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international journal of acarology投稿须知

国际跳蚤学杂志（International Journal of Acarology）是一本专注于寄生虫学领域的同行评审开放获取期刊。

在准备投稿之前，作者应该仔细阅读该期刊的投稿指南，以确保他们的论文符合期刊的要求。

以下是可能包含在投稿须知中的关键信息：研究领域：期刊接受的论文范围，通常包括跳蚤及其他蜱螨类动物的研究，以及与它们相关的疾病、生态、生物化学、分子生物学、形态学、生理学等领域。

论文类型：期刊接受的论文类型，如研究论文、综述文章、短通讯、案例报告、技术论文等。

格式要求：论文应遵循的格式，包括文本结构、引用风格、图表和照片的要求等。

投稿程序：如何提交论文，通常需要通过期刊的在线投稿系统进行。

同行评审：期刊采用同行评审制度，作者需要准备接受评审过程中可能提出的修改意见。

语言和拼写：通常要求论文使用英语撰写，注意语法、拼写和句子结构。

图表和插图：要求清晰、标号正确，并在文中适当引用。

参考文献：必须准确无误，并符合期刊的引用格式。

投稿费：一些期刊可能会收取投稿费，尤其是在文章被接受后。

出版费：如果期刊是开放获取的，作者可能需要支付出版费，以便让文章免费供所有人访问。

审稿周期：通常期刊会提供审稿周期的大致时间，但实际时间可能会因审稿人的反馈和期刊的工作流程而有所不同。

出版后的权利：作者在文章出版后保留的权利，如个人使用、学术交流等。

在准备投稿之前，建议作者仔细阅读期刊的官方网站上的投稿指南，以确保他们的论文满足所有要求，并提高论文被接受的可能性。

如果有任何疑问，作者应直接联系期刊的编辑部以获取更多信息。

translational oncology杂志的 decision in process -回复

translational oncology杂志的decision inprocess -回复decision in process，即审稿流程的决策过程。

首先需要了解的是，translational oncology杂志是一本专门发布肿瘤转化医学研究成果的期刊。

审稿流程是指作者提交文章后，经过编辑初审、同行评审和编辑决策等环节，最终决定是否发表的过程。

本文将一步一步回答关于translational oncology杂志审稿流程的决策过程。

一、编辑初审在translational oncology杂志，审稿流程的第一步是编辑初审。

提交的文章首先由编辑团队进行初步评估，确保文章符合期刊的主题和要求，以及是否属于转化医学研究领域。

编辑初审的目的是排除一些明显不符合要求的文章，比如与期刊主题不符、科学性不足、结构混乱等。

初审还可以帮助编辑团队确定适合进行同行评审的文章。

对于初审通过的文章，进入下一步的同行评审。

二、同行评审同行评审是审稿流程中至关重要的一步。

translational oncology杂志会选择专业领域内的同行专家作为评审人。

他们对文章进行全面的评论和审查。

同行评审的目的是评估文章的科学性、方法的可靠性、结果的准确性和逻辑性等。

评审人会详细审阅文章，并提出自己的意见、建议和评分。

这些评审意见通常是匿名的，为了保持评审过程的公正和客观性。

根据评审人的意见，文章可能会有以下几种可能的结果：1. 接受：如果评审人对文章持积极评价，并认为文章的质量高，那么文章可能会被接受发表。

2. 拒绝：如果评审人对文章的科学性、方法或结果有质疑，或者认为文章不符合期刊的标准，那么文章可能会被拒绝发表。

3. 修订后再评审：评审人可能会提出一些修改意见和建议，让作者进行修订后再次提交。

修订后的文章将重新进入同行评审流程。

三、编辑决策在同行评审结束后，translational oncology的编辑团队会根据评审人的意见和建议进行最终决策。

分子生物学英文文献6

Chapter19Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs by PCR Seungil Ro and Wei YanAbstractIncreasing lines of evidence indicate that small non-coding RNAs including miRNAs,piRNAs,rasiRNAs, 21U endo-siRNAs,and snoRNAs are involved in many critical biological processes.Functional studies of these small RNAs require a simple,sensitive,and reliable method for detecting and quantifying levels of small RNAs.Here,we describe such a method that has been widely used for the validation of cloned small RNAs and also for quantitative analyses of small RNAs in both tissues and cells.Key words:Small RNAs,miRNAs,piRNAs,expression,PCR.1.IntroductionThe past several years have witnessed the surprising discovery ofnumerous non-coding small RNAs species encoded by genomesof virtually all species(1–6),which include microRNAs(miR-NAs)(7–10),piwi-interacting RNAs(piRNAs)(11–14),repeat-associated siRNAs(rasiRNAs)(15–18),21U endo-siRNAs(19),and small nucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs)(20).These small RNAsare involved in all aspects of cellular functions through direct orindirect interactions with genomic DNAs,RNAs,and proteins.Functional studies on these small RNAs are just beginning,andsome preliminaryﬁndings have suggested that they are involvedin regulating genome stability,epigenetic marking,transcription,translation,and protein functions(5,21–23).An easy and sensi-tive method to detect and quantify levels of these small RNAs inorgans or cells during developmental courses,or under different M.Sioud(ed.),RNA Therapeutics,Methods in Molecular Biology629,DOI10.1007/978-1-60761-657-3_19,©Springer Science+Business Media,LLC2010295296Ro and Yanphysiological and pathophysiological conditions,is essential forfunctional studies.Quantitative analyses of small RNAs appear tobe challenging because of their small sizes[∼20nucleotides(nt)for miRNAs,∼30nt for piRNAs,and60–200nt for snoRNAs].Northern blot analysis has been the standard method for detec-tion and quantitative analyses of RNAs.But it requires a relativelylarge amount of starting material(10–20μg of total RNA or>5μg of small RNA fraction).It is also a labor-intensive pro-cedure involving the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,electrotransfer,radioisotope-labeled probes,and autoradiogra-phy.We have developed a simple and reliable PCR-based methodfor detection and quantiﬁcation of all types of small non-codingRNAs.In this method,small RNA fractions are isolated and polyAtails are added to the3 ends by polyadenylation(Fig.19.1).Small RNA cDNAs(srcDNAs)are then generated by reverseFig.19.1.Overview of small RNA complementary DNA(srcDNA)library construction forPCR or qPCR analysis.Small RNAs are polyadenylated using a polyA polymerase.ThepolyA-tailed RNAs are reverse-transcribed using a primer miRTQ containing oligo dTsﬂanked by an adaptor sequence.RNAs are removed by RNase H from the srcDNA.ThesrcDNA is ready for PCR or qPCR to be carried out using a small RNA-speciﬁc primer(srSP)and a universal reverse primer,RTQ-UNIr.Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs297transcription using a primer consisting of adaptor sequences atthe5 end and polyT at the3 end(miRTQ).Using the srcD-NAs,non-quantitative or quantitative PCR can then be per-formed using a small RNA-speciﬁc primer and the RTQ-UNIrprimer.This method has been utilized by investigators in numer-ous studies(18,24–38).Two recent technologies,454sequenc-ing and microarray(39,40)for high-throughput analyses of miR-NAs and other small RNAs,also need an independent method forvalidation.454sequencing,the next-generation sequencing tech-nology,allows virtually exhaustive sequencing of all small RNAspecies within a small RNA library.However,each of the clonednovel small RNAs needs to be validated by examining its expres-sion in organs or in cells.Microarray assays of miRNAs have beenavailable but only known or bioinformatically predicted miR-NAs are covered.Similar to mRNA microarray analyses,the up-or down-regulation of miRNA levels under different conditionsneeds to be further validated using conventional Northern blotanalyses or PCR-based methods like the one that we are describ-ing here.2.Materials2.1.Isolation of Small RNAs, Polyadenylation,and Puriﬁcation 1.mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit(Ambion).2.Phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)buffer.3.Poly(A)polymerase.4.mirVana Probe and Marker Kit(Ambion).2.2.Reverse Transcription,PCR, and Quantitative PCR 1.Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR(Invitrogen).2.miRTQ primers(Table19.1).3.AmpliTaq Gold PCR Master Mix for PCR.4.SYBR Green PCR Master Mix for qPCR.5.A miRNA-speciﬁc primer(e.g.,let-7a)and RTQ-UNIr(Table19.1).6.Agarose and100bp DNA ladder.3.Methods3.1.Isolation of Small RNAs 1.Harvest tissue(≤250mg)or cells in a1.7-mL tube with500μL of cold PBS.T a b l e 19.1O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s u s e dN a m eS e q u e n c e (5 –3 )N o t eU s a g em i R T QC G A A T T C T A G A G C T C G A G G C A G G C G A C A T G G C T G G C T A G T T A A G C T T G G T A C C G A G C T A G T C C T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T V N ∗R N a s e f r e e ,H P L CR e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o nR T Q -U N I r C G A A T T C T A G A G C T C G A G G C A G GR e g u l a r d e s a l t i n gP C R /q P C Rl e t -7a T G A G G T A G T A G G T T G T A T A G R e g u l a r d e s a l t i n gP C R /q P C R∗V =A ,C ,o r G ;N =A ,C ,G ,o r TQuantitative Analysis of Small RNAs299 2.Centrifuge at∼5,000rpm for2min at room temperature(RT).3.Remove PBS as much as possible.For cells,remove PBScarefully without breaking the pellet,leave∼100μL of PBS,and resuspend cells by tapping gently.4.Add300–600μL of lysis/binding buffer(10volumes pertissue mass)on ice.When you start with frozen tissue or cells,immediately add lysis/binding buffer(10volumes per tissue mass)on ice.5.Cut tissue into small pieces using scissors and grind it usinga homogenizer.For cells,skip this step.6.Vortex for40s to mix.7.Add one-tenth volume of miRNA homogenate additive onice and mix well by vortexing.8.Leave the mixture on ice for10min.For tissue,mix it every2min.9.Add an equal volume(330–660μL)of acid-phenol:chloroform.Be sure to withdraw from the bottom phase(the upper phase is an aqueous buffer).10.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.11.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for5min at RT.12.Recover the aqueous phase carefully without disrupting thelower phase and transfer it to a fresh tube.13.Measure the volume using a scale(1g=∼1mL)andnote it.14.Add one-third volume of100%ethanol at RT to the recov-ered aqueous phase.15.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.16.Transfer up to700μL of the mixture into aﬁlter cartridgewithin a collection bel theﬁlter as total RNA.When you have>700μL of the mixture,apply it in suc-cessive application to the sameﬁlter.17.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.18.Collect theﬁltrate(theﬂow-through).Save the cartridgefor total RNA isolation(go to Step24).19.Add two-third volume of100%ethanol at RT to theﬂow-through.20.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.21.Transfer up to700μL of the mixture into a newﬁlterbel theﬁlter as small RNA.When you have >700μL of theﬁltrate mixture,apply it in successive appli-cation to the sameﬁlter.300Ro and Yan22.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.23.Discard theﬂow-through and repeat until all of theﬁltratemixture is passed through theﬁlter.Reuse the collectiontube for the following washing steps.24.Apply700μL of miRNA wash solution1(working solu-tion mixed with ethanol)to theﬁlter.25.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.26.Discard theﬂow-through.27.Apply500μL of miRNA wash solution2/3(working solu-tion mixed with ethanol)to theﬁlter.28.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.29.Discard theﬂow-through and repeat Step27.30.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.31.Transfer theﬁlter cartridge to a new collection tube.32.Apply100μL of pre-heated(95◦C)elution solution orRNase-free water to the center of theﬁlter and close thecap.Aliquot a desired amount of elution solution intoa1.7-mL tube and heat it on a heat block at95◦C for∼15min.Open the cap carefully because it might splashdue to pressure buildup.33.Leave theﬁlter tube alone for1min at RT.34.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.35.Measure total RNA and small RNA concentrations usingNanoDrop or another spectrophotometer.36.Store it at–80◦C until used.3.2.Polyadenylation1.Set up a reaction mixture with a total volume of50μL in a0.5-mL tube containing0.1–2μg of small RNAs,10μL of5×E-PAP buffer,5μL of25mM MnCl2,5μL of10mMATP,1μL(2U)of Escherichia coli poly(A)polymerase I,and RNase-free water(up to50μL).When you have a lowconcentration of small RNAs,increase the total volume;5×E-PAP buffer,25mM MnCl2,and10mM ATP should beincreased accordingly.2.Mix well and spin the tube brieﬂy.3.Incubate for1h at37◦C.3.3.Puriﬁcation 1.Add an equal volume(50μL)of acid-phenol:chloroformto the polyadenylation reaction mixture.When you have>50μL of the mixture,increase acid-phenol:chloroformaccordingly.2.Mix thoroughly by tapping the tube.Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs3013.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for5min at RT.4.Recover the aqueous phase carefully without disrupting thelower phase and transfer it to a fresh tube.5.Add12volumes(600μL)of binding/washing buffer tothe aqueous phase.When you have>50μL of the aqueous phase,increase binding/washing buffer accordingly.6.Transfer up to460μL of the mixture into a puriﬁcationcartridge within a collection tube.7.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.8.Discard theﬁltrate(theﬂow-through)and repeat until allof the mixture is passed through the cartridge.Reuse the collection tube.9.Apply300μL of binding/washing buffer to the cartridge.10.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.11.Transfer the cartridge to a new collection tube.12.Apply25μL of pre-heated(95◦C)elution solution to thecenter of theﬁlter and close the cap.Aliquot a desired amount of elution solution into a1.7-mL tube and heat it on a heat block at95◦C for∼15min.Open the cap care-fully because it might be splash due to pressure buildup.13.Let theﬁlter tube stand for1min at RT.14.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.15.Repeat Steps12–14with a second aliquot of25μL ofpre-heated(95◦C)elution solution.16.Measure polyadenylated(tailed)RNA concentration usingNanoDrop or another spectrophotometer.17.Store it at–80◦C until used.After polyadenylation,RNAconcentration should increase up to5–10times of the start-ing concentration.3.4.Reverse Transcription 1.Mix2μg of tailed RNAs,1μL(1μg)of miRTQ,andRNase-free water(up to21μL)in a PCR tube.2.Incubate for10min at65◦C and for5min at4◦C.3.Add1μL of10mM dNTP mix,1μL of RNaseOUT,4μLof10×RT buffer,4μL of0.1M DTT,8μL of25mM MgCl2,and1μL of SuperScript III reverse transcriptase to the mixture.When you have a low concentration of lig-ated RNAs,increase the total volume;10×RT buffer,0.1M DTT,and25mM MgCl2should be increased accordingly.4.Mix well and spin the tube brieﬂy.5.Incubate for60min at50◦C and for5min at85◦C toinactivate the reaction.302Ro and Yan6.Add1μL of RNase H to the mixture.7.Incubate for20min at37◦C.8.Add60μL of nuclease-free water.3.5.PCR and qPCR 1.Set up a reaction mixture with a total volume of25μL ina PCR tube containing1μL of small RNA cDNAs(srcD-NAs),1μL(5pmol of a miRNA-speciﬁc primer(srSP),1μL(5pmol)of RTQ-UNIr,12.5μL of AmpliTaq GoldPCR Master Mix,and9.5μL of nuclease-free water.ForqPCR,use SYBR Green PCR Master Mix instead of Ampli-Taq Gold PCR Master Mix.2.Mix well and spin the tube brieﬂy.3.Start PCR or qPCR with the conditions:95◦C for10minand then40cycles at95◦C for15s,at48◦C for30s and at60◦C for1min.4.Adjust annealing Tm according to the Tm of your primer5.Run2μL of the PCR or qPCR products along with a100bpDNA ladder on a2%agarose gel.∼PCR products should be∼120–200bp depending on the small RNA species(e.g.,∼120–130bp for miRNAs and piRNAs).4.Notes1.This PCR method can be used for quantitative PCR(qPCR)or semi-quantitative PCR(semi-qPCR)on small RNAs suchas miRNAs,piRNAs,snoRNAs,small interfering RNAs(siRNAs),transfer RNAs(tRNAs),and ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs)(18,24–38).2.Design miRNA-speciﬁc primers to contain only the“coresequence”since our cloning method uses two degeneratenucleotides(VN)at the3 end to make small RNA cDNAs(srcDNAs)(see let-7a,Table19.1).3.For qPCR analysis,two miRNAs and a piRNA were quan-titated using the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(41).Cyclethreshold(Ct)is the cycle number at which theﬂuorescencesignal reaches the threshold level above the background.ACt value for each miRNA tested was automatically calculatedby setting the threshold level to be0.1–0.3with auto base-line.All Ct values depend on the abundance of target miR-NAs.For example,average Ct values for let-7isoforms rangefrom17to20when25ng of each srcDNA sample from themultiple tissues was used(see(41).Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs3034.This method ampliﬁes over a broad dynamic range up to10orders of magnitude and has excellent sensitivity capable ofdetecting as little as0.001ng of the srcDNA in qPCR assays.5.For qPCR,each small RNA-speciﬁc primer should be testedalong with a known control primer(e.g.,let-7a)for PCRefﬁciency.Good efﬁciencies range from90%to110%calcu-lated from slopes between–3.1and–3.6.6.On an agarose gel,mature miRNAs and precursor miRNAs(pre-miRNAs)can be differentiated by their size.PCR prod-ucts containing miRNAs will be∼120bp long in size whileproducts containing pre-miRNAs will be∼170bp long.However,our PCR method preferentially ampliﬁes maturemiRNAs(see Results and Discussion in(41)).We testedour PCR method to quantify over100miRNAs,but neverdetected pre-miRNAs(18,29–31,38). 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Transcriptomeprofiling

OWS 2013Transcriptome profiling--Past, Present and FutureWei ChenBerlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular MedicineWhy RNA?DNA (m)RNA Protein TranslationTranscriptionSplicingLocalization…snRNARNA editingdegradationRNAi (yeast) LincRNA Promoter associated RNA enhancer associated RNA … tRNA rRNA miRNA … 5’ capping3’ poly ATranscriptome profiling• Past– Pre-genome era– Genome era• Present• Ongoing and further developmentPre-genome era (1960s)DNAProtein Fractionation technique (Count Concurrent Distribution for tRNAisolation )During his (R.Holley) 3 years of work on the structure of the alanine tRNA, Holley used a total of only 1 g of highly purified material, which he isolated from approximately 200 g of bulk yeast tRNA, which in turn was obtained by phenol extraction of approximately 140 kg of commercial bakers' yeast.RNA sequencingSpecifically, Holley, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, and Ada Zamir first used pancreatic ribonuclease to cleave the RNA chain next to pyrimidine nucleotides and then used takadiastase ribonuclease T1 to cleave the RNA chain at guanylic acid residues. They isolated the resulting fragments by ion-exchange chromatography. The components of dinucleotide fragments were then identified by chromatographic and electrophoretic properties and spectra…rRNA tRNA mRNAPre-genome era (1970s and 1980s)• Reverse transcriptase (Temin and Baltimore,1970, Nobel prize 1975)• PCR (Mullis, 1983, Nobel Prize 1993)• Sanger Sequencing (Sanger, 1977, Nobel Prize 1980)• Northern Blot (Alwine, Kemp, and Stark, 1977 )– one-shot sequencing of a clone cDNA/mRNA– Several hundred bps, 3’, 5’ or random• D iscovery of expressed (m)RNAs from different tissues• P hysical mapping of genes into chromosome• D esign of expression microarrayGenome era (1990s, 2000s)• Series Analysis of Gene expression (SAGE)Genome era (1990s, 2000s)• MicroarrayLimitationsa. Available annotationb. Cross hybridizationc. Limited dynamicrange/sensitivityMassive parallel RNA sequencing (2005-present)• S mall RNA sequencing• m iRNA, piRNA, siRNA…• R NA-seq• >200ntSmall RNA library prep (miRNA, PiRNA...)• L igation: 5’ phosphate and 3’ OH, ligation bias• R T-PCR: strong bias due to 2nd structureSmall RNA sequencing result10-40nt 40-90ntLi et.al, NAR 41(6) 3619-3634UNG treatmentRNA-seq vs ArrayWang et.al, Nature Review Genetics (10) 57-63Findings• Novel miRNAs• Novel PiRNAs• Endo-siRNAs• Novel isoforms (5’/3’ end, alternative splicing) • Promoter associated RNAs• Enhancer RNAs• LincRNAs• Circular RNAsLincRNAs• Negative definition• Not protein coding• Not overlapping with other defined transcripts• PolII transcripts– Cap, polyA, often splicing• A heterogeneous group with diverse properties and functionsLincRNA detection• FANTOM project (cDNAclone and Sanger seq)– >34000 in differentmouse tissues• Tiling array– define transcribed regionw/o transcript model• RNA-seq & de novoassembly• Chromatin map• Other supporting data– CAGE, 3-PIgor Ulitsky and David P. Bartel Cell (154) 26-46Non-coding vs codingIgor Ulitsky and David P. Bartel Cell (154) 26-46LincRNA association with RibosomeGuttman et.al. Cell (154) 240-251LincRNA genomics• Preferentially surrounding developmental TFs– Regulate gene is cis (e.g. HOTTIP)– Act in concert and benefit from co-regulation (e.g. Six3 and Six3os)– Accommodating environment for the emergence of newlincRNAs• Low expression and tissue specific (brain and testis) – median 1/10 protein-coding• Subcellular localization– both nuclear and cytoplasmeDiverse functions of lincRNAsCis-regulation• Association with PRC2, CTCF…• Direct chromatin modifying complex to DNA via nascent transcript or triplex interaction• Paring ofAlu-repeat induces STAU1 action.• miRNA sponge• Malat1 binds multiple proteins in paraspeckles• Gadd7 & TDP-43Igor Ulitsky and David P. Bartel Cell (154) 26-46Circular RNAsJeremy E. Wilusz and Phillip A. Sharp Science (340) 4401. Cocquerelle, C., et al, Mis-splicing yields circular RNA molecules. FASEB J. 7, 155–160 (1993).2. Capel, B. et al. Circular transcripts of the testis-determining gene Sry in adult mouse testis. Cell 73, 1019–1030 (1993).3. Chao, C. W., et al., The mouse formin (Fmn) gene: abundant circular RNA transcripts and gene-targeted deletion analysis. Mol. Med. (1998).4. Suzuki, H. et al. Characterization of RNase R-digested cellular RNA source that consists of lariat and circular RNAs from pre-mRNA splicing. Nucleic Acids Res. (2006).5. Burd, C. E. et al. Expression of linear and novel circular forms of an INK4/ARF- associated non-coding RNA correlates with atherosclerosis risk. PLoS Genet. (2010).6. Hansen, T. B. et al. miRNA-dependent gene silencing involving Ago2-mediated cleavage of a circular antisense RNA. EMBO J. 30, 4414–4422 (2011).7. Salzman,J.et al. , Circular RNAs are the predominant transcript isoform from hundreds of human genes in diverse cell types. PLoS ONE 7, e30733 (2012).8. Jeck, W. R. et al. Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats. RNA 19, 1–17 (2013).Detection of circular RNAMemczak et.al Nature. (7441):333-8Memczak et.al Nature. (7441):333-8Memczak et.al Nature. (7441):333-8Memczak et.al Nature. (7441):333-8Possible functions of circular RNAsMatthias W Hentze and Thomas Preiss Embo J (32) 923–925Ongoing and further development• Full length RNA sequencing• Single cell transcriptome profiling• Direct RNA sequencing• Discovery and Profiling of RNA modification • In situ RNA sequencingTranscriptome assembly- state-of-art State-of-Art transcriptome assembly using short readsFull length cDNA sequencingFull length cDNA sequencing—a hybridapproachYou et.al. UnpublishedSingle cell RNA-seqSingle cell RNA-seq (Fluidigm)Direct RNA-seq (Helicos)Fatih Ozsolak and Patrice M. Milos, Nature Review Genetics (12) 87-98Direct RNA-seq (Helicos)—mapping 3’ endOzsolak et.al. Nature. (461) 814-8Direct RNA-seq (PacBio)Vilfan et.al. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 11:8PacBio RNA-seq—RNA modificationVilfan et.al. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 11:8In situ RNA-seqKe et.al. Nature Methods (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2563In situ RNA-seq (2)Ke et.al. Nature Methods (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2563。

transcript名词解释

transcript名词解释transcript，英语单词，主要用作为名词，译为“成绩单；抄本，副本；文字记录”。

transcript 双语例句1. The name of the minor will be listed in the graduate list, transcript and degree certificate of students if they have completed all required courses and received the required credits of the minor upon graduation.修满辅系规定之科目与学分成绩及格者，其毕业生名册、历年成绩表及学位证书应加注辅系名称。

2. Finally, our data provide estimates of absolute transcript abundance, and suggest there is significant transcriptional heterogeneity within a clonal, synchronized bacterial population.研究人员还发现，RNA测序本质上只是一种高通量的计数技术，它提供了一种方法来决定细胞中的转录有多丰富。

3. Transcript structure, operon linkages, and absolute abundance information all provide valuable insights into gene function and regulation, but none has ever been determined on a genome-wide scale for any bacterium.为了解决这个问题，乔治亚理工学院和生命技术公司的研究人员开发了一套可让RNA测序适用于任何细菌的程序。

转录子

Bacterial RNA Polymerases
How does RNA polymerase work?
A single type of RNA polymerase is responsible for almost all synthesis of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA in a eubacterium.
Insensitive Low Conc. (1-10 nM) High conc.
Major Products
rRNA hnRNA tRNA, 5S RNA and small RNAs
All have in common 2 large subunits and a number of smaller subunits,
Intrinsic terminatorsρ-independent
An inverted repeat that allows a hairpin to form at the end of the transcripts A string of T’s in the nontemplate strand that results in a string of weak rU-dA base pairs holding the transcript to the template strand
Similarity between replication and transcription
• Both processes use DNA as the template.
• Phosphodiester bonds are formed in both cases.
• Both synthesis directions are from 5´ to 3´.

通信原理英文

(MF)
direction-finding, distress calling, coast guard
17
Division of frequency band
Frequency band (MHz)
3 – 30
30 – 300
300 – 3000
Name
Typical application
High frequency (HF)
# Ex: “Rainfall will be 1 mm tomorrow” – information content small
“Rainfall will be 1 m tomorrow” – information content large
“The sun will rise in the east tomorrow morning” – information content equals zero # Information content I = I [ P(x) ]，P(x) – Occurrence probability # Definition：I = loga [1/P(x)] = -logaP(x) # Usually, set a = 2, the unit of the information content will be called a bit.
5
1.3 Digital Communication
1.3.1 Basic concept
Two categories of signals • Analog signal：Its voltage or current
can be expressed by a continuous function of time. For example, speech signal.

Transcript-Assisted Transcriptional Proofreading.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1127422, 518 (2006);313 Science et al.Nikolay Zenkin Transcript-Assisted Transcriptional ProofreadingThis copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.clicking here.colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to othershere.following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles): October 7, 2014 (this information is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at/content/313/5786/518.full.html version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, /content/suppl/2006/07/25/313.5786.518.DC1.htmlcan be found at:Supporting Online Material /content/313/5786/518.full.html#related found at:can be related to this article A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites /content/313/5786/518.full.html#ref-list-1, 12 of which can be accessed free:cites 24 articles This article 23 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science cited by This article has been /content/313/5786/518.full.html#related-urls 30 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see:cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/molec_biol Molecular Biologysubject collections:This article appears in the following registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n O c t o b e r 7, 2014w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mTranscript-AssistedTranscriptional ProofreadingNikolay Zenkin,1*Yulia Yuzenkova,1Konstantin Severinov 1,2,3*Fidelity of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis is the main determinant of stable heredity and error-free gene expression.The mechanism (or mechanisms)ensuring fidelity of transcription by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RNAPs)is not fully understood.Here,we show that the 3¶end–proximal nucleotide of the nascent transcript stimulates hydrolysis of the penultimatephosphodiester bond by providing active groups and coordination bonds to the RNAP active center.This stimulation is much higher in the case of misincorporated nucleotide.We show that during transcription elongation,the hydrolytic reaction stimulated by misincorporated nucleotides proofreads most of the misincorporation events and thus serves as an intrinsic mechanism of transcription fidelity.The mechanism of transcription is high-ly conserved in all living organisms.In the RNAP elongation complex,the 3¶end of the nascent RNA can occupy a post-translocated,a pretranslocated,or a back-tracked state (Fig.1A).In each of these states,the RNAP active center performs different reactions,i.e.,the forward reaction of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)addition or hydrolytic cleavage of the nascent RNA (Fig.1A).Catalysis by the RNAP active center depends on two Mg 2þions (1–7)that activate reacting groups and stabilize leav-ing groups during nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus (4,8).In cellular RNAPs,only one Mg 2þion (MgI)is bound tightly in the ac-tive center.The other Mg 2þion,MgII (2,4–7),is bound weakly,but its binding is stabilized by the triphosphate moiety of the incoming NTP (5).The hydrolytic transcript cleavage reaction,characteristic of pretranslocated and backtracked elongation complexes (9)(Fig.1A),is slow compared to the forward RNA polymerization reaction,presumably because of poor binding of MgII (4).Although the rate of misincorporation of nucleotides by RNAP is much slower than the rate of incorporation of correct nucleo-side 5¶-monophosphates (NMPs)(10,11),the relatively low selectivity of RNAP (12)makes misincorporation unavoidable,suggesting the existence of a proofreading mechanism.To define such a mechanism,12complexes with mismatched NMP at RNA 3¶end (misincorpo-rated elongation complexes,MECs)modelingall possible misincorporation events and 4correct complexes (correct elongation com-plexes,CECs)were assembled by means of 4DNA templates that differed from each other only by a base pair at the þ1register (corresponding to the transcript 3¶end)and 45¶end–labeled RNAs that were identical except for the 3¶-terminal base (13)(fig.S1).Complexes were assembled in the absence of Mg 2þand were therefore inactive.Upon addition of Mg 2þto MECs,RNAP efficiently cleaved the penultimate (P2)phos-phodiester bond.No P1(ultimate phospho-diester bond)(Fig.1A)cleavage was observed (Fig.1,B and C),suggesting that MECs are backtracked by 1base pair relative to the pretranslocated state (Fig.1A).Cleavage of P2was much slower in CECs than in the cor-responding MECs (Table 1),as expected for active,not backtracked,complexes.However,because no P1cleavage was observed in CECs (Fig.1,B and C),stabilization of the backtracked state in MECs cannot explain preferential P2cleavage,which was also observed with eukaryal and archeal RNAPs (10,14–17)and appears to be a general phenomenon.Noncomplementary NTPs bind in the RNAP E-site close to the active center and stimulate P1cleavage (4).Addition of nonhydrolyzable E to prevent any possibility of (mis)incorporation in the nascent RNA ^NTP analog APcPP A adenosine-5¶-E (a ,b )-methyleno ^triphosphate Z (Fig.1C),noncomplementary to the DNA template guanosine in register þ2,led to stimulation of P1cleavage in CECs.No such stimulation was observed in MECs,indicating that base-pairing of the RNA _s 3¶end is required for NTP-assisted cleavage.Noncomplementary NTPs also inhibited P21Waksman Institute,2Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,Rutgers University,Piscataway,NJ 08854,USA.3Institute of Molecular Genetics,Russian Academy of Sciences,Moscow,123182Russia.*To whom correspondence should be addressed at Waksman Institute,190Frelinghuysen Road,Piscataway,NJ 08854,USA.E-mail:nicserzen@mail.ru (N.Z.);severik@(K.S.)Fig.1.Cleavage in misincorporated (MECs)and correct (CECs)elongation complexes.(A )Schematic representation of catalytic reactions character-istic of transcription elongation complexes in different states.The red circle represents the active center that contains two Mg 2þions.(B )MECs (lanes 1to 6,13to 24)and a corresponding CEC (lanes 7to 12)(with CMP at the RNA 3¶end as an example)were supplied with 10mM Mg 2þand incubated for various times at pH 7.9(40-C).For each MEC,the first letter indicates misincorporated 3¶NMP,and the correct nucleotide that it replaces is indicated in parentheses (fig.S1).(C )CECs and MECs [A-CEC and U(A)MEC are shown as examples]were supplied with 15mM Mg 2þand incubated for various times with or without 1mM noncomplementary nonhydrolyzable NTP (APcPP).REPORTS28JULY 2006VOL 313SCIENCE518cleavage in both CECs and MECs in a dose-dependent manner (Fig.1C).Noncomplemen-tary NTPs are known to bind in the so-called E-site of the RNAP active center,the same site where initial interaction of correct NTPs with RNAP occurs.To explain the inhibitory effect,we postulate that in backtracked com-plexes,the 3¶-terminal NMP also occupies the E-site (or an overlapping site,Fig.2)and activates P2cleavage in a way that is simi-lar to P1cleavage activation by noncomple-mentary NTP.Binding of NTP in the E-site displaces the transcript _s 3¶end and destabi-lizes the backtracked state,thus inhibiting P2cleavage.Noncomplementary NTP activates P1cleavage by stabilizing MgII through interac-tion with the b and g phosphates (4,5).Because these phosphates are absent in the 3¶-terminal NMP,MgII coordination and/or P2cleavage may be stimulated by the terminal NMP itself.This hypothesis predicts that Mg 2þdependence of P2cleavage,which reflects the complex affinity for MgII (4),should have a lower dissociation constant (K d )than the intrinsic (unassisted by non-complementary NTP)K d of P1hydrolysis (9100mM)(4).This expectation was fulfilled for both MECs and CECs (Table 1).The lowest apparent K d observed (8mM)is close to the K d of P1hydrolysis stimulated by noncomplementary NTP (4).Thus,the 3¶-terminal NMP,either matched or mismatched,increases the P2cleavage velocity by increasing affinity for MgII.A high rate of P2cleavage could not be solely due to a decreased K d for MgII,be-cause cleavage velocity at saturating Mg 2þconcentrations (k cat )differed depending on the nature of 3¶-terminal NMP (Table 1).For example,comparisons of complexes con-taining A,G,or U instead of correct C at the 3¶end (Table 1rows 2,7,and 15,cor-respondingly)reveal that the cleavage re-action k cat values in different complexes differ significantly (0.14,0.028,and 0.015s j 1,respectively).This suggests that some groups of the transcript _s 3¶-end NMPs par-ticipate,directly or indirectly,in cleavage.Whereas the k cat of P2cleavage in MECs is determined by the properties of the reaction itself,in CECs it is strongly influenced by base-pairing of the 3¶end with the template strand,which affects the probability of back-tracked state occupancy.To avoid this compli-cation,we focused on MECs only (supporting online text).High pH deprotonates the active water molecule stimulating phosphodiester hydroly-sis by the RNAP active center.The stimula-tion depends on the reaction mechanism and should plateau at a pH equal to the system p K value.Therefore,if mismatched nucleotides were involved in cleavage,different profiles of cleavage reaction dependence on pH are expected for different MECs.This expecta-tion was fulfilled (fig.S2).The shapes of pH curves were different from that of the previously reported P1cleavage curve (4)(dotted line in fig.S2),indicating that the mechanism of P2cleavage was distinct from intrinsic RNAP-catalyzed P1hydrolysis.Whereas most P2cleavage profiles pla-teaued at about pH 9.5,some had a different E U(C)MECs ^plateau or even double (A-MECs)plateaus.Thus,different acid/base systems provided by the transcript 3¶-terminal nucle-otide participate in P2cleavage in different MECs.The dependence of cleavage reaction properties for complexes containing misin-corporated cytidine 5¶-monophosphate (CMP)and uridine 5¶-monophosphate (UMP)on the þ1DNA template-strand base may be ex-plained by effects of local sequence-dependent deviations of nucleic acids structure near the active center on the reaction pathway (support-ing online text).To check which chemical groups of 3¶-terminal NMP participate in MgII stabilization and P2hydrolysis,we determined the cleavage reaction K d and k cat in MECs with RNAs containing chemical modifications in the phos-phate,sugar,and base of the 3¶-terminal nucleo-tide (Fig.2).The results (Table 1and table S1),discussed in detail in the supporting online text,are summarized below (see also fig.S3).With misincorporated adenosine 5¶-mono-phosphate,one of the P1oxygens interacts with the 3¶-hydroxyl,which in turn coordinates MgII.Another P1oxygen orients the active water molecule.The 2¶-hydroxyl does not participate in the reaction.N-7of the purine ring co-ordinates MgII;the amino group in position 6participates in water-molecule orientation or,alternatively,acts,together with nitrogen in position 1,as a general acid-base system.For misincorporated guanosine 5¶-monophosphate (GMP),one of the P1oxygens orients active water.The 2¶and 3¶hydroxyls do not participate in the reaction.N-7of the base coordinates MgII.The amino group in position 2fixes the GMP moiety,probably through interactions with the protein,making the reaction insensitive to local variations in nucleic acid structure.Table 1.K d for Mg 2þand k cat of P2cleavage for all possible CECs and MECs.All experiments were carried out in pH 7.9(40-C).K d and k cat values were calculated with the Michaelis-Menten equation.Complex 3¶-endNMP ofthe RNA Incorporated instead of K d (Mg 2þ)(mM)k cat(s j 1)CEC AA 100.004MECC 90.14G 80.12U 90.11CEC GG 90.001MECA 110.024C 150.028U 140.027CEC CC 570.001MECA 490.026G 150.029U 460.026CEC UU 370.001MECA 230.054C 80.015G300.043Fig. 2.Modifications of misincorporated 3¶-terminal nucleotides used in this study.A schematic representation of the active center of RNAP in MEC that is consistent with our findings is shown on the left.Structures of modified bases,phosphate groups,and sugars are shown.REPORTS SCIENCEVOL 31328JULY 2006519With misincorporated CMP,sequence de-pendence of the cleavage reaction in C-MECs is due to differences in the P1bond orientation,which appears to be sensitive to local variations of nucleic acids structure.In one type of complex,P1interacts with the 3¶-hydroxyl,which coordinates MgII.In other complexes,this interaction is absent,and the 3¶-hydroxyl does not chelate MgII.P1also participates in a network of hydrogen bonding that positions the active water molecule.The 2¶-hydroxyl is dispensable.Nitrogen in position 3of the base chelates MgII.Finally,with misincorporated UMP,P1interacts with the 3¶-hydroxyl,po-sitioning it to coordinate MgII or to orient the active water molecule.P1also participates in coordination of the active water molecule.The 2¶-hydroxyl is dispensable.The keto group in position 4of the base either positions the water molecule or acts in concert with N-3as a general base/acid.Taken together,the results indicate that nucleotides that are misincorporated at the transcript 3¶end participate in their own ex-cision.In contrast to the previously described stimulation of transcript cleavage by noncom-plementary NTP (4),which can be regarded as B substrate-assisted catalysis [(18,19),the reaction described here represents B product-assisted catalysis [and,therefore,can directly affect transcription fidelity.To show that excision of misincorporated NMP via P2cleavage can prevent transcription past misincorporated NMP,we supplied MECs with NTP specified by the þ2register of the template and monitored transcript extension (Fig.3).As noted for RNAPs from eukaryotes and archaea (10,17,20,21),the rate of incorporation of NTPs by MECs was much lower than by CECs (7,22)and was compara-ble (k obs ,0.03s j 1in the presence of 1mM NTP)to the rate of P2cleavage (Table 1).Presumably,slow elongation of misincorpo-rated transcripts is due to stabilization of MECs in a backtracked state and to the occupancy of the primary NTP binding site,the E-site,by misincorporated NMP.At 100m M NTP,only 5to 13%of MECs (30%for G-MEC)extended the RNA,whereas the rest of RNA was cleaved and,therefore,the misincorporated NMP was removed (Fig.3B).In the presence of 1mM NTP (a physiological concentration),È30%of complexes (50%for G-MEC)extended past incorrect NMP,whereas the remainder underwent cleavage (Fig.3B).When NTP was added together with transcript cleavage factor GreA,very low (except 20%for G-MEC)incorporation was detected,and mismatched NMP was removed (Fig.3B).Thus,cleavage stimulated by misincorporated nucleotides is sufficient to proofread most misincorpora-tion events.This activity is stimulated by transcript cleavage factors that were previ-ously suggested to contribute to transcrip-tional fidelity (10,12,17,21)and that act by direct stabilization of MgII in the RNAP ac-tive site (23).The importance of transcriptional proof-reading for error-free gene expression was suggested (24).In addition,complexes con-taining misincorporated nucleotides elongate RNA slowly,which should impede expression of actively transcribed genes and may interfere with DNA replication.Cleavage factors cannot be solely responsible for removal of misin-corporated nucleotides,because they are not essential for cells.Our results reveal a proof-reading mechanism that may be sufficient to control transcription misincorporation in theabsence of cleavage factors.The mechanism,which is likely evolutionarily conserved,also allows the removal of 2¶-deoxy NMPs erro-neously incorporated in RNA,because ribo and 2¶-deoxy NMPs cleaved out with the same efficiency.In the RNA-protein world,when RNAP was likely replicating RNA genomes (25),the rela-tively low fidelity of RNAP-catalyzed synthesis could not have been sufficient for stable maintenance of large RNA genomes in the absence of cleavage factors (24).A proofreading and repair mechanism similar to the one de-scribed here could have allowed a large RNA genome of the last common universal ancestor to exist.References and Notes1.T.A.Steitz,Nature 391,231(1998).2.P.Cramer,D.A.Bushnell,R.D.Kornberg,Science 292,1863(2001).3. D.G.Vassylyev et al.,Nature 417,712(2002).4.V.Sosunov et al.,EMBO J.22,2234(2003).5.K.D.Westover,D.A.Bushnell,R.D.Kornberg,Cell 119,481(2004).6.H.Kettenberger,K.J.Armache,P.Cramer,Mol.Cell 16,955(2004).7. D.Temiakov et al.,Mol.Cell 19,655(2005).8.T.A.Steitz,J.A.Steitz,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.90,6498(1993).9.M.Orlova,J.Newlands,A.Das,A.Goldfarb,S.Borukhov,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.92,4596(1995).10.M.J.Thomas,A.A.Platas,D.K.Hawley,Cell 93,627(1998).11.G.Bar-Nahum et al.,Cell 120,183(2005).12. D.A.Erie,O.Hajiseyedjavadi,M.C.Young,P.H.vonHippel,Science 262,867(1993).13.Materials and methods are available as supportingmaterial on Science Online.14.H.Guo,D.H.Price,J.Biol.Chem.268,18762(1993).15.M.G.Izban,D.S.Luse,J.Biol.Chem.268,12864(1993).16.S.K.Whitehall,C.Bardeleben,G.A.Kassavetis,J.Biol.Chem.269,2299(1994).nge,W.Hausner,Mol.Microbiol.52,1133(2004).18.P.Carter,J.A.Wells,Science 237,394(1987).19.W.Dall’Acqua,P.Carter,Protein Sci.9,1(2000).20.H.Matsuzaki,G.A.Kassavetis,E.P.Geiduschek,J.Mol.Biol.235,1173(1994).21. C.Jeon,K.Agarwal,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.93,13677(1996).22.J.E.Foster,S.F.Holmes,D.A.Erie,Cell 106,243(2001).ptenko,J.Lee,I.Lomakin,S.Borukhov,EMBO J.22,6322(2003).24. A.M.Poole,D.T.Logan,Mol.Biol.Evol.22,1444(2005).25. zcano,J.Fastag,P.Gariglio,C.Ramirez,J.Oro,J.Mol.Evol.27,365(1988).26.This work is dedicated to the memory of Dmitry Salonin.We thank E.P.Geiduschek for fruitful discussions.This work was supported by NIH grant RO1GM64530and a Burroughs Wellcome Career Award (to K.S.).Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/313/5786/518/DC1Materials and Methods SOM Text Figs.S1to S3Table S1References14March 2006;accepted 8June 200610.1126/science.1127422Fig.3.P2cleavage and transcriptional proofread-ing.(A )CECs and MECs [C-CEC (lanes 1and 2)and C(G)MEC (lanes 3to 12)are shown as exam-ples]were supplied with 15mM Mg 2þat pH 7.9(40-C)and incubated for various times with or without different concen-trations of CTP ,specified by the þ2register of template DNA and 1m M GreA.(B )Plots represent the relative amounts of MECs [A(U)MEC,C(G)MEC,G(C)MEC,and U(A)MEC are shown as examples]that incorporated NMP specified by the þ2reg-ister (white bars)and those that underwent P2cleavage (black bars)in an experiment similar to that shown in(A).REPORTS28JULY 2006VOL 313SCIENCE 520。

医学课件：肝细胞癌(英文版)

Surgical resection is a treatment option for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without cirrhosis.
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Avoiding hepatitis …
Through avoidance of shared needles and education for intravenous drug users.
Secondary Prevention of Hepatocellular
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要点一
要点二
Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The pathogenesis of HCC is multifactorial and incompletely understood.
02
Diagnosis and Staging of
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
目录
• Prognosis and Survival of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention
01
Introduction to Hepatocellular
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Definition and Characteristics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Computed Tomogra…
Magnetic Resonan…
Serum Markers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

国外主要传播学刊

SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX - COMMUNICATION 社会科学引文索引（SSCI）——国外主要传播学刊1. AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION 强调与另类传播Quarterly2. COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPHS传播专论Quarterly3. COMMUNICATION RESEARCH传播研究Bimonthly4. COMMUNICATION THEORY传播理论Quarterly5. CRITICAL STUDIES IN MEDIA COMMUNICATION媒介传播批评研究Bimonthly6. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR心理与行为Bimonthly7. DISCOURSE & SOCIETY言论与社会Bimonthly8. DISCOURSE STUDIES言论研究Quarterly9. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION欧洲传播期刊Quarterly10. HARVARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESS-POLITICS 哈佛国际媒介政治学期刊Quarterly11. HEALTH COMMUNICATION健康传播Quarterly12. HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH人类传播研究Quarterly13. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 专业传播电器和电子工程师协会学报Quarterly14. INTERACTION STUDIES互动研究Tri-annual15. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING国际广告期刊Quarterly16. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT冲突管理国际期刊Quarterly17. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS语言与传播失调国际期刊Quarterly18. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH公众舆论研究国际期刊Quarterly19. JAVNOST-THE PUBLIC公众Quarterly20. JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING广告学期刊Quarterly21. JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH广告学研究期刊Bimonthly22. JOURNAL OF APPLIED COMMUNICATION RESEARCH应用传播学研究期刊Quarterly23. JOURNAL OF BROADCASTING & ELECTRONIC MEDIA广播与电子媒介Quarterly24. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION 商业与技术传播Quarterly25. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION传播学期刊Quarterly26. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION计算机媒介传播期刊Quarterly27. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION健康传播期刊Quarterly28. JOURNAL OF MEDIA ECONOMICS媒介经济学期刊Quarterly29. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS社会与人际关系期刊Bimonthly30. JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY 新闻学与大众传播季刊Quarterly31. LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION语言与传播Quarterly32. LEARNED PUBLISHING学术出版Quarterly33. MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY管理传播季刊Quarterly34. MEDIA CULTURE & SOCIETY媒介文化与社会Bimonthly35. MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY媒介心理Quarterly36. NARRATIVE INQUIRY叙述调查Semiannual37. NEW MEDIA & SOCIETY新媒介与社会Quarterly38. POLITICAL COMMUNICATION政治传播Quarterly39. PUBLIC CULTURE大众文化Tri-annual40. PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY舆论季刊Quarterly41. PUBLIC RELATIONS REVIEW公关评论Bimonthly42. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE 公众科学理解（科普）Quarterly43. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH演讲季刊Quarterly44. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 语言与社会交往研究Quarterly45. SCIENCE COMMUNICATION科学传播Quarterly46. TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION技术传播QuarterlyISSN: 0049-315547. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY电信政策MonthlyISSN: 0308-596148. TEXT & TALK文本与对话Bimonthly49. TRANSLATOR翻译者SemiannualISSN: 1355-650950. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION书写传播Quarterly。

HANDLING OF COMMUNICATIONS TO BE MADE

专利名称：HANDLING OF COMMUNICATIONS TO BE MADE发明人：BONYADLOU, Rasa,ELMGREEN, Bo,RAHR, Michael,NIE, Lili,SANDHOLM, Per,VILSTER,Ole,STOUSTRUP, Asger,JENSEN,Per,THOMSEN, Sune,SCHULE,Martin,HARTOJOKI, Anna-Leena,SIMULA,Adele,MEJLSTED, Poul,BRUNING,Michael,FLAMSHOLT, DitteNordsted,MOGENSEN, Claus,BRINK, Rune 申请号：FI2009050342申请日：20090430公开号：WO10/125227P1公开日：20101104专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A user interface for controlling an apparatus (400) comprising a controller (300), wherein said controller (300) is configured to establish a communication to a communication identifier (411, 412) from outside a Missed Calls List (410) and to update said Missed Calls List (410) accordingly.申请人：BONYADLOU, Rasa,ELMGREEN, Bo,RAHR, Michael,NIE, Lili,SANDHOLM,Per,VILSTER, Ole,STOUSTRUP, Asger,JENSEN, Per,THOMSEN, Sune,SCHULE,Martin,HARTOJOKI, Anna-Leena,SIMULA, Adele,MEJLSTED, Poul,BRUNING,Michael,FLAMSHOLT, Ditte Nordsted,MOGENSEN, Claus,BRINK, Rune地址：FI,DK,DK,DK,DK,DK,FI,DK,DK,DK,FI,FI,FI,DK,DK,DK,DK,DK国籍：FI,DK,DK,DK,DK,DK,FI,DK,DK,DK,FI,FI,FI,DK,DK,DK,DK,DK 代理机构：NOKIA CORPORATION更多信息请下载全文后查看。

跨学科研究的桥梁多领域学术期刊推荐

跨学科研究的桥梁多领域学术期刊推荐跨学科研究的桥梁——多领域学术期刊推荐在当今快速发展的知识时代，学术研究呈现出日益多样化、交叉融合的趋势。

而跨学科研究作为一种跨越学科界限的重要方式，能够为我们提供新的视角和解决方案。

然而，由于学科间的信息壁垒和学术交流的障碍，跨学科研究也面临着一系列的挑战。

为了促进学术界的跨学科合作与交流，许多多领域学术期刊应运而生。

本文将向大家推荐几本值得关注的多领域学术期刊，以期为跨学科研究者们提供宝贵的学术资源。

一、《跨学科研究期刊》（Journal of Interdisciplinary Research）《跨学科研究期刊》是一本专注于跨学科研究领域的综合性期刊。

该期刊鼓励并欢迎各个学科背景的研究者们提交自己的研究成果。

其发表的文章涵盖了自然科学、社会科学、人文科学等各个学科领域。

该期刊以高质量、原创性和创新性的研究成果为主，为跨学科研究者们提供了一个展示自己成果的平台，促进学术的跨学科交流。

二、《综合研究期刊》（Journal of Integrated Studies）《综合研究期刊》是一本以跨学科研究为特色的综合性期刊。

该期刊注重学科间的交叉融合，鼓励研究者们探索不同学科领域之间的关系，并提出新的观点和解决方案。

该期刊发表的文章包括但不限于自然科学、技术科学、社会科学、艺术与人文科学等多个领域。

通过汇集不同学科领域的研究成果，该期刊为跨学科研究者们提供了一个全面了解多学科发展趋势和前沿问题的平台。

三、《交叉研究期刊》（Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Research）《交叉研究期刊》是一本专注于学科间交叉研究的学术期刊。

该期刊鼓励各个学科背景的研究者们进行学科间的合作与交流。

该期刊发表的文章涵盖了各个领域的前沿研究成果，包括但不限于自然科学、社会科学、工程技术等。

通过促进学术交流与协作，该期刊为构建学科间的桥梁提供了一个平台，推动了跨学科研究的进展。

transcriptresearch认证步骤

transcriptresearch认证步骤对于一个transcript research的认证步骤，我们首先需要了解transcript research的定义。

transcript research是指对一位个体的文字记录或文字材料进行深入研究和分析的过程。

这包括收集、整理、研究和解释相关的文字记录，以获得对个体的深入了解和洞察。

以下是transcript research的认证步骤：3.整理和组织：对所有转录出来的文字记录进行整理和组织。

这可以通过按日期、主题或特定事件对文本进行分类和编目来完成。

确保每条文本记录都有一个唯一的标识符，以方便后续的引用和分析。

4.文本内容分析：对整理和组织的文字记录进行内容分析。

这可以包括使用关键词和短语来识别重要主题和意义，并了解个体的思想，观点和信念。

这种文本分析可能需要使用可视化工具或统计软件来帮助概括和解释文本的内容。

5.跨文本比较：对不同的文字记录进行比较和对照。

这可以帮助确定个体在不同时间和情境下的观点和态度的变化，或者是在不同访谈或会议中的一致性和差异。

跨文本比较还可以帮助我们发现文本之间的关联性和引申性。

6.警觉记忆：注意到可能的瑕疵和偏见，并创建一个透明的分析过程。

这可以包括记录所有的假设、主观判断和解释，并识别可能存在的错误或误导。

7.报告编写：根据分析的结果编写报告。

这包括详细描述个体的观点、思想和信念，以及对个体的洞察和了解。

8.评审和验证：让其他研究人员将你的分析结果进行评审和验证。

这可以通过参与一个学术研讨会或发表一篇同行评议的论文来实现。

通过这个过程，其他研究人员可以对你的研究结果提出质疑，帮助你进一步完善和发展你的研究。

以上是transcript research的认证步骤，这些步骤可以帮助我们系统和全面地研究和理解个体的文字记录。

重要的是要确保我们的研究过程透明和可靠，并根据研究伦理来处理和解释个体的文字材料。

空间转录组细胞通讯

空间转录组细胞通讯
空间转录组（spatial transcriptomics）是一种新兴的转录组学
技术，可以将细胞的转录组信息与细胞所在的空间位置相对应。

通过在组织切片上进行高通量测序和图像分析，可以同时获得单个细胞的转录组信息和其在组织中的位置。

细胞通讯是指细胞之间通过分泌信号分子、细胞间连接物质或电信号等方式进行的信息交流与沟通。

细胞通讯在生物体内起着关键作用，调节细胞的生长、分化、迁移与凋亡等重要生理过程。

空间转录组技术提供了一种全新的视角，可以揭示细胞通讯的空间特异性。

通过将细胞的转录组信息与其在组织中的位置相结合，可以分析细胞之间的相互作用和信号传递路径。

这有助于研究细胞通讯在发育、疾病和治疗等过程中的重要作用。

空间转录组与传统的单细胞转录组技术相比，能够提供更全面的信息，更准确地描绘细胞亚群的分布和相互作用。

通过空间转录组技术，可以研究组织的细胞类型、空间分布、相互作用及其在发育和疾病中的功能。

这项技术的发展将为我们更好地理解生物体内的细胞通讯提供重要工具和平台。

国际著名翻译学期刊目录

国际著名翻译学期刊目录1. Across languages and culturesA multidisciplinary journal for translation and interpreting studies"Across Languages and Cultures publishes original articles and reviews on all sub-disciplines of Translation and Interpreting (T/I) Studies: general T/I theory,descriptive T/I studies and applied T/I studies. Special emphasis is laid on the questions of multilingualism, language policy and translation policy. Publications on new research methods and models are encouraged. Publishes book reviews, news, announcements and advertisements.”2. Alta newsletterAmerican literary translators association《美国文学翻译家协会新闻通讯》3. Babel: International journal of translation季刊- published by the International Federation of Translators with the assistance of UNESCO.Babel is a scholarly journal designed primarily for translators and interpreters, yet of interest also for the nonspecialist concerned with current issues and events in the field of translation.Babel includes articles on translation theory and practice, as well as discussions of the legal, financial and social aspects of the translator’s profession; it reports on new methods of translating, such as machine-aided translation, the use of computerized dictionaries or word banks; it also focuses on schools, special courses, degrees, and prizes for translators. An established publication, Babel will appeal to all those who make translation their business.Contributions are written in French and English and occasionally in German, Italian and Russian.Babel is published for the Federation of Translators (FIT).This journal is peer reviewed and indexed in: IBR/IBZ, INIST, Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique, LLBA, MLA Bibliography, European Reference Index for the Humanities.An international journal on translation, BABEL is published 4 times a year. Authors can submit their paper in electronic format to RenéHaeseryn, Director of publication: *****************.4. Equivalences5. In other words :Journal of the Translators associationThe journal of the Translators Association, produced in collaboration with the British Centre for Literary Translation at the University of East Anglia.Contains articles on the art of translation and on translating particular authors and texts together with reviews of newly published translations.Bi-annual. Annual subscription: ?12 individuals; ?25 institutions.The Translators AssociationThe Society of Authors84 Drayton GardensLondon SW10 9SBTelephone: +44 (0)20 7373 6642E-mail: *************************-6. Languages in contrastInternational journal for contrastive linguisticsaims to publish contrastive studies of two or more languages. Any aspect of language may be covered, including vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, text and discourse, stylistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.welcomes interdisciplinary studies, particularly those that make links between contrastive linguistics and translation, lexicography, computational linguistics, language teaching, literary and linguistic computing, literary studies and cultural studies.provides a home for contrastive linguistics. It enables advocates of different theoretical linguistic frameworks topublish in a single publication to the benefit of all involved in contrastive research.provides a forum to explore the theoretical status of the field; stimulates research into a wide range of languages; and helps to give the field of contrastive linguistics a distinct identity.This journal is peer reviewed and indexed in: IBR/IBZ, INIST, Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique, LLBA, European Reference Index for the HumanitiesLanguages in Contrast (Spr?k i kontrast: SPRIK) is a cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional research project focusing on corpus-based contrastive language studies (Norwegian, English, French, German), especially information structure at different levels. The SPRIK project has the over-arching strategic aim of enhancing linguistic research in Norway within contrastive linguistics, stylistics, and semantics/pragmatics, as well as linguistically oriented translation studies.Central to the project is research on the Oslo Multilingual Corpus (OMC). Such parallell corpora represent an invaluable source of insight into the interplay of various factors that determine information structure in a language while also shedding light on the cross-linguistic variation in the structuring of sentences and text. Through contrastive studies of authentic language in context, the project aims to provide new insights, methodological renewal and empirically based theory development. Insights gained from the research project will also be relevant to applied fields such as translation and foreign language teaching.SPRIK comprises three sub-projects focusing on different aspects of information structuring. Syntactic devices are central to Subproject 1, while the other two focus on lexcial and textual resources.Subproject 1:Syntactic resources for information structuring: presentatives, topicalization, passivization, cleftingSubproject 2:The interplay of explicit and implicit informationSubproject 3:Conditions for perspectivization in textSPRIK is funded by the Norwegian Research Council. The project continues a previous project supported by the Norwegian Research Council and the Faculty of Arts at the University of Oslo.The project will cease in December 2008.Detailed project description (in Norwegian)7. Machine translationDescriptionMachine Translation covers all branches of computational linguistics and language engineering, wherever they incorporate a multilingual aspect. It features papers that cover the theoretical, descriptive or computational aspects of any of the following topics:machine translation and machine-aided translationhuman translation theory and practicemultilingual text composition and generationmultilingual information retrievalmultilingual natural language interfacesmultilingual dialogue systemsmultilingual message understanding systemscorpus-based and statistical language modelingconnectionist approaches to translationcompilation and use of bi- and multilingual corporadiscourse phenomena and their treatment in (human or machine) translation knowledge engineeringcontrastive linguisticsmorphology, syntax, semantics, pragmaticscomputer-aided language instruction and learningsoftware localization and internationalizationspeech processing, especially for speech translationphonetics, phonologycomputational implications of non-Roman character setsmultilingual word-processingthe multilingual information society (sociological and legal as well as linguistic aspects)minority languageshistory of machine translation.8. Meta: Translators' Journal9. MT news internationalNewsletter of the International Association for Machine Translation10, Perspectives: studies in translatology丹麦著名学术刊物《视角：翻译学研究》（Perspectives：Studies in Translatology）：该英语季刊创刊于1993年，由丹麦哥本哈根大学英文系和翻译研究中心主办，国际著名翻译学者Cay Dollerup担任主编。

转录组学的英文

转录组学的英文Transcriptomics, the study of the transcriptome, is an emerging field of research in biology. It aims to understand the complete set of RNA molecules produced by a cell or a population of cells under certain conditions. At its core, transcriptomics seeks to reveal the complex mechanisms of gene expression and its regulation.The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules, including coding and non-coding RNAs, that are produced by a cell or an organism. Transcriptomics investigates the messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs the synthesis of proteins, as well as other RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and small RNA molecules, such as microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA).Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled transcriptomics to become a powerful tool in understanding the genetic basis of various biological phenomena. Transcriptomicdata can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of developmental processes, cellular responses to environmental stimuli, and disease pathogenesis.One of the key applications of transcriptomics is in molecular diagnostics. By comparing the transcriptomes of healthy and diseased tissues, researchers can identify disease-specific biomarkers that may be used for early diagnosis or in the development of targeted therapies.Transcriptomics has also been used in drug discovery to identify new drug targets andpotential drug candidates. By analyzing the expression levels of genes in different tissues and cell types, researchers can identify pathways that are specific to certain diseases and develop drugs that target those pathways.Another emerging application of transcriptomics is in the field of synthetic biology. By engineering gene expression patterns, researchers can create custom metabolic pathways or functional cellular systems. Transcriptomic data can informthe design of these systems and enable researchers to optimize their function.Despite its many potential applications, transcriptomics faces several challenges. One major challenge is the huge amount of data that is generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies. Analyzing and interpreting this data requires advanced computational algorithms and infrastructure. Additionally, interpretation of transcriptomic data is complex, involving comparisons of gene expression across multiple samples, tissues, and conditions.In conclusion, transcriptomics is a rapidly evolving field with many potential applications in biology, medicine, and synthetic biology. By understanding the transcriptome, researchers can gain insight into the complex mechanisms of gene expression and regulation, identify biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, develop new drugs and therapies, and engineer new cellular systems. Despite the challenges, transcriptomics holds greatpromise as a powerful tool for biological research and discovery.。

Section K 原核转录

1 DNA molecule 2 DNA molecules
Transcription: synthesis of one RNA molecule using one of the two DNA strands as a template.
1 DNA molecule 1 RNA molecule
RNA Terminator is a sequence of DNA, represented at the end of the transcript, that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.
RNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize RNA using a DNA template (formally described as DNA-dependent RNA polymerases).
Transcription
Antisense strand
RNA
Fig. 2. Structure of a typical transcription unit
Initiation (template recognition)
1. Binding of an RNA polymerase to the dsDNA
Replication-synthesis of the leading strand
the same direction as the replication fork moves
Replication- Synthesis of the Okazaki fragments
Opposite to the replication fork movement

TranscriptionandTranslation解读

Questions to be answered today

How do we get from the bases found in DNA to amino acids? How do we get from a bunch of amino acids to proteins?
Replication
Transcription vs. Translation Review
Transcription Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA Occurs in the nucleus DNA mRNA Translation Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome Occurs on a Ribosome mRNA protein
DNA
•DNA double helix unwinds •DNA now single-stranded •New DNA strand forms using complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G) •Used to prepare DNA for cell division •Whole genome copied/replicated
tRNA

Transfer RNA Bound to one amino acid on one end Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon

transsplicing的名词解释

transsplicing的名词解释Transsplicing（跨剪接）的名词解释概述在生物学领域中，转录（transcription）是基因表达的过程，它将DNA序列转化为RNA分子，然后进一步转化为蛋白质。

然而，转录的一个特殊形式被称为转剪（splicing），它发生在RNA分子合成的过程中。

其中，transsplicing便是一种在剪接过程中涉及两个或多个预先不相关的RNA分子的合并。

本文将深入探讨transsplicing的机制、意义和相关研究。

1. 转剪的意义和类型转剪是调控基因表达多样性的一个重要方式。

通过不同形式的转剪，一个基因可以产生多种不同的RNA分子，从而编码不同的蛋白质。

这种调控方式在真核生物中普遍存在，并且人类的基因组中有超过90%的基因可以经历转剪。

转剪的类型包括剪接异构体（alternative splicing）、内含子保留（intron retention）、外显子跳跃（exon skipping）等。

而transsplicing则是其中一种特殊的形式。

2. transsplicing的机制transsplicing通过将两个或多个不同的RNA分子连接起来形成一个新的RNA 分子。

这个过程能够发生在同一个基因内的不同转录本之间，也可以发生在不同基因之间。

具体机制如下：（1）首先，预-mRNA经历转录生成pre-mRNA。

在这个过程中，内含子（intron）会被剪除掉，而外显子（exon）被保留下来。

（2）然后，两个或多个pre-mRNA分子会在特定的结构域中寻找互补配对的位点，形成一个配对复合物。

这些互补位点被称为转剪剪口（trans-splice junction）。

（3）接下来，剩余的内含子和外显子会被剪除，并将两个或多个不同来自不同pre-mRNA的外显子连接起来。

新形成的RNA分子由转剪酶催化和稳定。

（4）最后，新形成的RNA分子会经过进一步的加工（如poly(A)尾添加），并最终转化为成熟的mRNA分子。