chapter5-6欧文作业

Chapter 5, Q1:
Etruscans and Greeks left a great influence on the development of Rome. On one hand, The Etruscans influence most of the initial development of Rome. By transforming villages into towns and cities, they brought urbanization to Rome. Thus, Un der Etruscan’s influence, Rome began to change from a pastoral community to an actual city. The Etruscans were responsible for an outstanding building program. On the other hand, the Greeks ultimately had an considerable influence on Rome. They taught the Romans to cultivate olives and grapes, passed on their alphabetic system of writing, and provided artistic and cultural models through their sculpture, architecture and literature. What’s more, the Romans governed their empire by carrying the Greeks’ law, political institutions, engineering skills, and their Latin language.
Chapter5, Q2:
Romans’ success was due to its practical approach and fashioned political institutions. When firstly conquered Italy, Romans had the consuls and praetors to govern it. Also, they devised the Roman confederation, which allowed some people to have full Roman citizenship, giving conquered people a stake in Rome’s success. In Early Rome, the plebeians struggled for their political and social
equality because of the division. Therefore, the Romans opened the consulship to the plebeians. As Rome expanded into the Mediterranean, they devised a new system. They also had administrative officials with specialized duties. Moreover, the Roman government was made up of the executive officials, the assembly and the senate. Besides, the Roman expanded their citizenship and allowed autonomy in domestic affairs.
In a word, that the Roman pursued consistent policies and its inclusiveness helped explain the Romans’ success in conquering fir st Italy and then the Mediterranean world.
Chapter6, Q1:
Great change took place during the late Republic. In politics, the basic government structure consisted of the prances and an aristocratic senate and held the office of consul each year until 23BC. When it came to the military, Augustus maintained a standing army of twenty-eight legions, a large contingent of auxiliary force as well as established the Praetorian Guard. Besides, as for social institution, he proposed laws and veto any item of public business. Moreover, certain provinces were allotted to the prances and society was characterized by a system of social stratification, in which Roman citizens were divided into three basic classes: the senatorial class,
equestrian class, and lower one.
Chapter6, Q2:
In general, the Roman Empire was one of the greatest states the world had seen. To begin with, it had a large population of Han China. Besides, the privileges of Roman citizenship were extended to many people throughout the empire and even finally every free inhabitant in 212. In addition, the administration and cultural life of the Roman Empire depended greatly on cities and towns. Last but not least, it was magistrates and town councilors chosen from the ranks of wealthy upper classes directed municipal administration.
组员：马晓佳劳媚陈晓玮李汶静黄丹娜易嘉欣刘嘉妮杨丽诗余冰李芬。