GRE AW Argument Part

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英语考试种类介绍

英语考试种类介绍一 CET简介二 GRE简介GRE由美国教育考试服务处（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS）主办，1937年首次由美国哈佛，耶鲁，哥伦比亚，普林斯顿四所大学联合举办，初期由卡耐基基金会Carnegic Foundation承办，1948年交由新成立的教育测试中心ETS负责。

之后每年在世界许多地方举行。

中国国外考试协调处负责中国归口管理和承办GRE等国外考试。

GRE是美加大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。

GRE考试分两种：一是一般能力或称倾向性测验（General test 或Aptitude Test）二是专业测验或称高级测验（Subject Test 或Advanced Test）。

General testGRE常规考试主要是考察应试人的基本英语能力以及对英文方面知识所涉及的广度和深度第一部分：分析写作部分Analytical Writing（AW）。

两个写作任务。

1.Issue task：对一个问题发表你的观点。

2.Argument task：分析一个论点。

第二部分：词汇（Verbal）。

该部分内容很广泛，包括天文、地理、人文、科学、艺术、政治及历史等项目。

第三部分：数学（Quantitative）。

该部分皆为数理上的基本问题，包括几何、代数、统计图表、智力测验等方面，主要目的在于测验考生基本数学的潜在能力和对数理方面间题的理解判断及推理反应能力。

题目难易、深浅程度，有时取决于考生对于题目叙述与说明的理解。

三 IELTS简介（雅思）IELTS，全称International English Language Testing System，国际英语水平测试系统，是为到英语主导教学语言国家的高等教育机构就读而设的语言测试制度，也用于测试赴英语母语国家（主要指英联邦国家）定居人士的英语水平。

[英语考试]新制 GRE AW Argument 题纲

相同题目18/2010/21/2324/26/287/98/9945/4915/51/130/131/13335/5256/5734/58/9469/70/11574/147/148/149/15683/8486/8985/879/88/9017/93/19/109/11038/95/9625/100/102/164101/10332/104/105/106/16766/107/10847/111/11278/116/117/11414/11822/119/120/13862/121/122/12441/123/125/142113/126/127/16135/128/129132/134/136135/137/14061/139/141/143/16253/144/15160/145/146/150/154/155 152/153157/1585/159/17354/16536/163/16639/174160/1723/17177/1691 （考古/论断/大并列小递进）Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad(3), and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat(1), but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river(5)—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game(4). It follows that theso-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea(2).★★★★★331.The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through othermeans. (I.T)★★★★2.The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, orboats possessed by other culture. (I.T)★★★★3.In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P)★★★4.The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources alsoexisted in Palean times. (C→P)★★★5.Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E)★★★23 227, （城市，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper."In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its formerglory(5), the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park(2). At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive(1). In a recent survey of downtown merchants(3), the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation(4,6)." ★★★1.The author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the currentsituation of the plaza. (confusing the cause and the effect)★★★★★2.There may be some negative impacts of allowing skateboarders to use part of Monroe Park.(adv:disadv)★★★3.The survey was based only on data from downtown merchants, thus could not berepresentative of all citizens. (selective sample)★★★★4.The author unfairly assumes that banning skateboarding in Central Plaza would suffice tomake the plaza an attractive place. (sufficiency of the solution)★★★★5.The author fails to consider other possible means to regain the plaza’s prosperity. (necessity ofthe solution)★★★6.Skateboarding may actually be helpful for achieving the city's objective of providing a fun andrelaxing place for people to congregate. (adv:disadv)★★★4（商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site."Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★1.The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to thenumber of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C)★★★2.The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( exparte information)★★st year’s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample)★★★4.The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative qualityof the two firms, such as serving area and location.(NCR)★★★★5.For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate theactual performance of agents in the two firms.(V.D)★★6.The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average priceof a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. (NCR)★★★★7.The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would changethrough the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F)★★★★★5 （交通安全/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette."The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians(4), the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies(5) from 50 per day to 30 per day(6) during the summer season(7). By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents(1,4) that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau(3), when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals(2)." ★★★★1.The author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate ofmoped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted. (P→F)★★★2.The author fails to consider other possible explanations for the 50% decline in Torseau's mopedaccident rate last year. (NCR)★★★★3.Balmer Island and Torseau may not be comparable. (F.A)★★★★4.The author provides no evidence that the same restrictions that served to reduce the incidenceof all "moped accidents" by 50% would also serve to reduce the incidence of accidents involving "mopeds and pedestrians" by 50%. (U.C)★★★5.We do not know what percentage of mopeds in Balmer Island is rented by the six companies.(V.D)★★★6.The author fails to provide accurate data about the current number of mopeds rented by the sixcompanies per day. (I.I)★★7.The proposed regulation may not be necessary for the author’s purpose. (necessity of thesolution)★★★6 45, （动物/推测/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal."Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters(1), the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)."★★★★★1.The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample)★★★★2.The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by theeditorial. (C.S)★★★★3.Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR)★★★★4.The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deermay adapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR)★★★★7 44, （经营/决策/大并列小递进）The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books."Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). Monarch, which has been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the café would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★1.The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A)★★2.We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of RegalBooks after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I)★★★★3.No evidence could guarantee that opening a caféat Monarch will attract substantially morecustomers.(I.E)★★★4.The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children’s book section andopening the café. (adv:disadv)★★★★★5.The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv)★★★6.The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S)★★★★7.Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number ofchildren may increase. (V.D)★★★8.Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensurethat the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children’s book will also decline. (NCR)★★★(chong98) (chong99)8 （学校建设/提议/并列）The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College."To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new dormitory(4). Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends(1), should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased(3) in recent years(2). Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing.Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham(5,6)." ★★★24,100,2261.The dean assumes without justification that the trends of increasing enrollment will continue inthe future. (C→F)★★★2.The dean unfairly assumes that the rent for off-campus apartment will continue to increase inthe following years. (C→F)★★★3.We do not know if the average rent for off-campus apartment has increased to an extent thatstudents cannot afford. (I.I/confusing comparison with variation)★★★4.The dean fails to illustrate that current dormitories in Buc kingham could not meet students’housing needs. (necessity of the solution)★★★5. A new dormitory would be neither sufficient nor necessary for attracting prospective students.(sufficiency/necessity of the solution)★★★6.The dean’s assumption that more prospective students will enroll at Buckingham conflicts thedean’s purpose of solving the housing problem. (negative evidence)★★★9 (chong88) (chong90)10 （人类学/论断、预言/——）The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist."Twenty years ago(5) Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia(2) show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents(1) than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid(3). Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working inTertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.(4)" ★★★★1.Talking more about their biological parents does not indicate that those children were rearedby their parents. (U.C)★★★★★2.We do not know how many of the children interviewed by Dr. Karp were actually from islandof Tertia. (I.I)★★★3.The facts cited by Dr. Karp do not necessarily prove that the observation-centered method usedby Dr. Field is invalid. (I.E)★★★★4.No evidence c ould guarantee that Dr. Karp’s team will establish a more accurate understandingof island cultures just because they are using the interview-centered method. (I.E)★★★★★5.There may have been dramatic changes in nurturing patterns of Teria children during the past20 years. (P→F)★★★1112（教育/提议/递进）The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University."Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors(1). Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7).To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)"★★★211, 2381.The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participatein the procedure. (V.D)★★2.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluationprocedure—rather than some other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc)★★★★3.The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alphagraduates in getting jobs is unjustified. (NCR)★★★★4.The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record.(necessity of the solution)★★★5.Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega’s graduates tosecure better jobs. (sufficiency of the solution)★★★★6.The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv)★★★★★7.The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A)★★13（道路交通/提议/大并列小类比小递进）The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper."In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently(1) lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because thissafety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit(4) and the accident rate throughout Prunty County (2)has decreased only slightly(3). If we want to improve the safety of our roads,we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago(7): increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads(8). Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported(6) accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago(5)."★★★★55,1191.The author fails to rule out the possibility that not enough time has passed to determine theeffectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate. (I.E)★★★2.The author ignores the possibility that the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreasedwhile on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased. (I.I)★★★★3.The argument assumes that all other factors affecting highway accident rates have remainedunchanged since the county lowered its speed limit. (P→F)★★★4.The fact that most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit does not indicate that the policy isineffective. (NCR)★★5.The author unfairly implies that the higher speed limit in Butler County has not served toincrease the incidence of road accidents in that county. (lack of controlled experiment)★★★6.The cited statistic involves only "reported" accidents in Butler County, we do not know thepercentage of accidents which are going unreported in that county. (I.I)★★★7.The situation at Prunty County and Butler County may not be comparable. (F.A)★★★★8.The author fails to demonstrate that road improvement will be both sufficient and necessary toguarantee fewer accidents in Prunty County. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution)★★★★14 194, （社会，就业/建议/对比）A recent study suggests that people who are left-handed are more likely to succeed in business than are right-handed people. Researchers studied photographs of 1,000 prominent business executives(3) and found that 21 percent of these executives(1) wrote with their left hand(2). So the percentage of prominent business executives who are left-handed (21 percent) is almost twice the percentage of people in the general population who are left-handed (11 percent). Thus, people who are left-handed(5) would be well advised to pursue a career in business(4), whereas people who are right-handed would be well advised to imitate the business practices(6,7,8) exhibited byleft-handers(9).★★★★★1.The author fails to indicate what fraction of all business persons are left-handed. (V.D)★★★2.People who write with their left hand are not necessarily left-handed. (U.C)★★★3.The 1,000 executives from the study are not necessarily representative of the overallpopulation of prominent business executives. (are the respondents representative?)★★4.The photographs in themselves prove little about the causal relationship betweenleft-handedness and the ability to succeed in business, many prominent executives might have risen to their status not by way of their achievements or business acumen but through other means. (NCR)★★★★5.The facts cited by the author do not indicate that all people who are left-handed are suitable forpursuing careers in business. (C.S) ★★★6.The author unfairly assumes that people who are right-handed also have strong will to succeedin business. (U.A)★★★7.Merely imitating the business practices exhibited by left-handers may not suffice to guaranteebusiness success. (NCR/sufficiency of the solution)★★★★8.Some business activities exhibited by left-handers could not be easily imitated. (feasibility ofthe conclusion)★★★9.The author assumes without substantiation that the way in which left-handed people conductbusiness is the only way to succeed in business. (necessity of the solution)★★★15 (chong51)16137, （城市，生活休闲/预言/递进+并列）The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper."At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough(1). But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River(2). Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase(3),so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements(5) to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River(4)."★★1.The author simply assumes that it is the quality of the water in Mason River that preventsresidents from using it for recreational activities. (NCR)★★★★2.No evidence could illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed plan, and how much time would ittake for the plan to be effective, thus we cannot ensure that recreational use of the river will automatically increase. (I.I)★★★★★3.The author fails to consider if Mason River is suitable for those water sports favored by residentsin Mason, and if residents are willing to use the river for recreational activities. (feasibility of the conclusion)★★★★4.Granted that recreational use of the river is to increase, we are not convinced that the use of thepublicly owned lands along the river will also increase. (U.A/H.G)★★★5.The author does not provide evidence to illustrate the necessity of increasing budget forimprovement s to the public lands. (necessity of the solution)★★★1718 （传媒/决策/并列）The following is a memorandum from the business manager of WLSS television station."Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increasingly more time to covering national news and less time to covering weather and local news. During the same time period, most of the complaints(1,4) we received from viewers were concerned with the station's coverage of weather and local news(2,3). In addition, several local businesses that used to run advertisements during our late-night news program have just cancelled their advertising contracts with us(5). Therefore, in order to attract more viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should expand the coverage of weather and local news on all(7) our news programs(6)."★★★1731.The manager fails to provide the total number of complaints received before our coverage ofnews were changed. (confusing comparison with variation/V.D)★★★2.The manager simply assumes that those complaints are representative of the opinions of ourentire audience. (C.S)★★★3.The manager fails to analyze the actual attitude of our audience toward the late-night newsprogram, the program might be welcome although there are a few complaints about it. (I.I)★★★★4.The manager fails to inform us the details of the complaints we received, thus we cannotevaluate if these audience are dissatisfied with the quantity of weather and local news. (I.I)★★★★5.The manager unjustifiably assumes that it is the change in our coverage of news that causedthose businesses to cancel their contract with us. (NCR)★★★★6.The manager ignores many other possible methods to attract more viewers and to increaseadvertising revenues. (necessity of the solution)★★★7.The necessity of expanding the coverage of weather and local news on all our news programsis open to doubt. (C.S)★★★19 (chong17)20 (chong18)21 (chong10)22 242, （教育/建议/类比+并列）The following appeared as an editorial in the student newspaper of Groveton College."To combat the recently reported dramatic rise in cheating among college and university students, these institutions should adopt honor codes(8) similar to Groveton's(9,10), which calls for students to agree(1) not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated(2). Groveton's honor code replaced an old-fashioned system in which students were closely monitored by teachers and an average of thirty cases of cheating per year were reported. The honor code has proven far more successful: in the first year it was in place, students reported(5) twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later(6), this figure had dropped to fourteen(3,4). Moreover, in a recent survey conducted by the Groveton honor council(7), a majority of students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without." ★★1.The assumption that students will keep their promise under the existence of the codes isunwarranted. (U.A)★★★★2.The author unfairly assumes that Groveton students are just as capable of detecting cheating asfaculty monitors, and that these students are just as likely to report cheating whenever they observe it. (U.A)★★3.The author fails to illustrate that the number of cases of cheating at Groveton would be higherif we did not adopt the honor code. (lack of controlled experiment)★★★★4.Other factors could also explain the decreasing number of cases of cheating at Groveton. (posthoc, ergo propter hoc)★★★★★5.The author fails to investigate the number of cases of cheating which were not reported. (I.I)★★★★6.We do not know the situation of cheating in other years. (I.I)★★★7.If the students will be forthright under the circumstances in which the survey was set issuspicious (are the respondents being forthright when answering the questions?)★★★★8.The author fails to consider the negative effects of adopting such honor codes. (adv:disadv)★★★9.The honor code may not be as same effective at other colleges and universities as it was atGrovetown. (C.S)★★★Other measures could be taken to combat cheating. (necessity of the solution)★★★23 (chong10)24 (chong28)25 (chong100) (chong102) (chong164)26 (chong28)27（）28（食品，保健/预言/并列）The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia."Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches(1). Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study(2). Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods(3). With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia.(4,5)" ★★★★1.Salicylates may not have the same effect as aspirin in treating headaches although they are ofthe same chemical family. (F.A)★★★★2.Other factors may also lead to the decline in the number of headaches in the study mentionedabove. (NCR)★★★★★3.The author does not inform us what fraction of foods consumed by citizens of Mentia containssalicylates, and how many of the citizens prefer such kind of foods. (I.I)★★★4.The author fails to consider factors other than food, such as environment, lifestyle, etc. thatmay result in the increase in the number of headaches suffered by citizens of Mentia would increase (I.T)★★★5.Granted that salicylates are effective in treating headaches, we cannot hastily infer that theywould also be effective in preventing headaches. (U.C)★★★29（）3031 214, （教育，城市，社会/论断/对比）In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets(1,2) twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents(3,4). It seems clear,。

新GRE作文ARGUMENT官方题库+翻译

This page contains the Argument topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE®revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Argument topic from this pool.Each Argument topic consists of a passage that presents an argument followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to analyze the argument. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1)Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a"Palean"basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居所独有的。

GRE作文AW的Argument+题目的分析

242 道Argument 题目的分析1.N ature’s Way 论断：在Plainsville开店会赚钱。

·赚钱的前提是收益高出成本，论断没有提供关于在此地开店的成本计算问题·那些参加健身活动的人不一定关心饮食健康，所以不必然地成为他们的顾客。

·就算他们关心饮食健康，那么当地相同商家没有被考虑进去，竞争以及品牌忠实度的问题·他们在关心健康的地区赢利的原因没有说，健康也许不是他们的卖点，而是其它的东西结论：论断仅凭一个似是而非的经验和该地的一些表面现象就匆忙做出结论，缺乏说服力。

在投资前，该机构应该做充分的市场调查，准确找出自己的优势，并分析当地投资环境、竞争对手、消费习惯等问题。

2.D eerhaven Acres homeowners 论断：统一外观就能提高地价·这是他人经验，尽管离得近，但是否适用于该地很可疑。

论断没有就两地间在交通、功用以及住户特点等问题比较异同。

做出结论显得匆促。

·他地区地价提高并不一定是因为统一了外观。

七年可发生很多变化，交通，商业区，社区内部设施提高了。

论断显得片面(undue/one-handed)。

·地价要提高得有更多人愿意住进来。

统一外观抹杀个性，会引人反感。

且不论统一的外观能不能得到所有人满意，这种做法本身有强制性。

论断危险。

结论：论断没有提供两地的异同，以及他地区统一外观后的七年里的变化就匆忙做出决定，必招致起住户的反对。

他们应该做更多的调查研究，最主要的是听取住户的意见，以保证最起码不会有人因此而搬出去。

w firms in the city of Megalopolis 论断：大公司向毕业生提供更多福利、激励并减少工作时间，就能吸引毕业生前来工作。

该论断的前提是与小公司相比，大公司虽然有高工资但不能提供高的工作满意度，从而失去了毕业生。

·论断的前提可疑。

即进大公司工作的毕业生少了15%是否是毕业生选择的问题，而不是大公司在录用时的问题。

GRE作文argument参考范文

GRE作文argument参考范文第1篇：GRE作文argument参考范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbu sinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofmonroe.ajazzmusicclubinmonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitablee nterprise.currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourpro posedclub,thecnote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.plus,jazz isextremelypopularinmonroe:over100,000peopleattendedmonro esjaz*estivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinmonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminmonroeisjazznightly,whichairseveryweekni ght.finally,anationwidest未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofabatavianews paper.thedepartmentofagricultureinbataviareportsthatthenumb erofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreatertha nitwas10yearsago.duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceo fmilkatthelocalexcellofoodmarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$ 3.00pergallon.topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiv eprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,thebataviagovern mentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.suchregulationisnec essarytoensurebothlowerpricesanda未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GMAT考试：Argument写作范文参考inthiseditorialtheauthorassertsthatopinionpollsarelittlebette rthanrandomguessestopredictingoutesofpresidentialelections.theauthorsbasisforthisassertionisthatopinionpollsmeasureonlythe preferencesofvotersatthetimeofthepollandthatmanyvoterschang etheirpreferencesseveraltimebeforevoting?someremainingunde cideduntilthemomenttheycasttheirvote.theauthorsreasoningisu nconvincingintwocriticalrespects.firstofaltthepredictionsbasedonrandomguessingaresuchthat thegreaterthenumberofcandidates,thelesslikelythepredictionwill becorrect.thereasonforthisisobvious:ran未完，继续阅读 >第4篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文赏析discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.inastudyofreadinghabitsofleevillecitizensconductedbytheuni versityofleeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassi csasreadingmaterial.however,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbo okmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinleeville wasthemysterynovel.therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespond entsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.arecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofnortha mericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicd epre未完，继续阅读 >第5篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT真题四４４、thefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusine ssmagazinebythedickensacademy.wedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatinternationalm ega-publishing,inc.theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemp loyeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.intern ationalmega-publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingthei rnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,internationalm ega-publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicatio 未完，继续阅读 >第6篇：GRE作文精选：Argumentgre作文精选：argumentdiscusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepr esidentofnature'sway,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherh ealth-relatedproducts."previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitab leinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthyli ves.weshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinpainesville,which hasmanysuchresidents.painesvillemerchantsreportthatsalesofru nningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagodue tolackofbusiness,has未完，继续阅读 >第7篇：GMAT Argument作文备考方案范本参考不难看出，gmatargument作文主要考察的是考生的逻辑分析和判断能力，而提高此能力不妨结合cr部分；同时，考生也需要熟悉题库，力求对题目素材预先进行分析从而培养良好的判断和推论能力，并且多对行文结构和切入点有所构思甚至是设计，如此一来，便容易在考场上轻松写出一篇出*的文章了。

AW考前四部曲之GRE作文考试流程超详细总结

A W考前四部曲之G R E 作文考试流程超详细总结文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]A W考前四部曲之G R E作文考试流程超详细总结一、概要二、出门——Confirmation number、证件、资料、食物、饮料、手表、耳塞、护身符、手机、RMB、纸巾、签字笔、滴眼液、衣服、首饰、基础信息、其余三、到场四、等待（第一间屋子）五、填表六、存放物品七、进场一（第二间屋子）八、进场二（第三间屋子）九、熟悉操作、做调查（22页）、选择笔考考点十、Issue十一、短暂休息十二、Argument十三、confirm submit result十四、填写四所送分学校十五、出场十六、考完试之后十七、细节——温度、隔板、草稿纸、铅笔、手表、时间显示、键盘、鼠标、显示器、考试时的界面、主机台灯、座位、桌面、电源、耳机、摄像头、周围的人注意，摄像头没有在显示器上，在房顶，详见“细节“熟悉操作、做调查（22页）、选择笔考考点提前要重点说明的是：不要在做问卷的时候写模板。

很多考生在做作文前的问卷调查时就在草稿纸上写模板了，这是不允许的，会被视作作弊。

那些老师连高频都知道的，要是不知道模板也就说不过去了…在调查之后的空隙（如果你不人工跳过的话）是足够你去写的显示教你如何用鼠标、以及考试的各个界面，这个部分没法跳，大家跟着来就可以了然后是调查问卷，这里会问你的性别、学历、父母学历啥乱七八糟的，对于这个有四种选择：1、跳过，不过不要跳的太high把笔试地点也跳过了2、自己认真答，囧，有的考场要求做这些东西的过程必须在30分钟内，继续囧…你后面还有别的考生呢，别自己在里面好的太久~3、慢慢悠悠耗点，休息，缓解紧张情绪过后会让你选择笔考考点--全国各地的都有（是用英文的，之前最好查一下英文）大家根据自己需求去选就行了，如果想了解笔考考场信息，请参照此贴：=到时候会让大家选择两个，这个和当初报机考也是一样的，分作首选和次选，我的建议是大家直接选中首选即可，选择次选反倒容易被分到别的地方，弄得你考完试还要回来担心然后发问~注意，笔试考场的容量是相当大的，除非考场特殊情况，不得已会给你搬家，否则是你选哪里就是哪里的做好这些之后，深呼吸一下，准备开始吧~ISSUE到了这里就和大家模考时候用的AWP一样了一旦选择结束这个调查和熟悉界面的部分，考试立即开始，即看到作文题时记时已经开始。

【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇_Argument_

【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇 (Argument)Collected and arranged By ShrewdWolf (S.W.)For GTer in P.R.ChinaFor dream, for new life, and also victory.Good Luck !Just feel free to contact me via ShrewdWolf@一． Argument开头 (3)二． Argument结尾 (3)三．让步式攻击和组织结构过渡 (5)1. 让步式攻击 (5)2. 起承转合 (5)3. Argument常用替代词 (6)<1> 基础词汇 (6)<2> 反复替代 (7)4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡 (8)四．常见的逻辑错误及其表述 (9)1.常见的逻辑错误说法 (9)2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板 (10)<1> 通用句式 (10)<2> 调查类错误 (11)A．调查可信度 (11)B．调查数据类错误 (11)<3> 因果关系 (12)A．无因果关系 Non sequitur (13)B．混淆因果Cause and Effect Confusion (13)C．时序因果Past hoc ergo propter hoc和同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy..13D．因果关系简单化 Causal Oversimplification (14)<4> 外推类错误 (14)<5> 错误类比 (15)<6> 整体和个体推导错误 (15)A．整体推出个体Fallacy of Division (包括average的情形) (16)B．个体推出整体Fallacy of Composition (16)<7> 考虑问题不全面 (16)A．未权衡利弊Failing to weigh the merits and shortcoming (16)B．不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete/Selected Comparison (16)C．急于概括 Hasty Generalization (16)D．非此即彼类 False Dilemma (16)E．利润类Incomplete thought about profit (17)F．充分类 Sufficient Evidence (17)G．必要类 Necessary Condition (18)<8> 无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption (18)五．常见论证思路和驳斥理由 (18)1.论证思路 (18)2.背诵句式(自己不习惯用的单独拿出来背背吧) (18)3.常用辩驳的客观条件 (23)一． A rgument开头(In this argument), the author/arguer/speaker (of 简单介绍) attempts/intends to convince us/prove that/draws a conclusion/concludes/recommends that … To justify/support/strengthen/substantiate this conclusion/claim, the author/arguer/speaker cites/provides a study/poll/survey/correlation/ result of …/points out/states/indicates/claims/reasons (evidence) that … In addition/Moreover/ Besides/Meanwhile, the author/arguer/speaker also takes it for granted that/indicates/points out/states/claims/reasons that … At first glance/thought, the arguer’s underlying reasoning seem to be convincing/appealing, but from a sane/advisable perspective,/further reflection reveals that , this argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious/vague assumptions and omits enough warranted/insufficient/unconvincing evidence/concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument, which render it wholly unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands / and is therefore unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands. / A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is. /From my perspective, this argument based on problematic/critical/ vulnerable/unconvincing/doubtful/vague/ insufficient reasoning /suffers from several problematic/critical/logical flaws/fallacies which can be deeply analyzed as follows.上文是先说结论再说作者论据，也可以先说论据再说结论，前两句颠倒过来然后, Based on this unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious evidence/assumption the author draws a conclusion/concludes that … The author also concludes that … (适用于多个结论)以上是比较实用的语言和套路，下面来点变化的句式Although well‐presented this argument is, it’s not well‐reasoned enough from my perspective.It is far from well reasoned.By making an analogy of region A and BThis argument contains several facets that are questionable/unwarranted/not well‐reasoned二． A rgument结尾To put the conclusion in a nutshell, In conclusion/summary/sum / To sum up/conclude / As it stands, the argument is unconvincing as it stands, the arguer/conclusion/argument fails to substantiate its claims that /establish a causal relationship between A and B / is not well reasoned / is unconvincing/not persuasive as it stands / is invalid and misleading / is weak on several grounds. Tostrengthen/bolster/ support/substantiate the argument/conclusion/ To make it more convincing/ more logical acceptable, the arguer would have to/must demonstrate/provide clearer/more convincing evidence/concerning/facts/data/details about and more information about that … Moreover/Additionally/In addition/To better solidify/evaluate/access/bolster/substantiate the argument, we should need more information/evidence about/with regard to/concerning … / the arguer must provide evidence to rule out all the above‐mentioned possibilities that might weaken the argument. Therefore/Thus/As a result, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable/convincing适当添加和加以变化的句式：From what have been discussed/analyzed above /Taking into account all these analysis/ Judging from all factors above, we can draw a conclusion that … However, before any final decisions are made about that/whether … , better evidence of … should be provided to …The argument can be further improved/convincing by …Many more studies/surveys and much more work should be taken to demonstrate/rule out all possible factors which ….; before this can be made into a final decision/recommendationFacts/Statistics conclusion 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding these possible scenarios, the arguer cannot reasonably rely on these (statistics/facts) to support the claim that …Analogy 1. Without showing that (the two firms) are similar in these and other respects, the (vice president) cannot justifiably concludethat ….Other possibilities 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding such scenarios, the editor cannot establish a cause and effect relationship uponwhich the editor’s recommendation depends.Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that…., theauthor’s concern about these issues is unfounded.The author explains result contributed by many causes with justone reason which can not guarantee the result.Any of these scenarios, if true, will undermine the rationalityof the argument.三．让步式攻击和组织结构过渡1. 让步式攻击It is correct that …, however, …I admit that …, yet/but …Admittedly, even if … (it is correct/warranted and acceptable)Granted that …Assuming that …Even so …, Apart from, notwithstanding Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming,To some extent that this is the case, appear/seemWhile this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible thatEven if XXX has been proved as a result of ….While this maybe true/reasonable in some cases, it is equally possible that … Admittedly, the reasoning that/linking … seems reasonable on the surface/in some case.If so, even though XXX occurred after the change/policy, the argument that YYY would be seriously be weakened/unwarranted.While the argument has some merits, there are a few assumptions deserve careful/further attention.2. 起承转合逻辑结构：Finally, in the first place, in the second place, last but not least, first of all, to begin with, next, another, First and foremost递进扩展：Additionally, in addition, moreover, furthermore, meanwhile, besides, what’s more, particularly, what really/also matters/counts is让步：Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming, to the extent that this is the case, appear/seem, while this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that, even so, apart from, despite, in spite of, after all, notwithstanding对照和对比：In contrast, as compared to, in comparison with, at the same time, differentiate between ~ and ~, differentiate ~ from ~, by comparison, by contrast转折：Unlike, otherwise, however, nevertheless, though/although, instead, yet, while, in any case, on one hand, on the other hand, in spite of, rather than, on the contrary, anyway, whereas, conversely推理和反复说明：Since, because, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact, as a result, due to, owing to, thus, accordingly, consequently, hence, ultimately, thereby, therefore, as a consequence, if so, if not, according to, in other words, briefly, that is, for this/that matter引出解释：specifically, particularly, for example/instance, as a case in point, inthis/that case, as well as, such as, in addition to, consider the fact that, that is to say, in like manner, similarly, likewise, along with, in combination, in the same way, coincide with因果关系：(后接原因) owing to, in respect that, on account of, due to, since, as a consequence/result of, derive from, result from, be a response to(后接结果) result in, be responsible for, attribute/attributable to, contribute to, lead to, case, give birth to, give rise to, serve to, hence, thereby, thus, as a result, eventually, correspondingly, accordingly, consequently, (为了) so as to, for the purpose of, for the sake of, in an attempt to, in efforts to断言和反映：Assert, claim, postulate, declare, affirm, emphasize, advocate; indicate, reveal, reflect, demonstrate, imply, illustrate, infer, predict, state, point out, reason程度副词：(完全) inescapably 不可避免地, thoroughly, indeed, wholly, in any case, certainly, clearly, obviously, apparently, surly, undoubtedly, naturally, for certain, for sure, of course, never, always (有保留) possibly, perhaps, likely, probably, potentially, presumably, to some extent, in a large sense, normally, generally, likely3. Argument常用替代词<1> 基础词汇鉴于此：for that matter; in that case; for that reason; as for;断言：assert; claim; postulate; declare; affirm; emphasize; advocate;反映： indicate; reveal; reflect; demonstrate; imply; illustrate; infer; predict;表面上：on the surface; superficially; ostensibly; apparently;具体的：concrete; specific; detailed; particular; definite; informative;不管：no matter what; irrespective of whether/~; regardless of; whatsoever;缺少：in the absence of; for lack of; lacking; a lack of; in short of;不足：scant; insufficient仅仅：mere; only; nothing more than (仅仅，只不过);很多大量：a myriad of; a variety of; a multitude of; numerous; a large amount of; a great deal of;无数：innumberable, countless过度：undue; exceedingly; excessive; overstate; overemphasize;好像、可能：likely; possible; probably; perhaps; as though; maybe; may; might;解决方案：solution; approach; recipe; scheme获得：acquire; gain; attain; achieve; pursue;满足：meet; satisfy; accommodate the demand of; be accustomed to;很明显的：it is conceivable/ obvious/ apparent; conspicuous; strikingly; notably;类比：apply specifically/equally to;逻辑：reasoning; way of thinking; line of reasoning; analysis;影响：interfere with~; have/exert a profound influence on life/personality; have a dramatic/undesirable effect on;方面：angles; aspect; facet; side; viewpoint;in all respects; in many fields; highlight an aspect of; in all likelihood;<2> 反复替代（忽略了）把某因素考虑进去：(fail to; omit to); take ~ into account/ consideration; give an insightinto; account for（解释）; considering and weighing; considering andruling out/eliminate; weighing ~ against alternatives/~; concerning;按照原文的假设/推断：rest on; rely on; depend on; base on; on the basis of;upon which the argument depends;upon which the argument rest;upon which the argument relies;支持：substantiate; bolster; justify; solidify; support; strengthen;validate; in favor of; in support of;否定：=>fail;=>miss; neglect; in ignorance of; is hardly suffice to / do not suffice to; suggest nothing about;=> refute; undermine; deny; refuse; weaken;可行性：feasibility;好： vital; crucial; essential; overriding; significant; profound; play a key role; potency;逻辑好：=〉valid; feasible;=〉sound; forceful; reliable; convincing; effective;=〉persuasive; compelling; credible;好（副词）：necessarily; justifiably; confidently; reasonably;逻辑不好：=〉unwarranted; unsubstantiated; unreliable; unjustified; unfounded;without justification/warrant; premature; poor; vulnerable;indefensible; groundless; reachless=〉dubious; open to doubt; questionable; suspectable; problematic;which render it unconvincing as it stands/which render it whollyunpersuasive;=〉insufficiently; atypical /exceptional; oversimplified;=〉fallacious; flawed;=〉plausible; gratuitous;不好（副词）：unfairly; “好”的副词前面加一个can not/could not可能不是这样：(unfortunately)=>this is not necessarily the case;this is often/certainly not the case;this might not be the case;this need not be the case;common sense and experience tell us this is not the case/this assumption is a poor one;=>the argument fails to substantiate this assumption;perhaps ~that have nothing to do with~;this argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive;this argument, nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of~ and the presumptuous correlation is unacceptable;=>although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption;if this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that~;lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that ~;4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡Another point the author stresses is that …In evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how the survey was conducted …Even if one accepts the survey results (is acceptable), the argument remains questionable.Finally, the author fails to rule out alternative/other possible explanationsAnother fallacy that weakens in this argument is that …Moreover, as mentioned in this argument …As discussed above, this argument is wakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences/regional disparity between A and B, It is at least likely that …In addition, there is absolutely no evidence provided that …is any more beneficial than any other kinds of …Finally, before I draw my conclusion, one necessary flaw/fallacy in this argument still have to be pointed that …Another important factor to consider is that ….First, the argument is based on a false analogy./ the arguer fails to consider/take into account XXX/other relevant factors that may influence in the final decision Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hast generalization.The major problem with this argument is thatAnother fundamental point worthy considering is that/the arguer’s fallacy of XXX One unwarranted/gratuitous major assumption in this argument is the causal correlation/relationship between A and BA second problem involves the fact that …Firstly, a threshold problem/fallacy involves thedefinition/assumption/presumption/the statistical reliability of the survey. Secondly, the argument unfairly infers from the fact/assumes that …But the arguer supplies noThirdly, the argument fails to account for the possibility that …evidence to substantiate this assumption.Besides, the arguer also overlooks many other possible explanations/factors for … Although the fact above/that …might be relevant to …., for others this feature would not be relevant.Moreover, the author hasty generates that …Lacking evidence that XXX, the arguer cannot confidently draw the conclusion about/that …Without ruling out/considering/accounting for possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot convince us that his recommendation for XX is sound and absolutely beneficial.Unless the survey/study is correctly conducted among random and valid respondent, it is possible to draw a conclusion that …In view of/ Given other possible explanations for these argument/conclusion/factors, this evidence in itself lends little credible support to the final conclusion/theory about …Without accounting for this likelihood the author cannot rely on this claim to conclude that …If so, this fact would seriously weaken the argument that …Absent evidence to substantiate the assumption that the two city’s various needs and differences are similar or negligible, any analogy between them is dubious at best.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails/omits to BBB. Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …四．常见的逻辑错误及其表述1.常见的逻辑错误说法样本数据不能代表整体（数据片面）The biased sample fallacy/ a fallacy of biased sample样本不充足不充分 The insufficient sample fallacy非正即反(A或者‐A正确) The Either‐or thinking fallacy非此即彼 False Dilemma (mutually exclusive)错误类比 The “All things are equal” fallacy/ False Analogy/ Faulty Analogy无因果 Non Sequitur/ Fallacy of False Cause时序因果 The “after this, therefore, because of this” fallacy 或者 a fallacy of “Post hoc ergo propter hoc” a fallacy of “after this, therefore, because of this”偶然因果 Fallacy of cum hoc ergo propter hoc (偶然发生的事情强加因果关系)同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy a fallacy of concurrence混淆因果 Cause and Effect Confusion/ Wrong Direction因果关系简单化(忽略其它因素) Causal Oversimplification含糊类 Vague Evidence/Statistics充分类(只要有了A就能…) Sufficient Evidence Fallacy必要类(没A不行…) Necessary Condition Fallacy整体<—>个体 Composition and Division Fallacy成分‐>整体 Fallacy of Composition (such as band members and the whole band)整体‐>成分 Fallacy of Division (such as the age of univs and the age of staffs)统计数据中的以全盖偏 Ecological Fallacy (假设所有群体中的个体都具备群体的特性)利润问题 Incomplete Thought about Profit过去推出将来 Past conditions remain unchanged in present and future现在推出将来 Present conditions remain unchanged in the future不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete comparison or selective comparison不一致比较 Inconsistent Comparison (两个不同的测试方法但是结论不相同)无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption基于概括 Hasty Generalization忽略特殊情况 (绝对主义) Fallacy of Accident (such as cutting people)由特殊情况推出一般情况 Converse Fallacy of Accident (such as white swan)充分不必要 Affirming the Consequent (such as A‐>B, but B‐>A is false)使用方法：The arguer/argument/author commits a fallacy of XXX.2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板<1> 通用句式There mere fact that XXX is insufficient evidence to conclude that ….The argument fails to rule out the possibility that …The argument provides no evidence that XXX is the reason for its predominance. But no evidence is provided to show that …The claim/evidence/assumption that … is far from being proved.Besides, what is also worth noticing is that …The arguer’s implicit claim that XXX is poorly supported.Common sense tells us that …The argument fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for XXX. Lacking more information about XXX, it is impossible to access the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.The arguer’s proposal is inconsistent with the author’s conclusion about XXX. Substantiating this assumption requires XXX.Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …As it stands, the argument suffers from a host/couple/multitude of critical flaws/fallacies.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails to BBB.<2> 调查类错误A．调查可信度A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really questionable. Namely (也就是), the speaker provide no evidence that the number of the respondents (这里建议替换成调查研究中的群体。

6个有效的GRE备考技巧

6个有效的GRE备考技巧6个有效的GRE备考技巧篇1GRE是美国研究生入学考试，测试的不是学生的英语能力，而是其学术能力，也就是学生的批判性思维、逻辑思维、获取知识的能力、有能力写出质量良好的paper等等研究生阶段学习必备的技能。

计划去美国攻读研究生（硕士或者博士）的非商科、非医学、以及非法律专业的同学需要参加这个考试。

即使是美国本土的学生也需要参加，所以你的竞争对手就从单一的中国人变为了美国人、英国人、印度人等native speaker了。

20XX年GRE实行改革，变成新GRE，分数从原先的1600+6分变成了340+6分，分数区间有所减小。

考试由三部分组成，Verbal（语文简称V）Quantitative （数学简称Q）和Analytical Writing（分析性写作简称AW），满分分别为170，170，6。

交白卷的分数是130， 130， 0。

也就是说不考也能拿到260+0分。

考试后除了作文，其他科目当场出成绩，但是成绩单要等待10天左右才能寄到。

成绩单上会有你的分数和全世界的排名，比如V的rank是85%就代表你秒杀了全球85%的考生。

（1）数学部分对于中国大部分学生都是很简单的，发挥好的话差不多168-170之间都是可以的。

考试时每个section有35min，20道题。

一共2-3个section。

数学是最容易提分的，所以大家要争取满分。

（2） AW部分要求在一个小时内完成两篇作文—Issue（立论文）和argument （驳论文），每篇没有字数要求，但是一般要写500字以上。

美国考试平均分为5.5，中国考生平均分为3-3.5，理工科同学3.5分就能满足最低要求，文科生大约要4分。

AW比较注重逻辑思维和*结构，语言华丽与否不是很重要。

AW很难写出高分，需要很深厚的写作功底。

（3） Verbal是GRE考试的重点和难点，即使是美国本土学生也很畏惧。

考试时每个section有30min，20道题，包括10道填空，8-10道阅读题（大约3-4篇*）和0-2道逻辑题（0-2篇*）。

从新GRE真题教你AW正反合写法

从新GRE真题教你AW正反合写法“Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.”照理说，这道题目不算太难。

旧版GRE作文题库中就有一道和它极其类似的题目："There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."一些考生感到万般纠结的是如何理解这道新G作文的写作指引(Instruction)，也就是这句话：“In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position”，尤其是如何满足“be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position”的要求，这的确是个问题。

GRE AW一起来加单词--之一

一起来加单词（GRE作文分类词汇）现在开展填词活动，将你想到的词和查到的词填到分类里，格式如下：1.authority 权威说明：点击带超连接的项，可直接定位到该项内容分类如下：1、质疑权威的利与弊2、技术发展的利与弊3、参考过去的利与弊4、竞争与合作5、个人进步与团队合作6、教育的目的和能7、全球化的利与弊8、各学科的相互关联9、伦理道地要性10、创新与想象力的重要性11、艺术的定义及其重要性12、杰出的领导的重要性13、长期利益与短期14、一致性和传统惯例vs个性和革新15、实用性和用途vs创造性和个人致富16、文化特性（习俗、礼节以及思想观念）的重要性17、社会进步的关键因素，以及我们怎样对其定义18、我们如何获取知识，或者如何让我们的知识更加丰富，以及更加广泛的知识是怎样组成的19、研究历史的价值何在20、知识对社会和个人的冲击21、社会上公认的英雄和伟大领袖的分类22、科学的用和分类23、在保证社会福利方面，政府、商界以及个人的恰当角色24、传媒第一阶段总结：2.record means记录手段camera摄像机vidicon摄像机,视象管typography凸版印刷术printing印刷术popularization普及quotation价格Record life记录生活catch life捕捉生活deep signification深层含义meaning含义envision想象superiority over对...的优势predominance优势intuitionistic直观的describe our life描绘我们的生活compatible with不矛盾supplement each other相辅相成(30技术进步之空闲时刻productivity生产率coordinate调整，整理intranet企业内部互联网access entertainment more efficiently 更高效的访问娱乐beyond this concession 在这些好处的同时indefensible 站不住脚的empirical经验主义diminish 减少depletes time 减少...时间breadwinner养家糊口的人decline下降culprit 罪魁祸首breed 产生expectations 期待workload 工作量exacerbated 恶化的，加剧的facilitate leisure 促进休闲biotechnology生物工艺学diagnosis诊断overwhelming evidence势不可挡的证据ultimate aims最终目的回到TOP6.academic discipline\学科adult education\n.成人教育alternative education\选择性教育archaeology\n.考古学Aristotle\n.亚里斯多德(古希腊大哲学家,科学家)astronomy\n.天文学background\n.背景, 后台, 不重要或不引人注目的地方或位置Boccaccio\卜伽丘(Giovanni, 1313-1375, 文艺复兴时期意大利作家, 《十日谈》的作者) Cambridge\n.剑桥(英国城市, 剑桥大学所在地)catechism\n.问答教学法, 问答集chivalry\n.骑士精神, 骑士制度Christianity\n.基督教civic education\公民教育classical education\古典教育Mencius\n.孟子(中国战国时代哲学家, 政治家, 教育家, 约公元前372-公元前289)Confucius\n.孔子(公元前551--479年,中国春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家,儒家的创始者) cumulative\adj.累积的curriculum\n.课程Dante\n.但丁(意大利诗人,1265-1321)demonstrate\vt.示范, 证明, 论证\vi.示威developmental psychology\发展心理学Dewey\杜威(①姓氏②John, 1859-1952, 美国哲学家、教育家③Melvil, 1851-1931, 美国教育家) educational pattern\教育模式[类型]Einstein\n.爱因斯坦(Albert 1879--1955,美籍德国犹太人,理论物理学家,创立相对论)empiricism\n.经验主义, 经验论, 庸医的医术enlightenment\n.启迪, 教化Erasmus\n.伊拉兹马斯(m.)ethical\adj.与伦理有关, 民族的, 民族特有的exemplary\adj.可仿效的, 可做模范的, 警戒性的, 惩戒性的federal government\n.联邦政府filial\adj.子女的, 孝顺的, 当做子女的generalization\n.一般化, 普遍化, 概括, 广义性globalization\n.全球化,全球性grammar school\n.语文小学gratuitous\adj.免费的, 无理由的Herbart\赫尔巴特(①姓氏②Johann Friedrich, 1776-1841, 德国哲学家, 教育家) Homer\霍默(姓氏, 男子名)humanist\n.人道主义者, 人文主义者Iliad\《伊利亚特》(古希腊描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗, 相传为荷马所作) illiterate\n.文盲\adj.不识字的, 没受教育的lifelong\adj.终身的, 毕生的lycee\n.法国的国立高等学校或大学预科, 公立中等学校medical education\医学教育medieval\adj.中世纪的, 仿中世纪的, 老式的, <贬>原始的Montessori\蒙台梭利(Maria, 1870-1952意大利女医师及教育家)moral standards\道德标准multimedia\n.多媒体, 多媒体的采用mythology\n.神话national education\国民[民族]教育National Socialism\n. （德国）国家社会主义（纳粹主义）nontraditional\adj.非传统的,不符合传统的object lessonOdyssey\n.《奥德赛》(古希腊史诗)Oxford\n.牛津(英国城市), 牛津大学Pestalozzi\佩斯特拉齐(Johann Heinrich, 1746-1827, 提倡实物教学法的瑞士教育学家) Petrarch\n.彼特拉克（1304-1374, 意大利诗人, 学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）philosophy\n.哲学, 哲学体系, 达观, 冷静pictograph\n.象形文字, 古代石壁画poetry\n.诗, 作诗法, 诗意, 诗情potential\adj.潜在的, 可能的, 势的, 位的\n.潜能, 潜力, 电压preliterate\adj.文字出现以前的principle\n.法则, 原则, 原理public education\公共教育, 学校教育(区别于家庭教育)public expenditure\财政支出religion\n.宗教, 信仰renaissance\n.复兴, 复活, 新生, 文艺复兴, 文艺复兴时期Roman Catholic\adj.天主教会的scholarly education\学术教育scholasticism\n.烦琐哲学, 墨守成规, 循规蹈矩, 经院哲学schooling\n.学校教育, 学费scripture\n.手稿, 文件, [Scripture] 基督教(圣经), 经文secondary education\中等教育spirituality\n.精神性, 灵性\n.术语学tertiary education\高等教育the Bible\圣经theology\n.神学transcendentalism\n.先验说, 超越论utilitarian\adj.功利的, 实利的, 功利主义的\n.功利论者, [哲]功利主义vernacular\adj.本国的vocational education\n.职业教育destiny命运specious 表里不一，华而不实count 计数hinge （on）取决于appeal 要求，求助empirical 经验主义的assertion 主张sufficient 足够的interaction 相互影响peer 注视，同等的人ineffectual 无效的，不成功的witness 目击者negotiate 协商assert themselves 表现自己bully 欺辱factor 因素ultimately 最后，最终observation 观察prominent 突出的profoundly 很大的inner 内部的，内部conviction 信心proper 正确的，适当的genteel 上流社会的upbringing 抚育parental 父母的stunt 阻碍。

GRE写作AW3种高分写法讲解

GRE写作AW3种高分写法讲解GRE作文中ISSUE在许多考生看来是比较有难度的作文。

这是因为其需要自行整理构建出一个完整合理的逻辑结构框架。

今天给大家带来了GRE写作AW3种高分写法讲解,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。

GRE写作AW3种高分写法讲解GRE作文ISSUE展开方法：前提论证即对题目中某个特殊的单词进行前提式讨论，作为全文展开讨论的基础。

可以用作前提论证的素材单词往往包括：A、带有主观感情色彩的判断词，比如Just，Correct，Effective，Reasonable等等。

在讨论这些观点词时就必须确立一个标准，进而为全文的讨论确定标准，常见的比如“对社会中大部分人有利”“对社会稳定有利”“能使资源有效分配，最低投入最高产出”等等。

B、作用、意义、任务等值得讨论的名词关键词，比如Education，Government，Law，Teacher等等。

这些词其实在间接讨论A类判断词，即“B类词干什么才是A 类词(教育干什么才是对的，法律干什么才是有效的……)”，由此确定判别一个事物该做什么的标准，才能在全文中讨论题目说的此事物做的东西是否正确。

前提论证的好处是从字面出发，确定主基调，可以防止全文的发展出现价值观的自我矛盾导致的中心论点混乱，从而将*后面的各段拉到一起。

换句话说，就是我们讨论什么问题时，需要先把什么别的一个小问题说清楚。

前提论证法可以有效保证后文段落的逻辑有效联系。

GRE作文ISSUE展开方法：升华论证前提论证属于前提层面，后面自然有更高阶的层面，之前提到的学术、社会、个人就是这种层面层次。

其实我们写ISSUE在组织分论点无外乎就两种，一种同层面展开，一种层面升华式展开。

同层面展开可以有辨证法、分领域讨论，而不同层面的升华则包括了不同的哲学层次。

这二者都属于ISSUE题目要求中的“perspectives”。

而大家最喜欢用的保留式同意/反对，那个保留论点通常就是站在不同的层面上来看待问题，从而得出的不同结论。

GRE考试作文Argument150详解

题目Argument150The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine."The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians in YosemiteNational Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline because it does not explain the worldwide decline."直译如下：全球范围内两栖动物数量的减少证明全球范围内空气和水的污染。

GRE作文之Argument开头

争取高分，从第一印象开始---被人忽视的argument开头本帖最后由irvine666 于2009-2-25 16:07 编辑浪迹作文版也有差不多快3个月了，不断的从前人那里拿出资料和心得来充实自己而不主动的贡献一点东西，时常也有那么一些“不劳而获的感觉真好，难怪贪婪是罪”的想法。

然而3个月的100 percent的准备，（我相信这个时间跨度比这里绝大多数板油的准备GRE 时间还长了）也让我有了不少的个人心得，我一直认为，有了想法却窝藏是一件很浪费的事情，我们的爷爷的爷爷的爷爷….说的好：“一个想法的分享，等于千万个灵感的诞生”。

我不敢说下面我要写的东西究竟符合ETS的兴趣与否 --- 实际上ETS的兴趣到底是什么，到底喜欢怎么样的文章，到底扣分都扣在什么些地方，我想除了ETS自己，没有任何人能够说的清楚 --- 然而作为弱势群体的考生，哪怕只有1%的可能性被扣分，也应当付出100%的努力去避免，这个才是取胜和高分之道，同时也期望着各位看了我的这些想法以后，对Argument能有一些启示，那么我就真的没有白写这么个东西。

陆陆续续的Argument也写掉了20来篇了，从最开始的照着范文写直到抛开范文红着脸来憋，每一个字感觉都是一种折磨，再到现在头痛时间的问题，一些很有趣的问题就在我脑中不断的盘旋和缠绕，其中的第一个就是开头问题。

如何开头？如何在短的时间内吸引到阅卷人的良好印象?曾经当我在对如何下笔开始argument一筹莫展之际，翻遍了AW精华区，也没有找到答案，当时一度令我很沮丧：大家都不屑于讨论的一个东西，居然就把我给难倒了，我也别去考什么GRE了，回家去农妇山泉有点田吧。

直到最近当我回头，总结掉我所写过的所有argument以后，我才发现了一个草率的开头可能是绝大多数XDF型同学们忽略掉的一个最大的扣分点。

一个开头对于行文有什么帮助？Argument的开头到底要表达一些什么信息？开头，类似于每一段话的TS一样，应当是全文的TS,一个好的开头不仅能够让ETS老师迅速的抓住你的思维结构和逻辑论证过程，而且能够使自己的下文论述更加充分。