生理学英文分章题库
生理学复习题 英文版
1.静息电位的形成2.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制3.一个人大量发汗并没有补充水分，尿量的变化和变化原因4.基底神经核在调解动作中的作用。
名词10个：Positive feedbackGFRRespiration membraneNonspecific projection systemInward retificationHemostasisSymportPhotopic VisionBEWHepothalumus regulation peptide大题四个1.Threshold ,threshold stimulus ,stimulus potential 的各个定义以及联系2.描述心动周期中心室的volume，pressure，以及动脉pressure的变化3.描述胃的头期分泌的特点。
3.描述spinal cord 的牵张反射。
Terminal Examination of Physiology for English ClassI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed “ Internal Environment” of the human body byA.Claude BernardB. HarveyC. PavlovD. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will causeA.An increase in intracellular volumeB.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced byA.Inward diffusion of Na+B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle?A. Myosin head is energizedB. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contractionD. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction?A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length 2~2.2 μm of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume:A．block the conduction of the vagus nerve B．stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heart C．decrease of the pressure in the carotid sinusD．an increase in the end-diastolic pressureE．from lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg,A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHgB. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressinB. bradykininB. norepinephrineD. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rateB. Sympathetic stimulationC. NorepinephrineD. AcetylcholineE. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastoleE. none of the above12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output is A. heart rate B. afterload C. preload D. ventricular contractility E. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure isA. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2,B. PCO2,C. pHD. 2,3-DPGE. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result inA. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. EvaporationE. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme?A. pepsin, starchB. trypsin, proteinC. amylase, starchD. pepsin, proteinE. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ?A. salivary glands and gastric epitheliumB. hepatocytesC. gastric epithelial cellsD. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. it's neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. it’s not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is:A. Glucose concentration.B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration.D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbsA. 85% of filtrated water.B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 65~70% of filtrated Na+ and water.D. 65~70% of filtrated glucose.E. 65~70% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptorsB. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptorsD. opiate receptorsE. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarizationB. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulationD. somesthetic propagationE. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactileB. nociceptorsC. phasicD. tonicE. taste27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulusE. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due toA. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is toA. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractB. Maintain I? afferent activity during contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuronA. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidusC. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity isA. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral painA. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain.B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep?A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreamingC. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information aboutA. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being movedD. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.Dopamine,B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.Examination of PhysiologyClass_____ Name_____________ Numbers_____ Scores_____I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis isA.Negative feedbackB.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport?A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pumpC.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased?A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normalB.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding toA.TropomyosinB.ActinC.Cross bridgeD.TtroponinE.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosinA. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosion globular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentration would expected toA.Stimulate Ca2+ pumpB. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cellD.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized byA.Two way directional propagationB. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transportE. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analyzedA.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of platelets and red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance vesseles is increased, which one of the following is increased? A. Systolic blood pressureB. Diastolic blood pressureC.Viscosity of the bloodD.HematocritE.Capillary blood now10.Stroke volume is increased byA.Decrease in venous complianceB.Increase in afterloadC.Increase in contractilityD.Increase in heart rateE.Decrease in coronary blood now11. When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs?A.Decreased heart rateB.Increased contractilityC.Decreased total peripherad resistanceD.Decreased cardiac outputE.Increased phase 0 of the action potential12.The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potentialof K+ duringA.Phase 0 of the action potentialB.Phase 2 of the action potentialC.Phase 3 of the action potentialD.Pphase 4 of the action potentialE.The effective refractory period13.If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure isA.100mmHgB.93.3mmHgC.95.3mmHgD.90mmHgE.80mmHg14.If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease inA.Cardiac outputB.End-diastolic volumeC.Heart rateD.Pulse pressureE.Stroke volume15.Which of the following agents or changes has a negativeinotropiceffect on the heart?A.Increased heart rateB.Sympathetic stimulationC.Norepinephrine (NE)D.Acetylcholine(ACh)E.Cardiac glycosides16.Total lung capacity is the sum ofA.Residual volume + Functional residual volumeB.Residual volume + Vital capacityC.Residual volume + Expiratory volume + Tidal volumeD.Residual volume + Inspiratory reserve volumeE.Functional residual volume + Tidal volume17.A lack of normal surfactant will result inA.Increased lung complianceB.Stabilization of alveolar volumeC.Increased retractive force of the lungsD.Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE.Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood18.Hypoxemia (low partial pressure of PO2 in blood) produces hyperventilation by adirest effect on theA.Phrenic nerveB.J receptorsC.Lung stretch receptorsD.Medullary chemoreceptorsE.Arotid and aortic body chemoreceptors19.If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a Po2 that isA.Equal to atmospheric PO2B.Equal to mixed pulmonary venous PO2C.Equal to normal systemic arterial Po2D.Lower than mixed pulmonary venous PO2E.Higher than the mixed pulmonary venous PO220.The most versatile and important digestive juice isA.Gastric juiceB.Small intestinal juiceC.Pancreatic juiceD.BileE.Saliva21.Which of the following factors inhibits the gastric emptying?A.Gastric tonic contractionB.The enterogastric reflexC.The distention of foods on gastric wallD.AcetylcholineE.Gastric peristalsis22. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA.RadiationB.ConductionC.ConvectionD.EvaporationE.Brown fat tissue23.Which one of the following is not the important factor that determines the rate of heat production ?A.BMR of all the cellsB.Extra metabolism caused by muscle activityC.Extra metabolism caused by the effect of hormoneD.Shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesisE.Decreasing of the skin vascular tone24.The force opposing glomerular filtration isA. Arterial blood pressureB. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressureC. Plasma colloid osmotic pressureD. Blood pressure of afferent arterioleE. Blood pressure of efferent arteriole25.Which of followings can increase glomerular filtratioon rate ?A. Arterial blood pressure increases from 80 mmHg to 180 mmHgB. Arterial blood pressure decreases from 80 mmHg to 60 mmHgC. Increased action of renal sympathetic nerveD. Intravenously infusing a large volume of normal saline ?E. Intravenously infusing hyperosmotic glucose solution ?26. When reabsorption of water filtrated by glomerulus decrease 1%, how much the quantityof urine will increase ?A.1%B.10%C.50%D.70%E.100%27. The location reabsorbing glucose isA.proximal tubuleB. Henle’s loo pC.distal convoluted tubuleD. collecting ductE. proximal tubule and distal tubule28. The location regulated by antidiuretic hormone isA. Proximal convoluted tubleB. Thick segment of descending limbC. Thick segment of ascending limbD. Thin segment of Henle’ loopE. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(Test Paper B)29. When sound wave is transmitted by tympanic membrane and ossicular chain to oval window,which of followings is correctA. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave increaseB. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave decreaseC. Amplitude of sound wave decreases and pressure intensity of sound wave increasesD. Frequency of sound wave increasesE Frequency of sound wave decreases30.which of the following is related to after discharge?A.DivergenceB.ConvergenceC.Chain circuitD.Recurrent circuitE.Synaptic sensitization31.All of the following are true for neuromodulator, exceptA.Often synthesized by presynaptic cellB.Involved in rapid communicationC.Co-released with neurotranmitterD.Amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activityE.Change the presynaptic cell’s metabolism of a transmitter32. Which of the following is not important in saltatory conduction of the action potential along the axonA.The myelin sheath surrounding the axonB. The node of ranvierC. Loading neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicleD.Passive current flow along the length of the membraneE.Voltage-sensitive Na+ gates33. Which one is not the feature of visceral pain ?A.The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe painB.Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely painC.Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficultD Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesiaE.The signals are transmitted by A? fibers GABA (a gamma-aminobutyric acid)34.Which one of following is wrong about tendon reflexA.It is caused by rapid stretch of the muscleB.An instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscleC.A dynamic stretch reflexD.Multiple synaptic pathway, continues for a prolonged periodE.Transmitted to spinal cord from the IA sensory ending of the muscle spindle35. The most importment output pathway from the motor cortex isA.The rubrospinal tractB.The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tractsC.The corticospinal tractD.The pontocerebellar fibersE.The olivocerebellar fibers36. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.DopamineB.AcetylcholineC.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate37.The cause of the acromegaly isA.High concentration of growth hormone in adultB.Low concentration of growth hormone in adultC.Low concentration of growth hormone in childhoodD.High concentration of thyroid hormones in adultE.High concentration of growth hormone in childhood38.About the humoral regulation of protein metabolism, which is right?A.GH increases the breakdown of proteinsB.Thyroid hormones decreases the synthesis of the protein in normal levelC.In patients with hyperthyroidism, high level of T3/T4 always promote the catabolismD.Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins in liverE.Cortisol inhibits the breakdown of proteins in muscle39.Which one of the following is not the hormone that increases the glucose of blood?A.CortisolB.EpinephrineC..NorepinephrineD.Growth hormoneE.Somatostatin (SS)40.Which one of the following is right?A.ACTH increases the release of CRHB.Wolf-Chaikoff effect is caused by the increase of T3/T4C.Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the release of T3/T4D.Cortisol increases the release of ACTHE.Cortisol decreases the number of red blood cellII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points) 1.Optimal length2.Oxygen capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Effective refratory period5.Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7.Filtration fraction8.Dark adaptation9.The specific dynamic action of protein（food specific dynamic effect）10.Afferent collateral inhibitionIII.Answer the questions (10 points for each question,total 40 points )1.Describe the types of glucose transport across epithelial cell.2.To describe the mechanism of production of an action potential in ventricular muscle cell.3. Describe the composition and function of gastric juice.4.Describe the function of the muscle spindle.I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A2 A3 A4 E5 D6 E7 B8 B9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A28 D29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65％stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual AccommodationThe process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food 9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC. 10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transportacross cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrierFacilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrier protein. Mechanism is a “ferry ” or “shuttling ” process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane.(2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: ①Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial cell and then uphill out of it to the blood.②The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration of glucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. ③Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volume—systolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR –diastolic,(3) Peripheral resistence—diastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic ---pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes the filtration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR (2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it (3) Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it (4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane..4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion. Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis (1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone). ACTH causes formation of adrenocortical hormones .(2) The action of CRH is to promote synthesis and release of ACTH in the cells of anterior pituitary gland(3) Cortisol has direct negative feedbacks on the hypothalamus to decrease formation of CRH and ACTH. ACTH inhibits the formation of CRH(4) Other factors: stress5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.3.(1) The basic circuit: Sudden stretch of a muscle excites the muscle spindle, and Ia proprioceptor nerve fiber sends signals to the spinal cord, synapses directly with anterior motor neurons that send nerve fiber back to the extrafusal muscle fibers of the same muscle, causing reflex contraction of the muscle (4 marks);(2) Functions: Tendon reflex causes an instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscle; Muscle tonus is good for maintaining the posture of the body.Answer Points for Examination of PhysiologyI .Choose the best answer for each of the following(I point for each total 40 points)1.A2.B3.E4.D5.D6.C7.B8.C9.D10.D11.B 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.E 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D21.E 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.30.31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.A 38.C 39.E 40.CII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1..optimal length2. Oxygen Capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Systolic Pressure5..Basic electrical rhythm。
生理学英文练习题-第一章-绪论
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamicbalance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the livingorganism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology（生理学）2.Acute experiment（急性实验）3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）4.In vitro（离体）5.In vivo（在体）6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）8.Internal environment（内环境）9.Homeostasis（稳态）10.Excitability（兴奋性）11.Excitation（兴奋）12.Inhibition（抑制）13.Stimulus（刺激）14.Neural regulation（神经调节）15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）16.Reflex arc（反射弧）17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）21.Feedback（反馈）22.Negative feedback（负反馈）23.Positive feedback（正反馈）24.Feedforward（前馈）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stablecondition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis inliving organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoralregulation and auto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology（生理学）: Physiology is the study of how livingorganisms work, the goal of physiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment（急性实验）：Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment.The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）: Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment.The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro（离体）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissueor organ that is taken out from the body of the animal.5.In vivo（在体）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of theanimal to observe one or some physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolism is the one of basiccharacteristics of living organism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）：The spaces between cells arecalled the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment（内环境）：It is the environment that allcells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis（稳态）：The state maintenance of a constancy andbalance in one’s internal environment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability（兴奋性）：It is the ability of certain kinds of cells(excitable cell) to make response to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation（兴奋）：It signifies a beginning of an activity orincrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibition is a stop of an activity or adecrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus（刺激）：Any changes from external or internalenvironmental factors that causes a response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical, chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation（神经调节）：The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）：In many cases, theendocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoralregulation.16.Reflex arc（反射弧）：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, itis the basic unit of integrated neural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanismmay be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）：A learned reflex in which thenervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）：The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）：In certain cases, a tissue or organcan respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback（反馈）：It is a flow of information along a closed loop.Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to thecontrol system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback（负反馈）：A regulated variable is sensed,information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback（正反馈）：With a variable is sensed and actionis taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward（前馈）：control mechanisms often sense a disturbanceand can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。
生理学第4章血液循环习题
第四章血液循环（同步练习题）一、名词解释1．心动周期(cardiac cycle)2．每搏量(stroke volume)3．心输出量(cardiac output)4．心指数(cardiac index)5．射血分数(ejection fraction)6．心力贮备(cardiac reserve)7．心音(heart sound)8．心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility)9．异长自身调节(heterometric regulation)10．期前收缩与代偿间歇(premature systole&compensatory pause)11．自动节律性(autorhythmicity)12．窦性心律() 13．房室延搁(atrioventricular delay) 14．血压(blood pressure)15．收缩压(systolic pressure)16．舒张压(diastolic pressure)17．脉压(pulse pressure)18．中心静脉压(central venous pressure) 19．平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure) 20．微循环(microcirculation)21．减压反射()22．迂回通路()23．低压感受器()24．心房钠尿肽(atrial natriuretic peptide)参考答案一、名词解释1. 心脏一次收缩和舒张所构成的周期称为心动周期。
2. 一次心跳一侧心室射出的血量称为每搏量。
每搏量＝舒张末期容积—收缩末期容积。
3. 每分钟心脏搏出的血量称为心输出量。
心输出量＝搏出量×心率。
4. 单位体表面积的心输出量称为心指数。
心指数= 心输出量（L/min）÷体表面积（m2）。
5. 射血分数＝搏出量÷心室舒张末期容积×100%6. 心输出量随机体代谢需要而增加的能力7. 将听诊器放在胸壁特定部位，听到声音称为心音。
生物医学英语试题及答案
生物医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common type of cancer in the world?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Prostate cancerD. Colorectal cancer答案：A2. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A substance that causes diseaseB. A person who has a diseaseC. An organism that causes diseaseD. A symptom of a disease答案：C3. What is the primary function of red blood cells?A. To carry oxygenB. To fight infectionsC. To clot bloodD. To regulate body temperature答案：A4. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: thecentral nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Sympathetic nervous systemD. Parasympathetic nervous system答案：A5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral infection?A. Presence of bacteria in the bloodB. Inflammation of the heartC. Infection by a virusD. Infection by a fungus答案：C6. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A7. What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?A. HomeostasisB. MetabolismC. Circadian rhythmD. Immunity答案：A8. The largest organ in the human body is:A. The brainB. The liverC. The skinD. The heart答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?A. Muscle tissueB. Nervous tissueC. Epithelial tissueD. Cartilage答案：D10. The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.答案：anatomy2. The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients is known as __________.答案：metabolism3. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.答案：gene4. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called __________.答案：cardiology5. The hormone that stimulates the growth and development of bones and muscles is __________.答案：growth hormone6. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is called __________.答案：pathology7. The body's response to injury or infection is known as__________.答案：inflammation8. The process by which the body gets rid of waste products is called __________.答案：excretion9. The largest gland in the human body is the __________.答案：liver10. The study of the nervous system is called __________.答案：neurology三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the role of the immune system in defending the body against infections.答案：The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections by recognizing and eliminating harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and otherforeign substances. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system responds by activating white blood cells and producing antibodies that target and neutralize the invaders. This response helps to prevent the spread of infection and promotes healing and recovery.2. Describe the process of respiration in humans.答案：Respiration in humans is a process that involves the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It consists of two main stages: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchi, which branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, where itbinds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and forcing the carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This cycle of inhal。
生理学各章习题及答案
第一章绪论习题一、名词解释1. 内环境2. 稳态（homeostasis）3. 反射（reflex）4. 反馈（feedback）5. 正反馈（positive feedback）6. 负反馈（negative）7. 前馈二、选择题单选题1. 机体内环境的homeostasis 是指：A. 细胞内液理化性质保持不变B. 细胞外液理化性质保持不变C. 细胞内液化学成分相对恒定D. 细胞外液化学成分保持恒定E. 细胞外液理化性质相对恒定2. 下列关于稳态的叙述，错误的概念是：A. 生物体内环境的理化性质经常保持绝对平衡的状态，称为稳态B. 稳态是一种复杂的由机体内部各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡过程C. 维持机体内环境的理化性质相对恒定的状态，称之为稳态D. 稳态一旦不能维持，生物体的生命将受到威胁E. 稳态的概念首先由美国科学家Cannon提出3. 能引起生物机体发生反应的各种环境变化，统称为：A. 反射B. 兴奋C. 刺激D. 反应E. 阈值4. Neuroregulation的基本方式是:A. 反射B. 反应C. 适应D. 正反馈调节E. 负反馈调节5. Neuroregulation的特点是A. 调节幅度B. 作用广泛而持久C. 作用迅速、准确和短暂D. 反应速度慢E. 调节的敏感性差6. 下列不直接参与体内信息传递的物质是：A. 神经递质B. 调制物C. 内分泌激素D. 旁分泌物质E. 局部体液因素7. 下述情况中，属于autoregulation的是：A. 人在过度通气后呼吸暂停B. 全身血压维持相对恒定C. 体温维持相对恒定D. 血糖水平维持相对恒定E. 平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时，肾血流量维持相对恒定8. 下列生理过程中，属于negative feed-back的调节是：A. 排尿反射B. 排便反射C. 血液凝固D. 减压反射E. 分娩9. 维持机体homeostasis的重要调节过程是：A. neuroregulationB. humoral regulationC. autoregulaionD. positive feedbackE. negative feedback10. 在自动控制系统中，从受控部分发出到达控制部分的信息称为：A. 偏差信息B.干扰信息C. 控制信息D. 反馈信息E. 自动控制信息11. 家兔，雄性，体重2.1kg。
生理学英文题库
生理学英文题库选择题Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?A. Control of heart rateB. Regulation of digestionC. Voluntary movement of limbsD. Control of pupil dilationWhat is the main function of the lungs in the human body?A. To filter bloodB. To provide oxygen to the bodyC. To remove waste productsD. To regulate body temperatureWhich hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of bones and muscles?A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. Growth hormoneD. AdrenalineThe process of converting glucose into ATP is known as:A. GlycolysisB. Oxidative phosphorylationC. PhotosynthesisD. FermentationWhich of the following statements about the kidneys is incorrect?A. They filter blood to remove waste products.B. They produce urine.C. They regulate the concentration of electrolytes in the blood.D. They store red blood cells.填空题The heart is divided into four chambers: two _______ chambers and two ventricles.The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the _______ nervous system and the somatic nervous system.The main function of the small intestine is to absorb _______ and other nutrients from food.The pituitary gland secretes various hormones, including those that regulate growth,metabolism, and the _______ cycle.The lungs are made up of a network of air sacs called _______, which are responsible for gas exchange between the air and the blood.简答题Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants and its significance for life on Earth.Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of body temperature and water balance.Outline the steps involved in the cardiac cycle, including the role of the atrioventricular valves.Discuss the importance of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis in the body, with reference to their functions in waste removal and electrolyte regulation.Compare and contrast the structure and function of smooth muscles and skeletal muscles.。
生理学英文练习题绪论
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamic balance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the living organism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology（生理学）2.Acute experiment（急性实验）3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）4.In vitro（离体）5.In vivo（在体）6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）8.Internal environment（内环境）9.Homeostasis（稳态）10.Excitability（兴奋性）11.Excitation（兴奋）12.Inhibition（抑制）13.Stimulus（刺激）14.Neural regulation（神经调节）15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）16.Reflex arc（反射弧）17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）21.Feedback（反馈）22.Negative feedback（负反馈）23.Positive feedback（正反馈）24.Feedforward（前馈）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsC.Cellular levelD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis in living organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology（生理学）: Physiology is the study of how living organisms work, the goal ofphysiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment（急性实验）：Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment. The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）: Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment. The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro（离体）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissue or organ that is taken outfrom the body of the animal.5.In vivo（在体）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of the animal to observe oneor some physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolism is the one of basic characteristics of livingorganism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）：The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, thefluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment（内环境）：It is the environment that all cells of the body live in theextracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis（稳态）：The state maintenance of a constancy and balance in one’s internalenvironment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability（兴奋性）：It is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to makeresponse to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation（兴奋）：It signifies a beginning of an activity or increase in physiologicalactivity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibition is a stop of an activity or a decrease in physiological activityafter stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus（刺激）：Any changes from external or internal environmental factors that causesa response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical,chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation（神经调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems are regulated bythe central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）：In many cases, the endocrine system is soclosely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoral regulation.16.Reflex arc（反射弧）：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of integratedneural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposedto be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）：A learned reflex in which the nervous system istrained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems areregulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）：In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to theenvironmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback（反馈）：It is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy ofphysiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback（负反馈）：A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to acontroller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback（正反馈）：With a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforcechange of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward（前馈）：control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore takecorrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。
医学7年制生理学英文试题B卷
苏州大学2005—2006 学年度第一学期临床医学7 年制生生理学试题(双语 B 卷) 2005，01Physiological Test Paper (Type B) for Medical Student (7year length of schooling)Year 05 To 06, First Semester, Soochow UniversityJan, 2005Name：ID for Study ：Score：___________ PART ⅠExplanation of terminology: (20 Points)1 Positive feedback:2 Antiporter:3 Resting potential:4 Mean Arterial Pressure:5 Surfactant:6 Basic electrical rhythm (BER):7 Respiratory quotient:8 Renal reabsorption:9 Puberty:10 Core body temperature:PARTSingle Choice: 30 Points, Please Make Your Answer in TABLE1 What are specialized to produce force and movement?A. muscle cellsB. connective tissuesC. nerve cellsD. epithelial cellsE. synapse2 The fluid environment surrounding each cell is called theA. intracellular fluidB. infracellular fluidC. internal environmentD. external environmentE. nuclear fluid3 How much of normal body weight is made up of water?A. 10%B. 35%C. 60%D. 90%E. 70%4 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?A. growthB. responsivenessC. reproductionD. organ systemsE. adaption5 Which of the following does NOT occur in a skeletal muscle during contraction?A. thick and thin filaments bind to each otherB. muscle fibers stretchC. thick and thin filaments “slide” past each otherD. muscle fibers shortenE. thick and thin filaments overlap6 About the forming mechanism of action potential, ascending branch is due toA. Ca++ excurrent flowB. K+ incurrent flowC. Na+ excurrent flowD. K + excurrent flowE. Na+ incurrent flow7 The random thermal motion of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one oflower concentration is termedA. fluxB. diffusionC. osmosisD. bulk flowE. pump8 If the end-diastolic ventricular volumes are increased (within physiological limits)A. the stroke volume would be decreasedB. cardiac output would be decreasedC. venous pressure would be decreasedD. the force of cardiac contraction would be decreasedE. above-mentioned results would be incorrect9 The maximum of ventricular pressure will occur inA. Period of isovolumetric contractionB. Period of atrium SystoleC. Period of ventricular ejectionD. Period of isovolumetric relaxationE. Period of ventricular filling10 A decrease in heart rate, with stroke volume and peripheral resistance held constant,will result in a decrease in all of the following, except A. arterial diastolic pressure B.arterial systolic pressureC. cardiac outputD. arterial pulse pressureE. mean arterial pressure11 Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration ofA. Na+B. K+C. Ca++D. Cl-E. Mg++12 The greatest pressure drop in the circulation occurs across the arterioles becauseA. they have the greatest surface areaB. they have the greatest cross-sectional areaC. the velocity of blood flow through them is highestD. the velocity of blood flow through them is lowestE. they have the greatest resistance13 The most important chemical factor to stimulate respiratory excitation isA. HCO-3B. K+C.H+D. CO2E. O214 Correct description of the dead space does not includeA. dead space is the volume of air that does not reach areas of the lung where gas exchangeoccurs.B. anatomical dead space is due to the conduction airways.C. alveolar dead space is due to alveoli that receive inadequate blood flow.D. physiological dead space is the sum of anatomical and alveolar dead spaces.E. dead space volume is always changeable15 The most strong digestive liquid isA. salivaB. gastric liquidC. pancreatic liquidD. bileE. small intestinal liquidThe function of intrinsic factor is to helpA.Digestion and absorption of Vitamin DB. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin CC. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin AD. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin EE. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin B 12The most effective component of bile is A.bile acids B. phospholipidsC. cholesterolD. PigmentsE. electrolytes The quickest stomach emptying is A.Water B. carbohydrateC. proteinsD. fatsE. ionsThe primary site for digestion and absorption of food isA. esophagusB. stomachC. small intestineD. colonE. mouth The most important excretive organ isA. lungB. kidneyC. skinD.GI tractE. breastThe highest percentage of glomerular filtrate reabsorption occurs inBowman 's capsule B. proximal tubuleC. ascending limb of loop of HenleA. D. distal tubule E. collecting ductThe kidney “handles ” K + by A.filtration onlyB. filtration and reabsorption onlyC. filtration and secretion onlyD. filtration, reabsorption, and secretionE. filtration, reabsorption, and metabolismPygmy, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency of A. growth hormone B. T 3 C. CortisolD. insulinE. AldosteroneCretinism, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency ofA. growth hormoneB. T 3C. epinephrineD. oxytocinE. glucagon Following hormone may elevate blood glucose concentration, except A. epinephrine B. glucagons C. Cortisol D. calcitonin E. growth hormone Blood from a marathon runner near the end of a race will contain all of the following, except A.decreased glucose B. increased insulinC. increased glucagonsD. increased free fatty acidsE. increased glycerol16 17 18 19202122 23 24252627 Under the exercise condition, the most heat-producing tissue isA. musclesB. fatsC. liverD. bloodE. nerves28 Heat transfer occurs byA. radiationB. conductionC. convectionD. evaporationE. above-mentioned all29 The basic nervous centre for body temperature regulation isA. medulla oblongataB. pontine neuronsC. hypothalamusD. spinal cordE. brain cortex30 Aspirin can reduce fever becauseA. it directly depresses body temperatureB. it directly increases heat lossC. it directly decreases heat generationD. it directly reduces temperature set point in the hypothalamusE. it directly lets person take behavioural measures against feverPART ⅢAnswer Question: (50 Points)1 Please answer components of a typical ECG trace and each meaning .(8 Points)2 What are determinants and regulation of RBF? (8 Points)3 How are pulmonary ventilation Influenced by PO 2 ,PCO2 , and pH? (10 Points)4 What are typical and common patterns of motility in different parts of gastrointestinaltracts? (8 Points)5 What are functions of thyroid hormones ? (8 Points)6 How does the human body's reflex response to cold? (8 Points)苏州大学2005—2006 学年度第一学期临床医学7 年制生生理学试题(双语 B 卷) 2005，01Physiological Test Paper (Type B) for Medical Student (7year length of schooling)Year 05 To 06, First Semester, Soochow UniversityJan, 2005ANSWERPART ⅠExplanation of terminology: (20 Points)1 Positive feedback: There are situations where the initial response producesfurther change in the same condition. This is self-perpetuating and is calledpositive feedback.2 Antiporter: The carrier protein couples the movement of molecules in oppositedirections, then it is called an antiporter and the molecules are said to becounter-transported.3 Resting potential: Under the quiet or calm conditions (without any stimuli), themembrane displays the potential difference between inside anodu tside the cell.4 Mean Arterial Pressure: MAP= Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure, about100mmHg (13.3kPa).5 Surfactant: The fluid lining the alveoli contains material, a phospholipidsecreted by typeⅡpneumocytes which lowers the surface tension of alveoliand cause surface tension to change with volume.6 Basic electrical rhythm (BER): The basic electrical rhythm (BER) is a slowspontaneous depolarized wave in the GI tract and BER of smooth muscle cells form the basis (action potential) of stomach contractions.7 Respiratory quotient: RQ=Mol number of producing CO2 in body per unit time /Mol number of consumptive O2 in body per unit time.8 Renal reabsorption: Salt and water are reabsorbed in different parts of renaltubules into interstitial fluid and finally into the blood, which is named renalreabsorption.9 Puberty: Onset of the special periods is marked by pulsatile secretion of GnRH,FSH, and LH both in male and female for body fast development.10 Core body temperature: It is the temperature of the interior of the body and is acontrolled variable that is maintained within narrow limits.PART Single Choice: 30 Points, Please Make Your Answer in TABLEPART ⅢAnswer Question: (50 Points)1 Please answer components of a typical ECG trace and each meaning .(8 Points) Three major components of an ECG are P wave, QRS complex,T wave. P wave: atrial depolarizationQRS complex: depolarization of ventriclesT wave: repolarization of ventriclesPR interval is the interval from the beginning of atrial activation to the beginning of ventricular activation.QT interval is the required for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.2 What are determinants and regulation of RBF? (8 Points)RBF is determined by systemic arterial blood pressure and renal vascular resistance. RBF demonstrates autoregulation.Autoregulation involves afferent not efferent arterioles.Autoregulation is explained either by the myogenic hypothesis or tubuloglomerular feedback.3 How are pulmonary ventilation Influenced by PO 2 ,PCO2 , and pH? (10 Points)Two groups of chemoreceptors, medullary and peripheral, send afferent information to the medulla and influence the depth and rate of respiration.Medullary chemoreceptors are sensitive to pH and increase ventilation when pH falls. Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to pH O2↓ , an↓d CP, OP2↑, with PCO2 being most effective.Sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors is influenced by pH,. PO2 , and PCO2.4 What are typical and common patterns of motility in different parts of gastrointestinal tracts? (8 Points)The common patterns of motility in different parts of gastrointestinal tracts is peristalsis.The typical patterns of motility at stomach is receptive relaxation for store of food.The typical patterns of motility at small intestine is segmentation for turning food into smaller particles and helping absorption.The typical patterns of motility at large intestine is mass movement for pushing the contents in the colon into the next downstream segment.5 What are functions of thyroid hormones ? (8 Points)(1) Because T3 acts by inducing DNA transcription, its effects on tissue are theresult of protein synthesis, primarily the synthesis of enzymes.(2) Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth throughout life.(3) Thyroid hormones affect basal metabolic rate, metabolism, the cardiovascularsystem, and the nervous system.(4) Symptoms of thyroid hormone excess or deficiency can be predicted fromtheir normal effect.6 How does the human body's reflex response to cold? (8 Points)When a fall in core body temperature is detected by the hypothalamus, the reflex compensation involves reducing heat loss and generating more heat by increasing metabolic rate and through shivering.(1) Objective of body is to reduce heat loss and increase heat production.(2) Reducing heat loss occurs by decreasing skin blood flow and throughbehavioral responses.(3) Increasing heat production occurs through metabolic effects of thyroxin andcatecholamines as well as by shivering.(4) Sustained exposure to extreme cold depresses hypothalamic temperaturecontrol mechanism and produces dilation of skin vasculature.。
医学院生理学考题回顾
生理学考题回顾一、英译中：1.【10级临五】Depolarization stage. At this time, the membrane suddenly becomespermeable to sodium ions, allowing tremendous numbers of positively chargedsodium ions to flow to the interior of the axon. The normal ploarized state of -90mv is lost, with the potential rising rapidly in the positive direction. This is calleddepolarization. In large nerve fibers, the membrane potential overshoots beyondthe zero level and becomes somewhat positive, but in some smaller fibers as wellas many central nervous system neurons, the potential merely approaches thezero level and does not overshoot to the positive state.2.【11级临五】Within a few 10,000ths of a second after the membrane becomeshighly permeable to sodium ions, the sodium channels begin to close and thepltassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion ofpotassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal negative restingmembrane potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.3.【13级临五】英语补充教材P24 Slow waves一段4.【11级临五】polarization5.【11级临五】negative feedback6.【11级临五】threshold7.【11级临五】supranormal period8.【11级临五】sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone9.【11级临五】oxygen content10.【11级临五】gastrin11.【11级临五】renal threshold for glucose12.【11级临五】postsynaptic inhibition13.【11级临五】insulin14.【12级临五】homeostasis 15.【12级临五】premature excitement 16.【12级临五】oxygen capacity of hb 17.【12级临五】respiratory quotient 18.【12级临五】gfr 19.【12级临五】stretch reflex 二、名词解释：1.【10级临五】internal environment2.【10级临五】primary active transport3.【10级临五】cardiac index4.【10级临五】oxygen capacity of Hb5.【10级临五】respiratory quotient6.【10级临五】glomerular filtration tate7.【10级临五】dark adaptation8.【10级临五】stretch reflex9.【11级临五】homometric regulation10.【11级临五】pulmonary surfactant11.【11级临五】respiratory quotient12.【11级临五】glumerular filtration rate13.【11级临五】dark adaptation14.【11级临五】referred pain15.【13级临五】repolarization16.【13级临五】central venous pressure17.【13级临五】pulmonary surfactant18.【13级临五】receptive relaxation19.【13级临五】basal metabolism rate20.【13级临五】renal threshold for glucose21.【13级临五】Inhibitory postsynaptic potential22.【13级临五】reduced eye23.【13级临五】permissive action三、填空：1.【10级临五】可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是发生__________。
生理学各章习题及答案
第一章绪论习题一、名词解释1. 内环境2. 稳态（homeostasis）3. 反射（reflex）4. 反馈（feedback）5. 正反馈（positive feedback）6. 负反馈（negative）7. 前馈二、选择题单选题1. 机体内环境的homeostasis 是指：A. 细胞内液理化性质保持不变B. 细胞外液理化性质保持不变C. 细胞内液化学成分相对恒定D. 细胞外液化学成分保持恒定E. 细胞外液理化性质相对恒定2. 下列关于稳态的叙述，错误的概念是：A. 生物体内环境的理化性质经常保持绝对平衡的状态，称为稳态B. 稳态是一种复杂的由机体内部各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡过程C. 维持机体内环境的理化性质相对恒定的状态，称之为稳态D. 稳态一旦不能维持，生物体的生命将受到威胁E. 稳态的概念首先由美国科学家Cannon提出3. 能引起生物机体发生反应的各种环境变化，统称为：A. 反射B. 兴奋C. 刺激D. 反应E. 阈值4. Neuroregulation的基本方式是:A. 反射B. 反应C. 适应D. 正反馈调节E. 负反馈调节5. Neuroregulation的特点是A. 调节幅度B. 作用广泛而持久C. 作用迅速、准确和短暂D. 反应速度慢E. 调节的敏感性差6. 下列不直接参与体内信息传递的物质是：A. 神经递质B. 调制物C. 内分泌激素D. 旁分泌物质E. 局部体液因素7. 下述情况中，属于autoregulation的是：A. 人在过度通气后呼吸暂停B. 全身血压维持相对恒定C. 体温维持相对恒定D. 血糖水平维持相对恒定E. 平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时，肾血流量维持相对恒定8. 下列生理过程中，属于negative feed-back的调节是：A. 排尿反射B. 排便反射C. 血液凝固D. 减压反射E. 分娩9. 维持机体homeostasis的重要调节过程是：A. neuroregulationB. humoral regulationC. autoregulaionD. positive feedbackE. negative feedback10. 在自动控制系统中，从受控部分发出到达控制部分的信息称为：A. 偏差信息B.干扰信息C. 控制信息D. 反馈信息E. 自动控制信息11. 家兔，雄性，体重2.1kg。
山东大学医学院英文原版生理试题AB真题卷(考前必做版)(含答案)
山东大学/医学院/英文原版/生理试题A/B真题卷（考前必做版）(含答案）Terminal Examination of Physiology (A)I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed ― Internal Environment‖ of the human body byA.Claude BernardB. HarveyC. PavlovD. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will causeA.An increase in intracellular volumeB.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced byA.Inward diffusion of Na+B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle?A. Myosin head is energizedB. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contractionD. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction?A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length 2~2.2 μm of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume:A．block the conduction of the vagus nerveB．stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heartC．decrease of the pressure in the carotid sinusD．an increase in the end-diastolic pressureE．from lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg,A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHgB. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressinB. bradykininB. norepinephrineD. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rateB. Sympathetic stimulationC. NorepinephrineD. AcetylcholineE. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastoleE. none of the above12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output isA. heart rateB. afterloadC. preloadD. ventricular contractilityE. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure isA. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2,B. PCO2,C. pHD. 2,3-DPGE. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result inA. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. EvaporationE. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme?A. pepsin, starchB. trypsin, proteinC. amylase, starchD. pepsin, proteinE. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ?A. salivary glands and gastric epitheliumB. hepatocytesC. gastric epithelial cellsD. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. it's neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. it’s not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is:A. Glucose concentration.B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration.D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbsA. 85% of filtrated water.B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 65~70% of filtrated Na+ and water.D. 65~70% of filtrated glucose.E. 65~70% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptorsB. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptorsD. opiate receptorsE. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarizationB. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulationD. somesthetic propagationE. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactileB. nociceptorsC. phasicD. tonicE. taste27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulusE. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due toA. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is toA. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractafferent activity during B. Maintain I contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuronA. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidusC. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity isA. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral painA. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain.B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep?A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreamingC. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information aboutA. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being movedD. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.Dopamine,B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex. Examination of Physiology(B)Class_____ Name_____________ Numbers_____ Scores_____I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis isA.Negative feedbackB.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport?A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pumpC.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased?A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normalB.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding toA.TropomyosinB.ActinC.Cross bridgeD.TtroponinE.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosinA. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosion globular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentration would expected toA.Stimulate Ca2+ pumpB. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cellD.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized byA.Two way directional propagationB. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transportE. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analyzedA.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of platelets and red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance vesseles is increased, which one of the following is increased?A. Systolic blood pressureB. Diastolic blood pressureC.Viscosity of the bloodD.HematocritE.Capillary blood now10.Stroke volume is increased byA.Decrease in venous complianceB.Increase in afterloadC.Increase in contractilityD.Increase in heart rateE.Decrease in coronary blood now11. When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs?A.Decreased heart rateB.Increased contractilityC.Decreased total peripherad resistanceD.Decreased cardiac outputE.Increased phase 0 of the action potential12.The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potentialof K+ duringA.Phase 0 of the action potentialB.Phase 2 of the action potentialC.Phase 3 of the action potentialD.Pphase 4 of the action potentialE.The effective refractory period13.If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure isA.100mmHgB.93.3mmHgC.95.3mmHgD.90mmHgE.80mmHg14.If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease inA.Cardiac outputB.End-diastolic volumeC.Heart rateD.Pulse pressureE.Stroke volume15.Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropiceffect on the heart?A.Increased heart rateB.Sympathetic stimulationC.Norepinephrine (NE)D.Acetylcholine(ACh)E.Cardiac glycosides16.Total lung capacity is the sum ofA.Residual volume + Functional residual volumeB.Residual volume + Vital capacityC.Residual volume + Expiratory volume + Tidal volumeD.Residual volume + Inspiratory reserve volumeE.Functional residual volume + Tidal volume17.A lack of normal surfactant will result inA.Increased lung complianceB.Stabilization of alveolar volumeC.Increased retractive force of the lungsD.Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE.Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood18.Hypoxemia (low partial pressure of PO2 in blood) produces hyperventilation by adirest effect on theA.Phrenic nerveB.J receptorsC.Lung stretch receptorsD.Medullary chemoreceptorsE.Arotid and aortic body chemoreceptors19.If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a Po2 that isA.Equal to atmospheric PO2B.Equal to mixed pulmonary venous PO2C.Equal to normal systemic arterial Po2D.Lower than mixed pulmonary venous PO2E.Higher than the mixed pulmonary venous PO220.The most versatile and important digestive juice isA.Gastric juiceB.Small intestinal juiceC.Pancreatic juiceD.BileE.Saliva21.Which of the following factors inhibits the gastric emptying?A.Gastric tonic contractionB.The enterogastric reflexC.The distention of foods on gastric wallD.AcetylcholineE.Gastric peristalsis22. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA.RadiationB.ConductionC.ConvectionD.EvaporationE.Brown fat tissue23.Which one of the following is not the important factor that determines the rate of heat production ?A.BMR of all the cellsB.Extra metabolism caused by muscle activityC.Extra metabolism caused by the effect of hormoneD.Shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesisE.Decreasing of the skin vascular tone24.The force opposing glomerular filtration isA. Arterial blood pressureB. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressureC. Plasma colloid osmotic pressureD. Blood pressure of afferent arterioleE. Blood pressure of efferent arteriole25.Which of followings can increase glomerular filtratioon rate ?A. Arterial blood pressure increases from 80 mmHg to 180 mmHgB. Arterial blood pressure decreases from 80 mmHg to 60 mmHgC. Increased action of renal sympathetic nerveD. Intravenously infusing a large volume of normal saline ?E. Intravenously infusing hyperosmotic glucose solution ?26. When reabsorption of water filtrated by glomerulus decrease 1%, how much the quantityof urine will increase ?A.1%B.10%C.50%D.70%E.100%27. The location reabsorbing glucose isA.proximal tubuleB. Henle’s loopC.distal convoluted tubuleD. collecting ductE. proximal tubule and distal tubule28. The location regulated by antidiuretic hormone isA. Proximal convoluted tubleB. Thick segment of descending limbC. Thick segment of ascending limbD. Thi n segment of Henle’ loopE. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(Test Paper B)29. When sound wave is transmitted by tympanic membrane and ossicular chain to oval window, which of followings is correctA. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave increaseB. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave decreaseC. Amplitude of sound wave decreases and pressure intensity of sound wave increasesD. Frequency of sound wave increasesE Frequency of sound wave decreases30.which of the following is related to after discharge?A.DivergenceB.ConvergenceC.Chain circuitD.Recurrent circuitE.Synaptic sensitization31.All of the following are true for neuromodulator, exceptA.Often synthesized by presynaptic cellB.Involved in rapid communicationC.Co-released with neurotranmitterD.Amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activityE.Change the presynaptic cell’s metabolism of a transmitter32. Which of the following is not important in saltatory conduction of the action potential along the axonA.The myelin sheath surrounding the axonB. The node of ranvierC. Loading neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicleD.Passive current flow along the length of the membraneE.Voltage-sensitive Na+ gates33. Which one is not the feature of visceral pain ?A.The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe painB.Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely painC.Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficultD Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesiafibers GABA (a E.The signals are transmitted by A gamma-aminobutyric acid)34.Which one of following is wrong about tendon reflexA.It is caused by rapid stretch of the muscleB.An instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscleC.A dynamic stretch reflexD.Multiple synaptic pathway, continues for a prolonged periodE.Transmitted to spinal cord from the IA sensory ending of the muscle spindle35. The most importment output pathway from the motor cortex isA.The rubrospinal tractB.The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tractsC.The corticospinal tractD.The pontocerebellar fibersE.The olivocerebellar fibers36. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.DopamineB.AcetylcholineC.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate37.The cause of the acromegaly isA.High concentration of growth hormone in adultB.Low concentration of growth hormone in adultC.Low concentration of growth hormone in childhoodD.High concentration of thyroid hormones in adultE.High concentration of growth hormone in childhood38.About the humoral regulation of protein metabolism, which is right?A.GH increases the breakdown of proteinsB.Thyroid hormones decreases the synthesis of the protein in normal levelC.In patients with hyperthyroidism, high level of T3/T4 always promote the catabolismD.Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins in liverE.Cortisol inhibits the breakdown of proteins in muscle39.Which one of the following is not the hormone that increases the glucose of blood?A.CortisolB.EpinephrineC..NorepinephrineD.Growth hormoneE.Somatostatin (SS)40.Which one of the following is right?A.ACTH increases the release of CRHB.Wolf-Chaikoff effect is caused by the increase of T3/T4C.Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the release of T3/T4D.Cortisol increases the release of ACTHE.Cortisol decreases the number of red blood cellII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1.Optimal length2.Oxygen capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Effective refratory period5.Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7.Filtration fraction8.Dark adaptation9.The specific dynamic action of protein（food specific dynamic effect）10.Afferent collateral inhibitionIII.Answer the questions (10 points for each question,total 40 points )1.Describe the types of glucose transport across epithelial cell.2.To describe the mechanism of production of an action potential in ventricular muscle cell.3. Describe the composition and function of gastric juice.4.Describe the function of the muscle spindle.Answer Points for the Terminal Examination of Physiologyfor English Medicine Student（A)Answer sheetI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A2 A3 A4 E5 D6 E7 B8 B9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A 28 D29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65％stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual AccommodationThe process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food 9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC.10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrierFacilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrie r protein. Mechanism is a ―ferry ‖ or ―shuttling ‖ process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane.(2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: ①Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial cell and then uphill out of it to the blood. ②The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has 2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration of glucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. ③Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volume—systolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR –diastolic,(3) Peripheral resistence—diastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic ---pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes the filtration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR(2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(3) Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane..4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis(1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin。
生物专业英语试题及答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a type of cell organelle?A. MitochondriaB. NucleusC. RibosomeD. Cell wall2. The process of DNA replication is catalyzed by:A. PolymeraseB. TransposaseC. LigaseD. Helicase3. In eukaryotic cells, where is the transcription of DNA primarily carried out?A. CytoplasmB. MitochondriaC. NucleusD. Ribosomes4. What is the basic unit of heredity in all living organisms?A. GeneB. ChromosomeC. DNA moleculeD. Protein5. The term "genome" refers to:A. The complete set of genes of an organismB. The entire DNA of an organismC. The sum of all the proteins in an organismD. The collection of all the cells in an organism6. Which of the following is a method of genetic engineering?A. CrossbreedingB. CloningC. CRISPR-Cas9D. Natural selection7. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?A. To provide the energy for the processB. To carry specific amino acids to the ribosomeC. To serve as the template for protein synthesisD. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds8. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the allele frequencies in a population will remain constant in the absence of:A. MigrationB. Genetic driftC. Natural selectionD. All of the above9. Which of the following is not a type of mutation?A. DeletionB. InsertionC. TranslocationD. Translation10. The process of photosynthesis primarily occurs in the:A. Cell wallB. CytoplasmC. ChloroplastsD. Nucleus二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The chemical structure of DNA is a double ________ helix.2. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into a mature organism is called ________.3. In genetics, the term "dominant" refers to an allele that expresses its effect when ________.4. The scientific name for a species is composed of two parts: the genus name and the ________ name.5. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to ________, modify, and package proteins for secretion or delivery toother organelles.三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.2. Describe the process of mitosis and its significance incell division.四、翻译题（每题15分，共30分）1. Translate the following sentence into English:"基因编辑技术，如CRISPR-Cas9，为研究和治疗遗传性疾病提供了新的可能性。
生理学英文分章题库
英文题第六章（06. 3.17）Ⅰ. choise question1. Which of the following descriptions about the general characteristics of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. Its excitability of the smooth muscle of the gut is low.B. It has autorhythmicity.C. It has tonic contraction.D. It has high extensibility.E. It is not sensitive to stretch, chemical, cold, and warm stimulation.2. Which of the following descriptions about the tonic contraction of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is a common movement type of stomach and small intestine.B. To keeps the stomach and the intestine in their normal shape and location.C. To maintains a given pressure in alimentary tract lumenD. To provides an adequate background for other forms of movementE. When tonic contraction become weak, the absorption of gastrointestinal tract increases.3. The rhythm of the spontaneous contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle is determined mainly by AA. the rhythm of the slow wave.B. the level of the resting membrane potential.C. the frequency of the action potential.D. the amplitude of the action potential.E. the level of activity of the sympathetic nerve.4. Which of the following descriptions about the slow wave of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarrizationB. It originate in the Cajal cell.C. After the nerves innervating the gut are cut, the slow wave still persist.D. It may be the pacemaker potential for smooth muscle.E. It cause directly the smooth muscle to contrat.5. Functional base of the autorhythmicity of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract is CA. The action potential.B. The resting membrane potentialC. The basic electrical rhythm (BER).D. The tonic contraction.E. the smooth muscle spontaneous contraction.6. The cause initiating slow wave is AA. A slow undulation of the activity of the Na+-K+ pump.B. A spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of cell membraneC. Na+-Ca2+ exchange.D. I k progressively attenuate decrementE. Ca2+ inflow7. Ionic base of the rising phase of action potential in smooth muscle of gastrointestinaltract is AA. inflow of Ca2+ and small amount ofB. Na+ inflowC. Ca2+ inflowB. K+ outflowD. Cl- outflowE. Cl- inflow8. Which of the following descriptions about the innervation of digestive organs is correct ? CA. Postganglionic fiber terminals of sympathetic nerve release acetylcholine (Ach)B. All postganglionic fiber terminals of parasympathetic nerve release AchC. After the external innervation of the gut are cut, the short reflexes may be completed.D. Activity of sympathetic nerve increases the movement of gastrointestinal tract.E. Activity of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the secretion of digestive glands.9. Which of the following descriptions about enteric nervous system is wrong ? EA. The number of neurons in this intrinsic nervous system is almost equal to the number in spinal cord.B. It contains sensory neurons, motor neurons and intermediate neurons.C. It can complete a short reflex without the external innervation.D. It regulates the movement and glands secretion of gastrointestinal tract.E. It is not affected by the external innervation.10. Which of the following is not the function of HCl ? EA. To activate the pepsinogenB. To kill bacteriaC. To stimulate the upper small intestinal mucosa to release secretinD. To promote absorption of the ferrum and calcium in the upper small intestinal.E. To promotes vitamin B12 to be absorbed11. Which of the following descriptions about the secretion of the gastric acid is wrong? EA. It is secreted by the parietal cells.B. The intracellular H+ is transported by proton pump into the canaliculus lumen.C. The omeprazole (奥美拉唑) inhibits strongly the secretion of gastric acid.D. When one H+ is secreted, one HCO3- enters blood.E. HCl in gastric lumen do not affect the gastric secretion.12. The location where the vitamin B12 to be absorbed is CA. StomachB. DuodenumC. Terminal ileumD. JejunumE. Large intestine13. The substance that activates the pepsinogen into pepsin is BA. EnterokinaseB. HCl and pepsinC. HistamineD. TrypsinE. Chymotryosin14. Which of the following is not the function of gastrin DA. To promote the parietal cell to secrete HClB. To promote the pancreatic acini to secrete digestive enzymeC. To promote the liver to secrete the bileD. To promote the absorption of fat acidE. To have the trophic action to gastrointestinal mucosa15. Which of the following inhibits the G cells from releasing gastrin BA. The intragastric food stretches gastric wall.B. The pH in the gastric antrum is below 1.5C. The intragastrioc peptones and the proteoses and peptides increaseD. The activity of vagus nerve increasesE. The short reflex caused by stretch of food to the wall of gastric antrum16. The transport manner by which the parietal cells secrete H+ is AA. Primary active transportB. Second active transportC. Facilitated diffusionD. Simple diffusionE. Exocytosis17. After blocking the M receptors by the atropine, the change of the gastrointestinal tract isA. The secretion of digestive glands increases. EB. The slow waves loseC. The tonic contraction losesD. The peristalsis losesE. The tonic contraction and peristalsis weaken18. Which of following substances do not increase the gastric secretion EA. GastrinB. HistamineC. acetylcholineD. Activity of vagus nerveE. Somatostatin19. Which of following substance do not inhibit gastric secretion EA. SomatostatinB. SecretinC. ProstaglandinsD. H2 receptor antagonist,E. Protein foods20. Which of the following descriptions about the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is wrong? AA. It is pure nervous regulation.B. It involves conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex.C. M receptors antagonists decrease gastric secretion in this phase.D. It can eliminated by cutting bilateral vagus nervesE. The secretion has high acidity, contains a copious amount of pepsin.21. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric phase of gastric secretion is wrong?A. It is initiated mainly by the distention of food on gastric wall.B. It involves the vagus-vagus long reflexC. It It involves the short reflex of enteric nervous system.D. It do not involves the release and function of the gastrinE. The secretion has a low acidity, but its pepsin content is higher than that in the cephalic phase22. One of mechanism by which HCl inhibit is CA. Intragastric HCl promotes G cells to release gastrin.B. Intragastric HCl inhibits D cells from releasing somatostatin.C. Intraintestinal HCl causes S cells secrete scretinD. Intraintestinal HCl inhibits duodenal mucosa from secreting bulbogastrone.E. HCl inhibits directly the parietal cells.23. Movement type peculiar to stomach is BA. Tonic contractionB. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Mass movement24. After cutting the bilateral vagus nerves, the gastric receptive relaxation will AA. LoseB. WeakenC. StrengthenD. No changeE. Weaken or strengthen25. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric peristalsis is wrong EA. It is a cooperating movement of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscleB. It is one of the motivity of gastric emptingC. It begin in the mid portion of the body of the stomach.D. It is about 3 times per minute.E. It does not partake in mixing, and grinding the stomach contents.26. Which of the following descriptions about the migrating motor complex is wrong AA. It is movement type peculiar to small intestine.B. It occurs on fasting periodC. It propagates from the stomach to the terminal ileumD. In humans, the MMC repeats every 75 to 90 minutesE. It inhibits the migration of colonic bacteria into the small terminal ileum27. Which of the following inhibits the gastric empting DA. The long vagus-vagus reflexB. The locally short reflexC. AcetylcholineD. The enterogastric reflex28. Which of the following promotes the gastric empting AA. The increased intragastric food volumeB. The stimulation of HCl to the duodenal mucosaC. The increased fatty content of the chyme in duodenumD. The increased osmotic pressure of the chyme in duodenumE. Secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide29. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric empting is wrong EA. Five minutes after the food enters stomach, the stomach begins to empty.B. Its direct driving force is the pressure difference between the stomach and the duodenum.C. Its motivity is the peristalsis and gastric tonic contractionD. The gastric emptying rate of fat is the lowest. that of saccharide is the fastest,E. Acetylcholine inhibits gastric empting30. The most important digestive juice in human is BA. Gastric juiceB. Pancreatic juiceC. BileD. Small intestinal juiceE. Large intestinal juice31. The most potent stimulus for secretin release from S cells in upper small intestinal mucosa AA. HClB. Protein digestive productsC. Fatty acidD. SaccharidesE. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve32. The most potent stimulus for CCK release from D cells in upper small intestinal mucosa BA. HClB. Protein digestive productsC. SaccharidesD. SaccharidesE. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve33. Factor causing the pancreas to secrete a large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. SecretinB. GastrinC. AcetylcholineD. CCKE. Histamine34. The most important factor resulting in secretion of pancreatic enzymes is BA. SomatostatinB. CCKC. SecretinE. Activity of vagus nerves35. Type of movement peculiar to the small intestine is EA. Tonic contractionB. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Segmentation movement38. Main mechanism by which the acidic chyme in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretinB. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrinD. Vagus-vagus reflex - gastropancreatic reflexE. Antral- pancreatic reflex37. Main mechanism by which the proteoses and peptones in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of pancreatic enzyme is BA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretinB. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrinD. Activity of vagus nerves increasesE. Activity of sympathetic nerves increases38. Characteristic of pancreatic secretion caused by the activity of vagus nerves and gastrin is AA. Small volume but rich in enzymes.B. Large volume and rich in enzymesC. Large volume but poor in enzymesD. Small volume and poor in enzymesE. It can not be blocked by atropine39. Which of the following descriptions about segmentation movement of small intestine the is wrong EA. It is caused by the distention of chyme to small intestinal wall.B. It move the intestinal content forth and back over short distanceC. It promote absorption of the digestive productsD. It promote the return of blood and lymphE. It does not relate to the enteric nervous system40. Which of the following descriptions about the function of bile is wrong EA. There is no any digestive enzyme in the bile.B. Function of bile in digestion of food is accomplished mainly by the bile salts.C. Cholates promote the absorption of liposoluble vitamin。
生理学第四章 血液循环 习题及答案
所阻断。
120．心交感神经兴奋时，其末梢释放的
和心肌细胞膜上的
受体结合，可导致心率
，兴奋经房室交界传导速度
，心肌收缩力
。
121．刺激右侧心交感神经以引起
作用为主，剌激左侧心交感神经以引起
作用为主。
122．血管活性肠肽具有对心肌的
作用和对冠状血管的
作用。
123．交感缩血管神经的节后纤维末梢释放
，此递质能与血管平滑肌上的
，其离子成分
为
离子。
77．窦房结细胞动作电位 0 期除极的内向电流是由
负载的,而快反应细胞 0 期
的除极是由
内流引起的。
78.迷走神经兴奋时，窦房结细胞最大舒张电位的绝对值
，自律性
。
79．房室交界主要包括
，
和
三个功能区域。其中，除
区外，都具有自律性。
80．在心脏的特殊传导系统中，有自律性的部位包括
，
水平的范围内变动时，
压力感受性反射最敏感，纠偏能力最强。
128.阻断一侧颈总动脉血流时该侧颈动脉窦压力感受器的传入冲动
，可导致动
脉血压
。
129．引起心肺感受器兴奋的适宜刺激有两类：
和
。
130. 化学感受性反射的效应主要是使呼吸
；在低氧、窒息、失血、动脉血压
过低等情况下，则参与对
的调节。
131．在完整机体中，颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受性反射对心血管活动的影响是心率
低于血浆胶体渗透压，而使肺部
组织液的压力为
压的缘故。
136．脑血管接受
纤维和
纤维的支配。在正常情况下，影响脑血流量
的主要因素是
。
137．当平均动脉压在
病理生理学英文试题
Examination Paper of PathophysiologyFor English Class1. Single-choice questions ( There are four answers in each question, pick out the best one and mark “√”)(1) Hypertonic dehydration is defined asA. [Na+] >150 mmol/L, osmotic pressure> 310 mOsm/LB. [Na+] <130 mmol/L，osmotic pressure< 280 mOsm/LC. [[Na+] =150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure = 310 mOsm/LD. [Na+] >150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure < 310mOsm/L(2) The characteristic cause of hypertonic dehydration isA. increased loss of body fluid and decreased intake of waterB. water loss is excess of Na+ loss.C. no water during navigation .D. increased loss of water via gastrointestinal tract(3) Which is not the reason of hypertonic dehydration?A. no sense of thirst due to brain injury.B. severe vomitingC. difficulty in swallowing because of esophageal diseases.D. hypoventilation.(4) Increased loss of pure water via skin will causeA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(5) Intracellular dehydration can be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(6) Loss of body weight can not be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(7) There is severe thirst inA. hypertonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypotonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(8) The change of electrocardiogram in hyperkalemia isA. low P-waveB. peaked T-waveC. widen T-waveD. narrow QRS complex(9) The reason of increased interstitial fluid isA. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.B. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.C. decreased permeability of the capillary wall.D. increased lymphatic return.(10) Increased permeability of the capillary wall will lead toA. increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure.B. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.C. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.D. increased interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure.(11) Metabolic alkalosis will lead toA. decreased intracellular [K+].B. increased intracellular [K+].C. increased extracellular [K+].D. normal intracellular [K+].(12). The effect of respiratory acidosis on the body isA. increase of myocardial contraction.B. depression of mental activity.C. arteriole contraction.D.hypokalemia.(13) The main reason of pulmonary hypertension caused by acute hypoxia is:A. increase of right cardiac outputB. left heart failureC. increase of pulmonary blood flowD. spasm of pulmonary arterioles(14). The most important factor deciding blood oxygen saturation is:A. blood pHB. blood temperatureC. blood oxygen pressureD. blood carbon dioxide pressure(15). Hypoxemia isA. blood oxygen pressure is lower than normal levelB. blood oxygen content is less than normal levelC. blood oxygen capacity is less than normal levelD. arterial blood oxygen content is less than normal level(16) Which parameter doesn’t decrease in hypotonic hypoxia?A. oxygen capacityB. PvO2C. blood oxygen content in veinD. arterial blood oxygen content2. Explain the following concepts(1) brain death(2) hypertonic dehydration(3) hypokalemia(4) edema(5) cyanosis3. Answer the following questions:(1) Explain the causes of hypokalemia.(2)Please tell the alteration of PaO2, Cao2, O2 capacity, Sao2 and the difference between Cao2 and Cvo2 in various kinds of hypoxia.4. Case discussionA 52-year-old man with chronic obstructive lung disease was admitted to the hospital with worsening dyspnea. He appeared cyanotic and in respiratory distress. The pH=7.34, PaCO2=60 mmHg, [HCO3-] =37mmol/L.Please answer the following questions:(a) What type of acid-base imbalance did the patient have?(b) Why did the acid-base imbalance occur?【参考答案】(1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) C (6) D (7) A (8) B (9) A (10) D (11) B (12) B (13 D (14)C (15)D (16) A。
生化英文试题及答案
生化英文试题及答案1. Translate the following terms into English:- 酶- 核酸- 代谢- 脂质Answer:- Enzyme- Nucleic Acid- Metabolism- Lipid2. Match the following biochemical processes with their descriptions:- Glycolysis- Fermentation- Respiration- PhotosynthesisA. The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.B. The breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.C. The process by which cells generate energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.D. The process by which cells convert glucose into pyruvate.Answer:- Glycolysis: D- Fermentation: B- Respiration: C- Photosynthesis: A3. What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?Answer:ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. It is used to power various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and synthesis of biomolecules.4. List the four types of RNA and their functions:Answer:- mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.- tRNA (transfer RNA): Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Forms part of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis.- snRNA (small nuclear RNA): Involved in the processing of pre-mRNA in the cell nucleus.5. Describe the structure of a typical protein.Answer:A typical protein is composed of one or more polypeptide chains, each made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The structure of a protein can be described at four levels:- Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids. - Secondary structure: Local folding patterns such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets.- Tertiary structure: The overall three-dimensional shape of the protein, stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.- Quaternary structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a multi-subunit protein.6. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer:The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include:- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.- Prokaryotic cells have a simpler genome, often in the form of a single circular DNA molecule, whereas eukaryotic cells have a more complex, linear DNA organized into multiple chromosomes.- Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.- Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis and meiosis.7. Explain the concept of enzyme specificity.Answer:Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a particular chemical reaction involving specific substrates. This specificity is due to the unique shape of the enzyme's active site, which allows it to bind only to certain molecules, ensuring that the enzyme can only catalyze the intended reaction.8. What is the role of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular respiration?Answer:The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, plays a central role in cellular respiration by oxidizing acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide, while generating NADH and FADH2, which are electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP.。
(word完整版)生理学复习题 大题 英文版Human Physiology(questions)
1. Importance of Homeostasis1)。
It can maintain the composition of the body in fairly strict limits。
（ ion concentrations, pH, blood gasses, T℃ etc).2). It results in normal functions。
2。
How is the homeostasis achieved ？This is done by several regulation mechanisms， particularly the feedback control。
3。
3 patterns of regulation:Nervous Regulation （神经调节)Hormonal Regulation （体液调节）Autoregulation (自身调节）4. Nervous Regulation Characteristics:① It responses fast.② It acts exactly。
③ Duration is short.5。
Hormonal Regulation Characteristics ：① It responses slowly.② It acts extensively。
③ It lasts for long time.6。
Auto—regulation Characteristics:① Amplitude of its effect issmaller than other two types.② Extension of its effect issmaller than other two types.Role： only a supplement to the actionsof other two types of regulations.7。
生理学02细胞的基础试题
⽣理学02细胞的基础试题第⼆章细胞的基本功能⼀、名词解释1．单纯扩散（simple diffusion）2．易化扩散（facilitated diffusion）3．主动转运（active transport）4．兴奋性（excitability）5．可兴奋组织（excitable tissuse）6．阈强度（threshold strength）7．阈电位（threshold potential）8．静息电位（resting potential）9．动作电位（action potential）10．极化（polarization）11．去极化（depolarization）12．超极化hyperpolarization）13．复极化（repolarization）14．兴奋-收缩耦联（excitation-contraction coupling） 15．单收缩（single twich）16．终板电位（end-plate potential）17．强直收缩（tetanic contraction）18．等长收缩（isometric contraction）19．等张收缩（isotonic contraction）20．前负荷（preload）21．后负荷（afterload）⼆、选择题（⼀）单项选择题1. 细胞膜脂质双分⼦层中，镶嵌蛋⽩质的形式是A. 靠近膜的内侧⾯、外侧⾯、贯穿整个脂质双层三种形式均有B. 仅在内表⾯C. 仅在外表⾯D. 仅在两层之间E. 仅在外表⾯与内表⾯2. ⼈体内O2、CO2和NH3进出细胞膜是通过A. simple diffusionB. facilitated diffusionC. active transportD. endocytosisE. exocytosis3. Na+跨膜转运的⽅式是A. simple diffusionB. facilitated diffusionC. active transport和simple diffusionD. active transportE. facilitated diffusion和active transport 4．葡萄糖进⼊红细胞膜是属于A. active transportB. simple diffusionC. facilitated diffusionD. endocytosisE. 吞饮5. 参与细胞易化扩散的蛋⽩质是A. 通道蛋⽩B. 受体蛋⽩C. 泵蛋⽩D. 免疫蛋⽩E. 表⾯蛋⽩6. 肠上⽪细胞由肠腔吸收葡萄糖，是属于A. simple diffusionB. facilitated diffusionC. active transportD. endocytosisE. 吞噬7. 运动神经纤维末梢释放ACh属于A. exocytosisB. simple diffusionC. facilitated diffusionD. active transportE. endocytosis8. 关于endocytosis跨膜转运⽅式的描述，不正确的概念是A. 是⼤分⼦物质或团块进⼊细胞的⼀种⽅式B. 特异性分⼦与细胞膜受体结合并在该处endocytosisC. 蛋⽩质从肠上⽪细胞⼀侧进⼊并从另⼀侧出去均为⼊胞D. 吞饮属于endocytosis的⼀种E. 吞噬实际上是endocytosis9. 产⽣⽣物电的跨膜离⼦移动属于A. simple diffusionB. 通道中介的facilitated diffusionC. 载体中介的facilitated diffusionD. endocytosisE. exocytosis10. 正常细胞膜内K+浓度约为膜外K+浓度的A. 12倍B. 30倍C. 50倍D. 70倍E. 90倍11. 正常细胞膜外Na+浓度约为膜内Na+浓度的A. 1倍B. 5倍C. 12倍D. 18倍E. 21倍12. 当达到K+ equilibrium potential时A. 膜两侧K+浓度梯度为零B. 膜内侧K+的净外流为零C. 膜外K+浓度⼤于膜内D. 膜两侧电位梯度为零E. 膜内较膜外电位相对较正13. ⼈⼯增加离体神经纤维浸浴液中K+浓度，resting potential的绝对值将A. 不变B. 增⼤C. 减⼩D. 先增⼤后减⼩E. 先减⼩后增⼤14. 在⼀般⽣理情况下，每分解⼀分⼦ATP，钠泵运转可使A. 2个Na+移出膜外B. 2个K+移⼊膜内C. 2个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移⼊膜内D. 2个Na+移出膜外，同时有3个K+移⼊膜内E. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移⼊膜内15. 细胞膜内、外正常的Na+和K+浓度差的形成和维持是由于A. 膜在安静时对K+通透性⼤B. 膜在兴奋时对Na+通透性增加C. Na+、K+易化扩散的结果D. 膜上钠-钾泵的作⽤E. 膜上ATP的作⽤16. 神经细胞action potential的主要组成是A. spikeB. threshold potentialC. negative afterpotentialD. positive afterpotentialE. 1ocal potential17. 近代⽣理学把excitability的定义理解为A. 活的组织或细胞对外界刺激发⽣反应的能⼒B. 活的组织或细胞对外界刺激发⽣反应的过程C. 细胞在受刺激时产⽣动作电位的能⼒D. 细胞在受刺激时产⽣动作电位的过程E. 动作电位即excitability18. 判断组织excitability⾼低常⽤的简便指标是A. threshold potentialB. chronaxieC. threshold strengthD. 刺激强度对时间的变化率E. 刺激的频率19. 刺激threshold指的是A. ⽤最⼩刺激强度，刚刚引起组织excitation的最短作⽤时间B. 保持⼀定的刺激强度不变，能引起组织excitation的最适作⽤时间C. 保持⼀定的刺激时间和强度-时间变化率，引起组织发⽣excitation的最⼩刺激强度D. 刺激时间不限，能引起组织excitation的最适刺激强度E. 刺激时间不限，能引起组织最⼤excitation的最⼩刺激强度20. 可兴奋组织的strength-duration curve任何⼀点代表⼀个A. 强度阈值B. 时间阈值C. 时值D. 利⽤时E. 具有⼀定强度和时间特性的threold stimulus21. 神经细胞在接受⼀次阈上刺激后，excitability的周期变化是A. 绝对不应期⼀超常期B. 相对不应期⼀绝对不应期⼀超常期C. 绝对不应期⼀超常期—相对不应期⼀低常期D. 绝对不应期⼀相对不应期⼀超常期⼀低常期E. 绝对不应期⼀超常期⼀低常期—相对不应期．22. 组织兴奋后处于absolute refractory period时，其excitability为A. ⼩于正常B. ⽆限⼤C. ⼤于正常D. 零E. 等于正常23. 若action potential持续时间为 2.0ms，理论上每秒内所能产⽣传导的action potential数不可能超过A. 50次B. 100次C. 200次D. 400次E. 500次24. 神经纤维中相邻两个spike的时间⾄少应⼤于其A. relative refractory periodB. absolute refractory periodC. supernormal periodD. subnormal periodE. absolute refractory period加relative refractory period25. 在神经纤维，⼀次excitation后的relative refractory period时A. 全部Na+通道失活B. 较强的刺激也不能引起action potenrialC. 多数K+通道失活D. 前者约⼤10％E. 前者约⼤20％ 33. 细胞膜在安静时对Na +的通透性 A. 为零 B. 约为K +通透性的2倍） V M 静息静息 M . M 静息 M 静息E. action potential的幅度随传导距离增加⽽减⼩40. Action potential的“全或⽆”特性是指同⼀细胞的电位幅度A. 不受细胞外Na+浓度影响B. 不受细胞外K+浓度影响C. 与刺激强度和传导距离⽆关D. 与resting potential⽆关E. 与Na+通道复活的量⽆关41. 关于电压门控Na+通道与K+通道的共同点中，错误的是A. 都有开放状态B. 都有关闭状态C. 都有激活状态D. 都有失活状态E. 都有静息状态42. ⽤信息论的观点看，神经纤维所传输的信号是A. 递减信号B. ⾼耗能信号c. 模拟式信号D. 数字式信号E. 易⼲扰信号43. 下列关于有髓神经纤维saltatory conduction的叙述，错误的说法是A. 以相邻朗飞结间形成局部电流进⾏传导B. 传导速度⽐⽆髓纤维快得多C. 离⼦跨膜移动总数多，耗能多D. 双向传导E. 不衰减扩布44. 安静时运动神经末梢的vesicleA. 不释放AChB. 有少数囊泡随机释放C. 有少数囊泡依次轮流释放D. 每秒钟约有107个ACh分⼦释放E. 每秒钟约有200--300个囊泡释放45. 当神经impulse到达运动神经末梢时可引起接头前膜的A. Na+通道关闭B. Ca2+通道关闭C. K+通道关闭D. Cl-通道开放E. Ca2+通道开放46. 兴奋通过神经—肌⾁接头时，ACh与受体结合使终板膜A. 对Na+、K+通透性增加，发⽣超极化B. 对Na+、K+通透性增加，发⽣去极化C. 仅对K+通透性增加，发⽣超极化D. 仅对Ca2+通透性增加，发⽣去极化E. 对ACh通透性增加，发⽣超极化47. 神经-肌⾁接头transmission中，消除ACh的酶是A. 胆碱酯酶B. 腺苷酸环化酶C. 磷酸⼆酯酶D. ATP酶E. 胆碱⼄酰化酶48. 神经-肌⾁接头transmission的阻断剂是A. 阿托品B. 胆碱酯酶C. 四⼄基铵D. 六烃季铵E. 美洲箭毒49. 在神经-⾻骼肌接头处的受体-膜通道系统的信息传递中A. 受体和通道是两个独⽴的膜蛋⽩质分⼦B. 在化学信使同受体结合后，不能直接影响通道蛋⽩质C. 受体与第⼆信使同属于⼀个球形蛋⽩质分⼦D. 受体与第⼆信使是两个独⽴的结构E. 受体结构与具有离⼦通道功能的结构同属于⼀个球形蛋⽩质分⼦50. ⾻骼肌收缩和舒张的基本功能单位是A. 肌原纤维B. 肌⼩节C. 肌纤维D. 粗肌丝E. 细肌丝51. 肌细胞中的三联管结构指的是A. 每个横管及其两侧的终末池B. 每个横管及其两侧的肌⼩节C. 横管、纵管和肌质⽹D. 每个纵管及其两侧的横管E. 每个纵管及其两侧的肌⼩节52. ⾻胳肌细胞中横管的功能是A. Ca2+的贮存库B. Ca2+进出肌纤维的通道C. 营养物质进出肌细胞的通道D. 将兴奋传向肌细胞深部E. 使Ca2+和肌钙蛋⽩结合53. ⾻骼肌excitation-contraction耦联过程的必要步骤是A. 电兴奋通过纵管传向肌细胞深部B. 纵管膜产⽣动作电位C. 纵管终末池的Ca2+通道开放释放Ca2+D. 终末池中的Ca2+逆浓度差进⼊肌浆E. Ca2+与肌钙蛋⽩亚单位T结合54. ⾻骼肌excitation-contraction耦联中起关键作⽤的离⼦是A. Ca2+B. Cl-C. Na+D. K+E. Mg2+55. ⾻胳肌contraction时释放到肌浆中的Ca2+，经钙泵转运的部位是A. 横管B. 肌膜C. 线粒体膜D. 肌浆⽹膜E. 粗⾯内质⽹56. ⾻骼肌的excitation-contraction耦联不包括A. 电兴奋通过横管系传向肌细胞的深处B. 三联管结构处的信息传递，导致终末池释放Ca2+C. 肌浆中的Ca2+与肌钙蛋⽩结合D. 肌浆中的Ca2+浓度迅速降低，导致肌钙蛋⽩和它所结合的Ca2+解离E. 当肌浆中的Ca2+与肌钙蛋⽩结合后，可触发肌丝滑⾏57. 肌⾁的initial length取决于A. 被动张⼒B. preloadC. afterloadD. pretoad与afterload之和E. preload与afterload之差58. 肌⾁收缩时，如afterload越⼩，则A. 完成的机械功越⼤B. 收缩最后达到的张⼒越⼤C. 开始出现收缩的时间越迟D. 缩短的速度越⼩E. 缩短的程度越⼤59. 为便于观察afterload对肌⾁contraction的影响，前负荷应A. 为零B. 固定于⼀个数值不变C. 加到最⼤值D. 根据不同后负荷作相应的调整E. ⼩于后负荷60. 在强直收缩中，肌⾁的action potentialA. 幅值变⼤B. 幅值变⼩C. 频率变低D. 发⽣叠加或总和E. 不发⽣叠加或总和（⼆）多项选择题1. 以载体为中介的易化扩散的特点是：A. 有⾼度的结构特异性B. 表现饱和现象C. 表现竞争性抑制D. 逆电-化学梯度转运E. 耗能2. 膜通道的功能状态可分为A. 激活状态B. 失活状态C. 灭活状态D. 备⽤状态E. 进⾏状态3. 可兴奋细胞的兴奋性变化包括A. 绝对不应期B. 相对不应期C. 衰减期D. 低常期E. 超常期4. 刺激的参数主要是A. 刺激强度B. 刺激时间C. 刺激强度对时间的变化率D. 时值E. 基强度5. Sodium pumpA. 可造成离⼦势能贮备B. 活动时耗能C. 活动时同时泵出Na+和泵⼊K+D. 是Na+-K+依赖式ATP酶E. 需要Ca2+离⼦参与6. 神经-肌⾁接头兴奋transmission的1对1关系是因为A. ACh囊泡的随机释放B. Ch囊泡的释放不⾜C. ACh囊泡的量⼦式释放D. ⼀次神经冲动释放的ACh量⾜够多E. ⼀次神经冲动引起的终板电位幅度较⼤7. Local excitationA. 是⼀种全或⽆现象B. 有电紧张性扩布的特征C. 可产⽣时间性总和D. 可产⽣空间性总和E. 可长距离传导8. 以下可作为second messenger的物质是A. 钙离⼦B. 钙调蛋⽩C. 三磷肌醇D. ⼆酰⽢油E. cAMP9. 当连续刺激的时程⼩于单收缩时程时可能出现A. ⼀次单收缩B. ⼆次单收缩C. ⼀连串单收缩D. 不完全强直收缩E. 完全强直收缩10. 能提⾼肌⾁的收缩能⼒的因素是A. Ca2+B. K+C. 咖啡因D. 肾上腺素E. 缺氧三、问答题1．1．Simple diffusion和facilitated diffusion有哪些异同点？2．2．钠-钾泵的作⽤是什么？有何⽣理意义？3．3．简述resting potential的产⽣机制4．4．简述action potential的产⽣机制5．5．局部电位与动作电位相⽐有何特征？6．6．简述action potential传导的原理,⽐较有髓鞘纤维和⽆髓鞘纤维action potential传导的差别7．7．简述神经－肌⾁接头兴奋transmission的机制8．8．简述⾻骼肌excitation-contraction耦联的具体过程参考答案⼀、名词解释1.单纯扩散：物质分⼦或离⼦根据物理学扩散原理顺电—化学梯度通过细胞膜的⽅式。
生理学：生理题库(比较多)
一、名词解释（每小题2分，共20分）1.Resting Potential静息电位：在安静状态时细胞膜内外存在的电位差。
2.Clotting Factor凝血因子：指血浆或组织液中参与血液凝固过程的物质。
3.Active transport主动转运：指细胞通过某种耗能过程，将物质由膜的低浓度侧向髙浓度侧转运的过程。
4.Sinus rhythm：由窦房节或静脉窦正常启博点所形成的心脏节律。
5.Pulmonary stretch reflex肺牵张反射：由于肺的扩张或缩小引起吸气抑制或兴奋的反射。
6.Microbial Digestion微生物消化：指通过胃内的微生物把食物中的营养物质分解小分子物质的过程。
7.Initial Urine原尿：经肾小球的滤过作用后肾囊腔里的滤过液。
& EPSP兴奋性突触后电位：当兴奋性神经元兴奋性时，其末梢释放抑制性化学递质,递质与后膜上的受体结合后，使后膜对Na+通透性升髙，Na+内流，使后膜去极化，产生兴奋性突触后电位。
9.Hormone激素：由内分泌腺或散在的内分泌细胞所分泌的能传递信息的活性物质。
10.Sperm Capacitation:精子进入雌性生殖道后经历一系列变化而获得使卵子受精的能力，称为精子获能。
1.Excitability兴奋性：可兴奋细胞或组织受刺激时产生兴奋的能力。
2.Homeostasis稳态:机体内环境的变化在一立范用内维持动态平衡相对稳定的状态。
3.Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure品体渗透压：由晶体物质构成的渗透圧称为晶体渗透压eCardie Cycle: 心脏每收缩、舒张一次所构成的活动周期。
4.Heart Rate心率：每分钟心跳的次数。
5.Internal Respiration内呼吸：血液与组织细胞之间的气体交换过程称之为内呼吸。
6.BER：消化道平滑肌在细胞在静息电位的基础上产生的缓慢的右律性的自动去极化的电位变化，称基本电节律，也叫慢波。
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英文题第六章（06. 3.17）Ⅰ. choise question1. Which of the following descriptions about the general characteristics of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. Its excitability of the smooth muscle of the gut is low.B. It has autorhythmicity.C. It has tonic contraction.D. It has high extensibility.E. It is not sensitive to stretch, chemical, cold, and warm stimulation.2. Which of the following descriptions about the tonic contraction of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is a common movement type of stomach and small intestine.B. To keeps the stomach and the intestine in their normal shape and location.C. To maintains a given pressure in alimentary tract lumenD. To provides an adequate background for other forms of movementE. When tonic contraction become weak, the absorption of gastrointestinal tract increases.3. The rhythm of the spontaneous contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle is determined mainly by AA. the rhythm of the slow wave.B. the level of the resting membrane potential.C. the frequency of the action potential.D. the amplitude of the action potential.E. the level of activity of the sympathetic nerve.4. Which of the following descriptions about the slow wave of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarrizationB. It originate in the Cajal cell.C. After the nerves innervating the gut are cut, the slow wave still persist.D. It may be the pacemaker potential for smooth muscle.E. It cause directly the smooth muscle to contrat.5. Functional base of the autorhythmicity of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract is CA. The action potential.B. The resting membrane potentialC. The basic electrical rhythm (BER).D. The tonic contraction.E. the smooth muscle spontaneous contraction.6. The cause initiating slow wave is AA. A slow undulation of the activity of the Na+-K+ pump.B. A spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of cell membraneC. Na+-Ca2+ exchange.D. I k progressively attenuate decrementE. Ca2+ inflow7. Ionic base of the rising phase of action potential in smooth muscle of gastrointestinaltract is AA. inflow of Ca2+ and small amount ofB. Na+ inflowC. Ca2+ inflowB. K+ outflowD. Cl- outflowE. Cl- inflow8. Which of the following descriptions about the innervation of digestive organs is correct ? CA. Postganglionic fiber terminals of sympathetic nerve release acetylcholine (Ach)B. All postganglionic fiber terminals of parasympathetic nerve release AchC. After the external innervation of the gut are cut, the short reflexes may be completed.D. Activity of sympathetic nerve increases the movement of gastrointestinal tract.E. Activity of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the secretion of digestive glands.9. Which of the following descriptions about enteric nervous system is wrong ? EA. The number of neurons in this intrinsic nervous system is almost equal to the number in spinal cord.B. It contains sensory neurons, motor neurons and intermediate neurons.C. It can complete a short reflex without the external innervation.D. It regulates the movement and glands secretion of gastrointestinal tract.E. It is not affected by the external innervation.10. Which of the following is not the function of HCl ? EA. To activate the pepsinogenB. To kill bacteriaC. To stimulate the upper small intestinal mucosa to release secretinD. To promote absorption of the ferrum and calcium in the upper small intestinal.E. To promotes vitamin B12 to be absorbed11. Which of the following descriptions about the secretion of the gastric acid is wrong? EA. It is secreted by the parietal cells.B. The intracellular H+ is transported by proton pump into the canaliculus lumen.C. The omeprazole (奥美拉唑) inhibits strongly the secretion of gastric acid.D. When one H+ is secreted, one HCO3- enters blood.E. HCl in gastric lumen do not affect the gastric secretion.12. The location where the vitamin B12 to be absorbed is CA. StomachB. DuodenumC. Terminal ileumD. JejunumE. Large intestine13. The substance that activates the pepsinogen into pepsin is BA. EnterokinaseB. HCl and pepsinC. HistamineD. TrypsinE. Chymotryosin14. Which of the following is not the function of gastrin DA. To promote the parietal cell to secrete HClB. To promote the pancreatic acini to secrete digestive enzymeC. To promote the liver to secrete the bileD. To promote the absorption of fat acidE. To have the trophic action to gastrointestinal mucosa15. Which of the following inhibits the G cells from releasing gastrin BA. The intragastric food stretches gastric wall.B. The pH in the gastric antrum is below 1.5C. The intragastrioc peptones and the proteoses and peptides increaseD. The activity of vagus nerve increasesE. The short reflex caused by stretch of food to the wall of gastric antrum16. The transport manner by which the parietal cells secrete H+ is AA. Primary active transportB. Second active transportC. Facilitated diffusionD. Simple diffusionE. Exocytosis17. After blocking the M receptors by the atropine, the change of the gastrointestinal tract isA. The secretion of digestive glands increases. EB. The slow waves loseC. The tonic contraction losesD. The peristalsis losesE. The tonic contraction and peristalsis weaken18. Which of following substances do not increase the gastric secretion EA. GastrinB. HistamineC. acetylcholineD. Activity of vagus nerveE. Somatostatin19. Which of following substance do not inhibit gastric secretion EA. SomatostatinB. SecretinC. ProstaglandinsD. H2 receptor antagonist,E. Protein foods20. Which of the following descriptions about the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is wrong? AA. It is pure nervous regulation.B. It involves conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex.C. M receptors antagonists decrease gastric secretion in this phase.D. It can eliminated by cutting bilateral vagus nervesE. The secretion has high acidity, contains a copious amount of pepsin.21. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric phase of gastric secretion is wrong?A. It is initiated mainly by the distention of food on gastric wall.B. It involves the vagus-vagus long reflexC. It It involves the short reflex of enteric nervous system.D. It do not involves the release and function of the gastrinE. The secretion has a low acidity, but its pepsin content is higher than that in the cephalic phase22. One of mechanism by which HCl inhibit is CA. Intragastric HCl promotes G cells to release gastrin.B. Intragastric HCl inhibits D cells from releasing somatostatin.C. Intraintestinal HCl causes S cells secrete scretinD. Intraintestinal HCl inhibits duodenal mucosa from secreting bulbogastrone.E. HCl inhibits directly the parietal cells.23. Movement type peculiar to stomach is BA. Tonic contractionB. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Mass movement24. After cutting the bilateral vagus nerves, the gastric receptive relaxation will AA. LoseB. WeakenC. StrengthenD. No changeE. Weaken or strengthen25. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric peristalsis is wrong EA. It is a cooperating movement of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscleB. It is one of the motivity of gastric emptingC. It begin in the mid portion of the body of the stomach.D. It is about 3 times per minute.E. It does not partake in mixing, and grinding the stomach contents.26. Which of the following descriptions about the migrating motor complex is wrong AA. It is movement type peculiar to small intestine.B. It occurs on fasting periodC. It propagates from the stomach to the terminal ileumD. In humans, the MMC repeats every 75 to 90 minutesE. It inhibits the migration of colonic bacteria into the small terminal ileum27. Which of the following inhibits the gastric empting DA. The long vagus-vagus reflexB. The locally short reflexC. AcetylcholineD. The enterogastric reflex28. Which of the following promotes the gastric empting AA. The increased intragastric food volumeB. The stimulation of HCl to the duodenal mucosaC. The increased fatty content of the chyme in duodenumD. The increased osmotic pressure of the chyme in duodenumE. Secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide29. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric empting is wrong EA. Five minutes after the food enters stomach, the stomach begins to empty.B. Its direct driving force is the pressure difference between the stomach and the duodenum.C. Its motivity is the peristalsis and gastric tonic contractionD. The gastric emptying rate of fat is the lowest. that of saccharide is the fastest,E. Acetylcholine inhibits gastric empting30. The most important digestive juice in human is BA. Gastric juiceB. Pancreatic juiceC. BileD. Small intestinal juiceE. Large intestinal juice31. The most potent stimulus for secretin release from S cells in upper small intestinal mucosa AA. HClB. Protein digestive productsC. Fatty acidD. SaccharidesE. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve32. The most potent stimulus for CCK release from D cells in upper small intestinal mucosa BA. HClB. Protein digestive productsC. SaccharidesD. SaccharidesE. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve33. Factor causing the pancreas to secrete a large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. SecretinB. GastrinC. AcetylcholineD. CCKE. Histamine34. The most important factor resulting in secretion of pancreatic enzymes is BA. SomatostatinB. CCKC. SecretinE. Activity of vagus nerves35. Type of movement peculiar to the small intestine is EA. Tonic contractionB. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Segmentation movement38. Main mechanism by which the acidic chyme in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretinB. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrinD. Vagus-vagus reflex - gastropancreatic reflexE. Antral- pancreatic reflex37. Main mechanism by which the proteoses and peptones in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of pancreatic enzyme is BA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretinB. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrinD. Activity of vagus nerves increasesE. Activity of sympathetic nerves increases38. Characteristic of pancreatic secretion caused by the activity of vagus nerves and gastrin is AA. Small volume but rich in enzymes.B. Large volume and rich in enzymesC. Large volume but poor in enzymesD. Small volume and poor in enzymesE. It can not be blocked by atropine39. Which of the following descriptions about segmentation movement of small intestine the is wrong EA. It is caused by the distention of chyme to small intestinal wall.B. It move the intestinal content forth and back over short distanceC. It promote absorption of the digestive productsD. It promote the return of blood and lymphE. It does not relate to the enteric nervous system40. Which of the following descriptions about the function of bile is wrong EA. There is no any digestive enzyme in the bile.B. Function of bile in digestion of food is accomplished mainly by the bile salts.C. Cholates promote the absorption of liposoluble vitamin。