STQA习题集

Software Testing and Quality AssuranceChapter 1 Introducing Software Quality Assurance1. Please describe which tasks SQA Activities can be broken down into. (p1.4)A:SQA activities can be broken down into the following tasks:（1）Application of technical methods:This helps the development team to achieve high quality design specifications and develop high quality software design.（2）Conducting Formal T echnical Reviews (FTRs):These are structured review meetings in which a review team assesses the software product technically.（3）Enforcement of standards:This task is a combination of two subtasks:Process monitoring and Product Evaluation.（4）Control of change:It combines manual methods with automated tools to provide a mechanism for the control of change.This process ensures software quality by formalizing requests for change, evaluating the nature of the change, and controlling the impact of the change.（5）Measurement:The quality of a software product can be measured by using software metrics. （6）SQA Audits:These are conducted to inspect a process or a product in detail by comparing the process or product with established procedures and standards.Audits review the management, technical, and quality assurance processes being followed during software development.（7）Record keeping and reporting:This provides procedures for collecting and circulating SQA information.2. Which phases the SDLC consists of? (p1.5)A:（1）Software conception and initiation（2）Analysis（3）Design（4）Construction（5）T esting3. Please describe SQA activities in the Software Analysis Phase. (p1.6)A:（1）These involve reviewing of the Requirements Document created as part of the software requirement phase.（2）These ensure that the software requirements are complete, testable, and correctly expressed as functional, performance, and interface requirements.（3）The SQA activities in this phase can be recorded in the Software Requirement Review Checklist.4. Please describe SQA activities in the Software Design Phase. (p1.7)A:SQA activities in the software design phase involve assuring the following factors:（1）The design adheres to the approved design standards defined in the management plan created in the project initiation phase.（2）All software requirements are mapped to the software components.（3）All action items are resolved according to the review finding of the high-level design review documentation.（4）The approved design is placed under configuration management.（5）The development team follows approved design standards.（6）The allocated modules are included in the detailed design.（7）The results of design inspections are included in the design.（8）All action items are resolved according to the review findings of the detailed design review documentation.5. Please describe SQA activities in the Software Construction Phase. (p1.9)A:SQA activities in the software construction phase involve assuring the following factors: （1）Audit of the results of coding and design activities including the schedule in the software development plan（2）Audit of configuration management activities and the software development library （3）Audit of deliverable items（4）Audit of nonconformance reporting and corrective action system（5）FTR of code6. Please describe SQA activities in the Software Testing Phase. (p1.9)A:（1）These involve monitoring the testing process for conformance to standards.（2）These ensure that the software testing process is in accordance with plans and procedures.（3）T est documentation is reviewed for completeness and adherence to standards. （4）SQA activities in this phase also involve reviewing the test plan.（5）The observations from a test plan review are recorded in the Test Plan Review Checklist.7. Please describe the differents between two Quality activities, QA and QC. (p1.10) A:（1）QA is a planned and systematic set of activities that involve monitoring and improving the software development process.（2）QA is oriented to the prevention of defects rather than their detection and is used to implement the defined quality policy of an organization through the process of development and continuous improvement.（3）Quality Control (QC) is the process by which the quality of a product is compared with specific standards, and action is taken if the quality does not match the applicable standards.（4）QC is oriented to detection of defects rather than prevention.8. Please list some QA activities, and some QC activities. (p1.11)A:Quality Assurance (QA) activities include:（1）Quality Audit（2）Process definition（3）T ool selection（4）Training（5）Peer review（6）Requirements tracking（7）Quality metrics collectionQC activities include:（1）Inspection（2）T esting（3）Checkpoint review9. Please describe the Role of Metrics in SQA, and the four main steps of creating a metric. (p1.12)A:QA is a planned and systematic set of activities that involves monitoring and improving the software development process. Metrics are important in QA because they help measure and evaluate various aspects of the software development process These measurements help organizations improve their processesMetrics are crucial for the development process and project management because they enable you to measure the quality of each factor in a project. Measuring the quality of various factors helps determine if the project will meet time and quality requirements.In addition, over a period of time, metrics help track your progress. Y ou can use metrics to compare various projects of different sizes After calculating metrics, you need to communicate them to the management and to every person involved in the process. Then, you need to organize several meetings to analyze metrics. Based on. the analysis, .areas of improvement are identified and suggestions are invited to improve the processes Based on the suggestions, corrective action is decided and implemented. After implementing the changes, you need to again implement the processes to verify whether or not they solved the problem.The QA and develOpment team decides upon the metrics to be created and tracked in the beginning of a software project There are four main steps of creating a metricDefining the goal of the metric: It is important to define a goal because it helps design the metric The goal should be clear, measurable, and explicit For example,the goal can be to measure the number of defects reported by the clientIdentifying the requirements of the metric The requirements include human resource, data collection techniques, and methodologies used to process the data For example, the requirements of a metric that measures the number of defects reported by clients include the availability of quality assurance professionals and past data to specify severity criteria Identifying the organizational baseline value for the metric A baseline value is an average value that an organization identifies based on prior experience. A metric is designed to achieve the baseline value.1. Which of the following is a quality control activity?A. Quality auditB. T ools selectionC. TrainingD. Inspection2. Which of the following is a quality assurance activity?A. T estingB. T ools selectionC. InspectionD. Walkthrough3. Which of the following SQA activities involves assessing and review the prototype and product design for quality?A. Application of technical methodsB. Conducting FTRsC. Enforcement of standardsD. Control of change4. Which of the following SQA activities ensures that the development team follows the documented steps to complete a process?A. Application of technical methodsB. Conducting FTRsC. Enforcement of standardsD. Control of changeChapter 2 Introducing Software Testing1. Please describe the benefits of early testing. (p2.4)A:The benefits of early testing include:（1）Reduces the possibility of introducing errors when making changes.（2）Reduces the possibility of forgetting design decisions and conditions.（3）Saves the time required to reanalyze designs and code.（4）Reduces the possibility of similar errors by providing early feedback.（5）Reduces the number of defects that leak through various phases of SDLC, which helps reduce the defect tracking overhead.2. Please describe the steps of Testing Life Cycle. (p2.6)A:（1）Risk analysis(2)Planning progress(3)T est design(4)Performing tests(5)Defect tracking and management(6)Quantitative measurement(7)T est reporting3. Please describe the Roles in a testing team, and their responsibility of each role. (p2.8)A:(1)The key roles in a testing team are:T est managerT est leadT est environment specialistT ester(2)A test manager plans and coordinates the test process for a project and is responsible for:a. Representing the testing team for interdepartmental interactionsb. Interacting with customers and vendors, if requiredc. Recruiting, supervising, and training staffd. Creating a test plane. Creating the budget and schedule for the test process, including test-effort estimationsf. Acquiring hardware and software for the test environmentg. Ensuring proper configuration management of the test environment and the test producth. Defining the test processi. Tracking progress of the test processk. Coordinating pre- and post-test meetings(3)A test lead directs the testing team and is responsible for:a. Providing technical leadership for the test programb. Providing support for customer interface, recruiting, test-tool introduction, test plan execution, staff supervision, and cost and progress status reportingc. Verifying the quality of the requirements, including testability, requirement definition,test design, test-script and test-data development, test automation, test-environment configuration, test-script configuration management, and test executiond. Interacting with test-tool vendors to identify the best ways to leverage test tools on the projecte. Receiving information about the latest test approaches and tools, and transferring this knowledge to the test teamf. Conducting test-design and test-procedure walkthroughs and inspectionsg. Implementing test-process improvements based on surveys conductedh. Tracing the test procedures to the test requirements by using the Requirements Traceability Matrixi. Implementing the test processj. Ensuring that the test-product documentation is complete(4)A test environment specialist specializes in setting up the test environment and is responsible for:a. Installing test tools and establishing the test-tool environmentb. Creating and controlling the test environment by using environment setup scriptsc. Creating and maintaining the test databased. Maintaining a requirements hierarchy within the test-tool environment(5)A tester helps deliver a quality product and is responsible for the following activities during the testing process:a. Developing test cases and proceduresb. Creating test datac. Reviewing analysis and design artifactsd. Executing testse. Using automated tools for executing testsf. Preparing test documentationg. Tracking defectsh. Reporting test results4. Please describe the key performance areas of a tester. (p2.11)A:(1) Defect-detection efficiency(2)Schedule slippage in test case design and test execution(3)Productivity (total number of test cases designed or executed, depending on the nature of project)(4)Number of weighted defects in user acceptance testing(5) Initiatives taken in:Self developmentDeveloping toolsCertificationsT ools learned5. Please describe the main technical skills and behavior skills of a tester. (p2.11) A:(1)T echnical: The technical skills include the following:a. Knowledge of software development, operation, and maintenance processesb. Knowledge of the applicationc. Knowledge of tools that aid in software developmentd. Knowledge of project managemente. Knowledge of the testing processf. Knowledge of test process documentation(2)Behavioral: The behavioral skills include the following:a. Sensitivity to small detailsb. T olerance for chaosc. Organized approach1. Errors that are undetected at a particular stage in the development life cycle and are carried forward to next stage are called .A. Leakage errorsB. Logical errorsC. Debugging errorsD. Integration errors2. Which of the following cannot be achieved by testing?A. Detecting errors in a software productB. Verifying that a software product conforms to its requirementsC. Showing that a software product has no defectsD. Establishing confidence that a program does what it should3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of phases in the testing life cycle?A. Risk analysis, planning, test design, performing tests, defect tracking and management, quantitative measurement, test reportingB. Planning, risk analysis, test design, performing tests, defect tracking and management, quantitative measurement, test reportingC. Planning, risk analysis, test design, performing tests, test reporting, defect tracking and management, quantitative measurementD. Risk analysis, planning, test design, performing tests, quantitative measurement, test reporting, defect tracking and management4. In which phase of the testing life cycle are defects communicated to the development team?A. Defect tracking and managementB. Performing testsC. T est reportingD. Quantitative measurementChapter 3 Planning Software Tests1. Please describe which phases the test planning process includes. (p3.3)A:The test planning process includes the following phases:(1)Pre-planning(2)T est planning(3)Post-planning2. In the pre-planning phase, the test specifications are identified. Which components are included in the test specifications? (p3.3)A:This phase identifies the test specifications. The test specifications include the following components:a. T est objectivesb. T est assumptionsc. T est success/acceptance criteriad. T est entrance/exit criteria3. Which activities are included in the test planning phase? (p3.4)A:The test planning phase includes the following activities:(1) Performing requirements traceability(2) Estimating test effort(3) Scheduling the test iterations(4) Planning resources(5) Identifying testing approaches(6) Defining test quality control4. Which components the test plan should focused on? (p3.5)A:The test plan focuses on the following components:(1) Scope of test(2) T est objectives(3) List of assumptions(4) Results of risk analysis(5) Resource allocation(6) T est schedule(7) T est design(8) T est environment(9) T esting tools and techniques(10)T est completion criteria5. Which steps should be followed when create a test plan? (p3.5)A:T o create a test plan, the steps to be followed are:(1)Forming a test team(2)Understanding project risks(3)Building the test plan6. Which activities should be involved when developing a test plan? (p3.6)A:The development of a test plan involves the following activities:1. Documenting test objectives2. Creating a test matrix3. Writing the test plan7. The post-planning phase of the test planning process includes identifying a configuration management plan for the software project. Which activities are included in the configuration management? (p3.13)A:Configuration management includes the following activities:(1)Baseline control(2)Software configuration identification(3)Configuration control(4)Configuration status accounting(5)Software configuration authentication(6)Software development libraries8. Please describe the V model and W model. (p3.14)A:The cost of correcting a defect that is detected early in the development life cycle is much less than the cost of correcting a defect detected at a later stage. Therefore, to reducethe cost of correcting defects, you must try locating defects early in the development life cycle..The V model proposes an approach to software development in which both the software development process and the software test process begin simultaneously When the project starts, the development team starts the software development process and the testmg team starts planmng for the test process This planning is based on the documents created during the development processThe V model places the development phases such as requirements, analysis, design, and coding on one side of the V The various types of testing such as umt, integration, system, and acceptance, are placed on the other side of the V.Unit testing involves testing each individual unit of software to detect errors in its code. A developer or a peer programmer typically does unit testingIntegration testing involves testing two or more previously tested and accepted units to illustrate that they work together when combined into a single entity Integration testing exposes faults in interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components System testing is the process of testing a completely integrated system to verify that itmeets specified requirements This testing is performed to identify defects that will surface only when a complete system is assembled. System testing includes testing for performance, security, and recovery from failure.Acceptance testing is the process in which actual users test a complete information system to determine whether it satisfies the acceptance criteria This testing enables the customer to determine whether to accept or reject the system.1. According to the V model, documents created during the analysis phase can be used to define the .A. System test criteriaB. Acceptance criteriaC. Integration test criteriaD. Unit test criteria2. Which of the following configuration management activities involve performing configuration reviews and audits?A. Baseline controlB. Configuration controlC. Configuration status accountingD. Software configuration authentication3. Which of the following activities is performed as part of the pre-planning phase of testing?A. Documenting risks related to testingB. Creating test matrixC. Defining the success/acceptance test criteriaD. Forming a testing team4. Which of the following is a dynamic testing technique?A. ReviewB. WalkthroughC. AuditD. T estingChapter 4 Identifying Test Approaches1. Please describe static testing and dynamic testing. (p4.3)A:Static testing: Static testing verifies the conformance of a software system to its specification without executing the code. This testing involves analysis of the source text by individuals.Dynamic testing: Dynamic testing involves executing the source code to check if it works as expected.2. Please describe the types of errors can be located by using functional approaches. (p4.3)A:Functional approaches are useful for locating the following types of errors:Incorrect functionalityMissing functionalityInterface errorsIncorrect specificationsInitialization errorsT ermination errors3. Please describe the benefits and limitations of using functional test approaches. (p4.3)A:The benefits of using functional test approaches are:●They are effective for large units of code.●T esters do not need any knowledge of implementation, including specificprogramming languages.●T esters and developers can be independent of each other.●T ests are conducted from a user's point of view.●T ests help easily identify ambiguities or inconsistencies in the specifications.●T est cases can be designed as soon as the specifications are complete.●The limitations of functional test approaches are:●Can leave many program paths untested.●Cannot be used for complex segments of code. Therefore, such segments cancontain errors.●Cannot determine a reason for failure.●Difficult to design tests without clear and concise specifications.4. Please describe the benefits and limitations of using structural test approaches. (p4.5)A:The benefits of structural testing approaches are:●Useful in locating non-specified functions that cannot be detected using functionalapproaches●More effective than functional approaches for small modulesThe limitations of structural test approaches are:● A program contains a large number of logical paths. It is not practically possible tocheck all logical paths because it involves time and effort. Y ou can test only some important logical paths.●It is necessary for the tester to know programming languages.●These approaches do not ensure meeting user requirements.5. Please describe which types of testing structural test approaches and functional test approaches should be applied to. Four basic types of testing are: Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, and Acceptance Testing. (p4.5)6. Please describe the Structural Testing Techniques. (p4.6)A:The structural testing techniques are:●Stress testing: Involves testing the system in a manner that demands resources inabnormal quantity, frequency, or volume.●Recovery testing: Verifies the ability of the system to recover from varying degrees offailure.●Operations testing: Ensures that when an application is developed, it is tested andthen integrated into the operating environment.●Compliance testing: Verifies whether the application is developed in accordance withinformation technology standards, procedures, and guidelines.●Security testing: Identifies security defects in the software.7. Please describe the Functional Testing Techniques. (p4.8)A:The functional testing techniques are:●Requirements testing: This type of testing is conducted to verify that a systemperforms correctly over a continuous period of time.●Regression testing: When a change is made to one segment of a system.●Error-handling testing: This type of testing is done by a group of individuals who thinknegatively to anticipate what can go wrong with the system.●Manual-support testing: This involves testing the interface between users and theapplication system.●Intersystem testing: Applications are often interconnected with other applications.●Control testing: This type of testing is conducted to ensure that processing isperformed in accordance with the intent of the management.●Parallel testing: When a new system is developed.1. Which of the following is a static testing technique?A. Black-box testingB. White-box testingC. ReviewsD. Regression testing2. Which of the following is a structural testing technique? A. Unit testing B. System testing C. Acceptance testing D. Requirements testing3 Which of the following is a functional testing technique? A. Stress testing B. Executing testing C. Recovery testing D. Regression testing4. Which of the following is a dynamic testing technique? A. ReviewB. WalkthroughC. AuditD. White-box testingChapter 5 Designing the Test Environment1. Please describe the test process and its minor process activities by using ETVX diagram. (p5.4)A:A test process provides a systematic approach to accomplish the objective of testing. A test process can also be defined as a set of minor process activities within major process activities represented by the Entry-T ask-Verification-Exit (ETVX) diagram.2. Please describe the Life Cycle of a Test Process. (p5.5) A:There are various phases in the life cycle of a test process. These phases are as follows: ●System study: The purpose of the system study phase is to understand the testprocess and define its requirements.●Design test cases: The purpose of this phase is to design and build a set of intelligenttest cases for the test process.●Execution: The purpose of the execution phase is to execute the test cases preparedin the design test cases phase.●Wind-up: The purpose of the wind-up phase is to provide an organized and formalwrap up of the test execution phase.3. Please describe the criteria affecting the selection of an appropriate testing tool. (p5.6)A:The criteria affecting the selection of an appropriate testing tool are as follows:●The objectives of testing should be accomplished successfully.●The tool should be easy to use.●The time spent in installing and learning about the tool should be the least.●The tool should be compatible with the platform and software used for testing.●The purchase cost of the tool should be within the project budget.4. What steps the testing team should follow while designing the test environment? (p5.7)A:While designing the test environment, the testing team should follow the given steps:●Gather information about proposed test environment.●Document the test environment specifications for the project.●Simulate the server environment.●Simulate the client environment.●Design domains for testing.●Keep the test logs and reports safe for the future.5. What is a test bed? What are the benefits of test beds? And what are the factors that affect test bed decisions? (p5.8)A:A test bed is a test environment that contains the hardware, simulators, software tools, and other support elements necessary for conducting the test.Benefits of test beds are:●Observing the impact of running applications in an environment changed by softwarepatches,new software installed, ornew hardware purchased before these are used on an everyday basis.●Developing off-line maintenance procedures that help minimize non-functionalperiods of the application software.The following factors affect test bed decisions:●Budget and resource constraints: Setting up a test bed requires specific hardware,software, and other resources.●T echnical support constraints: Maintaining a test bed requires technical support fromspecialized personnel.6. Please describe the testing tool types. Which ones are the Manual tools? (p5.14) A:Some of the important testing tools are as follows:●Unit testing tools●Regression testing tools●Load testing tools●Traceability tools●Code coverage tools●Manual toolsThe most frequently-used manual tools are as follows:●Checklists●T est scripts●Decision T ables1. Which testing is used when there is high risk of a recent change affecting unchanged areas of the application software?A. Parallel testingB. Control testingC. Requirement testingD. Regression testing2. Which of the following steps is not a part of the process of setting up a regression-testing tool?A. Designing the framework of testingB. Identifying the utility functions related to the application softwareC. Configuring an isolated network with servers of specified configurationD. Designing test scenarios3. Which of the following statement holds true for test bed?A. A test bed is the key to quality and stability in a software testing processB. A test bed captures the input of test processC. A test bed helps define a test script in exact terms by defining the hardware and software requirements.D. A test bed executes a test case on time.4. Which testing ensures that the operations of an application software continue after a disaster?A. Recovery testingB. Operations testingC. Compliance testing。