge of the operation, and the state’s tax policy, tax laws and regulations and changing risk estimates of tax planning not enough, resulting in a tax were economic, such as a waste of time, more harm than good, and they even find stolen, the abyss of tax fraud. Therefore, the risk of all times.For enterprises, the only fully aware of the existence of tax planning risks and understand their motives have, in accordance with the current tax law, combined with their own conditions, with the preferential policies the state fully in order to make effective tax planning measures, The ultimate goal to reduce corporate tax burden, improving economic efficiency.。
企业税收筹划外文翻译文献
企业税收筹划外文翻译文献企业税收筹划外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Corporate Tax-Planning Effectiveness: The Role of Compensation-BasedIncentives (Ⅰ)John D. Phillips University of ConnecticutABSTRACTThis study investigates whether compensating chief executive officers andbusiness-unit managers using after-tax accounting-based performance measures leads to lower effective tax rates, the empirical surrogate used for tax-planning effectiveness. Utilizing proprietary compensation data obtained in a survey of corporate executives, the relation between effective tax rates and after-tax performance measures is modeled and estimated using a two-step approach that corrects for the endogeneity bias associated with firms' decisions to compensate managers on a pre- versus after-tax basis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating business-unit managers, but not chief executive officers, on an after-tax basis leads to lower effective tax rates.KEYWORDS tax planning; performance measures; endogenous treatment effects.I. INTRODUCTIONEffective tax planning, defined by Scholes et al. (2002) as tax planning that maximizes the firm's expected discounted after-tax cash flows, requires managers to consider their decisions' after-tax consequences. In this paper, I investigate whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures lead to lower effective tax rates (ETR), my empirical surrogate for tax planning effectiveness.1 The ETR, an income-statement-based outcome measure calculated as the ratio of total income tax expense to pre-tax income, generally measures the effectiveness of tax reduction strategies that lead to higher after-tax income. A lower ETR, however, can only proxy for tax savings and does not always imply that after-tax income and/or cash flows have been maximized.2 Despite this limitation, the ETR has been used to measure the effectiveness of spending on the tax function (Mills et al. 1998) and corporate tax department performance (Douglas et al. 1996). Also, lowering the ETR is frequently cited as a way to increase earnings (e.g., Ziegler 1997) and increase share price (e.g., Mintz 1999; Swenson 1999).Accounting research has addressed the relation between accounting-based compensation and managers' actions (e.g., Larcker 1983; Healy 1985; Wallace 1997). This paper is the first to address whether after-tax accounting-based performance measures motivate managers to take actions that help lower their firms' ETR and does so at both the chief executive officer (CEO) and business-unit (SBU) manager levels.Prior after-tax performance measure research has focused only on the determinants of compensation CEOs using pre- versus after-tax earnings (e.g., Newman 1989; Carnes and Guffey 2000; Atwood et al. 1998; Dhaliwal et al. 2000) and provides no evidence concerning after-tax compensation's effectiveness in lowering a firm's tax liability. Extending this investigation to the SBU level is motivated out of the apparent conflict between arguments that taxes should be allocated to SBU for incentive compensation purposes (e.g., McLemore 1997) with empirical observations that a majority of firms do not do so (e.g., Douglas et al. 1996).4 The current investigation provides evidence concerning the incremental effectiveness of explicitly motivating CEOs and SBU managers to incorporate tax consequences into their operating and investment decisions.A common issue in cross-sectional studies that attempt to link a particular management accounting choice to an outcome measure is that all sample firms may be optimizing with respect to the choice being investigated (Ittner and Larcker 2001). Without addressing the endogeneity of a firm's choice, it is difficult to provide evidence consistent with this choice leading to an improved outcome. To address this issue, the relation between ETR and CEO and SBU-manager after-tax performance measures is estimated using a two-step approach that helps correct for the potential endogeneity bias associated with these two choice variables. As a first step in implementing this approach, the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle is used to model a firm's decisions to adopt after-tax CEO and SBU-manager performance measures. To include a particular measure in a manager's compensation contract, this principle requires that the expected benefits from holding a manager responsible for a measure must be greater than the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the resulting additional risk and effort. Accordingly, an after- tax performance measure should be used as a contracting variable in a manager's incentive compensation contract only if the manager's involvement in tax-planning efforts leads to a difference between pre-tax and after-tax accounting results, which is generally reflected in the ETR. Consistent with prior research, the pre- versus after-tax CEO and SBU-manager selection models include variables that control for a firm's tax-planning opportunities because the presence of such opportunities reflect the extent to which a manager's actions can be expected to lower the ETR.Even if a manager's efforts are expected to lead to a lower ETR, a firm will use an after-tax performance measure only if the expected benefits exceed the expectedcosts of doing so. An after-tax performance measure is expected to lead to a lower ETR because it motivates the manager's increased cooperation with tax professionals to help identify, develop, and execute tax-planning strategies. McLemore (1997, 1) cites Hewlett Packard's tax director to support the need for SBU-manager involvement in tax-planning efforts:Tax planning is only as good as being involved in the early stages of such things as business planning, strategic planning, and merger and acquisition work....Your tax department has to be represented at the table when those decisions are made. The evolving model for the future is the tight integration of tax people with business unit planning.Costs associated with using after-tax performance measures include the additional wage that must be paid to compensate the manager for the increased risk due to potential tax law changes and the increased effort that results from including income tax expense in the compensation contract. Other potential costs associated with after-tax compensation include the administrative cost of allocating tax expense to a firm's SBU, increased tax examination costs, and increased tax authority scrutiny. Contrary to measuring after-tax compensation's benefits via observed ETR, there are no clear empirical surrogates for after-tax performance measures' costs. This study thus focuses on the realized benefits of compensating managers on an after-tax basis but does not provide evidence of the associated costs' magnitude.Proprietary data obtained in a survey of corporate executives are used to construct certain test variables, including those indicating whether CEOs and SBU managers are compensated using after-tax accounting-based performance measures. Publicly available data are used to construct ETR and other test variables. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensating SBU managers, but not CEOs, on an after-tax basis leads to lower ETR, resulting in an estimated median tax savings of $13.3 million annually. Sensitivity tests performed on a subsample of firms with high simulated MTR (Graham 1996) provide further evidence that low-MTR firms' potential ETR-lowering actions that could have ambiguous effects on cash flows and after-tax profits are not driving this result. Further sensitivity tests help rule out the proportion of tax function outsourcing as an alternative explanation for the statistically and economically significant negative relation between after- tax SBU-manager compensation and ETR.The results contribute to the accounting-based compensation literature by linking after- tax accounting-based performance measures to SBU-manager involvement that is incrementally effective in lowering firms' ETR. Consistent with Guidry et al. (1999) who document bonus-induced earnings management at the SBU level, this finding provides additional insight into the effect that SBU-manager accounting-based incentives have on managers' actions. Also, the estimated explicit tax savings resulting from after-tax performance measures provide corporate decision makers with information relevant to the design of SBU-manager incentive compensation plans.The paper proceeds as follows. The next section sets forth the hypotheses tested in this study. Section III outlines the empirical models and estimation procedures used in testing these hypotheses. Section IV provides a discussion of the data and sample, including a brief overview of the survey used to obtain proprietary compensation data. Results are presented in Section V. The final section provides the conclusion and a discussion of the study's limitations.II. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENTNewman (1989), Cares and Guffey (2000), and Atwood et al. (1998) investigate firms' choices of after-tax earnings as the contracting variable in CEO bonus plans. These studies hypothesize that firms with greater tax-planning opportunities, consistent with the Antle and Demski (1988) controllability principle, are more likely to use after-tax performance measures. Using proxies for tax-planning opportunities, these studies collectively find that multinational status, number of operating segments, firm size, and capital intensity are positively associated with after-tax CEO compensation. Atwood et al. (1998) also presents evidence that leverage is negatively associated with this choice.企业税收筹划的有效性：基于对报酬的激励作用（上）约翰D·菲利普斯康涅狄格大学摘要本研究探讨首席执行官是否修正主管和业务部门经理利用税后会计为基础的绩效措施，导致较低的实际税率，以报酬激励用于税收筹划的有效性。
企业税收筹划中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)1、Enterprises of the major means of tax planningTax planning is the premise of strict enforcement of tax laws to minimize tax, customs tax called. Enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to thefund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the businessafter the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted tohigh-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to runnon-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operating value-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types of enterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of the reasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxableincome amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fees to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, manyvalue-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 × 6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective of value-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, althoughsmall-scale VAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 × 17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the cost of 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as themain raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.企业税收筹划的主要途径纳税筹划是在严格执行税法前提下，尽量减少缴税，习惯称其为节税。
企业所得税税收筹划研究外文翻译文献
企业所得税税收筹划研究外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Study on the Tax Planning of Enterprise Income TaxHongceng Cao & Xiaohui XuCollege of Economics, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaGuojie AoDepartment of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaAbstractThe enterprise income tax occupies is very important status in the tax paying of enterprise, and it has large space of tax planning. Under the background that the new enterprise income tax law was issued, we discussed the problem how to use tax planning to reduce the tax burden of enterprise and realize the maximization of the total profit for the enterprise. In this article, we studied the tax financing in the stage of enterprise financing from the selection of financing mode and the confirmation of financing channel, and put forward that the enterprise should select the liability financing mode to the largest extent in the critical risk range of equity structure. We studied the tax planning in the stage of investment of enterprise from three aspects including correctly selecting theinvestment direc tion, confirming proper enterprise organization form and selecting tax saving investment subject. We studied the tax planning from two aspects such as income and charge deduction. We studied the tax planning in the distribution stage of enterprise management result from first utilizing taxable income to compensate the loss, the loss recovering sequence of domestic investment profit return and the profit distribution strategy in the low tax region. For above aspects, we all put forward our own new theoretical opinions.Keywords: Enterprise income tax, Tax planning, Tax preferenceComparing with the old enterprise income law, the new enterprise income law changed in many aspects such as the taxpayer, the pre-tax deduction, and the tax preference, which put forward new task for the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. Under the background of new enterprise income tax, we will discuss the tax planning in the main stages such as the enterprise financing, investment, management and distribution.1. Tax planning in the stage of enterprise financingThe tax planning of the income tax in the stage of enterprise financing mainly includes the contents about the financing mode and the financing channel.1.1 Tax planning of financing modeThe financing modes of enterprise mainly include the equity financing and liability financing, and two different financing modes will produce different tax results. Generally speaking, under the fixed tax rate level, the liability financing can produce the interest rigid cost which can be reported before tax. When the account profit is adjusted as the taxable income, the tax law allows that the interest expenditure induced by the liability can be deducted before tax in the same interest rate regulated by the Bank in the same period, which equals that the state finance assumes a quarter of interest cost fro the enterprise. The equity financing is the flexi ble cost of bonus stock which can be reported after tax. The mode that the enterprise provides bonus stock and dividend to the investors is only one item of the distraction of post-tax profit (net profit), and it must be distributed after tax. The tax saving difference between two financing modes is very obvious. In the equity structure of enterprise, the proportion of the liability equity is higher, and the saving effectof the tax cost is more significant. So under the prem ise that the rate of or return on inv estment is higher than the liability cost rate, enhancing the proportion of liability financing will bring extra economic benefits for the owner of the enterprise, and finally increase the value of the enterprise. But we should also pay attention to that will increase the financial risk of the enterprise, and excessive liability will even induce the ab normality of the enterprise equity structure, and the liability crisis will make the financial status of the enterprise fall into collapse. Therefore, before the enterprise makes the tax planning of financing mode, it must ensure that the equity structure is in the critical risk range.1.2 Tax planning of enterprise financing channelThe financing channels of enterprise mainly include bank loan, self-accumulation of enterprise, inter-enterprise lending interior collection of en terprise, bond or stock issuance and commercial credit. Under usual situation, the sequence of the tax burden from heavy to light is self-accumulation of enterprise, bank loan, inter-enterprise lending and interio collection of enterprise. The prin ciple of tax planning of financing channel is that under the premise that the equity structure is to select the channel with higher profit and lower harm in the critical risk range, through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various financing channels.2. Tax planning in the investment stage of enterpriseFor the tax planning in the investment stage of enterprise, we mainly consider three aspects, i.e. the selection of investment direction, the selection of enterprise organization form and the selection ofinvestment mode.2.1 Selecting correct investment directionThe new enterprise income tax established the new tax preference which gave priority to the industrial preference assisted by the regional preference, giving attention to the social advancement . Investors should select the investmen industry to reduce the tax burden according to the regulations about the national industrial policies and tax preference and response the industrial policy gui dance of the government. First, because the industrial select possesses strategicmeanings for the development trend of the enterprise, so when the investors make the decision of industrial investment they should scientifically demonstrate the investment and carefully make the decision, and they should consider not only their own industrial advantages, but also national industrial support policies, industrial tax preference policies, and make the rare resources of the enterprise to the green sunrise industries such as the agriculture, scientific technology environment protection and energy saving. Second, the enterprise income tax regulated regional preference for Chinese western regions, minority regions and special economic zones, and the enterp rise should study out multiple selectable investment programs in possible investment regions, and it should not only compare the cost incomes of various regional investment programs, but compare the tax levels of various programs, and make the comprehensive evaluation for the comprehensive benefits of variou s regional investment programs, which can not only reduce the tax burden, but find the regional investment program with maximum economic benefit.2.2 Selecting proper enterprise organization formThe tax planning of enterprise organization form should mainly consider four parts including establishment, expansion, division and merger. First, we will study the tax planning when the enterprise is established and select the organization form. According to the organization form, the enterprise types include individual proprietorship enterprise, partnership enterprise and limited corporation which can be divided into limited liability company and joint stock limited partnership, and because the tax system regulates different tax burden levels for the enterprises with different organization forms, so the establishment costs and advantages of different organization forms are different, and the tax is one of factors we should consider when we select the organization form of the enterprise. Especially when the organization form of the enterprise has large influence to the production and management, the tax will be the important factor which we should consider, and investors can select the organization form of the ent erprise to reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. Second, we will research the tax planning when the enterprise is expanded and needs to select the organization form. Enterprise always actualizes the scale expansion by increasing branches, but the tax policies for the branches with different forms in the tax law are obviously different, so enterprise should select the organization form of the branch. For the filiale and the subsidiary company, they respectively have their advantages and disadvantages for the tax, so the loss of the branch can counteract the gain of the parent company and reduce the total taxable income of the company. The subsidiary company and the parent company are regarded as two entities in the law, but the subsidiary company can obtain various tax preference policies regulated by the laws or local government. So the enterprise should comprehen sively consider the profit ability of the branch when it selects the form of the branch, and it should adopt the form of filiale when the branch is in the loss period, and adopt the form of subsidiary company when the branch is in the profit period. Third, we will study the tax planning in the division and merger of the enterprise. According to the regulations of the enterprise income law, enterprises should pay the income tax by 25%, but it also regulates that the small-sized profit-mak ing enterprise can pay the income tax by 20%, so the middle and small-sized enterprise can adopt the division measure to separate the branch from th e enterprise to reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Theenterprise income tax regulates that the profitable enterprise a nnexes unprofitable enterprise, it can use the accumulated loss of the unprofitable enterprise to counteract the profit of the profitab le enterprise and reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Therefore, in the merger of enterprises, the profitable enterprise can reduce the enterprise income tax by annexing unprofitable enterprises.2.3 Selecting the investment subject of tax savingAccording to different forms of investment subject, the investment of enterprise can be divided into monetary investment, tangible investment and im material investment. The monetary investment doesn’t increase the tax burden of investors, but it w ill influence the cash flux and payment ability of the enterprise. Different tax regulations aim at different tangible investment types, for example, fo r the estate investment, investors need not pay relative sales tax (if investor belongs to the real estate enterprise, the land value increment tax needs not be paid temporarily), and the depreciation of the estate can be deducted before tax to reduce the tax base of the en terprise income tax. For the sock-in-trade investment, the tax law will regard it as the sales goods and increase the tax bases of the value increment tax and the enterprise income tax, and the enterprise need pay the increment tax and the enterprise income tax. The immaterial investment can deduct the withholding income tax for the enterprise, and realize the deduction before tax through amortization year by year, which can reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. So when the enterprise selects the investment subject, it can select the tangible investment and immaterial investment which are better than the monetary investment from the view of the invested enterprise. Certainly, for the view of investing enterprise, it will assume more tax burdens such as the enterprise income tax, the increment tax and the consump tion tax when it selects the tangible investment and immaterial investment, so the investing enterprise should comprehensively consider the tax burdens of two parties to select the proper investment form.3. Tax planning in the production and management stage of enterpriseThe tax base of the enterprise income tax is the taxable income amount which equals to that an enterprise’s total income amount of each tax year deducts the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, each deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous years. And the income items, tax-free incomes and tax-exempt incomes and each deduction items are all generated in the production and management of the enterprise. So the tax planning of the enterprise income tax in the production and management can be implemented from two items such as the income items and the deduction items.3.1 Tax planning of incomeThe total income amount of the enterprise in the present term is decided by the sales amount of the product, the unit sales price of the product and the selected sales mode of the product, so the tax planning of the enterprise income tax about the income mainly includes the scale of production and sale, the sales price and the sales mode. First, for the planning of production and sale scale, under the premise of certain sale unit price, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the sales amount. The scale of production and sale belongs to the item independently controlled by the enterprise, and the scale of production and sale will influence the tax burden of the enterprise which will influence the scale of production and sale in the same way. Therefore, when the enterprise confirms the scale of production and sale, it must consider the tax burden at term. According to the en terprise’s self management ability, the enterprise should find the critical point of profit and loss, and seek the scale of production and sale with maximum profits. Second, for the planning of sales price, under the premise of certain production and sale amount, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the price level which is also the item independently controlled by the enterprise. The enterprise should consider many factors such as the cost level, the market de mand and thecompetition strategy, and the tax burden level is the important factor which should be considered by the enterprise, and the confirmation of the sales price can not only include the pre-tax income and income tax of the enterprise, but will directly influence the increment tax and other relative taxes. In the tax planning of income, we should take the sales price as the factor we should mainly considered. Third, for the planning of sales mode, in the sales proce ss of the product, the enterp rise possesses the independent selection right to the sales mode, and different sales mode always apply in different tax policies, i.e. the treatment difference of tax exists in this aspect, which offers the possibility to utilize different sales mode to plan the income tax. In a word, under the premise disobeying the tax law, the enterprise should compress the income scale which has exceeded the critical point of the tax rate from the sales scale and the sales price, and make the enterprise obtain the preference policies of low tax rate. For the selection of sales mode, the enterprise should delay the implementation of the income and the tax obligation to the best, which will not only compress the income scale in the present term to make the enterprise obtain the preference policy of low tax rate, but also make the enterprise obtain the profit of interest-free loan because of delaying the implementation of tax obligation.3.2 Tax planning of cost charge deductionThe payout of the enterprise can be divided into the profitable payout and the capital payout according to the time of the profitable term. The profitable payout should be reported in th e present cost charge, and the capital payout is divided and respectively reported in the cost charges of the present and future terms. For these two sorts of payout, the planning of the enterprise income tax should treat them differently.3.2.1 Tax planning of profitable payoutBecause different situations of profit and loss, and different tax preferences will differently influence the tax planning of enterprise, so we should respectively plan the tax of the profitable payout aiming at different situations of profit and loss. First, suppose the enterprise is profitable, because the profit able payout can be deducted from the enterprise income tax, the enterprise should select the planning method with large prophase cost. To make the tax deduction effect of the cost exert its function as soon as possible, and delay the realization of the pr ofit, then enterprise should delay the tax obligation time of the income tax. Second, suppose the enterprise is in loss, the planning method should be combined with the loss remedy of the enterprise. The enterprise should try to make the cost charge in the year with pretax loss remedy higher and make the cost charge in the year w ithout or incompletely with pretax loss remedy lower, and accordingly ensure the tax reduction effect of the cost charge will be exerted to the largest extent. Finally, suppose the enterprise is enjoying th e preference policy of the enterprise income tax, because the taxdeduction effect of the cost charge in the tax deduction period will completely or pa rtly be deducted through the deduction preference, so the enterprise should select the planning method which has few costs in the tax deduction period and has more costs in the non-tax-deduction period.3.2.2 Tax planning of capital payoutAs the modernization degree of enterprise is gradually enhanced, the proportion of the purchase payout of the long-term assets such as the fixed assets and immaterial assets which reflect the progress of the technology of the enterprise is higher and higher, and the tax planning of the fixed assets depreciation and the immaterial assets salesmanship possesses special importance in the tax planning of th e enterprise income tax. First, the tax law doesn’t recognize the devaluation preparation of long-term assets which the enterprise picks up, but the taxpayer can utilize the relative regulations about the subseq uent expenses of the long-term assets to adjust the depreciation base. The enterprise should combine the long-term development, rebuild the fixed assetsdesignedly, enhance the technical level of the enterprise, and improve the comprehensive competition strengthen of the enterprise. At the same time , the enterprise can put the subsequent expenses acco rding with the capitalization cond itions into the fixed assets cost, increase the depreciation picking base, and accordingly increase the depreciation amount of the deduction, reduce the taxable inco me of the present term and save the tax. For various payouts which don’t accord with the confirmation conditions of long-term assets, they should be counted into the profit and loss of th e present term. Second, the “Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law” regu lated that the fixed assets of the enterprise needed to be depreciated quickly because of technical progress, the enterprise could reduce the depreciation fixed number of year or adopt the method of quick depreciation. To reduce the depreciation year can quicken the withdrawal of the costs, move the anaphase cost charges to the anterior period, and move the prophase account profit to the latter period. When the tax rate is fixed, the delayed payment of the income tax equals to obtain an interest-free loan from the country. When the tax rate is not fixed, the extension of the depreciation term can also reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. And the selection of the depreciation method of the long-term assets should be scientific, reasonable and legal. Finally, when the enterprise is in the non-deduction period of the income tax, taxpayer should apply for reducing the residual proportion for the tax department in time according to the characters of the assets. When the residual proportion is reduced , the depreciation tax de duction will increase, which could not only maintain the taxpayer’s right, but bring large tax benefit for the taxpayer.4. Tax planning in the management result distribution stage of enterprise4.1 First utilizing the taxable income to compensate the lossFor the yearly loss of the enterprise, the tax law regulates to allow the enterprise uses the pretax profit in the next year to compensate it. And if the profit in the next year is not enough to compensate, the enterprise is allowed to compensate the loss year after year, but the longest term should be limited in 5 years. In this way, the enterprise can use the selection right of the assets price counting and amortization method allowed by the tax law, and the selection right of the expenses reported range standard to more report the pretax deduction items and deduction amount, and continue to induce the loss before the term of five years is at term, accordingly to prolong the term of the preference policy.4.2 Arranging the domestic investment return to compensate the loss according to the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rateAccording to the enterprise income tax, the investors’ after-tax profits returned from the associated enterprise should pay the income tax, but if the enterprise which is the investor has loss or past yearly loss which has not be remedied, the returned profit can be used to remedy the loss, and for the surplus part, the enterprise should pay the income tax. Therefore, if the investor is the enterprise which can be applicable for different income tax rates, the enterprise can select the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rate, to use th e returned investment profit remedy the loss and make the taxpayer’s income tax reduce to the least level.4.3 Keepin g that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributedIn the existing enterprise income tax, for the taxpayer’s profit returned from other enterprise which has paid the income tax, the tax amount of the tax payment can be adjusted when computing the income tax of the enterprise. If the profit of the invested enterprise has not be distributed to the investors, the investors need not to pay the income tax, and in this way, to keep that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributed and turn it into the investment capital can reduce investors’ tax burden.ReferencesChinese CPA Association. (2008). Tax Law. Beijing: Economic Science Press.The Fifth Session of the Tenth NPC. (2007). Enterpri se Income Tax Law of China. Mar. 16, 2007.Wang, Xinjian. (2006). The Method of Enterprise Tax Planning. Shandong Commercial Accounting. No.2.Zhou, Yan. (2008). Influences of New Enterprise Income Tax Law on Enterprise Tax Planning. Friends of Accounting.No.15.Zhuang, Fenrong. (2007). Hundred Classic Practical Examples of Tax Planning.Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press.企业所得税税收筹划研究曹宏层、徐晓慧（沈阳工业大学经济学院）、敖国杰（沈阳工业大学会计财务部）摘要企业所得税的税收空间很大，在企业的纳税额中占有很大的比重。
增值税中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：Comparing the Value-Added Tax to the Retail Sales TaxFor Richard F. Dye , Therese J. McGuireJournal of Public EconomicsApril 2011Overview of VATMore than 130 countries use VAT as a key source of government revenue. VAT is a general, broad-based consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods and services. VAT is generally levied on value added at every stage of production, with a mechanism allowing the sellers a credit for the tax they have paid on their own purchases of goods and services (input tax) against the taxes collected on their sales of goods and service (output tax). Generally, VAT is: A general tax that applies to all commercial activities involving the production and distribution of goods and the provision of services; A consumption tax ultimately borne by the consumer; An indirect tax levied on the consumer as part of the price of goods or services; A multistage tax visible at each stage of the production and distribution chain; and A fractionallycollected tax that uses a system of partial payments whereby a seller charges VAT on all of its sales with a corresponding claim of credit for VAT that it has been charged on all of its purchases.There are three methods of calculating VAT liability: the credit-invoice method, the subtraction method, and the addition method. This column deals with only the credit-invoice method, which is the most widely used. The credit-invoice method highlights the VAT defining feature: the use of output tax (tax collected on sales) and input tax (tax paid on purchases). A taxpayer generally computes its VAT liability as the difference between the VAT charged on taxable sales and the VAT paid on taxable purchases. This method requires the use of an invoice that separately lists the VAT component of all taxable sales. The sales invoice for the seller becomes the purchase invoice of the buyer. The sales invoice shows the output tax collected and the purchase invoice shows the input tax paid. To summarize, taxpayers use the credit-invoice method to calculate the amount of VAT to be remitted to the taxing authorities in the following manner: Aggregate the VAT shown in the sales invoices (output tax); Aggregate the VAT shown in the purchase invoices (input tax); Subtract the input tax from the output tax and remit any balance to the government; and In the event the input tax is greater than the output tax. The United States is the only member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development that does not levy a VAT on a national level; however, VAT has become widely recognized as an important option in federal tax reform debates.Indirect taxes such as value added taxes (VAT) generate a substantial part of tax revenue in many countries. In fact, VAT systems generate a quarter of the world’s tax revenue. Nearly 130 countries now have a VAT system (with over 70 countries having adopted the system during the last 10 years) (Keen and Mints 2004). More focus on internationally mobile tax bases has drawn attention to directing more of the tax burden to indirect taxes such as consumption taxes or VAT systems, and less to income taxes, especially capital income (Gordon and Nielsen 1997). During the harmonization of EU taxes, indirect taxes, and VAT systems received much attention (Fear et al. 1995).A general VAT law covering all private goods and services characterizes the current EU system, but there are still many exemptions from this general instruction. Such a VAT system also exists in Norway as a consequence of theNorwegian VAT reform in 2001. The reform introduced a general VAT law on services, but many exemptions are still speci e.There are several arguments in favor of a general and uniform VAT system, compared with imperfect, no uniform (and no general) systems. Such a system may improve economic ef f iciency and reduce administration costs, rent-seeking and fraud activities by industries that lobby for lower rates and zero ratings (Keen and Smith 2006). A general and uniform VAT system equals a uniform consumer tax on all goods and services. Such a system also implies that the producers’ net VAT rate on material inputs equals zero, irrespective of the rate structure. This is optimal according to the production ef f iciency theorem (Diamond and Merles 1971a, 1971b).A VAT system with exemptions violates the production ef f iciency theorem because taxation of intermediates will differ between industries. On the other hand, industries that are covered by the VAT system but have lower rates or zero ratings on their sales are favored because they can withdraw expenditures to VAT on intermediates at full rates and only levy reduced or zero rates on their sales.A general and uniform VAT system may also have positive effects on the distribution of welfare among households. If the initial situation is characterized by a VAT on most goods but only on a few services, the introduction of a uniform rate on all goods and services may improve the distribution of welfare because services’ share of consumption increases with income.Keen (2007) points to the lack of interest in value added taxation from the theoretical second-best literature in spite of the VAT’s popularity in practical tax policy. As mentioned above, VAT systems are in general not uniform. Theoretical analyses demand relatively simple models and simple tax structures to be analytically tractable. In practical policies, the structures of the economy and the tax systems are quite complex, and there is a need for detailed numerical models in order to analyze the effects of different VAT systems. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the welfare effects of an imperfect extension of a no uniform VAT system, and comparing different imperfect, no uniform VAT systems with a uniform and general VAT system within an empirically based dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for a small open economy. This model mirrors a real economy, Norway, and differs in many respects from the more simple theoreticalmodels that ful l y the assumptions of normative tax theory and recommend uniform commodity taxes, combined with no input taxation.In our analyses, we ask the following questions. Can the introduction of a no uniform VAT system including only some services make the economy worse off than having a VAT system only covering goods and in that case, why? Such reforms characterize both the Norwegian VAT reform of 2001 and the EU VAT reform from the late 1990-ties. Will an additional extension to a uniform and general VAT system be welfare superior to the no uniform (and nonfederal) VAT systems and what are important preconditions? As will be explained below, one cannot on purely theoretical grounds establish the welfare rankings of such VAT systems when there are preexisting distortions as tax wedges and market power in the economy. The baseline VAT system is a no uniform VAT system mainly covering goods. This baseline VAT system is then compared with (1) the extended no uniform Norwegian VAT reform of 2001, and (2) a general VAT system characterized by a uniform VAT rate on all goods and services, including public goods and services. The Norwegian VAT reform of 2001 was a step in the direction of a general VAT system by including many services, but there are still many exemptions, zero ratings and lower rates. In particular, the VAT rate on food and nonalcoholic beverages is half the general VAT rate. The policy reforms are made public revenue neutral, and changes in lump sum transfers as well as in the system septi c VAT rate are studied. With a revenue-neutral change in the system-septi c VAT rate, the VAT systems can be ranked with respect to welfare effects.Ballardetal. (1987) and Gottfried and Wigand (1991) analyze the welfare effects of different VAT systems including tax exemptions and zero ratings in static CGE models. The reparability and homogeneity assumptions in their consumer demand models favor a uniform VAT system, which is supported in their policy simulations. In contrast, our model is an intertemporal CGE model for a small open economy without strict homogeneity assumptions in consumer demand. Our model is well designed for analyzing VAT reforms because it distinguishes between many industries, input factors and consumer goods and services. The modeling and parameters in the consumer demand system and the production technology are all the results of comprehensive micro- and macro econometric analyses of Norwegian data. The model has a detailed description of the Norwegian system of direct and indirect taxes. Spher i cally, net VAT rates onthe input factors and gross VAT rates on the consumer goods and services are included in the model. We disregard the effects on costs of administration, rent-seeking and distribution of welfare among households. The model emphasizes the small open economy characteristics by using given world market prices and interest rates. Imperfect competition is present in the domestic markets. A uniform and general VAT system is not a priori the most ef f icient in our model.When comparing the two different no uniform VAT systems, our analysis shows that an imperfect extension of the VAT system to cover more services is welfare inferior to the baseline no uniform VAT system only covering goods. Obtaining ef f iciency in production is empirically important for the welfare effects of the different VAT systems. An imperfect extension of the VAT system reduces ef f iciency in production because intermediates will be taxed differently for different industries. Consumer ef f iciency is also reduced due to lower VAT on inelastic goods and higher VAT on elastic services. Introducing a general and uniform VAT system is not obviously welfare superior in a distorted economy, but we a nd that such a system improves welfare compared to the other imperfect regimes. A significant empirical advantage of the general and uniform system, which is revealed by the computations, is also its ability to reduce initial wedges in deliveries to the export and domestic markets.General VAT ComputationTo see VAT in action, consider Exhibit 1 on p. 612, which provides a simple illustration of how VAT is implemented in the production of bread. A farmer grows and sells wheat to a miller, who grinds the wheat into flour. The miller sells the flour 2 to a baker, who makes the dough and bakes the bread. The bread is then sold to the grocer, who sells the bread to the final consumer. In each stage of bread production, value is added by the seller, and VAT is levied on that amount. To ensure that VAT is levied only on the value added by the producer, VAT uses the credit-invoice mechanism. Thus, on selling the bread to the grocer, the baker collects $30 in VAT and claims an input credit of $15, the VAT paid when the baker purchased flour from the miller. The baker ends up remitting a net VAT liability of $15 to the tax authorities. The total revenue created by VAT is the sum of VAT liability collected in each stageof bread production, in this case $50. Although VAT is a broad-based general consumption tax (i.e., it applies to all final consumption), there are instances when the application of VAT is avoided. For example, in a pure VAT state, the tax base would theoretically include services rendered by the government, isolated sales of one's personal effects, and sales of personal services; however, no nation employs a VAT with this tax base for administrative, political, or social reasons (Schenk and Old man at 46). Thus, VAT provides exemptions or applies zero tax rating to certain transactions. "Exemption" means that the trader does not collect VAT on its sales and does not receive credits for VAT paid on its purchases of inputs. "Zero rating" means that a trader is liable for an actual rate of VAT, which happens to be zero, and receives credit for input VAT paid. Like transactions, potential taxpayers can be exempt or zero rated. An exempt trader is not part of the VAT system and is instead treated as a final purchaser. A zero-rated business does not collect VAT on sales but is compensated for any input VAT it pays. However, if the exemption occurs at the last stage of production, there is a corresponding decrease in VAT revenue because there is no shifting and increase of tax burden; the value added at the final stage simply escapes from VAT. As shown in Exhibit 3, exempting the grocer from VAT means the grocer would not collect VAT and would not be able to claim credit for the tax it paid on its purchase. The exemption at the last stage means that the grocer would become the final consumer of the bread. As a final consumer, the grocer would pay the VAT as part of the purchase price. No shifting and increase of tax burden would occur because the grocer would not be able to pass on the tax it paid from its input. An exemption occurring at the last stage of production means that the chain of input credits would cease at the stage prior to the last stage. Any value added after the baker's stage would simply escape the VAT, resulting in a decrease in government revenue due to the exemption.Overview of Retail Sales and Use TaxBefore considering some of the similarities and differences between VAT and the retail sales tax (RST), this column next considers a typical retail sales tax system. The retail sales and use tax imposed by U.S. states is generally levied on all retail sales of tangible personal property that are not explicitly exempted. For services, only those explicitly enumerated aretaxable (Warren, Gorham and Lamont 1998)). The tax is generally stated on the sales receipt and is collected from the consumer at the point of sale. The retailer is responsible for remitting the tax collected to the tax authorities. In 3 theory, retail sales tax is a single-stage tax imposed on the ultimate consumer, which means that the tax should apply only to final sales for personal use and consumption. Accordingly, intermediate transactions in the economic process are excluded from the scope of the sales tax. Using the same bread production example above, sales tax would be imposed only on the final stage of production as the grocer is selling the bread to the ultimate consumer. However, under the U.S. sales tax system, the general sales tax is not confined to transfers to ultimate consumers of final products manufactured in the economic process. For example, absent an exemption, sales tax is imposed on the baker's purchases of supplies for the trucks it uses to deliver the bread to the grocer. The reason behind the taxation is that the truck supplies do not form part of the bread and the baker is considered the ultimate consumer of the supplies. However, to achieve some semblance of a balanced retail sales tax, many states' sales taxes exclude or exempt many intermediate transactions.The 1994 Tax Sharing ReformThe fiscal reform of 1994 was a fairly comprehensive package of measures designed to address three areas of concern: to stem the fiscal decline and provide adequate revenues for government, especially central government; eliminate the distortion elements of the tax structure and increase its transparency; and revamp central-local revenue sharing arrangements. Among its key provisions was a major reform in indirect taxes that extended the value-added tax (VAT) to all turnover, eliminating the product tax and replacing the business tax in many services. It simplified the tax structure and unified treatment of taxpayers for some taxes.The centerpiece of the package was introduction of the Tax Sharing System (fenshuizhi), which fundamentally changed the way revenues are shared between the central and provincial governments. Under the Tax Sharing System (TSS), taxes were reassigned between the central and local governments. Central taxes (or "central fixed incomes") include customs duties, the consumption tax, VAT revenues collected by customs, income taxes from central enterprises, banksand nonblank financial intermediaries; the remitted profits, income taxes, business taxes ,and urban construction and maintenance taxes of the railroad, bank headquarters and insurance companies; and resource taxes on offshore oil extraction. Local taxes (or "local fixed incomes")consist of business taxes (excluding those named above as central fixed incomes), income taxes and profit remittances of local enterprises, urban land use taxes, personal income taxes, the fixed asset investment orientation tax, urban construction and maintenance tax, real estate taxes, vehicle utilization tax, the stamp tax, animal slaughter tax, agricultural taxes, title tax, capital gains tax on land, state land sales revenues, resource taxes derived from land-based resources, and the securities trading tax. Only the VAT is shared, at the fixed rate of 75 percent for the central government, and 25 percent for local governments. The second important change under the 1994 reform was that to avoid the problem of poor local effort in collecting central government taxes, tax administration was also reformed, with the establishment of a national tax system (NTS) to collect central government revenues, and a local tax system to collect local taxes. This was achieved by splitting the existing tax bureaus into national and local tax offices. The main responsibility of the NTS is the collection of VAT and consumption tax -- they collect all of both taxes and then transfer 25 percent of the VAT revenue to the local government. In most localities the split was achieved by reassigning staff according to their current functions: those in charge of turnover taxes were assigned to the NTS, and those assigned to local taxes went to the local tax bureaus.China will not overcome the regional disparities in service delivery without further revision of TSS. The 1994 reforms did too little to redistribute resources across provinces, and this situation will likely persist for a long time unless the rules are changed. To reduce horizontal disparities more quickly, the central government must be able to use an increasing share of the tax refunds for equalization in order to finance improvements in service delivery in poorer provinces.译文：比较增值税与零售税增值税概述作为政府收入的主要来源的增值税正在被130多个国家所使用。
纳税筹划 毕业论文英文版
毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译题目:Tax Planning院系名称：国际学院专业班级：会计Tax PlanningTax planning involves conceiving of and implementing various strategies in order to minimize the amount of taxes paid for a given period。
For a small business, minimizing the tax liability can provide more money for expenses，investment，or growth。
In this way, tax planning can be a source of working capital。
According to The Entrepreneur Magazine Small Business Advisor, two basic rules apply to tax planning。
First，a small business should never incur additional expenses only to gain a tax deduction。
While purchasing necessary equipment prior to the end of the tax year can be a valuable tax planning strategy, making unnecessary purchases is not recommended. Second, a small business should always attempt to defer taxes when possible. Deferring taxes enables the business to use that money interest—free，and sometimes even earn interest on it, until the next time taxes are due。
企业税务筹划范文
企业税务筹划范文（中英文版）English:Tax planning is an essential aspect of running a business, as it can help optimize your company"s financial position and minimize tax liabilities.A well-structured tax plan can result in significant savings and enhance cash flow.Here is a sample template that you can use as a guide when creating your own tax planning strategy:1.Business Overview: Begin by providing a brief overview of your business, including its nature, size, and operational structure.This will help identify the types of income, deductions, and credits that may be applicable.2.Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of your tax planning efforts.Are you looking to minimize tax payments, optimize cash flow, or achieve long-term financial goals? Articulating your objectives will guide the rest of your tax planning strategy.3.Tax-saving Opportunities: Identify various tax-saving opportunities that are relevant to your business.This may include taking advantage of tax credits, deductions, and incentives provided by the government.Research the latest tax laws and regulations to ensure compliance and maximize benefits.4.Retirement Planning: Consider incorporating retirement planninginto your tax strategy.Contributing to retirement accounts can provide tax benefits, such as tax-deductible contributions and tax-deferred growth.5.Asset Protection: Evaluate your business"s assets and consider implementing strategies to protect them from potential liabilities.This may involve transferring assets to a limited liability company (LLC) or establishing a trust.6.Succession Planning: If you plan to pass your business on to the next generation, it"s crucial to have a succession plan in place.This may involve creating a family limited partnership (FLP) or gifting shares of the business to family members.7.Tax-efficient Investments: Explore tax-efficient investment options that can help grow your business"s wealth while minimizing tax liabilities.This may include investing in tax-free bonds, municipal funds, or real estate investment trusts (REITs).pliance and Documentation: Ensure that all tax planning activities are in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.Keep detailed records and documentation of all transactions to support your tax strategy.9.Review and Adjust: Regularly review and adjust your tax planning strategy to account for changes in your business"s circumstances, such as growth, expansion, or changes in ownership.中文：税务筹划是企业运营的重要方面，它可以帮助优化公司的财务状况，降低税务负担。
纳税筹划外文文献原文和翻译
Tax PlanningTax planning involves conceiving of and implementing various strategies in order to minimize the amount of taxes paid for given period. For a small business, minimizing the tax liability can provide money for expenses, investment, or growth. In this way, tax planning can be a source of working capital. According to The Entrepreneur Magazine Small Business Advisor, two basic rules apply to tax planning. First, a small business should never incur additional expense only to gain a tax deduction. While purchasing necessary equipment prior to the end of tax year can be a valuable tax planning strategy, marking unnecessary purchases is not recommended. Second a small business should always attempt to defer taxes when possible. Deferring taxes enables the business to use that money interest-free, and sometimes even earn interest on it, until the next time taxes are due.Experts recommend that entrepreneurs and small business owners conduct formal tax planning sessions in the middle of each tax year. This approach will give them time to apply their strategies to the current year as well as allow them to get a jump on the following year. It is important for small business owners to maintain a personal awareness of tax planning issues in order to save money. Even if employ a professional bookkeeper or accountant, small business owners should keep careful tabs on theirs own tax preparation in order to take advantage of all possible opportunities for deduction and tax savings.＂Whether or not you enlist the aid of an outsider, you should understand the basic provisions of the tax code.＂ Just as you would not turn over the management of your money to another person, you should not blindly allow someone else to take complete charge of your tax paying responsibilities." In addition, as Frederick W. Dailey wrote in his book Tax Savvy for Small Business, "Tax knowledge has powerful profit potential. Knowing what the tax law has to offer can give you a far better bottom line than your competitors who don't bother to learn.General Areas of Tax PlanningThere are several general areas of tax planning that apply to all sorts of small businesses. These areas include the choice of accounting andinventory-valuation methods, the timing of equipment purchases, the spreading of business income among family members, and the selection of tax-favored benefit plans and investments. There are also some areas of tax planning that are specific to certain business forms—i.e., sole proprietorships, partnerships, C corporations, and S corporations. Some of the general tax planning strategies are described below:ACCOUNTING METHODS. Accounting methods refer to the basic rules and guidelines under which businesses keep their financial records and prepare their financial reports. There are two main accounting methods used for record-keeping: the cash basis and the accrual basis. Small business owners must decide which method to use depending on the legal form of the business, its sales volume, whether it extends credit to customers, and the tax requirements set forth by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The choice of accounting method is an issue in tax planning, as it can affect the amount of taxes owed by a small business in a given year.Accounting records prepared using the cash basis recognize income and expenses according to real-time cash flow. Income is recorded upon receipt of funds, rather than based upon when it is actually earned, and expenses are recorded as they are paid, rather than as they are actually incurred. Under this accounting method, therefore, it is possible to defer taxable income by delaying billing so that payment is not received in the current year. Likewise, it is possible to accelerate expenses by paying them as soon as the bills are received, in advance of the due date. The cash method is simpler than the accrual method, it provides a more accurate picture of cash flow, and income is not subject to taxation until the money is actually received.In contrast, the accrual basis makes a greater effort to recognize income and expenses in the period to which they apply, regardless of whether or not money has changed hands. Under this system, revenue is recorded when it is earned, rather than when payment is received, and expenses recorded when they are incurred, rather than when payment is made. The main advantage of the accrual method is that it provides a more accurate pictureof how a business is performing over the long-term than the cash method. The main disadvantages are that it is more complex than the cash basis, and that income taxes may be owed on revenue before payment is actually received. However, the accrual basis may yield favorable tax results for companies that have few receivables and large current liabilities.Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the accrual basis of accounting is required for all businesses that handle inventory, from small retailers to large manufacturers. It is also required for corporations and partnerships that have gross sales over $5 million per year, though there are exceptions for farming businesses and qualified personal service corporations—such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and consultants. Other businesses generally can decide which accounting method to use based on the relative tax savings it provides.INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS. The method a small business chooses for inventory valuation can also lead to substantial tax savings. Inventory valuation is important because businesses are required to reduce the amount they deduct for inventory purchases over the course of a year by the amount remaining in inventory at the end of the year. For example, a business that purchased $10,000 in inventory during the year but had $6,000 remaining in inventory at the end of the year could only count $4,000 as an expense for inventory purchases, even though the actual cash outlay was much larger. Valuing the remaining inventory differently could increase the amount deducted from income and thus reduce the amount of tax owed by the business.The tax law provides two possible methods for inventory valuation: the first-in, first-out method (FIFO); and the last-in, first-out method (LIFO). As the names suggest, these inventory methods differ in the assumption they make about the way items are sold from inventory. FIFO assumes that the items purchased the earliest are the first to be removed from inventory, while LIFO assumes that the items purchased most recently are the first to be removed from inventory. In this way, FIFO values the remaining inventory at the most current cost, while LIFO values the remaining inventory at the earliest cost paid that year.LIFO is generally the preferred inventory valuation method during times of rising costs. It places a lower value on the remaining inventory and a higher value on the cost of goods sold, thus reducing income and taxes. On the other hand, FIFO is generally preferred during periods of deflation or in industries where inventory can tend to lose its value rapidly, such as high technology. Companies are allowed to file Form 970 and switch from FIFO to LIFO at any time to take advantage of tax savings. However, they must then either wait ten years or get permission from the IRS to switch back to FIFO.EQUIPMENT PURCHASES. Under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, businesses are allowed to deduct a total of $18,000 in equipment purchases during the year in which the purchases are made. Any purchases above this amount must be depreciated over several future tax periods. It is often advantageous for small businesses to use this tax incentive to increase their deductions for business expenses, thus reducing their taxable income and their tax liability. Necessary equipment purchases up to the limit can be timed at year end and still be fully deductible for the year. This tax incentive also applies to personal property put into service for business use, with the exception of automobiles and real estate.WAGES PAID TO FAMILY MEMBERS. Self-employed persons can also reduce their tax burden by paying wages to a spouse or to dependent children. Wages paid to children under the age of 18 are not subject to FICA (Social Security and Medicare) taxes. Under normal circumstances, employers are required to withhold 7.65 percent of the first $62,700 of an employee's income for FICA taxes. Employers are also required to match the 7.65 percent contributed by every employee, so that the total FICA contribution is 15.3 percent. Self-employed persons are required to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax.But the FICA taxes are waived when the employee is a dependent child of the small business owner, saving the child and the parent 7.65 percent each. In addition, the child's wages are still considered a tax deductible business expense for the parent—thus reducing the parent's taxable income. Although the child must pay normal income taxes on the wages heor she receives, it is likely to be at a lower tax rate than the parent pays. Some business owners are able to further reduce their tax burden by paying wages to their spouse. If these wages bring the business owner's net income below $62,700—the threshold for FICA taxes—then they may reduce the self-employment tax owed by business owner. It is important to note, however, that the child or spouse must actually work for the business and that the wages must be reasonable for the work performed.BENEFITS PLANS AND INVESTMENTS. Tax planning also applies to various types of employee benefits that can provide a business with tax deductions, such as contributions to life insurance, health insurance, or retirement plans. As an added bonus, many such benefit programs are not considered taxable income for employees. Finally, tax planning applies to various types of investments that can shift tax liability to future periods, such as treasury bills, bank certificates, savings bonds, and deferred annuities. Companies can avoid paying taxes during the current period for income that is reinvested in such tax-deferred instruments.Tax Planning for Different Business Forms"The first step in tax planning—for small business owners and professionals, at least—is to select the right form of organization for your enterprise," according to Albert B. Ellentuck in the Laventhol and Horwath Small Business TaxPlanning Guide. "You'll end up paying radically different amounts of income tax depending on the form you select. And your odds of being audited by the IRS will change, too." Many aspects of tax planning are specific to certain business forms; some of these are discussed below:SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS. Tax planning for sole proprietorships and partnerships is in many ways similar to tax planning for individuals. This is because the owners of businesses organized as sole proprietors and partnerships pay personal income tax rather than business income tax. These small business owners file an informational return for their business with the IRS, and then report any income taken from the business for personal use on their own personal tax return. No special taxes are imposed except for the self-employment tax (SECA), whichrequires all self-employed persons to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax, for a total of 15.3 percent.Since they do not receive an ordinary salary, the owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships are not required to withhold income taxes for themselves. Instead, they are required to estimate their total tax liability and remit it to the IRS in quarterly installments, using Form 1040 ES. It is important that the amount of tax paid in quarterly installments equal either the total amount owed during the previous year or 90 percent of their total current tax liability. Otherwise, the IRS may charge interest and impose a stiff penalty for underpayment of estimated taxes.Since the IRS calculates the amount owed quarterly, a large lump-sum payment in the fourth quarter will not enable a taxpayer to escape penalties. On the other hand, a significant increase in withholding in the fourth quarter may help, because tax that is withheld by an employer is considered to be paid evenly throughout the year no matter when it was withheld. This leads to a possible tax planning strategy for a self-employed person who falls behind in his or her estimated tax payments. By having an employed spouse increase his or her withholding, the self-employed person can make up for the deficiency and avoid a penalty. The IRS has also been known to waive underpayment penalties for people in special circumstances. For example, they might waive the penalty for newly self-employed taxpayers who underpay their income taxes because they are making estimated tax payments for the first time.Another possible tax planning strategy applies to partnerships that anticipate a loss. At the end of each tax year, partnerships file the informational Form 1065 (Partnership Statement of Income) with the IRS, and then report the amount of income that accrued to each partner on Schedule K1. This income can be divided in any number of ways, depending on the nature of the partnership agreement. In this way, it is possible to pass all of a partnership's early losses to one partner in order to maximize his or her tax advantages.What’s more, enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to the fund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the business after the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted to high-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to run non-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operating value-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types of enterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of thereasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxable income amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fe es to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, many value-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 × 6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective of value-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, although small-scale VAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 × 17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the costof 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as the main raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.It should be noted that the above-mentioned methods taxpayers use tax, on the one hand, it is necessary to comply with the characteristics of enterprise production and management, overall planning, comprehensive consideration and can not cater for all kinds; On the other hand, to keep learning and understanding of national trends and policies on tax reform measures amendments and adjustments, accurately grasp the limits of tax regulations and policies, in-depth study of the relevant provisions of tax laws to prevent tax and give rise to other problems.税收筹划税收筹划涉及的设想和实施各种策略的目的是尽量减少对一定时期内支付的税款。
企业所得税税收筹划研究大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：企业所得税税收筹划研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Study on the Tax Planning of Enterprise Income TaxHongceng Cao & Xiaohui XuCollege of Economics, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaGuojie AoDepartment of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Shenyang UniversityShenyang 110044, ChinaAbstractThe enterprise income tax occupies is very important status in the tax paying of enterprise, and it has large space of tax planning. Under the background that the new enterprise income tax law was issued, we discussed the problem how to use tax planning to reduce the tax burden of enterprise and realize the maximization of the total profit for the enterprise. In this article, we studied the tax financing in the stage of enterprise financing from the selection of financing mode and the confirmation of financing channel, and put forward that the enterprise should select the liability financing mode to the largest extent in the critical risk range of equity structure. We studied the tax planning in the stage of investment of enterprise from three aspects including correctly selecting the investment direc tion, confirming proper enterprise organization form and selecting tax saving investment subject. We studied the tax planning from two aspects such as income and charge deduction. We studied the tax planning in the distribution stage of enterprise management result from first utilizing taxable income to compensate the loss, the loss recovering sequence of domestic investment profit return and the profit distribution strategy in the low tax region. For above aspects, we all put forward our own new theoretical opinions.Keywords: Enterprise income tax, Tax planning, Tax preferenceComparing with the old enterprise income law, the new enterprise income law changed in many aspects such as the taxpayer, the pre-tax deduction, and the tax preference, which put forward new task for the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. Under the background of new enterprise income tax, we will discuss the tax planning in the main stages such as the enterprise financing, investment, management and distribution.1. Tax planning in the stage of enterprise financingThe tax planning of the income tax in the stage of enterprise financing mainly includes the contents about the financing mode and the financing channel.1.1 Tax planning of financing modeThe financing modes of enterprise mainly include the equity financing and liability financing, and two different financing modes will produce different tax results. Generally speaking, under the fixed tax rate level, the liability financing can produce the interest rigid cost which can be reported before tax. When the account profit is adjusted as the taxable income, the tax law allows that the interest expenditure induced by the liability can be deducted before tax in the same interest rate regulated by the Bank in the same period, which equals that the state finance assumes a quarter of interest cost fro the enterprise. The equity financing is the flexi ble cost of bonus stock which can be reported after tax. The mode that the enterprise provides bonus stock and dividend to the investors is only one item of the distraction of post-tax profit (net profit), and it must be distributed after tax. The tax saving difference between two financing modes is very obvious. In the equity structure of enterprise, the proportion of the liability equity is higher, and the saving effectof the tax cost is more significant. So under the prem ise that the rate of or return on inv estment is higher than the liabilitycost rate, enhancing the proportion of liability financing will bring extra economic benefits for the owner of the enterprise, and finally increase the value of the enterprise. But we should also pay attention to that will increase the financial risk of the enterprise, and excessive liability will even induce the ab normality of the enterprise equity structure, and the liability crisis will make the financial status of the enterprise fall into collapse. Therefore, before the enterprise makes the tax planning of financing mode, it must ensure that the equity structure is in the critical risk range.1.2 Tax planning of enterprise financing channelThe financing channels of enterprise mainly include bank loan, self-accumulation of enterprise, inter-enterprise lending interior collection of en terprise, bond or stock issuance and commercial credit. Under usual situation, the sequence of the tax burden from heavy to light is self-accumulation of enterprise, bank loan, inter-enterprise lending and interio collection of enterprise. The prin ciple of tax planning of financing channel is that under the premise that the equity structure is to select the channel with higher profit and lower harm in the critical risk range, through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various financing channels.2. Tax planning in the investment stage of enterpriseFor the tax planning in the investment stage of enterprise, we mainly consider three aspects, i.e. the selection of investment direction, the selection of enterprise organization form and the selection of investment mode.2.1 Selecting correct investment directionThe new enterprise income tax established the new tax preference which gave priority to the industrial preference assisted by the regional preference, giving attention to the social advancement . Investors should select the investmen industry to reduce the tax burden according to the regulations about the national industrial policies and tax preference and response the industrial policy gui dance of the government. First, because the industrial select possesses strategicmeanings for the development trend of the enterprise, so when the investors make the decision of industrial investment they should scientifically demonstrate the investment and carefully make the decision, and they should consider not only their own industrial advantages, but also national industrial support policies, industrial tax preference policies, and make the rare resources of the enterprise to the green sunrise industries such as the agriculture, scientific technology environment protection and energy saving. Second, the enterprise income tax regulated regional preference for Chinese western regions, minority regions and special economic zones, and the enterp rise should study out multiple selectable investment programs in possible investment regions, and it should not only compare the cost incomes of various regional investment programs, but compare the tax levels of various programs, and make the comprehensive evaluation for the comprehensive benefits of variou s regional investment programs, which can not only reduce the tax burden, but find the regional investment program with maximum economic benefit.2.2 Selecting proper enterprise organization formThe tax planning of enterprise organization form should mainly consider four parts including establishment, expansion, division and merger. First, we will study the tax planning when the enterprise is established and select the organization form. According to the organization form, the enterprise types include individual proprietorship enterprise, partnership enterprise and limited corporation which can be divided into limited liability company and joint stock limited partnership, and because the tax system regulates different tax burden levels for the enterprises with different organization forms, so the establishment costs and advantages of different organization forms are different, and the tax is one of factors we should consider when we select the organization form of the enterprise. Especially when the organization form of the enterprise has large influence to theproduction and management, the tax will be the important factor which we should consider, and investors can select the organization form of the ent erprise to reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. Second, we will research the tax planning when the enterprise is expanded and needs to select the organization form. Enterprise always actualizes the scale expansion by increasing branches, but the tax policies for the branches with different forms in the tax law are obviously different, so enterprise should select the organization form of the branch. For the filiale and the subsidiary company, they respectively have their advantages and disadvantages for the tax, so the loss of the branch can counteract the gain of the parent company and reduce the total taxable income of the company. The subsidiary company and the parent company are regarded as two entities in the law, but the subsidiary company can obtain various tax preference policies regulated by the laws or local government. So the enterprise should comprehen sively consider the profit ability of the branch when it selects the form of the branch, and it should adopt the form of filiale when the branch is in the loss period, and adopt the form of subsidiary company when the branch is in the profit period. Third, we will study the tax planning in the division and merger of the enterprise. According to the regulations of the enterprise income law, enterprises should pay the income tax by 25%, but it also regulates that the small-sized profit-mak ing enterprise can pay the income tax by 20%, so the middle and small-sized enterprise can adopt the division measure to separate the branch from th e enterprise to reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. The enterprise income tax regulates that the profitable enterprise a nnexes unprofitable enterprise, it can use the accumulated loss of the unprofitable enterprise to counteract the profit of the profitab le enterprise and reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Therefore, in the merger of enterprises, the profitable enterprise can reduce the enterprise income tax by annexing unprofitable enterprises.2.3 Selecting the investment subject of tax savingAccording to different forms of investment subject, the investment of enterprise can be divided into monetary investment, tangible investment and im material investment. The monetary investment doesn’t increase the tax burden of investors, but it will influence the cash flux and payment ability of the enterprise. Different tax regulations aim at different tangible investment types, for example, fo r the estate investment, investors need not pay relative sales tax (if investor belongs to the real estate enterprise, the land value increment tax needs not be paid temporarily), and the depreciation of the estate can be deducted before tax to reduce the tax base of the en terprise income tax. For the sock-in-trade investment, the tax law will regard it as the sales goods and increase the tax bases of the value increment tax and the enterprise income tax, and the enterprise need pay the increment tax and the enterprise income tax. The immaterial investment can deduct the withholding income tax for the enterprise, and realize the deduction before tax through amortization year by year, which can reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. So when the enterprise selects the investment subject, it can select the tangible investment and immaterial investment which are better than the monetary investment from the view of the invested enterprise. Certainly, for the view of investing enterprise, it will assume more tax burdens such as the enterprise income tax, the increment tax and the consump tion tax when it selects the tangible investment and immaterial investment, so the investing enterprise should comprehensively consider the tax burdens of two parties to select the proper investment form.3. Tax planning in the production and management stage of enterpriseThe tax base of the enterprise income tax is the taxable income amount which equals to that an enterprise’s total inco me amount of each tax year deducts the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, each deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous years. And the income items, tax-free incomes and tax-exempt incomes and each deduction items are all generated in the production and management of the enterprise. So the tax planning of the enterprise incometax in the production and management can be implemented from two items such as the income items and the deduction items.3.1 Tax planning of incomeThe total income amount of the enterprise in the present term is decided by the sales amount of the product, the unit sales price of the product and the selected sales mode of the product, so the tax planning of the enterprise income tax about the income mainly includes the scale of production and sale, the sales price and the sales mode. First, for the planning of production and sale scale, under the premise of certain sale unit price, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the sales amount. The scale of production and sale belongs to the item independently controlled by the enterprise, and the scale of production and sale will influence the tax burden of the enterprise which will influence the scale of production and sale in the same way. Therefore, when the enterprise confirms the scale of production and sale, it must consider the tax burden at term. According to the enterprise’s self management ability, the enterprise should find the critical point of profit and loss, and seek the scale of production and sale with maximum profits. Second, for the planning of sales price, under the premise of certain production and sale amount, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the price level which is also the item independently controlled by the enterprise. The enterprise should consider many factors such as the cost level, the market de mand and the competition strategy, and the tax burden level is the important factor which should be considered by the enterprise, and the confirmation of the sales price can not only include the pre-tax income and income tax of the enterprise, but will directly influence the increment tax and other relative taxes. In the tax planning of income, we should take the sales price as the factor we should mainly considered. Third, for the planning of sales mode, in the sales proce ss of the product, the enterp rise possesses the independent selection right to the sales mode, and different sales mode always apply in different tax policies, i.e. the treatment difference of tax exists in this aspect, which offers the possibility to utilize different sales mode to plan the income tax. In a word, under the premise disobeying the tax law, the enterprise should compress the income scale which has exceeded the critical point of the tax rate from the sales scale and the sales price, and make the enterprise obtain the preference policies of low tax rate. For the selection of sales mode, the enterprise should delay the implementation of the income and the tax obligation to the best, which will not only compress the income scale in the present term to make the enterprise obtain the preference policy of low tax rate, but also make the enterprise obtain the profit of interest-free loan because of delaying the implementation of tax obligation.3.2 Tax planning of cost charge deductionThe payout of the enterprise can be divided into the profitable payout and the capital payout according to the time of the profitable term. The profitable payout should be reported in th e present cost charge, and the capital payout is divided and respectively reported in the cost charges of the present and future terms. For these two sorts of payout, the planning of the enterprise income tax should treat them differently.3.2.1 Tax planning of profitable payoutBecause different situations of profit and loss, and different tax preferences will differently influence the tax planning of enterprise, so we should respectively plan the tax of the profitable payout aiming at different situations of profit and loss. First, suppose the enterprise is profitable, because the profit able payout can be deducted from the enterprise income tax, the enterprise should select the planning method with large prophase cost. To make the tax deduction effect of the cost exert its function as soon as possible, and delay the realization of the pr ofit, then enterprise should delay the tax obligation time of the income tax. Second, suppose the enterprise is in loss, theplanning method should be combined with the loss remedy of the enterprise. The enterprise should try to make the cost charge in the year with pretax loss remedy higher and make the cost charge in the year w ithout or incompletely with pretax loss remedy lower, and accordingly ensure the tax reduction effect of the cost charge will be exerted to the largest extent. Finally, suppose the enterprise is enjoying th e preference policy of the enterprise income tax, because the taxdeduction effect of the cost charge in the tax deduction period will completely or pa rtly be deducted through the deduction preference, so the enterprise should select the planning method which has few costs in the tax deduction period and has more costs in the non-tax-deduction period.3.2.2 Tax planning of capital payoutAs the modernization degree of enterprise is gradually enhanced, the proportion of the purchase payout of the long-term assets such as the fixed assets and immaterial assets which reflect the progress of the technology of the enterprise is higher and higher, and the tax planning of the fixed assets depreciation and the immaterial assets salesmanship possesses special importance in the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. First, the tax law doesn’t recognize the devaluation preparation of long-term assets which the enterprise picks up, but the taxpayer can utilize the relative regulations about the subseq uent expenses of the long-term assets to adjust the depreciation base. The enterprise should combine the long-term development, rebuild the fixed assets designedly, enhance the technical level of the enterprise, and improve the comprehensive competition strengthen of the enterprise. At the same time , the enterprise can put the subsequent expenses acco rding with the capitalization cond itions into the fixed assets cost, increase the depreciation picking base, and accordingly increase the depreciation amount of the deduction, reduce the taxable income of the present term and save the tax. For various payouts which don’t accord with the confirmation conditions of long-term assets, they should be counted into the profit and loss of th e present term. Second, the “Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law” regulated that the fixed assets of the enterprise needed to be depreciated quickly because of technical progress, the enterprise could reduce the depreciation fixed number of year or adopt the method of quick depreciation. To reduce the depreciation year can quicken the withdrawal of the costs, move the anaphase cost charges to the anterior period, and move the prophase account profit to the latter period. When the tax rate is fixed, the delayed payment of the income tax equals to obtain an interest-free loan from the country. When the tax rate is not fixed, the extension of the depreciation term can also reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. And the selection of the depreciation method of the long-term assets should be scientific, reasonable and legal. Finally, when the enterprise is in the non-deduction period of the income tax, taxpayer should apply for reducing the residual proportion for the tax department in time according to the characters of the assets. When the residual proportion is reduced , the depreciation tax de duction will increase, which could not only maintain the taxpayer’s right, but bring large tax benefit f or the taxpayer.4. Tax planning in the management result distribution stage of enterprise4.1 First utilizing the taxable income to compensate the lossFor the yearly loss of the enterprise, the tax law regulates to allow the enterprise uses the pretax profit in the next year to compensate it. And if the profit in the next year is not enough to compensate, the enterprise is allowed to compensate the loss year after year, but the longest term should be limited in 5 years. In this way, the enterprise can use the selection right of the assets price counting and amortization method allowed by the tax law, and the selection right of the expenses reported range standard to more report the pretax deduction items and deduction amount, and continue to induce the loss before the term of five years is at term, accordingly to prolong the term of the preference policy.4.2 Arranging the domestic investment return to compensate the loss according to the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rateAccording to the en terprise income tax, the investors’ after-tax profits returned from the associated enterprise should pay the income tax, but if the enterprise which is the investor has loss or past yearly loss which has not be remedied, the returned profit can be used to remedy the loss, and for the surplus part, the enterprise should pay the income tax. Therefore, if the investor is the enterprise which can be applicable for different income tax rates, the enterprise can select the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rate, to use th e returned investment profit remedy the loss and make the taxpayer’s income tax reduce to the least level.4.3 Keeping that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributedIn the existing enterprise income tax, for the taxpayer’s profit returned from other enterprise which has paid the income tax, the tax amount of the tax payment can be adjusted when computing the income tax of the enterprise. If the profit of the invested enterprise has not be distributed to the investors, the investors need not to pay the income tax, and in this way, to keep that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributed and turn it into the investment capital can reduce investors’ tax burden.ReferencesChinese CPA Association. (2008). Tax Law. Beijing: Economic Science Press.The Fifth Session of the Tenth NPC. (2007). Enterpri se Income Tax Law of China. Mar. 16, 2007.Wang, Xinjian. (2006). The Method of Enterprise Tax Planning. Shandong Commercial Accounting. No.2.Zhou, Yan. (2008). Influences of New Enterprise Income Tax Law on Enterprise Tax Planning. Friends of Accounting.No.15.Zhuang, Fenrong. (2007). Hundred Classic Practical Examples of Tax Planning.Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press.企业所得税税收筹划研究摘要企业所得税的税收空间很大，在企业的纳税额中占有很大的比重。
税收筹划的外文文献及翻译
Planning forever tax savings●Learn how to keep your tax bill at the legal minimum…and keep it there!By Mark E.BattersbyNow is the best time to think about reducing the ornamental and miscellaneous metal operation's tax bill even lower than the point the economy may have driven it to.And,of course,aim to keep that tax bill at its legal minimum for many year to come。
While many of us rely on the advice and help provided by tax professionals or utilize software programs to ensure a low tax bill，the real goal should be a low tax bill for not just this tax year but year—after—year。
The best guarantee of consistently low tax bill,this year,next year,and so—on down the road is,of course，tax planning。
Tax planning is easy:the more tax deductions taken，the lower the fabricating operations taxable income will be—-—-at least for this tax year。
增值税外文翻译
中文3837字Value added taxFrom Wikipedia，the free encyclopediAbstractA value added tax(V AT)is a form of consumption tax．It is a tax on the”value added”to a product or material，from an accounting view, at each stage of its manufacture or distribution．The”value added”to a product by a business is the sale price charged to its customer，minus the cost of materials and other taxable inputs．A V AT is like a sales tax in that ultimately only the end consumer is taxed．It differs from the sales tax in that，with the latter，the tax is collected and remitted to the government only once．at the point of purchase by the end consumer．With the V AT, collections，remittances to the government，and credits for taxes already paid occur each time a business in the supply chain purchases products from another business. The reason businesses end up paying no tax is that at the time they sell the product，they receive a credit for all the tax they have paid to suppliers．Personal end-consumers of products and services cannot recover V AT on purchases，but businesses are able to recover V AT(input tax)on the products and services that they buy in order to produce further goods or services that will be sold to yet another business in the supply chain or directly to a final consumer．In this way, the total tax levied at each stage in the economic chain of supply is a constant fraction of the value added by a business to its products，and most of the cost of collecting the tax is borne by business，rather than by the state．Value Added Taxes were introduced in part because they create stronger incentives to collect than a sales tax does．Both types of consumption tax create an incentive by end consumers to avoid or evade the tax．But the sales tax offers the buyer a mechanism to avoid or evade the tax--persuade the seller that he is not really an end consumer，and therefore the seller is not legally required to collect it．The burden of determining whether the buyer’S motivation is to consume or re-sell is on the seller．but the seller has no direct economic incentive to the seller to collect it．The V AT approach gives sellers a direct financial stake in collecting the tax，and eliminates the problematic decision by the seller about whether the buyer is or is not an end consumer．Chapter I Comparison with a sales taxValue added tax(V AT)avoids the cascade effect of sales tax by taxing only the value added at each stage of production．For this reason，throughout the world，V AT has been gaining favor over traditional sales taxes．In principle，V AT applies to all provisions of goods and services．V AT is assessed and collected on the value of goods or services that have been provided every time there is a transaction (sale/purchase). The seller charges V AT to the buyer, and the seller pays this V AT to the government．If however, the purchaser is not an end user，but the goods or services purchased are costs to its business, the tax it has paid for such purchases can be deducted from the tax it charges to its customers．The government only receives the difference；in other words，it is paid tax on the gross margin of each transaction，by each participant in the sales chain．Sales tax is normally charged on end users(consumers)．The V AT mechanism means that the end—user tax is the same as it would be with a sales tax．The main difference is the extra accounting required by those in the middle of the supply chain；this disadvantage of V AT is balanced by application of the same tax to each member of the production chain regardless of its position in it and the position of its customers, reducing the effort required to check and certify their status．When the V AT system has few, if any, exemptions such as with GST in New Zealand，payment of V AT is even simpler.A general economic idea is that if sales taxes exceed 1 0％，people start engaging in widespread tax evading activity(1ike buying over the Internet，pretending to be a business，buying at wholesale，buying products through an employer etc. On the other hand．total V AT rates can rise above 1 0％without widespread evasion because of the novel collection mechanism．However，because of its particular mechanism of collection，V AT becomes quite easily the target of specific frauds like carousel fraud, which can be very expensive in terms of loss of tax incomes for states.1.1 Principle of V ATThe standard way to implement a V AT involves assuming a business owes some percentage on the price of the product minus all taxes previously paid on the good. If V AT rates were 10％，an orange juice maker would pay 10％of the￡5 per litre price (￡0.50)minus taxes previously paid by the orange farmer(maybe￡0.20)．In this example，the orange juice maker would have a ￡0.30 tax liability. Each business has a strong incentive for its suppliers to pay their taxes，allowing V AT rates to be higherwith less tax evasion than a retail sales tax．Behind this simple principle are the variations in its implementations，as discussed in the next section．1.2 Basis for V ATsBy the method of collection. V AT can be accounts-based or invoice-based. Under the invoice method of collection, each seller charges V AT rate on his output and passes the buyer a special invoice that indicates the amount of tax charged. Buyers who are subject to V AT on their own sales(output tax)，consider the tax on the purchase invoices as input tax and can deduct the sum from their own V AT liability. The difference between output tax and input tax is paid to the government (or a refund is claimed，in the case of negative liability). Under the accounts based method，no such specific invoices are used．Instead，the tax is calculated on the value added, measured as a difference between revenues and allowable purchases. Most countries today use the invoice method, the only exception being Japan, which uses the accounts method.Chapter II CriticismsThe “value-added tax” has been criticized as the burden of it relies on personal end-consumers of products. Some critics consider it to be a regressive tax, meaning the poor pay more, as a percentage of their income, than the rich. Defenders argue that excising taxation through income is an arbitrary standard，and that the value-added tax is in fact a proportional tax in that people with higher income pay more at the same rate that they consume more. The effective progressiveness or regressiveness of a V AT system can also be affected when different classes of goods are taxed at different rates. To maintain the progressive nature of total taxes on individuals, countries implementing V AT have reduced income tax on lower income-earners, as well as instituted direct transfer payments to lower-income groups, resulting in lower tax burdens on the poor.Revenues from a value added tax are frequently lower than expected because they are difficult and costly to administer and collect．In many countries, however, where collection of personal income taxes and corporate profit taxes has been historically weak, V AT collection has been more successful than other types of taxes. V AT has become more important in many jurisdictions as tariff levels have fallen worldwide due to trade liberalization. as V AT has essentially replaced lost tariff revenues. Whether the costs and distortions of value added taxes are lower than the economic inefficiencies and enforcement issues (e.g. smuggling) from high import tariffs is debated, but theory suggests value added taxes are far more efficient.Certain industries(small．scale services，for example)tend to have more V AT avoidance, particularly where cash transactions predominate，and V AT may be criticized for encouraging this. From the perspective of government, however, V AT may be preferable because it captures at least some of the value-added, For example, a carpenter may offer to provide services for cash (i.e. without a receipt, and without V AT)to a homeowner, who usually cannot claim input V AT back. The homeowner will hence bear lower costs and the carpenter may be able to avoid other taxes (profit or payroll taxes). The government, however, may still receive V AT for various other inputs(1umber, paint, gasoline, tools, etc.) sold to the carpenter，who would be unable to reclaim the V AT on these inputs (unless of course the carpenter also has at 1east some jobs done with receipt, and claims all purchased inputs to go to those jobs). While the total tax receipts may be lower compared to full compliance, it may not be lower than under other feasible taxation systems.Chapter III V AT systems3.1 European UnionThe European Union Value Added Tax(EU V AT)is a value added tax encompassing member states in the European Union Value Added Tax Area. Joining in this is compulsory for member states of the European Union. As a consumption tax, the EU V AT taxes the consumption of goods and services in the EU V AT area. The EU V AT’s key issue asks where the supply and consumption occurs thereby determining which member state will collect the V AT and which V AT rate will be charged.Each Member State’s national V AT legislation must comply with the provisions 0f EU V AT law as set out in Directive 2006/112/EC. This Directive sets out the basic framework for EU V AT, but does allow Member States some degree of flexibility in implementation of V AT legislation. For example different rates of V AT are allowed in different EU member states. However Directive 2006/112requires Member states to have a minimum standard rate of V AT of 15％and one or two reduced rates not to be below 5％. Some Member States have a 0％V AT rate on certain supplies-these Member States would have agreed this as part of their EU Accession Treaty(for example, newspapers and certain magazines in Belgium). The current maximum rate in operation in the EU is 25％, though member states are free to set higher rates.V AT that is charged by a business and paid by its customers is known as ”output V AT” (that is，V AT on its output supplies). V AT that is paid by a business to other businesses on the supplies that it receives is known as ”input V AT”(that is, V AT on its input supplies). A business is generally able to recover input V AT to the extent that the input V AT is attributable to(that is, used to make)its taxable outputs. Input V AT is recovered by setting it against the output V AT for which the business is required to account to the government, or, if there is an excess, by claiming a repayment from the government.The V AT Directive (prior to 1 January 2007 referred to as the Sixth V AT Directive) requires certain goods and services to be exempt from V AT (for example, postal services, medical care, lending, insurance, betting), and certain other goods and services to be exempt from V AT but subject to the ability of an EU member state to opt to charge V AT on those supplies (such as land and certain financial services). Input V AT that is attributable to exempt supplies is not recoverable，although a business Can increase its prices SO the customer effectively bears the cost of the ’sticking’ V AT (the effective rate will be lower than the headline rate and dependon the balance between previously taxed input and labor at the exempt stage).3.2 The Nordic countriesIn Denmark，V AT is generally applied at one rate, and with few exceptions is not split into two or more rates as in other countries (e.g. Germany), where reduced rates apply to essential goods such as foodstuffs．The current standard rate of V AT in Denmark is 25%. That makes Denmark one of the countries with the highest value added tax, alongside Norway and Sweden. A number of services has reduced V AT, for instance public transportation of private persons, health care services, publishing newspapers, rent of premises (the lessor can, though, voluntarily register as V AT payer, except for residential premises), and travel agency operations.In Finland，the standard rate of V AT is 23%, along with all other V AT rates, excluding the zero rate. In addition，two reduced rates are in use:12%(reduced in October 2009 from 17% for non-restaurant food, from July 2010 will encompass restaurant food also), which is applied on food and animal feed, and 8%, which is applied on passenger transportation services, cinema performances, physical exercise services, books, pharmaceuticals, entrance fees to commercial cultural and entertainment events and facilities. Supplies of some goods and services are exempt under the conditions defined in the Finnish V AT Act: hospital and medical care; social welfare services; educational. financial and insurance services; lotteries and money games; transactions concerning bank notes and coins used as legal tender; real property including building land; certain transactions carried out by blind persons and interpretation services for deaf persons. The seller of these tax-exempt services or goods is not subject to V AT and does not pay tax on sales. Such sellers therefore may not deduct V AT included in the purchase prices of his inputs.In Sweden, V AT is split into three levels; 25% for most goods and services including restaurants bills, 12% for foods (incl. bring home from restaurants) and hotel stays (but breakfast at 25%) and 6% for printed matter, cultural services, and transport of private persons. Some services are not taxable for example education of children and adults if public utility, and health and dental care, but education is taxable at 25% in case of courses for adults at a private school. Dance events (for the guests) have 25%, concerts and stage shows have 6%, and some types of cultural events have 0%.-References:•（Icelandic)"Lög nr. 50/1988 um virðisaukaskatt". 1988. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09./web/20071009093025/http://rsk.is/skattalagasafn/virdisaukaskattur/log/log_0501988.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-05.• Ahmed. Ehtisham and Nicholas Stern. 1991. The Theory and Practice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries (Cambridge University Press).• Bird, Richard M. and P.-P. Gendron .1998. “Dual VATs and Cross-border Trade: Two Problems, One Solution?” International Tax and Public Finance, 5: 429-42.• Bird, Richard M. and P.-P. Gendron .2000. “CVAT, V IVAT and Dual VAT; Vertical ‘Sharing’ and Interstate Trade,” International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 753-61.•Keen, Michael and S. Smith .2000. “Viva VIVAT!” International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 741-51.• Keen, Michael and S. Smith .1996. "The Future of Value-added Tax in the European Union," Economic Policy, 23: 375-411.• McLure, Charles E. (1993) "The Brazilian Tax Assignment Problem: Ends, Means, and Constraints," in A Reforma Fiscal no Brasil (São Paulo: Fundaçäo Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas).•McLure, Charles E. 2000. “Implementing Subnational VATs on Internal Trade: The Compensating VAT (CVAT),” International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 723-40.• Muller, Nichole. 2007. Indisches Recht mit Schwerpunkt auf gewerblichem Rechtsschutz im Rahmen eines Projektgeschäfts in Indien, IBL Review, VOL. 12, Institute of International Business and law, Germany. Law-and-business.de• Muller, Nichole. 2007. Indian law with emphasis on commercial legal insurance within the scope of a project business in India. IBL Review, VOL. 12, Institute of International Business and law, Germany.• MOMS, Politikens Nudansk Leksikon 2002, ISBN 87-604-1578-9• Andhra Pradesh Value Added Tax Act, 2005, Andhra Pradesh Gazette Extraordinary, 25 March 2005, retrieved on 16 March 2007.• OECD. 2008. Consumption Tax Trends 2008: VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Administration Issues. Paris:OECD.• Serra, J. and J. Afonso. 1999. “Fiscal Federalism Brazilian Style: Some Reflections,” Paper presented to Forum of Federations, Mont Tremblant, Canada, October 1999.增值税From Wikipedia，the free encyclopedi摘要增值税(V AT)是消费税的一种形式。
291.E关于增值税的税收筹划认识与思考 外文原文
Value-Added Taxes in Developing and Transitional Countries:Lessons and QuestionsRichard M. BirdUniversity of Toronto - Joseph L. Rotman School of ManagementAbstract：The value-added tax has, in recent decades, become the most important single tax in most developing and transitional economies. This paper reviews some problems that have emerged as important as more experience has been gained with how VATs really work in many such countries and suggests some lines of research that need to be explored further to overcome those problems.1. IntroductionFew fiscal issues are more important in developing and transitional economies (DTE) than the value-added tax (V AT). Over the last few decades, V AT has swept the world. The principal reasons for the rapid spread of this form of taxation were, first, the early adoption of this form of taxation in the European Union (EU) and, second, the key role played in spreading the word to DTE by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in particular and by international agencies and advisors more generally. The success of V AT in the EU showed that V AT worked. The consistent support and advocacy of this form of taxation by the IMF and others in a variety of countries, first in Latin America, and then around the world, encouraged and facilitated the adoption of V AT by countries with much less developed economic and administrative structures than those in the original EU member states. At the same time, for various reasons of their own, all the non-EU countries of the OECD apart from the United States have also, one by one, introduced V ATs, most recently Australia in 2000.Of course, to a certain extent, as the background paper (ITD, 2005) observes, the V AT label covers a variety of taxes in different countries. Countries that belong to the EU have necessarily all adopted the same model of V AT, essentially as laid out by the Sixth Directive of 1977, although some important differences remain between V ATs in EU member states (Mathias, 2004). Other countries influenced by the EU such as the recent and prospective ‘accession’ countries of central and eastern Europe have als o largely followed this model. Elsewhere in the world, however, while the influence of the EU model (and some member-state variants) is clear in, for example, some former colonies of EU member states, other models have been developed and adopted, notably in New Zealand and Japan. Equally importantly, the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department, the leading ‘change agent’ in this respec t for in much of the world has over time evolved what is essentially its own ‘model’ of an appro priate V AT for DTE, as set out initially, for instance, in Tait (1988, 1991) and most recently in Ebrill et al. (2001). While V AT countries have introduced many local variations into whatever b asic ‘model’ they mayhave started from1,as Victor Thuronyi (2003, p.312) has recently noted, “ while there are differences in V AT from one country to another, compared with the income tax V AT laws are remarkably similar.”When DTE have a V AT, it is invariably among the most important sources of government revenue. Indeed, anyway one cares to look at it V AT has clearly been an enormous success. Not only has it swept the world almost clear of contending general sales taxes but in many DTE it dominates the income tax as the mainstay of national finances. No previous fiscal innovation has been adopted in such a wide variety of countries so rapidly.Not all is sunshine in V ATland, however. Clouds of varying sizes and shapes seem to be looming on the horizon in all V AT countries but perhaps particularly in DTE that have become increasingly dependent on V AT and hence more vulnerable to potential problems. Some of these problems have always been inherent in the structure and operation of V ATs but are exacerbated by the increased fiscal weight being placed on the many DTE under pressure for new fiscal revenues for example to offset revenue losses from tariff reductions needed to accord with WTO requirements. It is thus perhaps time for a new look at the role of V AT in DTE.Specifically, are the V ATs now in place in most DTE as good as they could be in economic, equity, and administrative terms? Must ‘good’ V ATs i n such countries always follow the same pattern? Must every DTE have a V AT? Can all DTE administer a V AT sufficiently well to make the introduction of the tax worthwhile? Is a V AT always the best way to respond to the revenue problems arising from trade liberalization? Can V ATs be adapted to cope with the rising demands in some countries, especially federal countries, for more access to revenues by local and regional governments? Can they deal with such new problems as those arising fromchanges in business practices with financial innovations and digital commerce? The answers to such questions are not only critical to the fiscal stability of many DTE but also to their economic growth and development. Are the V ATs already in place in many DTE the efficient, simple, revenue-raisers some claim? Or, as others argue, are they so inequitable as to exacerbate social and political tensions? Does V AT provide a way to tap the informal sector or does it instead tend to expand that sector?No brief paper can answer such complex questions, of course, so the objective of this paper is considerably more modest. Taking the background paper prepared for this conference (ITD, 2005) as its starting point, the aim of this paper is simply to provide a few additional reflections on some lessons that seem to emerge from experience to date with V AT in DTE -countries in which, for the most part, tax reality is much more dominated by administrative capacity on one hand and political necessity on the other than in the European home of so much V AT experience and thinking. There is indeed much room and need for sharing experiences between developed countries and DTE, but there are also some important differences that need to be explicitly taken into 1For a small sample of early country experiences, see e.g. Gillis (1990), OEA (1993), Yoingco and Guevara (1988), and OECD (1998), and for a sample of the discussion in an important current case, that of India, see e.g. Shome (1997), Chelliah (2001), and Empowered Committee (2005).account when doing so. To paraphrase the conclusions of the late Jean Jacques Laffont (2004) in a recent survey of public utility regulation in DTE, not only do we as yet have surprisingly little solid empirical knowledge of some critical factors but the relevant economic theory also remains rather sketchy and we know even less about the relevant political economy context. For the most part, this paper simply attempts to flesh out these observations in a little more detail with respect to V AT in DTE. In doing so, it should perhaps be noted that although the points made are stated in general terms for the most part they are inevitably shaped by the author’s limited personal experience with various aspect of V ATs in a number of DTE over the years. In a sense, however, this is perhaps not a limitation since it is precisely through closer analysis of, and reflection on, the experience of such case studies that we can best discern the real challenges facing V AT in DTE and the questions that most need further attention. Such at least, is the approach taken here.22. Lessons from ExperienceAt the risk of repeating some of the many good and sensible things said in the background paper, this section discusses briefly five major lessons that emerge from the extensive experience with introducing and implementing V ATs in DTE. First, and most importantly, as the background paper says, V AT works. Despite some recent criticisms by reputable analysts, for the most part it remains true that, if a country needs or wants a general sales tax, it is well advised to have a V AT. Secondly, nonetheless V AT does not always work well in many DTE, principally because some are simply not ready f or ‘self-assessment’. Thirdly, what this suggests for tax design is what may be called ‘the NOSFA principle’ - No One Size Fits All - although it may be that several ‘sizes’ (patterns) of V AT may prove suitable for different groups of countries in similar circumstances. Fourthly, the major lesson for tax administration that experience in DTE suggests is that the oft-c ited ’18-24 months’ needed for successful V AT implementation vastly understates the nature and time scale of the task in many countries. Many DTE cannot be simply, as it were, ‘given’ a good V AT administration: they need to ‘grow’ it themselves and the process may take a long time in some cases. Finally, since tax policy is always about politics as much or more than it is about tax design and administration, ) once said in a discussion of OECD countries, tax policy “…is about trade-offs, not truths.”To some extent at least, the future of V AT in DTE lies in much closer understanding of the critical politicaleconomy dimension of V AT policy and administration.2.1 V AT WorksAs the background paper shows, V AT is by no means n ecessarily the ‘money machine’ that it has sometimes been called. The effects on revenue of introducing a V AT in particular contexts remains a matter open to interpretation and question, as recently underlined by some who have questioned the capability of V AT to replace 2In contrast to the disclaimer in the background paper, it should perhaps be explicitly noted that, while the author has learned a great deal about these topics from the staff of the World Bank, the IMF, and the OECD and is in addition grateful to Pierre-Pascal Gendron for helpful comments, he alone is solely responsible for all views expressed in this paper.revenues from trade liberalization in some DTE (e.g. Rajaraman, 2004). While it is true that there may indeed be a somewhat stronger case for retaining some taxation on international trade on revenue grounds than has been conventionally asserted, this case rests less on defects of V AT as such than on the assumed relative inefficiency of V AT administration compared to border tax administration (see also section 2.4). If a V AT can be administered adequately, the conventional conclusion that it offers the best way for a country to make up revenue losses from trade liberalization holds, though perhaps in less sweeping terms than originally argued3.Indeed, the equally conventional conclusion that a V AT is the most economically desirable and administratively effective way in which to collect a given share of national income through a general consumption tax also holds -provided, again, that the capacity exists to administer VAT adequately. When a country introduces a V AT, whether to replace another form of general sales tax or as a new tax, there need not necessarily be an aggregate increase in revenues (either from consumption taxes or in general).As a rule, however, the economic cost of collecting revenues will decline, thus making society better off. Similarly, as with any tax, although increasing the rate of an existing V AT rates will neither necessarily increase revenues proportionately nor be costless, it may nonetheless be the economically most sensible way to expand revenue shares in DTE, if that is the policy goal.2.2 But It Does Not Always WorkMore generally, as hinted earlier, what is really at issue in such countries is not so much such specific problems -- all of which may in principle easily be corrected if desired -- but rather the fundamental question of whether they are really ready for the ‘self-assessment’ approach that the background paper properly asserts is how a ‘good’ V AT works. If a country is not ready in this regard, should if have a V AT at all? And, if it does (as many already do), is the best V AT for it always the same as the ‘model’ implicitly set out as a standard in most of the literature? The question is discussed further in the next two sections.2.3. Tax Design: The NOSFA PrincipleA second possibly rewarding approach to explore would be to recast the familiar (if implicit) ‘decision-tree’ approach to V AT by setting out in more detail the i mplications of different nodal decisions (e.g. zero-rating) for other design aspects, then working out the optimal sequence of such decisions for particular countries (or groups of countries), and finally assessing how dependent the ‘rightness’ of particul ar decisions is with respect to different characteristics of the environment within which the V AT is expected to function. While of course many elements of such an approach are to be found in the literature (e.g. Ebrill, 2001), as yet little has been done to set out the relevant decision-points and their interdependence in a systematic fashion or to quantify them in any meaningful way, although the interesting recent work on V AT thresholds (Keen and Mintz, 2003) is a good first step in this direction. Many more such steps are needed.2.4. Tax Administration: Growing into a Good VAT3On this, compare the rigorous analysis in Keen and Ligthart (2002) with the equally rigorous, but different, analysis in Keen and Ligthart (2004).Secondly, as with respect to tax design, more thought seems needed with respect to what one really has to know about a country in order to devise the ‘right’ implementation schedule for its particular circumstances. What matters most and in what ways? Is it the size distribution of the potential tax base? Or the relative importance of ‘key’ base components (such as imports and excise goods) and the degree of administrative control that can realistically be expect with respect to those components? Or the level of accounting skills in the potential taxpayer population? Or the detailed industry-by-industry flow of ‘V ATable’ items between different sectors and different sized firms? Or the capacity of tax officials to administer an accounts- based tax and in particular attention to audit such a tax? Or, perhaps most fundamentally, the degree of existing ‘trust’ between officials and taxpayers and how quickly (and in what ways) that trust can be built up sufficiently to support a self-assessment system? Or is it all of the forgoing and more? Whatever one’s answers to such questions, what seems clear is that one cannot expect success simply by transferring experience from very different developed country settings to DTE with fragmented economies, large informal sectors, low tax morale, rampant evasion, and total distrust between tax administrators and taxpayers. The research agenda with respect to V AT administration in DTE is thus even larger and probably more important than that with respect to V AT design in such countries.2.5. Tax Policy is an Art, Not a ScienceIn the end, what V AT looks like and how it performs in any country inevitably reflects political factors and calculations as much or more than economic and administrative considerations. As a rule, of course, the critical political dimension of the policy process must simply be accepted as given by those directly concerned with tax design and implementation. Nonetheless, it is obviously desirable that they are as fully aware as possible of the manner in which such factors may impact on, and are in turn affected by, such central elements of V AT design and implementation as exemptions (see section 3.2 below).To be forewarned that a particular sector is politically ‘untouchable’ may, for instance, enab le policy designers to be able to work around the problem in a way that does less damage to the tax as a whole than might otherwise be the case4. Somewhat curiously, however, despite the proliferation of real world examples available for study, few careful ‘political economy’studies of V AT implementation appear to have been done in DTE as yet. As such studies begin to appear, they will in all likelihood often suggest still further questions calling for still more scientific (empirical and theoretical) research that may, in the long run, provide more useful advice than can yet be offered to those engaged in the precarious art of policy design and implementation in DTE.4A common joke among development economists years ago was along the following lines: “What difference would it make to development policy in country X if all the political scientists in the wor ld disappeared?” The expected answer, of course, was “No difference at all.” While no doubt serving its intende d purpose of making economists feel perhaps a bit more useful (at least in relative terms), this joke is very wrong indeed. As we have begun to understand with the recent upsurge of the political economy literature, few things matter more for better policy design and implementation in any country than deeper understanding of how politics works in that country.3. Other IssuesMany questions have already been raised about V AT in DTE, and some possible directions in which to search for answers have been tentatively suggested. In this part of the paper, five issues are singled out for a bit more discussion. Section 3.1 raises a prosaic but surprisingly important question: do V AT systems generate the information needed both for sound analysis and good management? Section 3.2 returns to the issue of exemptions mentioned in section 2.2 above, placing it in the more general context of the equity of V AT in the circumstances of many DTE. Section 3.3 focuses on some aspects of the surprisingly controversial questions related to V AT and small business, and section 3.4 continues downward, as it were, into the realm of the ‘shadow’ economy and asks how effective V AT can be in DTE in which such activities constitute a critical sector of the economy. Finally, section 3.5 raises the question of how, if V AT already faces as many problems as discussed here in many DTE, it can possibly cope with such changes as those associated with the looming rise of electronic commerce around the world.3.1. Missing DataOf course, such comments may be applied to any tax. Two features make them especially applicable to V AT, however. In the first place, one unfortunate consequence of the adoption of V AT in replacement of other indirect taxes in many DTE has been the virtual disappearance of any information on the composition of the effective base of consumption taxation. Most studies dealing with this important question infer the tax base indirectly from national income accounts or survey data5.Two simple examples of matters important to understanding how V AT really works in DTE that are amazingly difficult to discover in many countries are the real importance of imports in the V AT base and the importance of excise commodities in that base. Similar data gaps make it difficult in many countries to estimate the likely revenue consequences of base and rate changes in V AT. All these problems are in principle unnecessary, since all the needed information is necessarily generated in the process of administering V AT. But almost never are such data available in a usable form, let alone used.Secondly, V AT is the only tax that involves the government not only in collecting substantial money from the private sector but also in paying a good deal of it back to them in the form of input tax credits. Since any V AT invoice constitutes a potential claim on the treasury, and falsifying such claims is perhaps the most common form of V AT fraud, it is critical from an administrative perspective to have a detailed knowledge of the ‘normal’ or ‘expected’ pattern of credits and liabilities for firms in all the different lines of business subject to V AT. Again, however, although the normal operation of an invoice-credit V AT generates such information, itt is striking how seldom such data are either collected in usable form or used (e.g. for devising a risk management strategy). Perhaps even more surprising is that this whole question has apparently not as yet 5For an interesting recent example, though still a rather simple one, of the information that can be drawn from VAT revenue data about the tax base for EU member states, see Mathis (2004).received much attention from the international community of V AT experts. It should.3.2. Equity IssuesA final point that deserves mention with respect to V AT and equity in DTE is the importance of the shadow economy. Many DTE have a large economic sector that is effectively not subject to direct taxation. This reality clearly should affect how one assesses the effects of different fiscal instruments on equity. It is not at all impossible, for instance, that in some cases even a uniform broad-based V AT may be more progressive than more nominally progressive taxes (such as the personal income tax) that in practice burden only a limited group of wage-earners.The question of V AT and the shadow economy is discussed further in section 3.4 below.3.3. Small ProblemsA quite different approach to the perceived and real problems of dealing with small taxpayers is the so-called ‘V AT withholding’ found in some c ountries (and mentioned in the background paper). In effect, this practice assumes that V AT will not be reported properly by small firms and hence requires those selling to such firms to ‘withhold’ an additional V AT on such sales to make up for the V AT those firms are supposed to collect (but are expected not to remit even if they do collect) on their own sales. Such ‘dual pric e’ systems are usually imposed at arbitrary rates and make no logical or administrative sense; nonetheless, they are sufficiently common, and are suggested sufficiently often in countries in which they do not now exist, to call for closer examination than they seem so far to have received. For example, what is the best way to determine the appropriate ‘withholding’ rates (essentially p resumptive taxes) in different circumstances? Are such ‘withheld’ V AT ever credited agains t V AT actually reported by the firms from whom they have been withheld? What is the net effect on revenue of such systems?Finally, most discussion of the appropriate treatment of small firms appears to assume that there is no difficulty in telling which firms are small. As with giraffes, it appears that one is supposed to know one when one sees one. As discussed in the next section, however, this assumption is probably wrong in many DTE.3.4. Chasing ShadowsOne reason such regimes have been created in some DTE is because the normal tax regime is considered (by those who put it in place, presumably) to be too complex and often also too harshly applied and perhaps unduly prone to corruption, extortion, and harassment. Insulating selected (sometimes self-selected) taxpayers from such problems does not make the problems disappear. On the contrary, it is likely to make them more difficult to deal with, both by complicating tax administration as a whole and by reducing political pressure to fix the basic problems with tax administration. Taking people out of the V AT system is a particularly bad idea since information is the lifeblood of an effective V AT administration. Every effort should be made to avoid breaking the information chain, rather than encouraging firms to do so, as simplified systems in effect do.3.5. Changing with the TimesBy the time this last problem become significant for most DTE, however, perhaps some better way of dealing with it may have been discovered. For the next few years, probably the main advice one should give to DTE with respect to V AT and electronic commerce, as with respect to such other ‘frontier’ issues as the treatment of the f inancial sector and the public sector, is simply not to worry much about such esoterica but rather to concentrate on the difficult task of first getting an appropriate V AT into place and then running it effectively. The basic question in many DTE is not how to deal with ‘new’ issues but rather how one can make a tax like V AT, which essentially depends on self-assessment, function adequately in countries that in many instances do not appear to have satisfied the necessary preconditions for a self-assessment system. The answer, as suggested earlier, may be to spend more time and effort trying to determine what kind of less-than-perfect V AT will function best in such countries and then working out in more detail the best way in which they can move over time from such unsatisfactory (though necessary) initial positions to a good V AT. Good answers along these lines can in all likelihood only really be determined in the context of close study of particular countries.4. A conclusionTo sum up, V AT is of course not ‘the answer’ to the fiscal problems of DTE. Despite the many problems and questions raised above, however, some form of V AT almost certainly constitutes a critical ingredient in such an answer. Even the best possible V AT will not solve all the problems of DTE: the V AT they have may not always work well; in some instances it could be designed better to fit the context of the country; in many instances, it could certainly be administered better, even in the face of adverse political and capacity factors. Nonetheless, so long as a general consumption tax makes sense as a key part of a country’s fiscal system, as is surely true in most DTE, V AT remains the best available fiscal instrument we have. According to the background paper, 136 countries now have a V AT of some sort. Information from the IBFD (Annacondia and van der Corput, 2003) suggests that there remain at least 63 countries that do not have V ATs, 41 of which now have some other form of general consumption tax and 23 of which appear to have thus far been able to avoid facing the problem. When the next Global conference on V AT takes place, it is thus a safe prediction that yet more countries will have V ATs. It remains to be seen to what extent the various issues raised above will have been either dispelled or more adequately dealt with by that time. ReferencesAhmad, Ehtisham and Nicholas Stern (1987) “Alternative Sources of Government Revenue: Illustrations from India, 1979-80,” in David Newbery and Nicholas Stern, eds, The Theory of Taxation for Developing Countries (New York: Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press).Annacondia, Fabiola and Walter van der Corput (2003) “Overview of General Turnover Taxes and Tax Rates,” V AT Monitor, March/April, pp. 2-12.Auriol, Emmanuelle and Michael Warlters (2004) “Taxation Base in Developing Countries,” ARQADE, Toulouse, July.Baer, Katherine, Olivier P. Benon and Juan A. Toro Rivera (2002) Improving Large Taxpayers’ Compliance: A Review of Country Experience. Occasional Paper 215. (Washington: International Monetary Fund).Bird, Richard M. and Sall y Wallace (2004) “Is It Really So Ha rd to Tax the Hard-to-Tax? The Context and Role of Presumptive Taxes,” in James Alm, Jo rge Martinez-Vazquez and Sally Wallace, eds. Taxing the Hard-to-Tax: Lessons from Theory and Practice (Amsterdam: Elsevier).Chelliah, Raja J. et al. (2001) Primer on Value Added Tax (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd.)Cnossen, Sijbren (2004) “V AT in South Africa: What Kind of Rate Structure?” V AT Monitor, January/February, 19-24.De Ferranti, David et al. (2004) Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History? World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies (Washington: The World Bank). Desai, Mihir A. and James R. Hines, Jr. (2002) “Value-Added Taxes and International Trade: The Evidence,” University of Michigan, Novem ber.Devarajan, Shantayanan and Ritva Reinikka (2003) “Making Services Work for Poor People,” Finance and Development, September, 48-51.Ebrill, Liam, et al. (2001) The Modern V AT (Washington: International Monetary Fund).Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers (2005) A White Paper on State-Level Value Added Tax. New Delhi, January.Emran, M. Shahe and Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002) “On Selective Indirect Tax Reform in Developing Countries,” Stanford University, June.Engelschalk, Michael (2004) “C reating a Favorable Tax Environment for Small Business,” in James Alm, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Sally Wallace, eds. Taxing the Hard-to-Tax: Lessons from Theory and Practice (Amsterdam: Elsevier).Gerhanxi, Klarita (2004) “The Informal Sector in Develope d and Less Developed Countries: A Survey,” Public Choice, 120: 267-300.Gillis, Malcolm, Carl S. Shoup, and Gerardo P. Sicat, eds. (1990) Value Added Taxation in Developing Countries. A World Bank Symposium (Washington: World Bank). Hines, James R., Jr. (2004) “Might Fundamental Tax Reform Increase Criminal Activity?” Economica, 71: 483-92.International Tax Dialogue (ITD) The Value Added Tax: Experiences and Issues,” Prepared for the ITD Conference on the V AT, Rome, March 15-16, 2005.Keen, Michael and Jenny E. Ligthart (2002) “Coordinating Tariff Reductions and Domestic Tax Reform,” Journal of International Economics, 56 (2): 407-25.Keen, Michael and Jenny E. Ligthart (2004) “Coordinating Tariff Reduction and Domest Tax Reform under Imperfect Competi tion,” Unpublished paper, Washington, May.Keen, Michael and Jack Mintz (2003) “The Optimal Threshold for a Value-added Tax,” Journal of Public Economics, 88: 559-76.Laffont, Jean-Jacques (2004) “Management of Public Utilities in China,” Annals of Economics and Finance, 5: 185-210.Mathis, Alexandre (2004) “V AT Indicators,” Working Paper No. 2/2004,。
纳税筹划外文文献原文及翻译
Tax PlanningTax planning involves conceiving of and implementing various strategies in order to minimize the amount of taxes paid for given period. For a small business, minimizing the tax liability can provide money for expenses, investment, or growth. In this way, tax planning can be a source of working capital. According to The Entrepreneur Magazine Small Business Advisor, two basic rules apply to tax planning. First, a small business should never incur additional expense only to gain a tax deduction. While purchasing necessary equipment prior to the end of tax year can be a valuable tax planning strategy, marking unnecessary purchases is not recommended. Second a small business should always attempt to defer taxes when possible. Deferring taxes enables the business to use that money interest-free, and sometimes even earn interest on it, until the next time taxes are due.Experts recommend that entrepreneurs and small business owners conduct formal tax planning sessions in the middle of each tax year. This approach will give them time to apply their strategies to the current year as well as allow them to get a jump on the following year. It is important for small business owners to maintain a personal awareness of tax planning issues in order to save money. Even if employ a professional bookkeeper or accountant, small business owners should keep careful tabs on theirs own tax preparation in order to take advantage of all possible opportunities for deduction and tax savings.＂Whether or not you enlist the aid of an outsider, you should understand the basic provisions of the tax code.＂Just as you would not turn over the management of your money to another person, you should not blindly allow someone else to take complete charge of your tax paying responsibilities." In addition, as Frederick W. Dailey wrote in his book Tax Savvy for Small Business, "Tax knowledge has powerful profit potential. Knowing what the tax law has to offer can give you a far better bottom line than your competitors who don't bother to learn.General Areas of Tax PlanningThere are several general areas of tax planning that apply to all sorts of small businesses. These areas include the choice of accounting and inventory-valuation methods, the timing of equipment purchases, the spreading of business income among family members, and the selection of tax-favored benefit plans and investments. There are also some areas of tax planning that are specific to certain businessforms—i.e., sole proprietorships, partnerships, C corporations, and S corporations. Some of the general tax planning strategies are described below:ACCOUNTING METHODS.Accounting methods refer to the basic rules and guidelines under which businesses keep their financial records and prepare their financial reports. There are two main accounting methods used for record-keeping: the cash basis and the accrual basis. Small business owners must decide which method to use depending on the legal form of the business, its sales volume, whether it extends credit to customers, and the tax requirements set forth by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The choice of accounting method is an issue in tax planning, as it can affect the amount of taxes owed by a small business in a given year.Accounting records prepared using the cash basis recognize income and expenses according to real-time cash flow. Income is recorded upon receipt of funds, rather than based upon when it is actually earned, and expenses are recorded as they are paid, rather than as they are actually incurred. Under this accounting method, therefore, it is possible to defer taxable income by delaying billing so that payment is not received in the current year. Likewise, it is possible to accelerate expenses by paying them as soon as the bills are received, in advance of the due date. The cash method is simpler than the accrual method, it provides a more accurate picture of cash flow, and income is not subject to taxation until the money is actually received.In contrast, the accrual basis makes a greater effort to recognize income and expenses in the period to which they apply, regardless of whether or not money has changed hands. Under this system, revenue is recorded when it is earned, rather than when payment is received, and expenses recorded when they are incurred, rather than when payment is made. The main advantage of the accrual method is that it provides a more accurate picture of how a business is performing over the long-term than the cash method. The main disadvantages are that it is more complex than the cash basis, and that income taxes may be owed on revenue before payment is actually received. However, the accrual basis may yield favorable tax results for companies that have few receivables and large current liabilities.Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the accrual basis of accounting is required for all businesses that handle inventory, from small retailers to large manufacturers. It is also required for corporations and partnerships that have gross sales over $5 million per year, though there are exceptions for farmingbusinesses and qualified personal service corporations—such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and consultants. Other businesses generally can decide which accounting method to use based on the relative tax savings it provides.INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS. The method a small business chooses for inventory valuation can also lead to substantial tax savings. Inventory valuation is important because businesses are required to reduce the amount they deduct for inventory purchases over the course of a year by the amount remaining in inventory at the end of the year. For example, a business that purchased $10,000 in inventory during the year but had $6,000 remaining in inventory at the end of the year could only count $4,000 as an expense for inventory purchases, even though the actual cash outlay was much larger. Valuing the remaining inventory differently could increase the amount deducted from income and thus reduce the amount of tax owed by the business.The tax law provides two possible methods for inventory valuation: the first-in, first-out method (FIFO); and the last-in, first-out method (LIFO). As the names suggest, these inventory methods differ in the assumption they make about the way items are sold from inventory. FIFO assumes that the items purchased the earliest are the first to be removed from inventory, while LIFO assumes that the items purchased most recently are the first to be removed from inventory. In this way, FIFO values the remaining inventory at the most current cost, while LIFO values the remaining inventory at the earliest cost paid that year.LIFO is generally the preferred inventory valuation method during times of rising costs. It places a lower value on the remaining inventory and a higher value on the cost of goods sold, thus reducing income and taxes. On the other hand, FIFO is generally preferred during periods of deflation or in industries where inventory can tend to lose its value rapidly, such as high technology. Companies are allowed to file Form 970 and switch from FIFO to LIFO at any time to take advantage of tax savings. However, they must then either wait ten years or get permission from the IRS to switch back to FIFO.EQUIPMENT PURCHASES. Under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, businesses are allowed to deduct a total of $18,000 in equipment purchases during the year in which the purchases are made. Any purchases above this amount must be depreciated over several future tax periods. It is often advantageous for smallbusinesses to use this tax incentive to increase their deductions for business expenses, thus reducing their taxable income and their tax liability. Necessary equipment purchases up to the limit can be timed at year end and still be fully deductible for the year. This tax incentive also applies to personal property put into service for business use, with the exception of automobiles and real estate.WAGES PAID TO FAMILY MEMBERS. Self-employed persons can also reduce their tax burden by paying wages to a spouse or to dependent children. Wages paid to children under the age of 18 are not subject to FICA (Social Security and Medicare) taxes. Under normal circumstances, employers are required to withhold 7.65 percent of the first $62,700 of an employee's income for FICA taxes. Employers are also required to match the 7.65 percent contributed by every employee, so that the total FICA contribution is 15.3 percent. Self-employed persons are required to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax.But the FICA taxes are waived when the employee is a dependent child of the small business owner, saving the child and the parent 7.65 percent each. In addition, the child's wages are still considered a tax deductible business expense for the parent—thus reducing the parent's taxable income. Although the child must pay normal income taxes on the wages he or she receives, it is likely to be at a lower tax rate than the parent pays. Some business owners are able to further reduce their tax burden by paying wages to their spouse. If these wages bring the business owner's net income below $62,700—the threshold for FICA taxes—then they may reduce the self-employment tax owed by business owner. It is important to note, however, that the child or spouse must actually work for the business and that the wages must be reasonable for the work performed.BENEFITS PLANS AND INVESTMENTS. Tax planning also applies to various types of employee benefits that can provide a business with tax deductions, such as contributions to life insurance, health insurance, or retirement plans. As an added bonus, many such benefit programs are not considered taxable income for employees. Finally, tax planning applies to various types of investments that can shift tax liability to future periods, such as treasury bills, bank certificates, savings bonds, and deferred annuities. Companies can avoid paying taxes during the current period for income that is reinvested in such tax-deferred instruments.Tax Planning for Different Business Forms"The first step in tax planning—for small business owners and professionals, at least—is to select the right form of organization for your enterprise," according to Albert B. Ellentuck in the Laventhol and Horwath Small Business TaxPlanning Guide. "You'll end up paying radically different amounts of income tax depending on the form you select. And your odds of being audited by the IRS will change, too." Many aspects of tax planning are specific to certain business forms; some of these are discussed below:SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS. Tax planning for sole proprietorships and partnerships is in many ways similar to tax planning for individuals. This is because the owners of businesses organized as sole proprietors and partnerships pay personal income tax rather than business income tax. These small business owners file an informational return for their business with the IRS, and then report any income taken from the business for personal use on their own personal tax return. No special taxes are imposed except for the self-employment tax (SECA), which requires all self-employed persons to pay both the employer and employee portions of the FICA tax, for a total of 15.3 percent.Since they do not receive an ordinary salary, the owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships are not required to withhold income taxes for themselves. Instead, they are required to estimate their total tax liability and remit it to the IRS in quarterly installments, using Form 1040 ES. It is important that the amount of tax paid in quarterly installments equal either the total amount owed during the previous year or 90 percent of their total current tax liability. Otherwise, the IRS may charge interest and impose a stiff penalty for underpayment of estimated taxes.Since the IRS calculates the amount owed quarterly, a large lump-sum payment in the fourth quarter will not enable a taxpayer to escape penalties. On the other hand, a significant increase in withholding in the fourth quarter may help, because tax that is withheld by an employer is considered to be paid evenly throughout the year no matter when it was withheld. This leads to a possible tax planning strategy for a self-employed person who falls behind in his or her estimated tax payments. By having an employed spouse increase his or her withholding, the self-employed person can make up for the deficiency and avoid a penalty. The IRS has also been known to waive underpayment penalties for people in special circumstances. For example, theymight waive the penalty for newly self-employed taxpayers who underpay their income taxes because they are making estimated tax payments for the first time.Another possible tax planning strategy applies to partnerships that anticipate a loss. At the end of each tax year, partnerships file the informational Form 1065 (Partnership Statement of Income) with the IRS, and then report the amount of income that accrued to each partner on Schedule K1. This income can be divided in any number of ways, depending on the nature of the partnership agreement. In this way, it is possible to pass all of a partnership's early losses to one partner in order to maximize his or her tax advantages.What’s more, enterprises to carry out the correct tax, the need for the adoption of the following major route of transmission.First, reasonable means of financing options. In accordance with the provisions of China's current tax law, corporate interest payments on the loan within a certain range can be pre-tax expenses, and dividends can only be spending the after-tax profits of enterprise expenses. From a tax point of view, appropriate to the bank business loans and financing between enterprises, rather than directly to the fund-raising benefits.Second, a reasonable choice of trading partners. China's existing value-added tax system has a general taxpayers and small-scale taxpayers on the points, choose a different supplier object, the tax burden on enterprises is not the same. For example, when the Department of suppliers of value-added tax general taxpayer, the business after the purchase of goods, according to the amount of tax deduction of input tax amount of the corresponding balance after payment of value-added tax; if the purchase of goods for small-scale taxpayers, VAT can not be achieved Its not contain the amount of input tax deduction, the tax burden more than the former. Such as open invoices can also be part of deduction.Third, "the easy way out" tax conversion. Enterprises will be converted to high-tax low-tax, refers to economic activities in the same, there are a variety of revenue options to choose from, the taxpayers to avoid "high-tax point", choose the "low tax" and reduce the tax liability . The most typical example of this is to run non-taxable to the tax planning services. From the tax point of view, run mainly two: First, the same taxes, different tax rates. Systems such as supply and marketing enterprises, the general operating tax rate is 17% of the means of subsistence, but also the operatingvalue-added tax rate of 13% of the agricultural means of production and so on. Second, different taxes, different tax rates. This usually refers to types of enterprises in their business activities, both value-added business project, the project also involves the business tax.Fourth, the cost of reasonable expenses. Enterprises does not violate tax laws and financial system under the premise of the full cost of the reasonable expenses, that may occur on the full estimated losses and narrow the tax base and reduce the amount of taxable income. Countries allow for costs incurred in the projects, such as wages, respectively, the total amount of tax by 2%, 14%, 1.5% extracts of trade union funds, staff welfare, staff education funding should be sufficient to mention as much as possible to the whole. For some of the losses that may occur, such as bad debt losses, businesses should be fully expected in the tax law as far as possible the extent permitted by the cap enough to reserve. This is in line with the national tax law and financial system, can receive the tax effect.Fifth, to reduce tax liability. Factors that affect the tax liability there are two, namely, tax base and tax rates, the smaller the tax base, lower tax rates, tax liability is also smaller. Tax planning can start from these two factors to find legitimate ways to reduce tax liability. For example, an enterprise December 30, 2005 estimated taxable income amounted to 100,200 yuan, the enterprise income tax liability 25050 yuan (100200 ×25%). If the corporate tax planning, tax consulting fees to pay 200 yuan, the corporate taxable income 100,000 (100200-200), income tax liability 27,000 yuan (100000 × 27%), can be found by comparing, for tax planning to pay only 200 yuan, 6066 yuan tax is (33066-27000).Sixth, to weigh the severity of the overall tax burden. For example, many value-added tax planning programs have the general taxpayer and the taxpayer to choose small-scale planning. If an enterprise is a non-tax-year sales of about 900,000 yuan of production enterprises and enterprises to buy the materials each year the price of non-value-added tax of 70 million or less. The company's accounting system, the conditions identified as the general taxpayers. If that is the general taxpayer, the company's products are value-added tax rate applies to 17% capital gains tax liability 34,000 yuan (90 × 17% -70 × 17%); If it is small-scale taxpayers, the rate is 6%, 5.4 VAT liability million (90 ×6%)> 3.4 million. Therefore, from the perspective of value-added tax general taxpayer should be selected. But, in fact, although small-scaleVAT taxpayers pay 20,000 yuan, but the input tax amount of 119,000 yuan (70 ×17%), although it can not offset the costs, thereby increasing the cost of 119,000 yuan, the income tax reduction of 2.975 million (11.9 × 25%), than pay a 20,000 yuan of value-added tax. Therefore, the business tax planning in the selection of programs, not only to look in a certain period of time watching the program on tax less, and to consider business development goals, to choose to increase their overall revenue program.Seventh, take full advantage of preferential taxation policies. For taxpayers, the use of tax incentives for tax planning focuses on how the rational use of tax policies and regulations shall apply to the lower or more favorable tax rates, a well-planned production and operation activities, the actual tax burden to a minimum in order to achieve Festival tax effect. For example, according to China's Law of the State Council for approval of high-tech industrial development zone of the high-tech enterprises, since the production from the fiscal year income tax exemption for 2 years. To-business use of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other waste as the main raw materials for production, 5 years in the income tax reduction or exemption. In addition, to support agriculture and the development of UNESCO Wei investment, countries have different tax incentives. Business operators should refer to policy, comparing the investment environment, investment income, investment risks and other factors, decided to invest in the region, investment direction, as well as investment projects, a reasonable tax planning, in order to reduce the corporate tax burden.It should be noted that the above-mentioned methods taxpayers use tax, on the one hand, it is necessary to comply with the characteristics of enterprise production and management, overall planning, comprehensive consideration and can not cater for all kinds; On the other hand, to keep learning and understanding of national trends and policies on tax reform measures amendments and adjustments, accurately grasp the limits of tax regulations and policies, in-depth study of the relevant provisions of tax laws to prevent tax and give rise to other problems.税收筹划税收筹划涉及的设想和实施各种策略的目的是尽量减少对一定时期内支付的税款。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
外文文献翻译:原文+译文原文The research of corporate V AT planningPhillips J DAbstractEnterprise tax planning is very necessity. But most tax planning of enterprise is so difficult, the manager normally feel do not know how to start it. This is mainly because when doing tax planning personnel breadth and depth of thinking is limited. In fact, in view of the enterprise a certain business, as long as the tax personnel to all business related tax law research understand the relevant rules and regulations are in place, so companies when doing tax planning should be no problem. For example and to increase "camp" the tax planning, the categories of taxes that must be considered including the business tax and value-added tax, the relevant expenses such as urban maintenance and construction tax and educational expenses to add. Of course, the enterprise can not only consider when do tax planning; a business enterprise's business is very broad, so when doing tax planning to overall consideration. Keywords: value-added tax; the individual income tax; Tax rate; Tax planning1 IntroductionEnterprises between the increasingly fierce markets competitions, enterprises want to gain share in the market, a place, you must adapt to the evolution of natural law, has the stronger than other enterprise competitive power, and this kind of competition power depend mainly on market segment and reduce the cost. Undoubtedly tax is an important part in enterprise cost, the main body of enterprise tax include value added tax, income tax, business tax, consumption tax, etc., and occupy the largest proportion of is value added tax, accounting earnings and the realization of the goal of the enterprise plays an important significance. Because different countries have different social and economic development to its policy orientation, so differences exist in different countries and different industries, the tax policy and accounting system for the choice of accounting methods more flexible, which provides a choice of V AT tax conditions and space? The V AT tax planning forenterprise attention, recognition and more and more attention. Tax planning in gradually improve, already have a systematic and market characteristics. And the development of society, market economy unceasing prosperity, has prompted the company constantly innovate oneself production mode, operation concept, management style, etc.For the survival and development to adapt to market competition, enterprises will use every possible method to increase the interest, as far as possible to reduce the amount of unnecessary consumption, so how to reduce the tax burden is the problem that managers must consider carefully. Modern enterprises in pursuit of the enterprise value maximization as the goal development relative to evade taxes and tax risk of higher taxes, so business leaders can choose to reduce the tax, tax planning the implementation of reasonable overall planning can make the company a huge income.2 V AT descriptionsValue-added tax is the enterprise product in the process of production, circulation, and the value added part of the labor service or value added, the additional levy taxes. No matter which country, regardless of its power, as long as it is a value-added tax, to enact specific regulations on value-added tax. Generally divided into three kinds, one is the production, the second is income-producing, and three is a consumer.2.1 Production-type V ATProduction-oriented V AT has relationship with the company's production, it is well known that a mature enterprise need fixed plant, equipment, products used in the production of raw materials, transportation, fuel, fixed assets, product sales and production of profit, the sales revenue minus the production and operation of the balance of the raw materials, fuel and power as prescribed by the state of appreciation, this also is the basis of the production V AT, in principle, value added tax is not to be bought and depreciation of fixed assets, value added tax is a period of time limit, the tax basis by the tax unit labor balance, and used in the production of loss and the balance of sales revenue, which belongs to the category of value-added tax, fixed assets depreciation is used in the process of transfer value, is also a part of value-added tax levy, which is called double taxation. Based on this, with a largeenterprise as an example, the higher its value of fixed assets, to the payment of taxes, the more because of the wear and depreciation is not deducted, in the process of production is also repeat pay; This part of income is almost equivalent to the gross national product, so called the production-oriented V AT, it includes the rent, wages, profits, interest and depreciation of fixed assets, etc.2.2 Consumption-type V ATIn a word, it is not including the current depreciation of fixed assets and net income tax, including the taxpayers' wages, profits, interest, and rent, etc., in terms of a country, relative to the production-oriented V AT is gross national product, net national product. It is deducted for the production of all the value of fixed assets and depreciation forehead, purchased raw materials and labor value of net income, after is the income of the enterprise production and sales, including spending part, such as wages, so called income-producing V AT.2.2 Income-type V ATDue to the use of standard, advanced, has a legal basis, is engaged in the tax accounting practical operation is simple, popular among countries in the world. A category is a one-off deducted for production and operation of the fixed assets value and the value of the purchase raw materials in the tax, that is to say, the taxpayer’s tax products for production and operation, and are not all the outsourcing material to this category. Fixed assets has been imposed production V AT, of course, but the operator is used as a purchase of fixed assets, its tax gold when the purchase has been deducted, relatively, this part of the goods as fixed assets, there would be no tax, as the nature of the V AT collection does not include other production of raw materials, only including the management of all sales of consumer goods. Consumer is a use of special V AT invoices for V AT tax withholding of taxes, occupies a certain advantage, due to its treatment scope strictly enforced, standard, has certain advancement, and are applicable in many countries.3 The characteristics of added-value tax3.1 Wide taxEnterprise engaged in the work of production and sales for the main V ATcollection objects, individuals engaged in business also in the collection and processing, such as small restaurants, small articles of daily use operators, etc., are widely applicable to all kinds of ownership enterprises and individuals, embodies the fairness of the tax system.3.2 Indirect taxV AT calculation is not directly to value multiplied by the applicable tax rate to calculate the tax payable, but by buried output tax and tax balance to determine the tax payable. Although V AT is the value-added tax on appreciation forehead that increases the value or goods, but in the actual execution process, due to the added value of goods or services or goods value is a difficult to calculate the data, so the V AT only by way of indirect tax. Indirect tax measures increased the difficulty of the value-added tax calculation and collection management.3.3 Additional taxGoods have to be sold by pricing, V AT tax refers to the outside valence is not including commodity tax on the original price. When selling goods, should will receive all the money was divided into excluding V AT price sales and value added tax, and on the special V AT invoices to the tomb-sweeping day, respectively, in this way, the V AT on revenues, costs and profits will not occur, also need not collect V AT included in the income statement. Although it is important to note that the V AT is outside valence tax, but the sales direction while receiving payment from buyers tend to be merged charge, through a certain calculation formula of a sales tax were decomposed into will not sales tax and value-added tax, and fill in the V AT special invoice respectively, rather than in the place where has to determine the price of the total sales of value-added tax calculated separately again.3.4 Special invoiceV AT is absolute and levy, in order to avoid only partially and the phenomenon of double taxation, must carry on the effective control of each link, implement V AT is unified, special invoices, and according to the stated on the invoice amount to impose a tax deduction method, this is the main method for effective control. Countries introduced related management way, strengthen the management of the specialinvoice, the rules on the scope of the use of special V AT invoices, the invoice issued the purpose to make clear a regulation, also completed, enterprises have an obligation to give the buyer special invoices for value-added tax, and to do specialized tickets, taxable services shall be paid not, except duty-free goods also. All invoices shall be protected by law. Special invoices for specific use measures enterprises in strict accordance with the provisions of the calculation, on the basis of the in and out of balance of the current period by the enterprise, both reasonable and legitimate, is the duty of the taxpayer. Thus, to strengthen the taxpayer over the use of special V AT invoices highlighted the value-added tax levy management effect.4 The V AT tax planningV AT tax planning is the content of the enterprise according to their own economic activities, on the premise of not illegal, V AT tax matters to the enterprise to seek planning V AT tax minimization of planning and arrangement. It has the following features:4.1The result of V AT tax planningCity building duty and educational expenses to add belongs to attach tax, as the value-added tax falls. But at the same time, if the two tax drops, can lead to enterprise's total profits, so the enterprise income tax will rise. So, the result of the tax planning may be related to some deviation from the ultimate goal of enterprises to reduce tax burden.4.2 V AT special invoices for value-added tax planningInvoice buckle tax law is a common way to calculate the V AT payable taxes, so special invoices for value-added tax management is the key content of value added tax management. Enterprise product sales directly affected by the special invoices for value-added tax, can open will promote the further development of the enterprise; on the other hand, will affect the size of the enterprise. So, V AT tax planning is the need of the development of the enterprise, therefore in the process of V AT tax planning, to consider the problem of special V AT invoices to the enterprise development prospects.4.3 The planning of the tax burden onKnown to value added tax is a turnover tax, also proves that it is the identity ofthe indirect tax, from the nature of the object defined, flow from it this is the flow of goods, the circulation tax included in commodity prices, determines the turnover does not open automatically. And tax excluded in price, taxes are independent in accounting book, looks like has nothing to do with the price, but it is also part of the purchase price, income tax is directly understand hang, V AT tax on hidden is indirectly. Because of V AT qualitative, its scope covers almost all walks of life, can say all the goods in the column, but for taxpayers, because taxes will rise in price is not reasonable publicly, will be opposed by the consumers. So, the taxpayer can only secretly push up commodity prices, will tax include in the price, do not attract the attention of consumers, easy will be passed on to the purchaser, tax and consumers don't know, so don't oppose.文献出处：Phillips J D. The research of corporate V AT planning [J]. The Accounting Review, 2016, 1(3): 40-52.译文企业增值税纳税筹划研究Phillips J D摘要企业进行纳税筹划是非常有必要性的。