Controlled Release of Pesticides from Kraft Lignin Carriers
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。
常见化学物质中英文
表一常见无机物英文名319表二常见有机物英文名(Fill in the blanks for practice.)320321常用工业化学品中英名硝酸钙Calcium nitrate冰醋酸Glacial acetic acid对苯二酚Hydroquinone氢氧化钠Sodium Hydroxide叔丁基胺Tert-butylamine丙烯酸树脂Acrylic resin十六烷醇Cetyl alcohol乙二醇Ethylene glycol甘油Glycerine or glycerol过硫酸铵Ammonium persulfate硫酸铵Ammonium sulfate三聚磷酸钠Sodium tripolyphosphate氧化镁Magnesium oxide磷酸三钠Trisodium Phosphate对苯二酚Hydroquinone月桂醇硫酸钠sldium lauryl sulfate对羟基苯甲酸para-hydroxybenzoic acid苯甲酸钠Sodium benzoate过氧化氢Hydrogen Peroxide邻苯二甲酸酐Phthalic Anhydride2,3-二氨基甲苯2,3-diamino toluene三苯基硼Triphenyl borane松油精Dipentine高锰酸钾Potassium Permanganate二环戊二烯Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)金红石型氧化钛Titanium Dioxide (Rutile)硼酸Boric acid氧化铅Lead Oxide邻苯二甲酸酐0-Phthalic Anhydride碳黑Carbon Black粒状活性炭Granular activated carbon粉状活性炭Powered activated carbon磷酸Phosphoric acid次硫酸钠Sodium Hydrosulfite磷酸二氢铵Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate水合肼Hydrazine Hydrate干酪素Casein (food grade)柠檬酸Citric acid硫代硫酸钠Sodium thiosulfate硝酸钙Calcium nitrate322硫酸钾Potassium sulfate氯化钠Sodium chloride丙烯酰氯Acrylyl chloride苏打灰Soda ash间氯苯胺m-chloroaniline尿素Urea氧化铁黄Iron oxide yellow氧化铁红Iron oxide red1,1,1-三氯乙烷1,1,1-Trichloroethane氯化铵Ammonium chloride苯酚Phenol磷酸三钙Tricalcium phosphate碳酸氢钠Sodium bicarbonate碳酸钠Sodium carbonate山梨糖醇Sorbitol一水葡萄糖Dextrose monohydrate碳化钙Calcium carbide酒石酸盐Tartrate鉻酸銨Ammonium chromate甲酸铵Ammonium formate聚丙烯薄膜Polypropylene (PP ) Sheet表三323表四环境科学英语重要单词定义表Term DefinitionAcid rain Precipitation (rain，snow, sleet, etc) that is more acidic than normalcaused by air pollutants; also known as acid precipitation.Acid-base titration The determination of acid or base concentration by a titration method. Acidity The amount of acid in water which requires certain amount of alkali toneutralize to a given pH, often pH 8.3 as defined in water chemistry. Acoustical materials Sound-absorbing materials that can be used to reduce noise. Activated carbon Specially produced carbon particles or granules which possess largeinner surface area, effective in adsorbing solutes in water, or gaseousmaterial.Activated sludge process A controlled aerobic biological treatment process which can oxidize organic materials (BOD) and ammonia, etc, and makes the water more acceptable to discharge or reuse.Aeration Exposing water to the air; often results in the release into theatmosphere of gaseous impurities found in polluted water.Agricultural waste, or residue Large quantity of unused products such as rice straw, corn stalk, etc. Often can be converted to compost or other useful products.Agricultural chemicals Chemicals used for agricultural purpose, such as fertilizers,insecticides, herbicides, etc.Alkaline The opposite of acidic; basic. Alkaline oil or rock may neutralize acid324325326327328329330331表五能源环境中英文名称对照表332333334335336337表六能源相关中英文名词表338339340。
农药微囊剂及其制备技术研究进展
农药微囊剂及其制备技术研究进展朱峰;许春丽;曹立冬;曹冲;李凤敏;杜凤沛;黄啟良【摘要】Microencapsulated technology with controlled release had been applied in pesticide formulation preparation, and it had attracted wide attentions. Current studies showed that pesticide microcapsule could control the release of active ingredients, improve the photolytic stability of pesticides, reduce the toxicity of pesticides on non-target organisms, and the pollution of pesticides to the environment. In this paper, the research progress of microcapsule products, wall materials and preparation methods were reviewed.%具有缓控释功能的微囊化技术在农药制剂的研究开发中广受关注,并得到越来越多的应用.农药微胶囊制剂具有控制农药有效成分释放,提高易光解农药的稳定性,降低农药对非靶标生物的毒性以及减少农药对环境的污染等良好特性.本文综述近年来农药微胶囊制剂产品、囊材以及微胶囊制备方法的研究进展.【期刊名称】《现代农药》【年(卷),期】2018(017)002【总页数】6页(P12-16,33)【关键词】农药;微胶囊;囊材;制备方法;研究进展【作者】朱峰;许春丽;曹立冬;曹冲;李凤敏;杜凤沛;黄啟良【作者单位】中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193;贵州省农业科学院植物保护研究所,贵阳550009;中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193;中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193;中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193;中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193;中国农业大学理学院,北京100193;中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ450.6在农业病虫草害防治中，农药常规剂型利用率只有20%～30%，有效成分释放速度快，药剂持效时间短。
高三英语试题大全
高三英语试题答案及解析1. It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors. A．who B．where C．which D．that【答案】D【解析】句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我首先遇见了我的新邻居。
根据关键词It was开头，后面连词首选that，，构成强调句型，但需要验证，本句中去掉It was 和that，句意完整，所以确定是强调句型。
故选D。
2. David Beckham had a dream: to be the first English player to appear in four World Cups．But now it appears that dream is over after a serious injury to his Achilles tendon （跟腱） which means he could be out of action for around six months．With this year's World Cup in South Africa only three months away, sadly Beckham looks set to miss out．The injury happenedwhile Beckham was playing for AC Milan against AC Chievo in the Italian league．After attempting to kick the ball he fell to the ground and hobbled off the pitch before being stretchered （被担架抬走）away．It is not yet known whether he has completely severed （切断）his Achilles tendon or only torn it．The player has now flown to Finland for assessment and treatment by a knee specialist．England manager Fabio Capello fears the worst for Beckham's World Cup chances．"We have to wait for the results of the scan but it looks like he is out of the World Cup," he saidin a statement．"I spoke with him after the game on Sunday night to offer my support．"David is a great professional and has worked very hard to be ready for the World Cup, so missing it will be a big blow．"Beckham's former manager at American club LA Galaxy, Alexei Lalas, echoed （共鸣）Capello's words of support:"It is a horrible situation for Beckham．I know how much it meant to him to be in the World Cup and how important he was to the England team．David Beckham is now 34 and some are asking whether this serious injury could mean hiswhole career is over．Whatever happens, as one of football's best-known and popular players, Beckham will have no shortage of encouragement from fans around the world．Some will remember Beckham's miraculous recovery from an Achilles injury in 2006, when he was back on the pitch after only eight weeks．If he could repeat the same feat in time for the World Cup it really would be the stuff of fairytales．So, perhaps all is not lost．Optimists will take heart from Alexei Lalas' words:"You never want to write off David Beckham as he has shown us his ability to bounce back（恢复原状）．"【1】What is the best title of the passage?A．Beckham had a dream?B．Beckham--- a great football player!C．The end for Beckham?D．World Cup in South Africa!【答案】C【2】What does the author mean by saying “missing it will be a big blow” in paragraph 4 ? A．Missing the world cup will be a big success．B．Missing Beckham means a great failure ．C．Missing Beckham means an important opportunity for the American club LA Galaxy．D．Missing the world cup means a big disappointment for Beckham ．【答案】D【3】We may infer from the passage that ________ ．A．Beckham will definitely not be able to play football againB．Beckham was cured by a great knee specialist he foundC．Beckham has his ability to bounce backD．Beckham is likely to miss the world Cup【答案】D【4】What does the underlined words “take heart” probably mean ?A．get disappointed B．get help C．get encouraged D．get hurt【答案】C3. Laptop（便携式）computers are popular all over the world. People use them on trains and airplanes, in airports and hotels. These laptop connect people to their work place. In the United States today, laptops also connect students to their classrooms.Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do school work anywhere they want. Within five years, each of the 1,500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The laptops are a part of a $10million computer program at Westlake, a 110-year old college. The students with laptops will also have access to the Internet. In addition, they will be able to use e-mail to "speak" with their tethers, their classmates, and their families. However, the most important part of the laptop program is that students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs. They can work with it at home, in a fa st-food restaurant or under the trees-anywhere at all!Because of the many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as colleges and universities, is workable. As laptops become more powerful, they become more similar to desktop computers. In addition, the portable computers can connect students to not only Internet, but also libraries and other resources. State higher-education officials are studying how laptops can help students. State Officials also are testing laptop programs at other universities, too.At Westlake College, more than 60 percent of the staff use the computers. The laptops will allow all teachers to use computers in their lessons. As one Westlake teacher said, "Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we're giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything. "【1】The main purpose of the laptop program is to give each student a laptop to____.A．use for their schoolwork B．access the InternetC．work at home D．connect them to libraries【答案】A【2】Why is the word "speak" in the second paragraph in quotation mark(引号)?A．They don't really talk B．They use the computer language C．Laptops have speakers D．None of the above reasons is correct【答案】A【3】 Which of the following is true about Westlake College?A．All teachers use computers B．1,500 students have lapt opsC．It is an old college in America D．Students there can do everything【答案】C【4】A window on the world in the last paragraph means that students can____.A．attend lectures on information technology B．travel around the worldC．get information from around the world D．have free laptops【答案】C【5】What can we infer（推断）passage?A．The program is successful B．The program is not workableC．The program is too expensive D．We don't know the result yet【答案】D4. The conference aims to develop business and let people think about ______ they can have a positive influence on the planet.A．why B．that C．what D．how【答案】 D【解析】略5.—Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework now?—I am doing these exercises so that I won’t have tomorrow.lA．to B．it C．them D．for【答案】A【解析】略6. A week ago, I had the great pleasure of reading an e-book, When Money Talks, Listen! By Rich Ezzo．It took only about an hour to read.When I first received a copy, I thought it was a Get Rich Quick type of publication．Nothing is wrong with Get Rich Quick, but my mind just doesn’t chase after dreams of wealth．I think that if God ever wants me to be rich, he knows where to find my purse.When I began reading When Money Talks, Listen!,I was overjoyed to find that Rich Ezzo isn’t money hungry either．He, too, is hungry far more important than money．Since I love this e-book so much, why wait a week to write the review? Simple．I wanted to see if the effect it had on me was a keeper．After reading the last word of the e-book, I totally agreed with the subtitle which promised to forever change the way we thought about money．I had so many thoughts running around my mind that I had to install(安装) a stoplight to stop some while others made their way into the picture, then I yielded(让路) them as a few ones arrived in town．I had a mental traffic jam, which only goes to show how slow the traffic usually is．It has been a week and the effect is the same．I truly do look at money differently and haveeven done a few things differently this week．This is an e-book you’ll want to read, I promise．I often recommend books to my daughter, and this is one that I didn’t just “suggest”---I left it open at the bottom of the computer and told each one, “Read it, you’ll love it.”I would never point someone in a direction I wouldn’t go myself．I urge you to visit the author’s website, Myster Money, and to download the e-book．You won’t regret it.【1】The author wrote this passage to _________A．strongly recommend an e-book. B．show the author'sattitude to money.C．introduce thegeneral idea of an e-book.D．point out RichEzzo isn't moneyhungry.【答案】A【2】According to the passage, a Get Rich Quick type of publication ______. A．is what the author really cares forB．deals with how to make moneyC．is also an e-book written by Rich EzzoD．is more popular than e-books【答案】B【3】The author didn't write the review as soon as he finished reading the book because________．A．he was too excited to write anything B．he was not surewhether he did wellC．he had to wait forRich Ezzo'spermissionD．he wondered ifthe book would havelong influence on him【答案】D【4】By saying the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4, the author probably __________.A．shows that the book brought him many new thoughts B．shows how badthe traffic is in townC．describes thedifficulty inunderstanding thebookD．explains it's hardto change one'sattitude to money【答案】A【5】Which of the following is supported by the passage?A．The author had known Rich Ezzo before. B．The author hasn'tdreamed of gettingrich immediately.C．The authoralways prefers e-books to paperbooks.D．The author likesGet Rich Quick-typeof publications.【答案】B7. _ _ is well-known to all that the 2016 Olympic Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro ,Brazil. A．As B．What C．That D．It【答案】D【解析】略8. With housing prices ______ sharply, many people have no idea whether they should buy an apartment or not．A．risen B．arising C．raising D．rising【答案】D【解析】略9.—I saw Dave in the lift this morning.—Really? He _______ around here for a long time.A．won’t be seen B．wasn't seen C．hasn't been seen D．hadn’t been seen【答案】D【解析】略10. A recent survey shows ____ great social changes, traditional values like family harmony still play an important role in Chinese people in heart.A．in spite of B．in charge of C．as aconsequence ofD．in return for【答案】A【解析】略11.A couple of years ago, before a trip to China, Nicole Davis and her US women’s volleyball teammates were warned about the prominence (显著、突出) of coach “Jenny” Lang Ping in her native country.“I was pushed over by Chinese journalists while I was just trying to put my luggage on the bus,” said Davis.Known as the “Iron Hammer” for her punishing spikes(扣球),Lang made it possible for China to dominate in the sport in the early 1980s. She was a key player on China’s 1984 Olympic gold medal winning team.When the US team arrived for the Olympics, Lang, 48, who is from Beijing, had to take a different route to avoid a crowd of reporters and fans.Then came the greatest moment to Lang：While the US team was playing in a packed gym, at least 8,000 Chinese fans unfurled an American flag.“That really says it all,” Davis said. “They look at her as an icon(偶像)．I’m sure it’s hard for them to see her coaching another country, but they love her so dearly that her success is their success.”The loyalty of the Chinese fans was tested on Friday, when China lost a match to the US. “It’s a pity that China lost the match, but I’m still glad that Lang Ping’s team won, since she is the pride of China’s volleyball,” said Liu Chengli, a spectator. “We also cheered forLang’s victory.”Lang said she just tried to stay professional when the two teams meet. “It doesn’t matter if we play China or any other team. It’s the same.” Lang said.Davis said she and her teammates could not have imagined the passion for volleyball among Chinese because the sport was lack of popularity in the US. The reception from Chinese fans has touched the US players, said US volleyball player Lindsey Berg.“It’s such an honor to be here and play for our coach here in China,” she said. “The amount of support that the Chinese give to her and us has been tremendous. The whole event has been unbelievable.”【1】What’s the passage mainly about?A．Staying professional.B．Cheering for the Iron Hammer.C．A match between China and the US.D．Lang Ping’s career as a coach.【答案】B【2】Lang Ping avoided meeting the reporters and fans probably because she ________. A．was afraid to be questioned about herB．didn’t want to be paid much attention to strategyC．disliked to be with her fans D．didn’t want to disturb public order【答案】B【3】What does the underlined word “unfurled” exactly mean?A．destroyed completely B．tore into piecesC．spread out to the wind D．rolled up【答案】C【4】What does Lang Ping mean by saying “It doesn’t matter if we play China or any other team.”？A．American Volleyball Team will beat any team.B．Chinese Volleyball Team is the same as other teams.C．She just tried to stay professional.D．The results of each match will be the same.【答案】C【5】What impressed the US team players most?A．The tolerance of Chinese people.B．The popularity of volleyball in China. C．Lang Ping’s coaching skills.D．The loyalty for volleyball of the Chinese.【答案】B12. __ _in a heavy traffic jam in a taxi while you are hurrying to the airport is quite a unpleasant experience．A．Having caught B．Being caughtC．Caught D．Having being caugh【答案】B【解析】略13.如今世界粮食短缺，价格飞涨，给部分地区造成社会动荡。
Biological control of pests
Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 300species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides' application is that, while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the 'treadmill syndrome'. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides. The havoc that the 'treadmill syndrome' can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemicalbased intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemicalresistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity- though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, 'The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.' CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on 'disapene scale' insects - notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka's flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetiasangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetinabruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometrelong canal from the clutches of the weed Salviniamolesta, popularly called 'African Payal' in Kerala. About 30, 000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world.C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the world.D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control's replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crops they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests' offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances. Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetiasangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salviniamolesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.。
樱桃萝卜种植指南英文硕
樱桃萝卜种植指南英文硕Cherry Radish Planting Guide.Cherry radish, a small and lovely vegetable with a bright purple hue, belongs to the Cruciferae family and is an annual to biennial herb. It thrives in a growth environment with sufficient light and has strong cold resistance, making it an ideal choice for gardeners seeking to cultivate vegetables that can withstand cooler temperatures. This guide aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to plant and care for cherry radishes, from selecting the right soil and planting time to watering and harvesting techniques.Soil Preparation.The soil for cherry radishes should be loose, fertile, and well-drained. Avoid using heavy, compacted soil as it can阻碍 the growth of the radishes. It is recommended to mix compost or manure into the soil to enrich it withnutrients essential for the growth of cherry radishes.Planting Time.Cherry radishes prefer a cool to warm growing environment, with an ideal temperature range of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius. The best time to plant cherry radishes is usually in early spring, as this ensures that the radishes will mature before the hotter summer months. However, depending on the local climate and soil conditions,planting may be adjusted accordingly.Sowing the Seeds.Before sowing the seeds, moisten the soil thoroughly to ensure good germination. Then, sprinkle the seeds evenly over the prepared soil, spacing them about 1 to 2 inches apart. Lightly cover the seeds with soil, ensuring they are not buried too deeply, as this can hinder germination. Water the soil gently to help settle the seeds and keep them moist.Growing Conditions.Cherry radishes require full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. Ensure that the planting area receives at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Additionally, maintain a consistent soil temperature of 20 to 25 degrees Celsius for best germination and growth. Water the radishes regularly, but avoid overwatering as this can lead to root rot.Care and Maintenance.As cherry radishes grow, they require regular weedingto remove any competing plants that may hinder their growth. Apply a thin layer of mulch around the radishes to help retain moisture and suppress weed growth. Fertilize the radishes monthly with a diluted fertilizer solution to ensure they receive enough nutrients for healthy growth.Harvesting.Cherry radishes are ready to harvest in about 30 to 45days, depending on the variety and local conditions. The radishes are ready when their color is bright purple andthe roots are firm. Gently pull the radishes out of the soil, leaving as much of the root intact as possible. Store the radishes in a cool, dark place to maintain their freshness.Pests and Diseases.Cherry radishes are generally resistant to pests and diseases, but it's always good to be vigilant. Common pests that may affect cherry radishes include aphids, cabbage worms, and radish fly larvae. These pests can be controlled using organic pesticides or by manually removing them from the plants. Diseases such as downy mildew and clubroot may also affect cherry radishes, but proper soil drainage and spacing between plants can help prevent these issues.In conclusion, cherry radishes are an excellent choice for gardeners seeking to cultivate vegetables that canthrive in cooler temperatures. With proper soil preparation, planting time, and care, you can enjoy a bountiful harvestof these bright purple radishes that are not only visually appealing but also nutritious and delicious.。
抗氧化剂热响应水凝胶英文
抗氧化剂热响应水凝胶英文Antioxidant-Responsive HydrogelsHydrogels have become increasingly prevalent in various applications, ranging from biomedical to environmental domains, due to their unique properties and versatility. One particular aspect of hydrogels that has garnered significant attention is their ability to respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of specific molecules. In this context, the development of antioxidant-responsive hydrogels has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing a wide range of challenges.Antioxidants are molecules that have the capacity to neutralize or scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species, which can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. The incorporation of antioxidants into hydrogel systems can provide a dynamic and responsive platform for various applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and environmental remediation.One of the key advantages of antioxidant-responsive hydrogels is their ability to modulate their physical and chemical properties in the presence of antioxidants. When exposed to high levels ofantioxidants, these hydrogels can undergo structural changes, such as swelling or gelation, enabling the controlled release of encapsulated therapeutics or the sequestration of harmful substances. This responsiveness can be harnessed to develop smart drug delivery systems that can selectively release drugs in response to oxidative stress, or environmental remediation systems that can trap and remove antioxidant-rich pollutants from contaminated water or soil.To create antioxidant-responsive hydrogels, researchers have explored various strategies, including the incorporation of antioxidant-containing monomers into the hydrogel network, the functionalization of hydrogel polymers with antioxidant moieties, and the encapsulation of antioxidant-rich compounds within the hydrogel matrix. These approaches have resulted in the development of hydrogels that can respond to a wide range of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, and polyphenolic compounds.One promising application of antioxidant-responsive hydrogels is in the field of wound healing. Chronic wounds, such as those associated with diabetes or vascular disorders, are often characterized by elevated levels of oxidative stress, which can impede the healing process. Antioxidant-responsive hydrogels can be designed to release therapeutic agents, such as growth factors or antimicrobial compounds, in response to the oxidative environment of the wound,facilitating the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues.Another area of interest is the use of antioxidant-responsive hydrogels in cancer therapy. Tumor cells often exhibit increased oxidative stress due to their rapid metabolism and altered redox homeostasis. Hydrogels that can release anti-cancer drugs or trigger the activation of immune cells in response to the high antioxidant levels within the tumor microenvironment have the potential to improve the targeted delivery and efficacy of cancer treatments.Environmental remediation is another domain where antioxidant-responsive hydrogels have shown promise. Hydrogels can be engineered to sequester and remove antioxidant-rich pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, or organic contaminants, from water or soil. The responsiveness of these hydrogels to the presence of antioxidants can enhance their selectivity and efficiency in removing targeted pollutants, making them valuable tools for environmental cleanup and water purification.In conclusion, the development of antioxidant-responsive hydrogels represents a significant advancement in the field of responsive materials science. These hydrogels offer a versatile platform for addressing a wide range of challenges, from biomedical applications to environmental remediation. As research in this area continues to evolve, we can expect to see further innovations and breakthroughsthat will expand the potential of these smart materials and their impact on various industries and societal needs.。
转基因食品的危害英文专家讲座
转基因食品的危害英文专家讲座
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2.Human health risks
(1)Allergenicity
Many children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods.
There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals.
of mosquitoes
developed resistance
to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many
people are concerned that insects will
become resistant to B.t.
Or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides.
转基因食品的危害英文专家讲座
第5页
THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
转基因食品的危害英文专家讲座
园艺专业外语翻译
Goals of Greenhouse Climate Control温室气候控制的目标Selected and rewritten from “Greenhouse Climate and Crop Growth and Development” by H. Challa. In: General Principles of “Protected Cultivation”, syllabus of Wageningen University(Li Y aLing, Shanxi Agricultural University)The use of climate control can influence the most important above-ground growth factors. These factors are light, CO2concentration, temperature and air humidity. The quantity of light is determined in most cases by the weather conditions outside the greenhouse, although the use of shades or supplementary lighting allows the grower to control this to some extent. Through the use of climate control, the grower has more influence over the other factors. What are the most important goals in the control of greenhouse climate? These can be summarized briefly:气候控制可以影响最重要的地上部分生长因子。
纳米技术在我们身边有什么帮助英语作文范例
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：纳米技术在我们身边有什么帮助英语作文范例全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Nanotechnology: The Tiny Revolution Shaping Our WorldNanotechnology may sound like something out of a sci-fi movie, but it's a very real and rapidly evolving field that is transforming our daily lives in countless ways. At its core,nanotechnology is the study, manipulation, and application of materials at the nanoscale – that's dealing with structures and devices between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. To put that into perspective, a single strand of human DNA is about 2.5 nanometers wide! Working at such a minuscule scale allows scientists and engineers to develop groundbreaking innovations that are revolutionizing fields like medicine, electronics, energy production, and environmental protection.As a student fascinated by cutting-edge technology, I've been amazed to learn about the myriad ways nanotechnology is making our lives easier, more efficient, and more sustainable. From the moment we wake up in the morning, we're benefiting from nano-enhanced products without even realizing it. Those wrinkle-free dress shirts and stain-resistant pants? They've been treated with nanoparticles that create a protective coating, repelling liquids and preventing creases. The sleek smartphone or tablet you might check for notifications? Nanotechnology has enabled the production of faster, more powerful computer chips and ultra-high definition displays.But nanotechnology's impact extends far beyond our wardrobes and gadgets. In the realm of medicine, nanoparticles are being used to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells,minimizing damage to healthy tissue and making treatments more effective. Researchers are even developing nanorobots that could one day perform precise surgeries at the molecular level. Imagine having a team of tiny robots patrolling your bloodstream, identifying and repairing damaged cells before they can cause serious illness!Another area where nanotechnology is making waves is energy production and storage. By creating ultra-thin solar panels and high-capacity batteries using nanomaterials, we're paving the way for more efficient renewable energy solutions. Innovations like carbon nanotubes and graphene – sheets of carbon just one atom thick – could enable the creation of lightweight, flexible electronics and better energy storage systems for electric vehicles.However, some of nanotechnology's most exciting and profound applications may be in the realm of environmental protection. Researchers are developing nanomembranes that can filter out contaminants from water supplies with incredible precision, providing clean drinking water to communities that lack access. Nanoparticles are also being used to clean up oil spills more effectively and even combat climate change by capturing and storing greenhouse gases.Of course, like any powerful technology, nanotechnology carries potential risks that must be carefully studied and mitigated. There are concerns about the toxicity of certain nanomaterials and their potential impacts on human health and the environment if improperly handled or disposed of. Strict regulations and safety protocols are essential as these innovations continue to progress.Despite these challenges, I remain endlessly fascinated by the vast potential of nanotechnology to reshape our world for the better. As a student, I've had the opportunity to learn about and even work with some of these cutting-edge materials and devices in my university's laboratories. Witnessing firsthand how scientists and engineers are harnessing the unique properties of matter at the nanoscale has been an incredibly enriching experience, deepening my appreciation for the brilliant minds driving this technological revolution.Looking to the future, it's clear that nanotechnology will continue to profoundly impact virtually every aspect of our lives. From the clothes we wear and the devices we use, to the medical treatments we receive and the energy sources that power our communities, nanoscale engineering is ushering in a new era of innovation. As a student today, I feel incredibly fortunate to beliving in a time when the boundaries of science and technology are being pushed further than ever before. The nanotechnology revolution is only just beginning, and I can't wait to see what incredible breakthroughs lie ahead.篇2The Invisible World of Nanotechnology All Around UsNanotechnology may sound like something out of a science fiction movie, but it's very much a reality in our everyday lives. The nanoscale world is unbelievably tiny - a single nanometer is just one billionth of a meter! At this minuscule size, materials can have vastly different properties compared to their normal scale. By manipulating matter at the nanoscale, scientists and engineers have unlocked incredible new possibilities across numerous fields. As a student, it's mind-blowing to realize how many ways nanotechnology is impacting the world around me.Let's start with something I use every day - my smartphone. The sleek digital displays, compact energy storage, and lightning-fast processing speeds simply wouldn't be possible without nanotech. The displays use nanostructured materials to enhance brightness and reduce energy consumption.Lithium-ion batteries, allowing hours of untethered use, employnanomaterials to increase energy density and charge cycles. And the microchips powering it all utilize nanotransistors and nanoelectronics far beyond what conventional electronics could achieve.My active lifestyle also benefits tremendously from nanotechnology. High-performance workout clothes are designed using nanofibers that wick away moisture and resist staining. Many athletic shoes incorporate nanoparticle fillers in the soles to improve flexibility, cushioning, and durability. If I get injured, some of the latest anti-bacterial bandages utilize nanocoatings of silver to prevent infection. On the gym equipment itself, modern nano-engineered coatings increase corrosion resistance while minimizing friction and wear.Even basic things like food and water are enhanced through nanotechnology. Nanocomposite packaging helps extend shelf life by blocking air and moisture. Some beverage bottles use nanomembranes to filter out harmful contaminants. The nutrient absorption in some health supplements is vastly improved by encapsulating vitamins and minerals in nanoparticles. And in agriculture, nanoparticles are being used in fertilizers and pesticides for controlled release and targeted delivery, reducing waste.My computer, the internet, and all my digital files also rely on nanotech. Data storage has been revolutionized by devices like quantum dot displays and heat-assisted magnetic nanorecording hard drives with incredible data densities. Nanophotonic chips using light beams rather than electric signals transmit data at ultrafast speeds with high bandwidth for seamless streaming. And advanced nanoelectronics allow for the compact yet powerful processors required for computing, artificial intelligence, and cloud services.Nanomedicine may be one of the most impactful applications of this incredible technology. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs in a targeted manner, increasingtherapeutic effectiveness while reducingside effects. Nanorobots could one day roam our bodies, detecting and even repairing damaged cells. Imagine nanobiosensors providing constant detailed monitoring of your health. Or nanotubes serving as bionic nerve transmitters to interface directly with computers through thought. The melding of biological and artificial materials at the nanoscale has enormous potential.Even the energy powering all our devices is being transformed by nanotechnology. Nanostructured thin-film solar cells offer increased efficiency and flexibility. Hydrogen storagenanomaterials could enable better fuel cell technology for electric vehicles. And thermoelectric nanocoatings that convert wasted heat into electricity could recover energy from things like automotive exhaust or industrial processes.On a larger scale, nanotechnology promises to revolutionize manufacturing through advanced nanomaterials. Nanocomposites combining nanoparticles and bulk materials create super-strong, lightweight compounds for construction and transportation. Self-assembling nanostructured materials could manufacture complex products from the bottom up with incredible precision. In the electronics industry, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) will surpass the capabilities of today's microelectromechanical systems.The environmental benefits of nanotechnology are also profound. Nanocatalysts increase chemical reaction rates while reducing energy needs. Nanomembranes make water purification and desalination more efficient. Nanosensors can detect pollutants at extremely low concentrations. And sobering cleanups, nanomaterials facilitate separating and trapping toxic substances while degrading contaminants through reactive nanoparticles.As amazing as today's applications sound, we've truly just scratched the surface of what nanotechnology can achieve. Tomorrow's developments in fields like molecular nanotechnology and nanorobotics will be even more astounding. Scientists envision fleets of coordinated nanorobots repairing damage within our bodies, nanocomputers of incredible complexity performing advanced simulations, and molecular machines manufacturing virtually any material throughbottom-up assembly of atoms.While the benefits seem limitless, some analysts raise concerns about nanotechnology's potential risks. The novel properties of nanomaterials that make them so useful could potentially have negative impacts on living cells and ecosystems that we don't fully understand yet. There are also ethical questions surrounding issues such as human enhancement through nanobiosystems and resource allocation inequalities. I believe through continued responsible research and public dialogue, we can navigate these challenges while harnessing nanotechnology's amazing potential for the betterment of all.This invisible world of nanotechnology is incredibly exciting and full of possibilities. As a student today, I'm witnessing the dawn of a technological revolution that will touch every aspect ofour lives in the coming decades. While the science underlying it is highly complex, the integration of nanoscale advances into real-world systems and products is making the "nanorenaissiance" an everyday reality all around us. From healthcare to computers, energy to manufacturing, I can't wait to see how nanotechnology continues to shape our future in incredible new ways.篇3Nanotechnology: The Tiny Science Making a Giant ImpactWhen most people think of cutting-edge technology, they probably imagine things like supercomputers, robots, or interplanetary spacecraft. However, one of the most revolutionary and impactful fields of modern science is actually occurring at a scale too tiny for the naked eye to see - the nanoscale. Nanotechnology, which involves studying and manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular level, is shaping up to be one of the defining technologies of the 21st century. And believe it or not, nanotechnology is already all around us in our everyday lives, even if we don't realize it.At its core, nanotechnology deals with structures between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. To put that into perspective, a singlestrand of human DNA is around 2.5 nanometers wide. At the nanoscale, materials can exhibit entirely new properties compared to their larger forms. This allows engineers and scientists to precisely design and fabricate materials, surfaces, devices and systems with incredible qualities. And the potential applications of this amazing technology seem to be limited only by our imagination.One area where we are already relying on nanotechnology is in the electronics and computer industries. Transistors, the building blocks that power our modern electronics, are now being produced at the nanoscale. This has allowed companies to keep making chips smaller, faster and more energy efficient year after year, following Moore's Law. Nanotechnology also allows for things like bendable displays, longer-lasting battery technologies, and super-efficient LED lights. Just about every electronic device we use, from our phones to our laptops to our TVs, has nanotechnology inside.Nanomaterials are also revolutionizing various products we use every day. Nanoparticles can make sunscreens more effective at blocking UV rays while remaining transparent on the skin. Stain-resistant nanocoating on clothes can repel liquids and help fabrics stay clean longer. And in the sports world, baseballbats, golf clubs, tennis rackets and bikes are being constructed using carbon nanotubes - cylindrical molecules of carbon just one atom thick - making them incredibly light yet stronger than steel. Nanotechnology is the reason many of our goods are becoming cheaper, smarter and better performing.Perhaps the most powerful impact of nanotechnology though will be felt in the fields of health and medicine. Nanobiosensors could one day detect diseases like cancer at an incredibly early stage by scanning for biomarkers in the body. Researchers are investigating ways to use nanorobots to actually repair cells and treat diseases from the inside out. Nanomaterials may be able to help regrow bones or rebuild damaged neurons. And nanotechnology is also enabling the creation of more potent, targeted drug delivery methods to help get medicines directly to diseased cells while avoiding healthy ones.The environment and energy sectors are also set to be transformed by nanotechnology. Nano-engineered filters and membranes can help purify water at a much higher efficiency than current methods. Nanostructured coatings can make solar cells more efficient at capturing the sun's rays and converting them to electricity. And researchers are working on ways to produce lightweight nanomaterials that can store hydrogen ormethane, paving the way for safer, more efficient fuel cell technology for vehicles.While the potential benefits of nanotechnology are incredibly exciting, the development of this tiny science has not been without concerns. There are still many unanswered questions about the potential toxicity of certain nanomaterials and how they may interact with the human body or the environment. Strict guidelines and testing procedures need to be followed to ensure public safety. There are also profound ethical questions that come along with the ability to manipulate matter at such a tiny scale, especially when it comes to medical applications. Will these emerging capabilities be accessible and affordable to all?In the end though, I believe the positive possibilities of nanotechnology far outweigh the risks, as long as the technology is developed and used responsibly. Think about how hard it would have been for someone 30 years ago to imagine the ways the internet and mobile technology would transform the modern world. I believe nanotechnology has at least that level of potential to revolutionize our lives in the decades to come. Virtually every industry and sector stands to be improved and impacted by this incredible tiny technology.While we may not always be able to see it at work, nanotechnology is all around us already. It's in our electronics, our clothes, our sports gear and likely will be used in our future medicine, energy solutions and environmental remediation efforts. It's a true example of how the smallest of things can make a massive difference. Nanotechnology is proving that the nanoworld is going to be a huge part of our world.。
种玫瑰花英语作文
IntroductionRoses, with their captivating beauty, rich symbolism, and timeless appeal, have long been celebrated as the queen of flowers. Their cultivation is not merely an act of gardening but an intricate dance between art, science, and emotion. This essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of growing roses, offering a comprehensive exploration of the process from selecting varieties and preparing the soil to nurturing the plants, managing pests and diseases, and appreciating the profound emotional rewards that come with tending these exquisite blooms.I. The Art of Choosing Rose VarietiesThe first step in cultivating roses is selecting the right variety, a decision that is itself an exercise in artistic expression. With thousands of cultivars available, ranging from classic Hybrid Teas and elegant Floribundas to antique Gallicas and charming Miniatures, each with its unique color, fragrance, shape, and growth habit, the choice reflects the gardener's personal taste and the intended aesthetic for their garden.The colors of roses hold significant symbolic meaning, with red symbolizing love and passion, pink conveying grace and admiration, yellow embodying friendship and joy, and white representing purity and innocence. The gardener may choose to create a monochromatic theme or a vibrant tapestry of hues, depending on the desired visual impact. Additionally, the fragrance of roses is another crucial factor, with some varieties, such as Damasks and Old Garden Roses, renowned for their intoxicating aromas. The gardener must consider the site conditions, including climate, sunlight exposure, and space availability, to ensure the chosen varieties can thrive in their specific environment.II. The Science of Soil Preparation and PlantingOnce the rose varieties are selected, the focus shifts to the scientific aspect of cultivation. Soil preparation is paramount, as roses require well-draining, fertile soil rich in organic matter. A pH between 6.0 and 6.5 is ideal, as it allows for optimal nutrient uptake. Prior to planting, the soil should be amended with compost, aged manure, or other organic materials toimprove its structure and nutrient content. Testing the soil can provide valuable insights into any deficiencies that need addressing.Planting is best done in early spring or fall, when temperatures are mild and rainfall is adequate. Roses should be planted at the appropriate depth –typically, the graft union (where the rootstock meets the upper portion of the plant) should be slightly above ground level to prevent rotting. Adequate spacing is crucial to allow for good air circulation and prevent overcrowding, which can encourage disease. Moreover, proper planting orientation, with the bud union facing eastward, shields the tender new growth from harsh afternoon sun and drying winds.III. The Care and Maintenance of Rose GardensCultivating roses involves a rigorous regimen of care and maintenance throughout the growing season. Regular watering is essential, especially during dry spells, with deep, infrequent watering preferred over shallow, frequent sessions to promote deep root development. Mulching helps conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and maintain a stable soil temperature.Fertilization is another critical aspect of rose care. Roses are heavy feeders, requiring ample nutrients, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A balanced fertilizer applied in early spring, followed by periodic feedings throughout the growing season, ensures robust growth and abundant blooms. Organic options like compost tea, fish emulsion, or bone meal can be used for a more sustainable approach.Pruning is both an art and a science, aimed at maintaining plant health, shaping the bush, and promoting flowering. It is typically carried out in late winter or early spring, removing dead, diseased, or damaged wood, thinning congested centers, and shortening canes to stimulate new growth. Different rose types require specific pruning techniques, reflecting their unique growth habits and flowering patterns.IV. Managing Pests and DiseasesDespite their regal appearance, roses are susceptible to various pests anddiseases. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, combining cultural practices, biological controls, and targeted use of pesticides, offer the most effective and environmentally friendly approach to combat these challenges.Common pests include aphids, spider mites, thrips, and Japanese beetles, which can be controlled through regular monitoring, manual removal, and the release of beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings. Diseases such as black spot, powdery mildew, and rust can be mitigated by maintaining good air circulation, removing infected leaves and debris, and applying preventive fungicides or organic remedies like neem oil or baking soda solutions.V. The Emotional Rewards of Rose GardeningBeyond the tangible aspects of cultivating roses, the emotional rewards are profound and multifaceted. The process of nurturing these delicate yet resilient plants fosters patience, perseverance, and a deeper connection with nature. The anticipation of the first buds, the joy of watching them unfurl into breathtaking blooms, and the satisfaction of sharing their beauty with others all contribute to a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment.Moreover, roses have a remarkable ability to evoke emotions and memories. Their heady fragrances can transport one back to cherished moments, while their symbolism invites reflection on love, gratitude, and the fleeting nature of life. Tending a rose garden can also serve as a therapeutic outlet, providing a peaceful sanctuary for meditation, introspection, and stress relief.ConclusionCultivating roses is a complex and rewarding endeavor that seamlessly blends art, science, and emotion. From the artistic selection of varieties and the scientific preparation of soil to the meticulous care and management of the garden, every step is imbued with purpose and meaning. As the gardener nurtures these regal blooms, they not only create a visually stunning landscape but also foster personal growth, cultivate mindfulness, and forge a profound connection with nature. In the end, the journey of growing roses transcends horticulture, becoming a testament to the transformative power of dedication, patience, andthe love for life's simple yet profound beauties.。
如何种草莓英语作文
如何种草莓英语作文How to Grow Strawberries.Strawberries are a sweet and delicious fruit that can be easily grown in gardens and even in pots on balconies or patios. The key to successful strawberry cultivation lies in providing the plants with the right conditions, fromsoil preparation to regular care. Here's a detailed guide on how to grow strawberries.1. Choosing the Right Variety.The first step is to select the right variety of strawberry for your region and climate. Some varieties are better suited for colder climates, while others thrive in warmer temperatures. It's also important to consider the size, color, and flavor of the berries you prefer.2. Site Selection and Soil Preparation.Strawberries need full sun to thrive, so choose a location that receives at least six hours of directsunlight daily. The soil should be well-drained, fertile, and slightly acidic. If your soil is heavy or clayey, consider adding organic matter like compost or manure to improve drainage and fertility.3. Planting.Plant strawberry crowns or seedlings in early spring, after the last frost. Space them about 18 to 24 inches apart, depending on the variety. Dig shallow holes and place the crowns or seedlings with the roots spread out. Gently cover them with soil, taking care not to bury the crown too deeply. Water the plants well after planting.4. Mulching and Irrigation.Mulching helps control weeds, conserve moisture, and maintain soil temperature. Use organic mulches like straw or compost, spreading them about 2 to 3 inches thick around the plants. Keep the mulch away from the crowns to preventdisease. Irrigate regularly, especially during dry spells, ensuring the soil remains moist but not soggy.5. Fertilization.Apply a balanced fertilizer to strawberry plants inearly spring, following the instructions on the fertilizer package. You can also side-dress the plants with compost or manure during the growing season to maintain soil fertility.6. Pest and Disease Control.Strawberries can be prone to various pests and diseases, so it's important to inspect the plants regularly. Common pests include aphids, mites, and snails. These can be controlled using organic pesticides or by handpicking and destroying the pests. Diseases like powdery mildew or leaf spot can be prevented by maintaining good air circulation and by watering the plants at the base to avoid wetting the leaves.7. Harvesting and Storage.Strawberries are ready to harvest when they are fully colored and firm. Gently twist them off the plant to avoid damaging the fruit or the plant. Store them in the refrigerator in a single layer on a paper towel to absorb excess moisture. They will keep for several days, but are best enjoyed fresh.8. Overwintering.In colder climates, strawberry plants may need to be overwintered to survive the winter. This involves covering the plants with mulch or other protective materials to insulate them from the cold. Remove the cover in early spring once the weather warms up.Conclusion.Growing strawberries can be a rewarding experience, providing you with fresh, healthy fruit to enjoy throughout the summer. With the right variety, site selection, soil preparation, and regular care, you can have a successfulstrawberry patch in your garden. Remember to inspect for pests and diseases regularly, and harvest and store the berries properly to enjoy their fresh, sweet flavor.。
空中农场英语作文
空中农场英语作文In the realm of urban innovation, the concept of vertical farming has emerged as a sustainable solution to the ever-growing demand for fresh produce within densely populated cities. "Sky Farms," as they are often called, are redefining the way we think about agriculture by bringing farming to the skies.The idea behind sky farms is to utilize vertical space within urban areas to grow crops in controlled environments. These farms are typically housed in multi-story buildings, where each level is dedicated to different stages of crop cultivation. The benefits of such an approach are manifold.Firstly, sky farms can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with traditional farming. By eliminating the need for long-distance transportation of produce, the emissions from fossil fuels are greatly reduced. This not only helps in combating climate change but also ensures that the produce reaches consumers fresher and quicker.Secondly, the controlled environment of sky farms allows for the year-round cultivation of crops. This is particularly beneficial in regions with harsh weather conditions orlimited arable land. With the use of hydroponics and aeroponics, crops can be grown without soil, conserving water and reducing the need for pesticides.Moreover, sky farms can be engineered to optimize the use of natural light and artificial lighting systems, ensuringthat plants receive the optimal amount of light required for photosynthesis. This precision agriculture approach can leadto higher yields and more efficient use of resources.The aesthetic appeal of sky farms cannot be understated. These green structures can serve as landmarks, blendingnature with the urban landscape and providing a visualrespite from the concrete jungle. They can also serve as educational centers, where people can learn about sustainable farming practices and the importance of local food production.However, the implementation of sky farms does come withits challenges. The initial investment for setting up such facilities can be substantial, and the technology required is often sophisticated. Additionally, the maintenance and operation of these farms can be costly, which may affect the affordability of the produce.In conclusion, sky farms represent a promising avenue for sustainable urban agriculture. They offer a solution to the challenges of feeding a growing population while minimizingthe environmental impact. As technology advances and becomes more affordable, the concept of sky farms could very well become a staple in the urban food supply chain, bringing a piece of the countryside to the city skyline.。
水培蔬菜的好处英语介绍作文
水培蔬菜的好处英语介绍作文Hydroponic Vegetables: A Sustainable Solution for the FutureIn today's rapidly evolving world, where environmental concerns and the need for sustainable food production are at the forefront of global discourse, the emergence of hydroponic vegetable cultivation has become a game-changer. Hydroponic gardening, a method of growing plants without soil, offers a myriad of benefits that make it an increasingly attractive option for both home gardeners and commercial producers alike.One of the primary advantages of hydroponic vegetable cultivation is its water efficiency. Traditional soil-based farming often requires large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to significant water consumption and potential depletion of water resources. Hydroponic systems, on the other hand, utilize a closed-loop system where the water is recirculated, minimizing wastage and ensuring a more sustainable approach to water usage. This is particularly crucial in regions where water scarcity is a pressing concern, as hydroponic farming can help alleviate the strain on limited water supplies.Moreover, hydroponic systems enable precise control over thenutrient delivery to the plants. By carefully regulating the nutrient solution, growers can tailor the nutrient content to the specific needs of each plant, ensuring optimal growth and nutrient absorption. This level of control not only leads to healthier and more nutritious vegetables but also reduces the need for excessive use of chemical fertilizers, thereby promoting more environmentally friendly practices.Another remarkable aspect of hydroponic vegetable cultivation is its ability to maximize the use of available space. Conventional soil-based farming often requires vast tracts of land, which can be a limiting factor, especially in urban or densely populated areas. Hydroponic systems, on the other hand, can be vertically stacked, enabling the efficient utilization of vertical space and allowing for the production of a higher yield in a smaller footprint. This makes hydroponic farming an attractive option for urban and suburban settings, where land availability is scarce.Furthermore, hydroponic systems offer enhanced pest and disease control, as the plants are grown in a controlled environment, reducing the need for harsh pesticides and herbicides. This not only ensures a healthier and more natural product for consumers but also contributes to the overall environmental well-being by minimizing the release of harmful chemicals into the ecosystem.In terms of productivity, hydroponic vegetable cultivation boasts impressive results. By optimizing the growing conditions, hydroponic systems can achieve faster growth rates and higher yields per square foot of growing space compared to traditional soil-based farming. This increased efficiency translates into a more reliable and consistent supply of fresh, high-quality produce, making it an appealing option for both commercial growers and home gardeners.Perhaps one of the most significant advantages of hydroponic vegetable cultivation is its ability to provide a year-round supply of fresh produce, regardless of the local climate or seasonal variations. This is particularly beneficial in regions with harsh winters or extended droughts, where traditional farming methods may be limited or impractical. Hydroponic systems can be climate-controlled, allowing for the continuous production of a wide variety of vegetables, meeting the demand for fresh and nutritious produce throughout the year.In addition to the practical benefits, hydroponic vegetable cultivation also has the potential to contribute to the overall sustainability of our food system. By reducing the carbon footprint associated with long-distance transportation and storage of produce, hydroponic farming can help mitigate the environmental impact of traditional agriculture. Furthermore, the closed-loop nature of hydroponic systems can lead to a reduction in food waste, as the produce isgrown in a controlled environment and can be harvested at the optimal time, minimizing spoilage and loss.As the world grapples with the challenges of population growth, climate change, and the need for more sustainable food production, the rise of hydroponic vegetable cultivation offers a promising solution. By combining water efficiency, nutrient optimization, and space-saving advantages, hydroponic farming has the potential to revolutionize the way we grow and consume our food, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient future.In conclusion, the benefits of hydroponic vegetable cultivation are multifaceted and compelling. From its water-saving capabilities to its improved pest and disease control, enhanced productivity, and year-round supply of fresh produce, hydroponic farming presents a compelling alternative to traditional soil-based agriculture. As we strive to address the pressing environmental and food security challenges of our time, the adoption of hydroponic vegetable cultivation can play a crucial role in shaping a more sustainable and resilient food system for generations to come.。
害虫保护措施英语作文
害虫保护措施英语作文Pest Protection Measures。
Pests are a major problem for farmers and gardeners, as they can cause significant damage to crops and plants. In this essay, we will discuss some of the most effective pest protection measures that can be taken to prevent andcontrol pests.The first and most important step in pest protection is to identify the type of pest that is causing the problem. This can be done by observing the damage caused to the plants or crops, or by examining the pests themselves. Once the pest has been identified, appropriate measures can be taken to control it.One of the most common pest protection measures is the use of pesticides. Pesticides are chemicals that are designed to kill or control pests. They can be applied directly to the plants or crops, or they can be used totreat the soil. However, the use of pesticides can have negative effects on the environment and can harm beneficial insects and animals. Therefore, it is important to use pesticides only when necessary and to follow the instructions carefully.Another effective pest protection measure is the use of natural predators. Many insects and animals are natural predators of pests, and can be used to control their populations. For example, ladybugs are natural predators of aphids, and can be released into a garden to control their population. Similarly, birds can be attracted to a garden by providing them with food and shelter, and can help to control pests such as caterpillars and beetles.Crop rotation is another effective pest protection measure. By rotating crops, pests are less likely to establish themselves in the soil. This is because pests often have specific host plants that they prefer, and by rotating crops, these host plants are not available to the pests.Finally, good sanitation practices can also help to prevent and control pests. This includes removing plant debris and fallen fruit from the garden, as these can provide a breeding ground for pests. It is also important to keep the garden clean and free of weeds, as these can attract pests and provide them with a place to hide.In conclusion, there are many effective pest protection measures that can be taken to prevent and control pests. These include the use of pesticides, natural predators, crop rotation, and good sanitation practices. By using these measures, farmers and gardeners can protect their crops and plants from damage caused by pests, and ensure a healthy and productive garden.。
quarantine pest 名词解释
quarantine pest 名词解释Quarantine pest is a noun phrase that refers to a type of organism that is harmful to plants and can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. These organisms are typically regulated and subjected to strict quarantine measures to prevent their entry or spread to new areas.1. The agricultural inspector identified a quarantine pest in the shipment of imported fruits.农业检查员在进口水果的货物中发现了一种检疫害虫。
2. The presence of a quarantine pest on the farm has led to a decrease in crop yields.农场上的一种检疫害虫的存在导致了作物产量的下降。
3. The authorities have imposed a ban on the movement of plants and plant products to control the spread of quarantine pests.当局已经禁止植物和植物产品的流动，以控制检疫害虫的传播。
4. Farmers must regularly monitor their crops for any signs of quarantine pests and report them immediately.农民们必须定期监测作物，以发现任何检疫害虫的迹象并立即报告。
Biologicalcontrolofpests
Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agriculture crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 300 species of agriculture pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’application is that, while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many non-targeted useful organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This result in what the agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breading potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crops yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of geneticalyy stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, say a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resources Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating (词根scale) perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity – though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and fields stations, is one of the most active, non-chemical research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators for parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to the Mrs. KarserJamil of RRL, ‘the Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’insects – notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, When Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetiasangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetinabruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agriculture University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salviniamolesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.。
植物保护专业英语
Plant and DiseasePlants make up the majority of the earth's living environment as trees，grass，flowers，and so on. Directly or indirectly，plants also make up all the food on which humans and all animals depend. Even the meat，milk，and eggs that we and other carnivores eat come from animals that depend on plants for their food. Plants are the only higher organisms that can convert the energy of sunlight into stored，usable chemical energy in carbohydrates，proteins，and fats. All animals，including humans，depend on these plant substances for survival.Plants, whether cultivated or wild，grow and produce well as long as the soil provides them with sufficient nutrients and moisture，sufficient light reaches their leaves，and the temperature remains within a certain "normal”range. Plants，however，also get sick. Sick plants grow and produce poorly, they exhibit various type of symptoms，and often parts of plants or whole plants die. It is not known whether diseased plants feel pain or discomfort.The agents that cause disease in plants are the same or very similar to those causing disease in human, and animals. They include pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria，fungi，protozoa，and nematodes，and unfavorable environmental conditions，such as lack or excess of nutrients，moisture，and light，and the presence of toxic chemicals in air or soil. Plants also suffer from competition with other，unwanted plants（weeds），and，of course they are often damaged by attacks of insects. Plant damage caused by insects，humans，or other animals is not usually included in the study of plant pathology.Plant pathology is the study of the organisms and of the environmental factorsthat cause disease in plants; of the mechanisms by which these factors induce disease in plants；and of he methods of preventing or controlling diseased reducing the damage it causes. Plant pathology is for plants largely what medicine is for humans and veterinary medicine is for animals. Each discipline studies the causes，mechanisms，and control of diseases affecting the organisms with which it deals，i. e.，plants，humans，and animals, respectively.Plant pathology is an integrative science and profession that uses and combines the basic knowledge of botany，mycology，bacteriology，virology，nematology，plant anatomy，plant physiology，genetics，molecular biology and genetic engineering，biochemistry，horticulture，agronomy，tissue culture，soil science，forestry，chemistry，physics，meteorology，and many other branches of science. Plant pathology profits from advances in any one of these sciences，and many advances in other sciences have been made in attempts to solve plant pathological problems:As a science，plant pathology tries to increase our knowledge about plant diseases. At the same time，plant pathology tries to develop methods，equipment，and materials through which plant disease can be avoided or controlled. Uncontrolled plant disease may result in less food and higher food prices or in food of poor quality. Diseased plant product may sometimes bepoisonous and unfit for consumption. Some plant diseases may wipe out entire plant species and many affect the beauty and landscape of our environment. Controlling plant disease results in more food of better quality and a more aesthetically pleasing environment，but consumers must pay for costs of materials，equipment, and labor used to control plant diseases and，sometimes，for other less evident costs such as contamination of the environment.In the last 100 years，the control of plant diseases and other plant pests has depended increasingly on the extensive use of toxic chemicals （pesticides)．Controlling plant diseases often necessitates the application of such toxic chemicals not only on plants and plant produce that we consume，but also into the soil，where many pathogenic microorganisms live and attack the plant roots. Many of these chemicals have been shown to be toxic to nontarget microorganisms and animals and may be toxic to humans. The short-and long-term costs of environmental contamination on human health and welfare caused by our efforts to control plant diseases（and other pests）are difficult to estimate. Much of modern research in plant pathology aims at finding other environmentally friendly means of controlling plant diseases. The most promising approaches include conventional breeding and genetic engineering of disease-resistant plants，application of disease-suppression cultural practices，RNA-and gene-silencing techniques，of plant defense-promoting nontoxic substances，and，to some extent，use of biological agents antagonistic to the microorganisms that cause plant disease.The challenges for plant pathology are to reduce food losses while improving food quality and，at the same time，safeguarding our environment. As the world population continues to increase while arable land and most other natural resources continue to decrease，and as our environment becomes further congested and stressed，the need for controlling plant disease effectively and safely will become one of the most basic necessities for feeding the hungry billions of our increasingly overpopulated world.Because it is not known whether plants feel pain or discomfort and because，in any case，plants do not speak or otherwise communicate with us，it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when a plant is diseased. It is accepted that a plant is healthy，or normal，when it can carry out its physiological functions to the best of its genetic potential. The meristematic（cambium) cells of a healthy plant divide and differentiate as needed，and different types of specialized cells absorb water and nutrients from the soil；translocate these to all plant parts；carry on photosynthesis，translocate，metabolize，or store the photosynthetic products；and produce seed or other reproductive organs for survival and multiplication. When the ability of the cells of a plant or plant part to carry out one or more of these essential functions is interfered with by either a pathogenic organism or an adverse environmental factor，the activities of the cells are disrupted，altered，or inhibited，the cells malfunction or die，and the plant becomes diseased. At first，the affliction is localized to one or a few cells and is invisible. Soon，however，thereaction becomes more widespread and affected plant parts develop changes visible to the naked eye. These visible changes are the symptoms of the disease. The visible or otherwise measurable adverse changes in a plant，produced in reaction to infection by an organism or to an unfavorable environmental factor，are a measure of the amount of disease in the plant. Disease in plants，then，can be defined as the series of invisible and visible responses of plant cells and tissues to a pathogenic organism or environmental factors that result in adverse changes in the form，function，or integrity of the plant and may lead to partial impairment or death of plant parts or of the entire plant.The kinds of cells and tissues that become affected determine the type of physiological function that will be disrupted first. For example，infection of roots may cause roots to rot and make them unable to absorb water and nutrients from the soil；infection of xylem vessels，as happens in vascular wilts and in some cankers，interferes with the translocation of water and minerals to the crown of the plant；infection of the foliage，as happens in leaf spots，blights，rusts，mildews，mosaics，and so on，interferes with photosynthesis；infection of phloem cells in the veins of leaves and in the bark of stems and shoots，as happens in cankers and in diseases caused by viruses，mollicutes，and protozoa，interferes with the downward translocation of photosynthetic products；and infection of flowers and fruits interferes with reproduction. Although infected cells in most diseases are weakened or die，in some diseases，e. g.，in crown gall，infected cells are induced to divide much faster （hyperplasia) or to enlarge a great deal more（hypertrophy) than normal cells and to produce abnormal amorphous overgrowths (tumors) orabnormal organs.Pathogenic microorganisms，i. e.，the transmissible biotic agents that can cause disease and are generally referred to as pathogens，usually cause disease in plants by disturbing the metabolism of plant cells through enzymes，toxins，growth regulators，and other substances they secrete and by absorbing foodstuffs from the host cells for their own use. Some pathogens may also cause disease by growing and multiplying in the xylem or phloem vessels of plants，thereby blocking the upward transportation of water or the downward movement of sugars，respectively，through these tissues. Environmental factors cause disease in plants when abiotic factors，such as temperature，moisture，mineral nutrients，and pollutants，occur at levels above or below a certain range tolerated by the plants.。
The Dangers of Pesticide Use
The Dangers of Pesticide Use Pesticides have been a crucial tool in agriculture for decades, helpingfarmers protect their crops from pests and diseases. However, the use of these chemicals comes with significant risks and dangers that cannot be ignored. From environmental damage to human health concerns, the widespread use of pesticideshas raised serious issues that need to be addressed. One of the most pressing concerns surrounding pesticide use is its impact on the environment. Pesticidescan contaminate soil, water, and air, leading to a range of environmental problems. Runoff from fields treated with pesticides can pollute nearby water sources, harming aquatic life and disrupting entire ecosystems. Additionally, pesticidescan persist in the environment for long periods, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain and posing a threat to wildlife and even humans. Furthermore, the use of pesticides has been linked to the decline of pollinators such as bees and butterflies. These essential creatures play a crucial role in the pollination of many crops, and their decline can have far-reaching consequences for global food production. Pesticides can interfere with the navigational abilities of these pollinators, leading to reduced foraging success and overall population decline. This not only affects the natural world but also has implications for the agricultural industry and food security. In addition to environmental concerns, the use of pesticides also poses significant risks to human health. Agricultural workers who handle and apply pesticides are at a particularly high risk of exposure, which has been linked to a range of health issues. Acute pesticide poisoning can cause symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems, while long-term exposure has been associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Moreover, theresidues of pesticides can also make their way into the food chain, exposing consumers to potential health risks. While regulatory agencies set limits on the amount of pesticide residues allowed in food, concerns remain about the potential health effects of long-term, low-level exposure. Children, in particular, are considered to be more vulnerable to the effects of pesticide exposure due to their developing bodies and higher food consumption relative to their body weight. Despite these risks, the use of pesticides continues to be widespread inagriculture. Farmers rely on these chemicals to protect their crops and ensurehigh yields, particularly in the face of increasing pest resistance and changing climate conditions. However, there is a growing recognition of the need to reduce reliance on pesticides and explore alternative methods of pest control.Integrated pest management (IPM) is one such approach that seeks to minimize the use of pesticides by incorporating a range of strategies, including biological controls, crop rotation, and the use of resistant crop varieties. By taking a more holistic and preventative approach to pest management, IPM aims to reduce therisks associated with pesticide use while maintaining effective pest control. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in organic farming practices, which prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides and instead focus on natural and sustainable methods of pest control. While organic farming may not be a feasible option for all farmers, the principles and practices it promotes can serve as a valuable guide for reducing pesticide use and promoting environmental and human health. In conclusion, the dangers of pesticide use are significant and cannot be overlooked. From environmental damage to human health concerns, the widespread use of pesticides poses serious risks that need to be addressed. While pesticides have been a valuable tool in agriculture, there is a growing recognition of the need to reduce reliance on these chemicals and explore alternative methods of pest control. By embracing approaches such as integrated pest management and organic farming, we can work towards a more sustainable and responsible approach to agriculture that minimizes the risks associated with pesticide use.。
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Carriers
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to Nimz (1) random coupling through each of these r e a c t i v e s i t e s leads to a n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l with a s t a t i s t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of at l e a s t ten d i f f e r e n t types of bonds. Kraft Lignin The form of k r a f t l i g n i n to be discussed i n the f o l l o w i n g pages however, i s not the n a t i v e l i g n i n described above, but a product of the k r a f t pulping process. Here, the l i g n i n i n the wood i s s o l u b i l i z e d during the pulping process by p a r t i c l e depolymerizat i o n and i n c o r p o r a t i o n of a s o l u b i l i z i n g group to allow separation of l i g n i n and hemicellulose from the cellulose fibers. Technical k r a f t l i g n i n i s a polyphenolic material which i s s o l u b l e i n very a l k a l i n e aqueous s o l u t i o n s such as k r a f t pulping l i q u o r s , but h i g h l y i n s o l u b l e i n n e u t r a l or a c i d i c media. This i s i n contrast to the l i g n o s u l f o n a t e s i s o l a t e d as by-products of the s u l f i t e pulping process which are s o l u b l e under n e u t r a l and moderately a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s . Both s u l f i t e l i g n i n s and sulfonated k r a f t l i g n i n s are used e x t e n s i v e l y i n the a g r i c u l t u r a l chemical indus t r y as a n i o n i c dispersants. They, j u s t to name a few, have the f a m i l i a r Marasperse, Maracarb, (American Can - s u l f i t e ) , REAX and POLYFON (Westvacosulfonated k r a f t ) tradenames. The p h y s i c a l chemistry of k r a f t l i g n i n i s to say the l e a s t , a nebulous area, a s i t u a t i o n due i n part to the random and not yet f u l l y understood mode of i n v i v o synthesis of the parent n a t i v e l i g n i n , the s t a t i s t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of i t s f u n c t i o n a l i t y and the changes i n i t s s t r u c t u r e and composition which take place during the pulping process. C u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e data (2,3,4) i n d i c a t e that aside from s o l u b i l i t y i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s as w e l l as many p o l a r organic s o l v e n t s , t e c h n i c a l k r a f t l i g n i n has an i n t r i n s i c v i s c o s i t y {η}= 6 ml/g. Other hydrodynamic data such as d i f f u s i o n and sedimentation c o e f f i c i e n t s suggest a roughly s p h e r i c a l shape f o r the d i s s o l v e d macromolecule. Number average molec u l a r weights are 1600 and 1050 f o r pine and hardwood l i g n i n r e s p e c t i v e l y . This m a t e r i a l i s moderately polydisperse, Mw/Mn = 2.2 f o r pine and 2.8 f o r hard wood ( 5 ).
C o n s t i t u t i n g part of the cell w a l l of most dry land p l a n t s , lignin is the world's second most abundant aromatic polymer. In fact, lignin which is exceeded only by cellulose i n abundance, is the pri mary non-petroleum source of the aromatic nucleus in nature. Native lignin, o r lignin as it exists in the living t r e e f o r example, imparts s t r u c t u r a l rigidity to stems of the plant by a c t i n g as a bonding agent between cells. I t a l s o plays a role in decreasing the permeation of water across cell w a l l s i n the vascular system of the tree and imparts r e s i s t a n c e to attack by c e r t a i n microorganisms, presumably because of its phenolic nature. This m a t e r i a l is produced i n nature from the glucosides o f coniferyl and s i n a p y l a l c o h o l s .
The a c t u a l polymerization is proceeded by an en zymatic dehydrogeneration which leads t o a f r e e radical w i t h e l e c t r o n density d e l o c a l i z e d to the phenolic oxygen and carbons 5, 1, and β. According
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In Controlled Release Pesticides; Scher, H.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1977.
8.
D E L L i COLLI
Controlled
Release from Kraft Lignin
8
Controlled Release of Pesticides from Kraft Lignin Carriers
H. T. DELepartment, Westvaco Corp., N. Charleston, S. C. 2 4 6 90
Downloaded by STANFORD UNIV on November 22, 2013 | Publication Date: June 1, 1977 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1977-0053.ch008
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C O N T R O L L E D R E L E A S E PESTICIDES
K r a f t L i g n i n as a C a r r i e r Pesticide
f o r C o n t r o l l e d Release
K r a f t l i g n i n appears t o have s e v e r a l advantages ove