风险术语中英文对照

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风险管理术语

风险管理术语1、风险风险risk事件发生的不确定性。

纯粹风险pure risk只有损失机会没有获利可能的风险。

投机风险speculative risk既有损失机会又有获利可能的风险财产风险property risk因发生自然灾害、意外事故而使个人或单位占有、控制或照看的财产遭受损毁、灭失或贬值的风险。

责任风险liability risk因个人或单位的行为造成他人的财产损失或人身伤害，依法律或合同应承担赔偿责任的风险。

人身风险personal risk因事故发生造成人的死亡、伤残或疾病的风险。

信用风险credit risk在经济交往中，因义务人违约或违法致使权利人遭受经济损失的风险。

环境风险environmental risk因职业、收入、居住环境、工作环境和生活习惯等因素导致人死亡、患病或伤残的风险。

职业风险occupational risk因工作环境导致人死亡、患病或伤残的风险。

自然风险natural risk因自然力的不规则变化产生的现象所导致危害经济活动、物质生产或生命安全的风险。

巨灾风险catastrophic risk; catastrophe因一次重大自然灾害、疾病传播、恐怖主义袭击或人为事故造成巨大损失的风险。

社会风险social risk因个人或单位的行为，包括过失行为、不当行为及故意行为对社会生产及人们生活造成损失的风险。

政治风险political risk因种族、宗教、利益集团和国家之间的冲突，或因政策、制度的变革与权力的交替造成损失的风险。

经济风险economic risk在经营活动中，因受市场供求关系、经济贸易条件等因素变化的影响或经营决策的失误等导致损失的风险。

税收风险tax risk因税收政策变动导致个人或单位利益受损的风险。

法规风险legal risk; regulatory risk因国家法律法规变动导致个人或单位利益受损的风险。

2、风险因素风险因素hazard促使某一特定风险事故发生、增加损失机会或加重损失程度的原因或条件。

风险术语中英文对照

与水接触释放出有毒气体；
R30
Can become highly flammable in use.
使用会变为高度易燃的；
R31
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
与酸接触释放出有毒气体；
R32
Contact with acids liberates verytoxic gas.
吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R23/25
Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
吸入和吞食是有毒的；
R24
Toxic in contact with skin.
与皮肤接触有毒；
R24/25
Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Reacts violently with water.
与水猛烈反应；
R14/15
Reacts violently with water, liberating highly flammable gases.
与水猛烈反应，释放出极易燃气体；
R15
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R27/28
Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R28
Very toxic if swallowed.
吞食有极高毒性；
R29
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.

英语信用风险专业术语

英语信用风险专业术语Z值模型（Z score models）——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。

每一个z值模型都有本身的关键指标。

不合的z值模型有用于不合的行业和不合的国度。

巴塞尔协定（Basle Agreement）——由各国中心银行、国际清理银行成员签订的国际协定，主假如关于银行最小本钱充分的要求。

它也被称为BIS规矩（BIS rules）。

保兑信用证（Confirmed Letter of Credit）——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有前提地担保付出的信用证。

储存所有权的条目（Retention of Title Clause）——发卖合同中注明，供给商在司法上拥有货色的所有权，直到顾客付出了货款的条目。

包管契约（Covenant）——借钱人承诺遵守借钱合同的书面文件，一旦借钱人违抗了契约书的规定，银行有权处罚借钱人。

本票（Promissory Note）——承诺在指定的日期付出商定金额的单子。

边际贷款（Marginal Lending）——新增贷款。

能够指对现有客户增长的贷款，也可指对新客户的贷款。

边际客户（Marginal Customer）——指额外的客户。

寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品发卖给新客户，同时平日是不合种类的客户。

这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。

家当转换贷款（Asset Conversion Loan）——用于短期融资的短期贷款，例如，季候性的筹集营运资金。

财务申报／财务报表（Financial reports／statements）——财务申报或财务报表是分析企业信用风险时的重要信息来源。

财务申报和财务报表供给了和收入、成本、利润、现金流量、资产和负债相干的信息。

财务信息的最重要来源是企业的年报。

财务比率（Financial ratios）——财务比率一样用于分析企业的信用。

每一个比率都有特定的分析目标和分析对象。

财务比率是企业一个管帐科目与另一个管帐科目数值的比值。

风险管理术语中英文对照

业私营企业公私合营企业国有企业合资企业中外合资企业中外合作企业外方独资企业上市公司利益相关人所有人股东股东（大）会董事会监事会首席执行官首席财务官首席运营官职能部门行政部门战略事业单位负债或有负债负债率偿债能力现金流应收账款资金周转率产品存货应付账款制造成本管理费用财务费用营业费用年度审计任期审计专项审计合规审计作业成本法盈亏平衡点本-量-利分析风险/收益的权衡利息保障倍数流动比率杜邦分析体系速动比率资本资产定价模型加权平均资本成本相关系数条件概率置信区间置信水平线性回归分析均值正态分布概率信息技术网关集线器人工智能商业智能系统分析数据库个人识别码编程外包
中文
英文缩写
SOE JV
CEO CFO COO
SBUs
WACC
IT
AI BI
PIN
1/1
管理基础词汇中英文对照
更新日期：2007-10-29 类别
Corporate Governance SoleProprietorship Enterprise/Sole Investment Engerprise Private Enterprise Joint State-private Enterprise State-owned Enterprise Joint Venture Sino-foreign Joint Ventures Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprise Foreign-owned Enterprise Listed / Public Companies 企业类型和公 Stakeholders 司治理 Owner Shareholder / Stockholder The Shareholder Meeting The Board of Directors The Board of Supervisors Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Chief Operating Officer Functional Department Administrative Department Strategic Business Units Liability Contingent Liability Debt Ratio Solvency Cash Flow Account Receivable Working Capital Turnover Inventory Account Payable Manufacturing Overheads G&A Expenses Financial Expenses Operational Expenses 常用财务指标 Annual Audit Term Audit Special Audit Compliance Audit Activity-based Costing(ABC)System Break-even Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Risk-return Tradeoff Interest Coverage Ratio Current Ratio Du-Pont System of Analysis Quick Ratio Capital Asset Pricing Model Weighted Average Cost of Capital Coefficient of Correlation Conditional Probablity Confidence Interval 统计术语 Confidence Level Linear Regression Analysis Mean Normal Distribution Probablity Information Technology Gateway Hub Artificial Intelligence IT术语 Business Intelligence System Analysis Database (Like ORACLE, MSSQL) Personal Identification Number Coding Outsourcing

风险投资常用术语英英解释7

Narrow-based weighted average ratchet: A type of anti-dilution mechanism. A weighted average ratchet adjusts downward the price per share of the preferred stock of investor A due to the issuance of new preferred shares to new investor B at a price lower than the price investor A originally received. Investor A's preferred stock is repriced to a weighed average of investor A's price and investor B's price. A narrow-based ratchet uses only common stock outstanding in the denominator of the formula for determining the new weighed average price. Compare Broad-Based Weighted Average Ratchet and Chapter 2.9.4.d.ii of the Encyclopedia for specific examples. NASD: The National Association of Securities Dealers. An mandatory association of brokers and dealers in the over the counter securities business. Created by the Maloney Act of 1938, an amendment to the Securities Act of 1934. NASDAQ: An automated information network which provides brokers and dealers with price quotations on securities traded over the counter. NDA （Non-disclosure agreement）: An agreement issued by entrepreneurs to potential investors to protect the privacy of their ideas when disclosing those ideas to third parties. Net Asset Value （NAV）: NAV is calculated by adding the value of all of the investments in the fund and dividing by the number of shares of the fund that are outstanding. NAV calculations are required for all mutual funds （or open-end funds） and closed-end funds. The price per share of a closed-end fund will trade at either a premium or a discount to the NAV of that fund, based on market demand. Closed-end funds generally trade at a discount to NAV. Net Financing Cost: Also called the cost of carry or, simply, carry, the difference between the cost of financing the purchase of an asset and the asset's cash yield. Positive carry means that the yield earned is greater than the financing cost; negative carry means that the financing cost exceeds the yield earned. Net income: The net earnings of a corporation after deducting all costs of selling, depreciation, interest expense and taxes. Net IRR: IRR if a portfolio or fund taking into account the effect of management fees and carried interest. Net Present Value: An approach used in capital budgeting where the present value of cash inflow is subtracted from the present value of cash outflows. NPV compares the value of a dollar today versus the value of that same dollar in the future after taking inflation and return into account. Net present value （NPV）: A firm or project's net contribution to wealth. This is the present value of current and future income streams, minus initial investment. New Issue: A stock or bond offered to the public for the first time. New issues may be initial public offerings by previously private companies or additional stock or bond issues by companies already public. New public offerings are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. （See Securities and Exchange Commission and Registration）. Newco: The typical label for any newly organized company, particularly in the context of a leveraged buyout. No Shop, No Solicitation Clauses: A no shop, no solicitation, or exclusivity, clause requires the company to negotiate exclusively with the investor, and not solicit an investment proposal from anyone else for a set period of time after the term sheet is signed. The key provision is the length of time set for the exclusivity period. No-fault divorce: A "no fault divorce" clause permits investors at a time after the final closing date, to remove the general partner of a fund and either terminate the Partnership or appoint a new general partner. This clause covers situations where the general partner has not defaulted or breached the terms and conditions of the Limited Partnership Agreement. Either an ordinary consent or a special consent may be required to effectuate the removal of the general partner and this clause will usually be subject to the general partner receiving compensation for its removal. Non-Compete Clause: An agreement often signed by employees and management whereby they agree not to work for competitor companies or form a new competitor company within a certain time period after termination of employment. Governed by state law. Nonaccredited: An investor not considered accredited for a Regulation D offering. （Accredited Investor） NYSE: The New York Stock Exchange. Founded in 1792, the largest organized securities market in the United States. The Exchange itself does not buy, sell, own or set prices of stocks traded there. The prices are determined by public supply and demand. Also known as the Big Board.- O - Open-end Fund: An open-end fund, or a mutual fund, generally sells as many shares as investor demand requires. As money flows in, the fund grows. If money flows out of the fund the number of the fund's outstanding shares drops. Open-end funds are sometimes closed to new investors, but existing investors can still continue to invest money in the fund. In order to sell shares an investor generally sells the shares back to the fund. If an investor wishes to buy additional shares in a mutual fund, the investor generally buys newly issued shares directly from the fund. Option Pool: The number of shares set aside for future issuance to employees of a private company. Original Issue Discount: OID. A discount from par value of a bond or debt-like instrument. In structuring a private equity transaction, the use of a preferred stock with liquidation preference or other clauses that guarantee a fixed payment in the future can potentially create adverse tax consequences. The IRS views this cash flow stream as, in essence, a zero coupon bond upon which tax payments are due yearly based on "phantom income" imputed from the difference between the original investment and "guaranteed" eventual payout. Although complex, the solution is to include enough clauses in the investment agreements to create the possibility of a material change in the cash flows of owners of the preferred stock under different scenarios of events such as a buyout, dissolution or IPO. OTC: Over-the-Counter. A market for securities made up of dealers who may or may not be members of a formal securities exchange. The over-the-counter market is conducted over the telephone and is a negotiated market rather than an auction market such as the NYSE. Outstanding Stock: The amount of common shares of a corporation which are in the hands of investors. It is equal to the amount of issued shares less treasury stock. Oversubscription: Occurs when demand for shares exceeds the supply or number of shares offered for sale. As a result, the underwriters or investment bankers must allocate the shares among investors. In private placements, this occurs when a deal is in great demand because of the company's growth prospects. Oversubscription Privilege: In a rights issue, arrangement by which shareholders are given the right to apply for any shares that are not purchased.- P - Paid-in Capital: The amount of committed capital a limited partner has actually tranferred to a venture fund. Also known as the cumulative takedown amount. Pari Passu: At an equal rate or pace, without preference. Participating Preferred: A preferred stock in which the holder is entitled to the stated dividend, and also to additional dividends on a specified basis upon payment of dividends to the common stockholders. The preferred stock entitles the owner to receive a predetermined sum of cash （usually the original investment plus accrued dividends） if the company is sold or has an IPO. The common stock represents additional continued ownership in the company. Participation: Describes a right of a holder of Preferred Stock to enjoy both the rights associated with the Preferred Stock and also participate in any benefit available to Common Stock, without converting to Common Stock. This may occur with Liquidation Preferences, for example, a series of Preferred Stock may have the right to receive its Liquidation Preference and then also share in whatever money is left to be distributed to the holders of Common Stock. Dividends may also be "Participating" where after a holder of Preferred Stock receives its Cumulative Dividend it also receives any dividend paid on the Common Stock. Partnership: A nontaxable entity in which each partner shares in the profits, loses and liabilities of the partnership. Each partner is responsible for the taxes on its share of profits and loses. Partnership agreement: The contract that specifies the compensation and conditions governing the relationship between investors （LP's） and the venture capitalists （GP's） for the duration of a private equity fund's life. Pay to Play : A "Pay to Play" provision is a requirement for an existing investor to participate in a subsequent investment round, especially a Down Round. Where Pay to Play provisions exist, an investor's failure to purchase its pro-rata portion of a subsequent investment round will result in conversion of that investor's Preferred Stock into Common Stock or another less valuable series of Preferred Stock. Penny Stocks: Low priced issues, often highly speculative, selling at less than $5/share. Piggyback Registration: A situation when a securities underwriter allows existing holdings of shares in a corporation to be sold in combination with an offering of new public shares. PIK Debt Securities: （Payment in Kind） PIK Debt are bonds that may pay bondholders compensation in a form otherthan cash. PIV: Pooled Investment Vehicle. A legal entity that pools various investor's capital and deploys it according to a specific investment strategy. Placement Agent: A company that specializes in finding institutional investors that are willing and able to invest in a private equity fund or company issuing securities. Sometimes the "issuer" will hire a placement agent so the fund partners can focus on management issues rather than on raising capital. In the U.S., these companies are regulated by the NASD and SEC. Plain English Handbook: The Securities and Exchange Commission online version of Plain English Handbook: How to Create Clear SEC Disclosure Documents Plum: An investment that has a very healthy rate of return. The inverse of an old venture capital adage （see Lemons）claims that "plums ripen later than lemons." Poison Pill: A right issued by a corporation as a preventative antitakeover measure. It allows rightholders to purchase shares in either their company or in the combined target and bidder entity at a s u b s t a n t i a l d i s c o u n t , u s u a l l y 5 0 % . T h i s d i s c o u n t m a y m a k e t h e t a k e o v e r p r o h i b i t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 8 " > 0 0 P o o l e d I R R : A m e t h o d o f c a l c u l a t i n g a n a g g r e g a t e I R R b y s u m m i n g c a s h f l o w s t o g e t h e r t o c r e a t e a p o r t f o l i o c a s h f l o w . T h e I R R i s s u b s e q u e n t l y c a l c u l a t e d o n t h i s p o r t f o l i o c a s h f l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 9 " > 0 0 P o r t f o l i o C o m p a n i e s : C o m p a n i e s i n w h i c h a g i v e n f u n d h a s i n v e s t e d . / p >。

风险术语的英文对照

风险术语的英文对照1. Risk Assessment - 风险评估2. Risk Management - 风险管理3. Risk Mitigation - 风险缓解4. Risk Identification - 风险识别5. Risk Analysis - 风险分析6. Risk Control - 风险控制7. Risk Response - 风险应对8. Risk Avoidance - 风险避免9. Risk Transfer - 风险转移10. Risk Tolerance - 风险容忍度11. Risk Probability - 风险概率12. Risk Impact - 风险影响13. Risk Assessment Matrix - 风险评估矩阵14. Risk Register - 风险登记册15. Risk Treatment Plan - 风险处理计划16. Risk Exposure - 风险暴露度17. Risk Control Measures - 风险控制措施18. Risk Indicator - 风险指标19. Risk Communication - 风险沟通20. Risk Event - 风险事件请注意，上述术语仅提供参考，具体的风险管理术语可能根据行业和上下文有所不同。

Risk management is an essential component of any organization, as it involves the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential risks that could impact the achievement of objectives. In order to effectively manage risks, itis crucial to have a clear understanding of various risk terminologies and their corresponding translations in English.Risk assessment, or 风险评估, is the process of identifying and evaluating potential risks to determine their likelihood and potential impact. This involves analyzing the probability of a risk occurring and assessing the potential consequences it could have on the organization. Risk assessments are typically conducted using various tools and techniques such as risk matrices, scenario analysis, and historical data.Once risks have been identified and assessed, the organization can proceed with risk management, or 风险管理. This involves developing strategies and action plans to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. Risk management aims to reduce the likelihood of a risk occurring or its potential impact if it does occur. It includes risk mitigation, or 风险缓解, which involves implementing measures to reduce the probability and/or severity of a risk.Risk identification, or 风险识别, is the process of identifying potential risks that could impact the organization's objectives. This includes analyzing internal and external factors that could lead to risks, such as changes in regulations, market volatility, or operational vulnerabilities. Risk analysis, or 风险分析, is the process of evaluating the identified risks to determine their potential impact and prioritize their treatment.Risk control, or 风险控制, involves implementing measures to reduce or manage the identified risks. This includes developingand implementing risk control measures, such as implementing safety protocols, conducting regular inspections, or implementing redundancy measures. Risk response, or 风险应对, refers to the actions taken by the organization to address identified risks. This could include accepting the risk, avoiding the risk, transferring the risk to a third party, or implementing measures to mitigate the risk.Risk avoidance, or 风险避免, refers to the strategy of completely eliminating the exposure to a particular risk. This could involve making changes to business processes, discontinuing certain activities, or avoiding certain markets or investments. Risk transfer, or 风险转移, involves transferring the responsibility and financial implications of a risk to another party, such as purchasing insurance coverage.Risk tolerance, or 风险容忍度, refers to the level of risk that an organization is willing to accept in order to achieve its objectives. This involves striking a balance between maximizing opportunities and minimizing potential risks. Risk probability, or 风险概率, refers to the likelihood or chance of a risk occurring. Risk impact, or 风险影响, refers to the magnitude of the consequences that would result if a risk were to occur.A risk assessment matrix, or 风险评估矩阵, is a tool used to evaluate and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and impact. It provides a visual representation of risks and helps in determining appropriate risk management strategies. A risk register, or 风险登记册, is a document that records all identified risks, along with their likelihood, potential impact, and mitigation measures.To implement effective risk management, organizations develop risk treatment plans, or 风险处理计划, which outline the specific actions to be taken to manage identified risks. These plans include a clear description of the risk, its potential impact, the desired risk treatment strategy, and the individuals responsible for its implementation.Risk exposure, or 风险暴露度, refers to the level of vulnerability or susceptibility of the organization to a particular risk. It considers the organization's potential financial, operational, and reputational losses resulting from a risk event. Risk control measures, or 风险控制措施, are actions implemented to mitigate or prevent identified risks. These measures may include implementing internal controls, conducting training programs, or investing in technologies to mitigate risks.Risk indicators, or 风险指标, are quantitative or qualitative measures used to monitor and assess risks. These indicators help in identifying early warning signs of emerging risks, enabling timely and proactive risk management. Risk communication, or 风险沟通, refers to the process of sharing information about risks within the organization or with external stakeholders. Effective risk communication is crucial for ensuring that everyone understands the risks, their potential impact, and the organization's strategiesfor managing them.Overall, understanding and utilizing risk terminologies in both English and their native language is vital for effective riskmanagement. It ensures clear communication, facilitates collaboration, and enhances the organization's ability to identify, assess, and mitigate risks. By effectively managing risks, organizations can safeguard their interests, minimize losses, and enhance their overall performance and resilience.。

风险术语中英文对照

R39/26/27/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：经吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
与水接触释放出极易燃气体；
R15/29
Contact with water liberates toxic, highly flammable gas.
与水接触释放出有毒的，极易燃气体；
R16
Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.
与氧化性物质混合时发生爆炸；
极高毒性：与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/27/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effectsin contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R3
Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险；
R4
Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds.
风险术语中英文对照
Risk Phrases
英文解释
中文解释
R1
Explosive when dry.
干燥时有爆炸性；
R2

安全与风险术语中英文一览表

不慎与眼睛接触后，请立即用大量清水冲洗并征求医生意见。
S27
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
一旦衣物受到污染，请立即脱去。
S28
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds.
避免接触，使用前须获得特别指示说明。
S56
Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point.
在危险或特殊性废料收集点处置该物质及其容器。
S57
Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.
熏蒸/喷洒时，须佩戴适当的呼吸器。
S43
In case of fire use ... (there follows the type of fire-fighting equipment to be used.)
一旦起火，用(灭火设备类型的)灭火。
S45
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
该物质及其容器须作为危险性废料处置。
S61
Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.

风险管理术语中英文对照

Phase Deliverables / Intermediate Result
Proposal
Project Plan
Presentation / Speech
风险管理咨询 Reports
项目实施
Cover
Index / List of Contents
Appendix
Body
Demostration
国内主要标准法规
中文全称 Treadway 委员会发起组织委员会全球风险管理专家协会美国上市公司会计监督委员会国际标准化组织美国会计协会美国注册会计师协会国际财务经理协会管理会计师协会内部审计师协会证券交易委员会审计总署鲍得里奇国家质量奖加拿大特许会计师公会（加拿大）控制标准委员会国际标准化组织英国标准协会公共监督委员会巴塞尔委员会国际清算银行萨班斯-奥克斯利法案 COSO内部控制整合框架 COSO-ERM框架 AS/NZS 4360 1995:1999澳大利亚风险管理标准 BS7799 - 国际资讯安全稽核规范 CoCo控制指南巴塞尔协议-《关于统一国际银行的资本计算和资本标准的建议》巴塞尔新资本协议-《资本计量和资本标准的国际协议：修订框架》美国证券交易法证券法上海证券交易所上市公司内部控制指引深圳证券交易所上市公司内部控制指引中央企业全面风险管理指引
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风险术语中英文对照

与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾；
R9
Explosive when mixed with combustible material.
与可燃物料混合时发生爆炸；
R10
Flammable.
易燃的；
R11
Highly flammable.
高度易燃的；
R12
Extremely flammable.
极易燃的；
R14
与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R25
Toxic if swallowed.
吞食有毒；
R26
Very toxic by inhalation.
吸入有极高毒性；
R26/27
Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R26/27/28
风险术语中英文对照
Risk Phrases
英文解释
中文解释
R1
Explosive when dry.
干燥时有爆炸性；
R2
Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险；
R39/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed.
极高毒性：吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R40
Possible risks of irreversible effects.
可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20
R17

风险投资常用术语英文解释《一》

风险投资常⽤术语英⽂解释《⼀》Plan: Type of qualified retirement plan in which employees make salary reduced, pre-tax contributions to an employee trust. In many cases, the employer will match employee contributions up to a specified level.- A -"A" Round : A financing event whereby venture capitalists invest in a company that was previously financed by founders and/or angels. The "A" is from Series "A" Preferred stock. See "B" round.Accredited Investor: Defined by Rule 501 of Regulation D, an individual （i.e. non-corporate） "accredited investor" is either a natural person who has individual net worth, or joint net worth with the person's spouse, that exceeds $1 million at the time of the purchase OR a natural person with income exceeding $200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with a spouse exceeding $300,000 for those years and a reasonable expectation of the same income level in the current year. For the complete definition of accredited investor, see the SEC website.Accrued Interest: The interest due on preferred stock or a bond since the last interest payment was made.Acquisition: The process of gaining control, possession or ownership of a private portfolio company by an operating company or conglomerate.ACRS: Accelerated Cost Recovery System. The IRS approved method of calculating depreciation expense for tax purposes. Also known as Accelerated Depreciation.Adjustment Condition: An adjustment condition occurs if the company does not close on an equity investment in the company for a minimum of $xxx, net of brokerage fees, on or before a series of other predetermined events, i.e. delivery of term sheet to preferred stockholders.ADR: American Depositary Receipt （ADR's）. A security issued by a U.S. bank in place of the foreign shares held in trust by that bank, thereby facilitating the trading of foreign shares in U.S. markets.Advisory Board: A group of external advisors to a private equity group or portfolio company. Advice provided varies from overall strategy to portfolio valuation. Less formal than a Board of Directors.Allocation: The amount of securities assigned to an investor, broker, or underwriter in an offering. An allocation can be equal to or less than the amount indicated by the investor during the subscription process depending on market demand for the securities.Alternative Assets: This term describes non-traditional asset classes. They include private equity, venture capital, hedge funds and real estate. Alternative assets are generally more risky than traditional assets, but they should, in theory, generate higher returns for investors.Amortization: An Accounting procedure that gradually reduces the book value of a tangible or a definite intangible asset through periodic charges to income.AMT: Alternative Minimum Tax. A tax designed to prevent wealthy investors from using tax shelters to avoid income tax. The calculation of the AMT takes into account tax preference items.Angel Financing: Capital raised for a private company from independently wealthy investors. This capital is generally used as seed financing.Angel Groups: Organizations, funds and networks formed for the specific purpose of facilitating angel investments in start-up companies.Angel Investor : A person who provides backing to very early-stage businesses or business concepts. Angel investors are typically entrepreneurs who have become wealthy, often in technology-related industries.Antidilution provisions: Contractual measures that allow investors to keep a constant share of a firm's equity in light of subsequent equity issues. These may give investors preemptive rights to purchase new stock at the offering price. [See Full Ratchet and weighted Average]Archangel : Usually an outsider hired by a syndicate of angel investors to perform due diligence on investment opportunities and coordinate allotment of investment duties among members. Archangels typically have no financial commitment to the syndicate.Asset-backed loan: Loan, typically from a commercial bank, that is backed by asset collateral, often belonging to the entrepreneurial firm or the entrepreneur.Automatic conversion: Immediate conversion of an investor's priority shares to ordinary shares at the time of a company's underwriting before an offering of its stock on an exchange.Average IRR: The arithmetic mean of the internal rate of- B -"B" Round: A financing event whereby professional investors such as venture capitalists are sufficiently interested in a company to provide additional funds after the "A" round of financing. Subsequent rounds are called "C", "D", and so on.Balance Sheet: A condensed financial statement showing the nature and amount of a company's assets, liabilities, and capital on a given date.Bankruptcy: An inability to pay debts. Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code deals with reorganization, which allows the debtor to remain in business and negotiate for a restructuring of debt.Barbell Strategy: Investment strategy by limited partners that primarily make commitments to buyout firms on （1） the micro/small and （2） the large/mega ends of the market; while mostly eschewing the vast array of middle-market opportunities.BATNA （best alternative to a negotiated agreement）: A no-agreement alternative reflecting the course of action a party to a negotiation will take if the proposed deal is not possible.Bear Hug: An offer made directly to the Board of Directors of a target company. Usually made to increase the pressure on the target with the threat that a tender offer may follow.Benchmarking: Comparing returns of a portfolio to the returns of its peers; in private equity, fund performance is benchmarked against a sample of funds formed in the same vintage year with the same investment focus.Best Efforts: An offering in which the investment banker agrees to distribute as much of the offering as possible, and return any unsold shares to the issuer.Blue Sky Laws: A common term that refers to laws passed by various states to protect the public against securities fraud. The term originated when a judge ruled that a stock had as much value as a patch of blue sky.Book Value: Book value of a stock is determined from a company's balance sheet by adding all current and fixed assets and then deducting all debts, other liabilities and the liquidation price of any preferred issues. The sum arrived at is divided by the number of common shares outstanding and the result is book value per common share.Bootstrapping: Means of financing a small firm by employing highly creative ways of using and acquiring resources without raising equity from traditional sources or borrowing money from the bank.Bridge Financing: A limited amount of equity or short-term debt financing typically raised within 6-18 months of an anticipated public offering or private placement meant to "bridge" a company to the next round of financing.Broad-Based Weighted Average Ratchet: A type of anti-dilution mechanism. A weighted average ratchet adjusts downward the price per share of the preferred stock of investor A due to the issuance of new preferred shares to new investor B at a price lower than the price investor A originally received. Investor A's preferred stock is repriced to a weighed average of investor A's price and investor B's price. A broad-based ratchet uses all common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis （including all convertible securities, warrants and options） in the denominator of the formula for determining the new weighed average price. Compare Narrow-Based Weighted Average ratchet and Chapter 2.9.4.d.ii of the Encyclopedia. Brokers: Private individuals or firms retained by early-stage companies to raise funds for a finder's fee. （compare, broker-dealer）Burn Out / Cram Down: Extraordinary dilution, by reason of a round of financing, of a non-participating investor's percentage ownership in the issuer.Burn Rate: The rate at which a company expends net cash over a certain period, usually a month.Business Development Company （BDC）: A vehicle established by Congress to allow smaller, retail investors to participate in and benefit from investing in small private businesses as well as the revitalization of larger private companies. Business Plan: A document that describes the entrepreneur's idea, the market problem, proposed solution, business andrevenue models, marketing strategy, technology, company profile, competitive landscape, as well as financial data for coming years. The businessplan opens with a brief executive summary, most probably the most important element of the document due to the time constraints of venture capital funds and angels.。

英语信用风险专业术语

英语信用风险专业术语 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020SWOT分析（SWOT analysis）——分析经营风险的方法。

即对企业的优势（strengths）、弱点（weaknesses）、机会（opportunities）、威胁（threats）列表分析。

Z值（Z Score）——指对企业财务状况、破产可能性的量化评估。

Z值主要利用核心的财务指标进行评估，它是由企业破产预测模型得出。

Z值模型（Z score models）——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。

每一个z值模型都有自己的关键指标。

不同的z值模型适用于不同的行业和不同的国家。

巴塞尔协议（Basle Agreement）——由各国中央银行、国际清算银行成员签订的国际协议，主要是关于银行最小资本充足的要求。

它也被称为BIS规则（BIS rules）。

保兑信用证（Confirmed Letter of Credit）——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有条件地担保支付的信用证。

保留所有权的条款（Retention of Title Clause）——销售合同中注明，供应商在法律上拥有货物的所有权，直到顾客支付了货款的条款。

保证契约（Covenant）——借款人承诺遵循借款条约的书面文件，一旦借款人违背了契约书的规定，银行有权惩罚借款人。

本票（Promissory Note）——承诺在指定的日期支付约定金额的票据。

边际贷款（Marginal Lending）——新增贷款。

可以指对现有客户增加的贷款，也可指对新客户的贷款。

边际客户（Marginal Customer）——指额外的客户。

寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品销售给新客户，而且通常是不同种类的客户。

这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。

财产转换贷款（Asset Conversion Loan）——用于短期融资的短期贷款，例如，季节性的筹集营运资金。

风险术语安全术语.doc

安全术语Chemical data sheets available in many countries now contain codes for certain "risk phrases", shown as R23, R45 etc. These risk phrase codes have the following meanings:R1Explosive when dry. 干燥时易爆。

R2Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other source of ignition. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险。

R3Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险。

R4Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds. 生成极敏感的爆炸性金属化合物。

R5Heating may cause an explosion. 受热可能引起爆炸。

R6Explosive with or without contact with air. 极容易爆炸。

R7May cause fire. 可能引起火灾。

R8Contact with combustible material may cause fire. 与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾。

R9Explosive when mixed with combustible material. 与可燃物料混合有爆炸性。

R10Flammable. 易燃。

R11Highly flammable. 高度易燃。

R12Extremely flammable. 极度易燃。

R13Extremely flammable liquefied gas 极度易燃的液化气体。

(风险管理)风险术语

Harmful : possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation.
有害的：经吸入可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20/21
Harmful : possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R25
Toxic if swallowed.
吞食有毒；
R26
Very toxic by inhalation.
吸入有极高毒性；
R26/27
Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R26/27/28
Reacts violently with water.
与水猛烈反应；
R14/15
Reacts violently with water, liberating highly flammable gases.
与水猛烈反应，释放出极易燃气体；
R15
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R26/28
Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
吸入和吞食有极高毒性；
R27
Very toxic in contact with skin.

化工行业的风险术语有哪些？

R30
Can become highly flammable in use.使用中高度易燃。
R31
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.遇酸释放有毒气体。
R32
Contact with acid liberates very toxic gas.与酸接触释放极高毒性气体。
R48/22:
Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed.吞食长期接触严重危害健康。
R50/53:
Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.对水生生物有极高毒性，可能对水体环境产生长期不良影响。
R38
Irritating to skin.刺激皮肤。
R39
Danger of very serious irreversible effects.有பைடு நூலகம்严重的不可逆后果的危险品。
R40
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.少数报道有致癌后果。
R41
Risk of serious damage to the eyes.对眼睛有严重伤害。
R45
May cause cancer.可能致癌。
R46
May cause heritable genetic damage.可能引起遗传性基因损害。
R47
May cause birth defects可能引起胎儿缺陷。

风险术语安全术语

安全术语Chemical data sheets available in many countries now contain codes for certain "risk phrases", show n as R23, R45 etc. These risk phrase codes have the follow ing meanin gs:R1Explosive when dry. 干燥时易爆。

R2Risk of explosi on by shock, friction, fire or other source of ign iti on. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险。

R3Extreme risk of explosi on by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ign iti on. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险。

R4Forms very sen sitive explosive metallic compou nds. 生成极敏感的爆炸性金属化合物。

R5Heating may cause an explosion. 受热可能弓丨起爆炸。

R6Explosive with or without con tact with air. 极容易爆炸。

R7May cause fire.可能引起火灾。

R8Con tact with combustible material may cause fire. 与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾。

R9Explosive whe n mixed with combustible material. 与可燃物料混合有爆炸性。

R10Flammable.易燃。

R11Highly flammable.高度易燃。

R12Extremely flammable.极度易燃。

化工安全风险术语

R26
Very toxic by inhalation.吸入有极高毒性。
R27
Very toxic in contact with skin.与皮肤接触有极高毒性。
S15
Keep away from heat. 远离热源。
S16
Keep away from sources of ignition. 远离火源。
S17
Keep away from combustible material. 远离可燃性物质。
S18
Handle and open container with care. 小心处理及开启容器。
R7
May cause fire.可能引起火灾。
R8
Contact with combustible material may cause fire.与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾。
R9
Explosive when mixed with combustible material.与可燃物料混合有爆炸性。
S6
Keep under ... (there follows the name of an inert gas). 需保存在 (某种惰性液体) 下面
S7
Keep container tightly closed. 保持容器密封。
S8
Keep container dry. 保持容器干燥。
S9
Keep container in a well-ventilated place. 保持容器置于良好通风处。
S59
Refer to manufacturer / supplier for information on recovery / recycling. 参考制造商/供货商提供的回收/再利用信息。

英汉词汇表(风险管理与保险)

词汇表Aabstract 摘要：土地所有权的简要历史。

accelerated death benefit 提前给付：在某些情况下，人寿险保单面值的一部分,可以在被保险人身故前（须扣除利息）得到支付。

accidental death benefit 意外死亡额外给付：是一种两全保险。

若被保险人死于意外事故，则向受益人支付附加保险金。

accounts receivable insurance 应收账款保险：因被保险风险造成应收账款记录损毁，因而无法从记账赊销的债务人处收回应收账款，该损失可在应收账款保险项下得到补偿。

accumulation units 积累单位：用于已购买的变额年金。

积累单位的价值取决于投资组合的表现，所以每期保费能购买的积累单位数目是不同的。

activities of daily living 日常活动能力：诸如进食、洗浴、盥洗、换车、穿衣和节制等日常活动，当被保险人无法进行上述部分活动时，长期护理保险将予以给付。

acts of God 天灾：难以合理防范的危险，如洪水、地震。

acts of negligence of the shipper 托运人的疏忽或过失行为：如不当装货或包装缺陷，造成损失的原因不是承运人的责任的。

actual cash value（ACV）实际现金价值：财产的重置成本扣除折旧。

actual loss ratio 实际赔付率：某一险种在先前一个时期，赔付额与已收保费之间的实际比率。

Actual total loss 实际全损：财产完全损毁造成的损失。

actuarial cost assumption 精算成本假设：对投资收益率、死亡率、销售量、工资增长模式、可能的费用及员工实际退休年龄分布的假设。

精算成本方法的选择取决于这些假设。

actuarial cost methods 精算成本方法：计算为建立承诺的养老基金，每年必须缴纳多少金额的方法。

additional insureds 附加被保险人：对保单承保的财产或个人具有保险利益，而且能够根据保单条件得到损失补偿的人。