government-created
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
英语重点词汇语法government的单复数问题解析
英语重点词汇语法government的单复数问题解析1.当government指统一的集合体时（即集体名词），其谓语动词用单数：The government aims to improve public services, especially education.政府致力于改善公共服务事业，尤其是教育。
The government is long on ideas but short on performance.这个政府想法很多但执行的却太少。
The government plans to create more jobs for young people.政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。
The government is planning to give more help to small businesses.政府正计划给予小企业更多帮助。
The government has promised to free up more resources for education.政府保证调拨更多资源用于教育。
The government now has to explain its decision to the public.政府现在必须向公众解释决策的理由。
The government has given top priority to reforming the tax system.政府优先致力于税制改革。
The government is ready to introduce protection for the car industry.政府准备对汽车工业实行贸易保护。
The government has poured millions into the education system.政府在教育上已投资数百万。
The government is determined to check the growth of public spending.政府决心要控制公共开支的增长。
中国科技遥遥领先的原因英语作文
中国科技遥遥领先的原因英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China has emerged as a global leader in the field of technology, with advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, 5G, and e-commerce. This rapid growth and innovation can be attributed to several key factors that have propelled China to the forefront of the global tech industry.First and foremost, China has made significant investments in research and development. The Chinese government has allocated substantial funding towards developing cutting-edge technologies, with a particular focus on areas such as AI, big data, and cloud computing. These investments have allowed Chinese tech companies to stay at the forefront of innovation and to compete with their international counterparts.Additionally, China has a large and talented pool of human resources in the tech sector. The country boasts a high number of engineering and computer science graduates, who arewell-equipped to work on the latest technologies. Chinese techcompanies have also been able to attract top talent from around the world, further enhancing their competitive advantage.Furthermore, China has a large and rapidly growing market for technology products and services. The country's population of over 1.4 billion people provides a massive consumer base for tech companies to tap into. This large market size has incentivized companies to invest heavily in research and development, in order to stay ahead of the competition and meet the needs of Chinese consumers.Another key factor in China's tech success is its supportive government policies. The Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to support the growth of the tech industry, such as tax incentives, research grants, and subsidies for tech companies. These policies have created a favorable environment for tech companies to thrive, and have helped to fuel innovation and growth in the sector.Additionally, China has a strong culture of entrepreneurship and innovation. Chinese tech companies are known for their agility and willingness to take risks, which has enabled them to quickly adapt to changing market conditions and develop innovative solutions to complex problems. This culture ofinnovation has helped Chinese tech companies to stay ahead of the curve and maintain their competitive edge.In conclusion, China's rapid rise to tech dominance can be attributed to a combination of factors, including government support, a large talent pool, a growing market, and a culture of innovation. These factors have collectively propelled China to the forefront of the global tech industry, and the country is likely to continue to lead the way in technological innovation for years to come.篇2China has emerged as a global technological powerhouse, with its advancements in various fields of science and technology far surpassing those of many other countries. The reasons behind China's rapid growth in the technology sector are multifaceted and complex, but several key factors can be identified.First and foremost, China's massive investment in research and development (R&D) has played a crucial role in driving its technological advancement. The Chinese government has made it a priority to allocate significant resources towards fostering innovation and creativity in the country's scientific community. Inrecent years, China has consistently increased its R&D spending, surpassing even the United States in terms of total investment. This investment has led to the creation of world-class research institutions and a highly skilled workforce, enabling China to push the boundaries of technological innovation.Another key factor contributing to China's technological leadership is its focus on cultivating a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation. China has been successful in nurturing a vibrant startup ecosystem, with numerous tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei emerging as global leaders in their respective fields. The Chinese government has implemented policies to support and incentivize the growth of startups, providing them with access to funding, talent, and markets. This supportive environment has created a fertile ground for innovation to thrive, leading to the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies in China.Furthermore, China's large domestic market and consumer base have played a significant role in driving technological innovation in the country. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, China offers a vast market for companies to test and scale their products and services. This massive market demand has incentivized companies to invest in research anddevelopment, driving technological advancements in sectors such as e-commerce, mobile payments, and artificial intelligence.Additionally, China's emphasis on fostering international collaborations and partnerships has also contributed to its technological leadership. The Chinese government has actively sought to develop mutually beneficial relationships with foreign countries and global organizations, enabling the exchange of knowledge, expertise, and resources. Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China has promoted cooperation and innovation on a global scale, further enhancing its technological capabilities.In conclusion, China's technological leadership can be attributed to a combination of factors, including its significant investment in R&D, focus on entrepreneurship and innovation, large domestic market, and international collaborations. As China continues to prioritize technological development, it is likely to maintain its position as a global leader in science and technology for years to come.篇3China has rapidly become a global leader in the field of technology, surpassing many other countries in terms ofinnovation, research, and development. There are several reasons behind China's remarkable achievements in the tech industry.First and foremost, China boasts a large and highly skilled workforce. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, the country has a large pool of talent to draw from. The Chinese government has also made significant investments in education and training, ensuring that its workforce is well-equipped with the necessary skills to excel in the tech sector. This has enabled Chinese companies to attract top talent from around the world and cultivate a culture of innovation and creativity.Secondly, China has a supportive policy environment that fosters the growth of the tech industry. The government has implemented a range of policies and initiatives to promote research and development, such as tax incentives, subsidies, and funding for tech startups. These policies have contributed to the rapid expansion of China's tech sector and have helped to create a thriving ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship.Furthermore, China has a strong focus on technology transfer and collaboration. The country has established partnerships with leading tech companies and research institutions from around the world, allowing for the exchange ofideas, expertise, and technologies. This has helped China to rapidly acquire new knowledge and skills, enabling it to keep pace with the latest advancements in technology.In addition, China has a large and rapidly growing market for tech products and services. The country's massive population and rising middle class have created a huge demand for technology, driving the growth of the tech industry. This has provided Chinese tech companies with a large domestic market to target and has enabled them to scale up quickly and efficiently.Finally, China benefits from a culture of entrepreneurship and risk-taking. Chinese entrepreneurs are known for their willingness to take risks and their ability to adapt quickly to changing market conditions. This spirit of innovation and determination has been a key factor in China's success in the tech industry, allowing the country to leapfrog more established competitors and establish itself as a global leader in technology.In conclusion, China's rise as a global tech powerhouse can be attributed to a combination of factors, including its large and skilled workforce, supportive policy environment, focus on technology transfer and collaboration, growing market demand for tech products and services, and culture of entrepreneurshipand risk-taking. These factors have all contributed to China's rapid technological advancement and have positioned the country as a key player in the global tech industry.。
曼昆经济学原理Chapter15垄断 中英文笔记
Chapter 15 Monopoly 垄断§1. 垄断Monopoly一．对比竞争企业是价格接受者，垄断企业是价格制定者。
a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker二．定义垄断企业：作为一种没有相近替代品的产品的唯一卖者的企业A firm is considered a monopoly if it is the sole seller of its product & its product does not have close substitutes. 如果一个企业是其产品唯一的卖者，而且如果其产品并没有相近的替代品，这个企业就是垄断者。
§2. 为什么会产生垄断Why Monopolies Arise一．（1）垄断的基本原因fundamental cause：进入障碍barriers to entry（2）进入障碍的三个主要来源Barriers to entry have three sources1.垄断资源：生产所需要的关键资源由一家企业拥有Ownership of a key resource.2.政府管制：政府给予一个企业排他性地生产某种产品或服务的权利The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good.3.生产流程：生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.二．垄断资源Monopoly Resources虽然关键资源的排他性所有权是垄断的一个潜在原因，但垄断很少产生于这种原因Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.三．政府制造的垄断Government-Created Monopolies1.政府给予一个企业排他性地出售某种物品或劳务的权利，限制其他企业进入市场，从而造成垄断。
曼昆微观经济学英文版monopolyPPT课件
Natural Monopolies • An industry is a natural monopoly when a
single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more
efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Patent and copyright laws are two important
examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Governments may restrict entry by giving a
single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
从中国制造到中国智造英语作文
从中国制造到中国智造英语作文From "Made in China" to "Created in China": A Journey of InnovationChina, often associated with its vast manufacturing capabilities and the label of "Made in China," is now striving to move beyond these stereotypes and establish itself as a global leader in innovation. This transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China" represents a significant shift in the country's economic landscape and has garnered attention worldwide. In this essay, we will explore the factors driving this transition, the challenges faced along the way, and the implicationsfor China's future.One of the key drivers propelling China towards an innovative economy is strategic government initiatives. The Chinese government has recognized that sustainable development lies not only in manufacturing but also in fostering creativity and research. Thus, various programs such as "Made in China 2025" have been introduced topromote innovation across different sectors. These initiatives aim to upgrade traditional industries, enhance research and development capabilities, foster entrepreneurship, and encourage investment in cutting-edge technologies.Furthermore, China's immense population contributes significantly to its potential for innovation. With over 1.4 billion people, China can draw on a vast pool of talent and human capital. Recognizing this advantage, Chinese universities are investing heavily in science and technology education. They are collaborating with leading international institutions to attract top-tier professors and researchers who can further elevate China's know-how.In addition to government support and human capital, another critical factor fueling the shift towards innovation is China's thriving startup ecosystem. Chinese entrepreneurs are increasingly venturing into new frontiers driven by technological advancements such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and renewable energy. Companies like Alibaba, Tencent, Huawei, and Xiaomihave become global household names renowned for their innovative solutions.Nevertheless, there are barriers that need to be overcome for China's journey from "Made in China" to "Created in China" to prosper fully. Intellectual property protection remains a critical challenge. Historically, China has faced criticism for its lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, which can deter foreign innovators and investors from engaging in collaborations or setting up research and development centers within the country. However, China has taken active steps to improve this situation by strengthening legal frameworks and establishing specialized courts to handle intellectual property disputes more efficiently.Moreover, fostering a culture that embraces innovation is crucial. Traditional Chinese values prioritize obedience and conformity over independent thinking and risk-taking. Encouraging a mindset shift requires concerted efforts from educators, parents, and society at large. By nurturing creativity, critical thinking skills, and anentrepreneurial spirit in schools and beyond, China can better support its transition towards being a global hub of innovation.The implications of China's transformation into an innovative powerhouse are significant not only for the country but also for the rest of the world. As China shifts its focus towards knowledge-intensive industries, therewill be increased collaboration opportunities between Chinese companies and their international counterparts. This can lead to improved global competitiveness and enhanced economic development overall.In conclusion, China's evolution from "Made in China" to "Created in China" signifies an exciting transition that holds immense potential for both the country itself as well as the wider global community. With strategic government initiatives, a rich talent pool, a flourishing startup ecosystem, and incremental improvements in intellectual property protection, China is well-positioned to become a driving force in innovation in the years to come. By embracing this transformation wholeheartedly andsurmounting challenges along the way, China can redefineits image as a global leader in technology-driven solutions.。
Abbreviate缩写
Abbreviate缩写....................ABBR Babbit ...巴氏合金...................... BAB About ..关于................................ ABT Back to back ...背靠背...................... B to B Acetylene . 乙炔.............................. ACET Base line ..........基线......................... BL Actual ..实际的................................. ACT Bearing ............轴承...................... BRG Addendum, Addition ..增量............ ADD. Beryllium .......... 铍....................... BE Adjust ..调整.................................... ADJ Between ..........在…之间................... BET. Advance ..提前................................. ADV Between centers .在两中心之间....... BC Alignment ..同轴度........................... ALGIN Between perpendiculars 在两垂线之间BP Allowance ..公差............................... ALLOW. Bevel ....斜角............................. BEV Alteration, Alternate .更换................. ALT Bill of material .材料表................... B/M Alternating current .交流电............... AC Blueprint ...........蓝图....................... BP Aluminum ..铝................................... AL Bolt circle .............螺栓圆周............ BC And ............以及，和....................... & Bottom ...............底面............... BOTApplication ...运用............................. APPL Bottoming .........底平面.................. BOTMG Approved ......批准的....................... APPD Bracket ...............支架...................... BRKT Approximate ..大约.......................... APPROX Brass ...................黄铜...................... BRSArc Weld ...弧焊................................ ARC/W Brinell hardness ...布氏硬度.............. BH Arrangement ...布置........................... ARR Brinell hardness number布氏硬度值BHN Article ..............项目.......................... ART. British thermal unit英热单位(热量单位) BTU Asbestos ..........石棉.......................... ASB Broach ....拉孔刀............................ BRO Assemble ......装配............................ ASSEM Bronze .......青铜........................... BRZ Assembly ......装配组件.................... ASSY Bushing ....轴衬....................... BUSH. Assign ............分派........................... ASG By (used between dimensions).用于尺寸之间表示乘以. XAuxiliary .......辅助的........................ AUXAutomatic .......自动的....................... AUTO Average ...........平均.. (V)WORD WORDCadmium ..... 镉.............................. CAD Counterbore.....沉孔................ CBORE Calculate .......计算............................. CALC Counterbore clockwise 沉孔顺时针CCW Capacity ...........能力........................ CAP. Counterdrill ...反钻孔..................... CDRILL Carbon steel ..碳钢............ CS Countersink ...埋头................... CSK Case harden ...表面硬化.................... CH Counterweight ...平衡力.................. CTWT Casting ........铸造................... CSTG Coupling ..............联轴器................ CPLG Cast iron .....铸铁......................... CI Cross section .........横截面............ XSECT Cast steel ....铸钢........................ CS Cubic ......................立方............... CU Cement ......水泥........................... CEM Cubic foot ............立方英尺............ CU FT Center .......中心............................. CTR Cubic inch ............立方英寸.......... CU IN Center line ...中心线..................... CL or Cubic centimeter ....立方厘米. CC Center to center ..中心到中心..... C TO C Cubic feet per minute立方英尺每分钟CFM Centigrade ...摄氏度................. C Cubic feet per second立方英尺每秒CFS Centimeter .厘米....................... CM Current .......电流................... CUR Chamfer ...倒角.......................... CHAM Cycle ...........循环........................... CY Change ...改变............................ CHG Cylinder .......缸体/缸筒............. CYL Check .....检查........................... CHK Chord ......弦向............................ CHD D Chromium ..铬..................... CRChrome molybdenum ...铬钼...... CR MOLY Dated ...............日期............... DTD Chrome vanadium .........铬钒.......... CR VAN Datum .............数据..................... DAT Circular pitch .圆周齿距，周节...... CP Decimal ........小数................ DEC Circumference .圆周长............... CIRC Dedendum ...齿根................... DED Classification ......分类...................... CLASS. Degree ..........度......................... DEG Clearance ...........间隔....................... CL Department .....部门...................... DEPT Coaxial ..........同轴............... COAX Depth .............深度...................... DCold-drawn ....冷延......................... CD Design ............设计....................... DSGN Cold-drawn steel.冷作钢.............. CDS Detail, Detailer细节..................... DET Cold-punch ...........冷冲................ CP Develop ..........发展...................... DEV Cold-rolled ............冷轧................. CR Diagonal ......对角线............ DIAG Cold-rolled..............冷轧钢................ CRS Diagram ........图表...................... DIAG Commercial .............商业用........... COML Diameter ........直径........................ DIA Common ........常见的，同轴........ COM Diameter bolt circle...螺栓圆周直径. DBC Compression ......压缩..... COMPR Diametral pitch ..........径节DP Concentric ............同心的............... CONC Dimension ............尺寸............ DIM. Connect, Connector ....连接器........... CONN Direct current ......直流电................. DC Confidential ....机密的................. CONF Division ..............分开，除以...... DIV Contents ............目录.................. CONT Dovetail .......楔形榫头................. DVTL Contour .........轮廓.............. CTR Draft room manual ..制图室手册.... DRM Copper .........铜....................... COP. Draftsman ...制图人..................... DFTSMNWORD WORDCadmium ..镉........................... CAD Counterbore.....沉孔.............. CBORE Drawing .....图纸.............................. DWG Forging 锻造.................................. FORG Drawing list ...图纸列表.............. DL Frequency ....频率.......................... FREQFriction Horse power .....摩擦马力.... FHPE Front ..前面................... FRFull indicator reading指示器总读数FIR.Each .......每个........................ EAEccentric ..离心...................... ECC G Elbow ....弯管.......................... ELL Elongation ....延长..................... ELONG Gage .........节距.................... GA Enclose ...装入.......................... ENGL Galvanize ..镀锌............................. GALV End to end ...两端之间............. E TO E Galvanized iron 镀锌铁................... GI Engineer ........工程师.................. ENGR Gasket ................垫圈.............. GSKT Engineering ......工程..................... ENGRG General ...............概述................... GEN Equal.................等于..................... EQ Government .......政府...................... GOVT Equipment ......设备..................... EQUIP Grade ...........等级.................... GR Example ......示例....................... EX Graduation ....刻度/分级.............. GRAD Expansion ....扩大........................... EXP Graphite .石墨........................ GPH External .......外部的......................... EXT Grind .......磨削.............................. GRD Extra heavy ...超重....................... X HVYExtra strong ....超强........................ S STR H Extrude, Extrusion 挤压................ EXTRHandle ....把手HDLF Hard .....坚硬的/困难的........ HHarden ...硬化............. HDN Fabricate ....构造.................... FAB Hardware 硬件...................... HDW Face to face ...面对面..............F TO F Head ........头部............................. HD Fahrenheit .....华氏度.................. F Heavy ......重的............................. HVY Far side .........远端面..................... FS Height .......高度............................. HGT Fastener .........紧固件.................... FASTNR Heat treat .热处理............................ HT TR Feet, Foot .......英尺.................... FT Hexagon .....六角的.......................... HEX Figure ..........数字/图.. (I)High-speed steel ...高速钢............... HSS Fillet ..........倒圆/圆角..................... FIL Horizontal .....水平的................... HOR Finish ........表面处理........................ FIN Horsepower .....马力.................... HP Finish all over ..全部处理................ FAO Hot-rolled steel .热轧钢.............. HRS Fitting .........安装，配合............. FTG Housing .........机架................. HSG Fixed ..............固定的.............. FXD Hydraulic ....液压................... HYDFlexible ..........柔性的.................... FLEXFoot, Feet .........英尺................... FT Foot-pound ......英尺磅..................... FT LBForged steel ....锻造钢.................. FST Identification ....标识............... IDENTWORD WORDIllustrate .....图示................. ILLUS Length over-all ..总长......... LOA Inch ...........英寸........................... IN. Limit ...............极限.................... LIM Inches per second .英寸每秒........... IPS Linear .......直线的.................... LIN Inch-pound ............英寸磅........ IN. LB Locate .........定位于........................ LOC Inclosure .................附件............. INCL Long ...............长........................ LG Indicate ............指示.............. IND Longitudinal, Longitude ..纵向的.. LONG. Induction ..........感应...................... IND Lubricate ..润滑...................... LUB Industrial ...........工业的................... INDInformation ......资料................ INFO Inside diameter ...内径................. ID MInside radius ......内半径................... IR Machine ....机器.................. MACH Inspect ...........检验................ INSP Maintenance ...维护保养............ MAINT. Installation, Install ...安装........... INSTAL. Malleable ...韧性的，可锻的.......... MALL. Interchangeable .可互换的................ INTCHG Manual ....手册........................ MAN. Intermediate ..........中间的............. INTER Manufacture ....制造，生产............ MFR Internal ................内部的............. INT Manufacturing ....制造.................. MFG Inverse ..................倒转的............... INV Material ..............材料............... MATL Iron pipe size ........铁管尺寸............. IPS Maximum .........最大..................... MAX.Maximum working pressure最大工作压力MWPJ Measure ..测量MEAS Mechanical .机械的.............. MECHJoint ......连接.............................. JT Medium .....中间................ MED Junction ....连接....................... JCT Mechanism ..机械..................... MECHMicrometer ...千分尺，测微计MICK Millimeter ........毫米MMMinimum 最小 (I)Keyseat ....键槽................................ KST Miscellaneous ...杂项的............... MISC Keyway ....键槽............................. KWY Modified ..修改的....................... MOD Kilocycle ...千周................... KC Molybdenum ...钼....................... MO Kilogram .千克.............................. KG Mounting ...安装....................... MTG Kilometer ...千米............................ KM Motor .....马达...................... MOT Kilovolt-ampere .千伏安. (V)Kilowatt ............千瓦................ KW N Kip (1,000 lb).....千磅......... KL Negative ....负极...............(-) or NEGNickel ............镍NILaboratory .....实验室.................... LAB Nominal ....公称的... NOM Left hand .......左手................... LH Normal ...普通的，一般NOR Not to scale .....不按比例.............. NTS Length ...长度............................. LG Number .....数字，编号............... NOWORD WORDObsolete .....旧的，过时的.............. OBS Radius ....半径..................... R or RAD On center .............在中心上........... OC Received ....接收的........................ RECD Operate ..................操作......... OPR Reduce ..........减小，降低................ RED. Opposite .....相反的...................... OPP Reference ........参考.................. REF. Optional ......可选的........................ OPT Reference line 参考线............ REF LOriginal ......原始的，最初的...... ORIG Release .......释放...................... REL Ounce .......盎司.......... OZ Remove....去除，删掉............ REM Outside diameter ...外径....... OD Required ....要求的................ REQD Outside radius .......外半径................. OR. Revise ..........修改........................ REVRevolutions per minute .................转每分钟RPMP Right hand ....右手RHRockwell hardness洛氏硬度.. RH Parallel 平行.................... PAR. Rolled ......卷曲的，轧制的........... RLD Part ........部分，零件................... PT Rootmean square .均方根.......... RMS Parting line ......分割线.................... PL Rough ...粗糙的，大略的................. RGH Pattern ............类型.................. PATT Round .............圆的............ RD Perpendicular ...垂直....................... PERPPhase ..........相位..................... PH Phosphur bronze ..磷铜............. PH BRZ SPiece ...................个，只.................. PC Schedule ....计划.......................... SCH Pitch circle .........节距圆............... PC Schematic ...示意的，原理的.......... SCHEM Pitch diameter ....节距直径................ PD Screw .....螺钉.................. SCR Plate ....................电镀，平面.......... PL Seamless ...无缝的...................... SMLS Positive .....................负极........ POS Secondary ...次要的，辅助的....... SEC Potentiometer .....电位计............. POT. Section ...部分，截面................ SECT Pounds .................磅................ LBS Serial ......连续的.................. SER Pounds per square inch磅每平方英寸PSI Set screw ....定位螺丝..................... SS Preliminary ....初步的....................... PRELIM Sheet ............页数................... SH Primary ...最初的...................... PRI Shop order ..工程订单........... SO Process, Procedure ..步骤......... PROC Shoulder ......轴肩................. SHLD Production, Product ...生产..... PROD Similar .......类似的......................... SIM Project .......项目.................... PROJ Single phase ....单相的.................... 1PHSketch ....草图.. SKQ Slotted 开槽的................. SLOT. Socket ....插座，孔............ SOCQuality ............质量QUAL Spare .........备用的..... SPQuantity ...数量........................... QTY Spare part ...备用件............. SPWORD WORDS (接上页.) Specimen, Specification ...规格..SPEC W Weight ...重量.......... WTSpherical ..球形.............................. SPHER Width ..........宽度............................ W Spot face ......孔口面......................... SF Working circle ....工作周期循........... WC Spring ..................弹簧...................... SPR Work line ...........工作流水线......... WL Square ..........平方，方形................. SQStainless steel 不锈钢...................... SST Standard ................标准................... STD Steel .......................钢................ STL Straight ..............直线.................... STR Superseded ..........代替的................ SUPSD Switch .....................开关.............. SW Symbol ...............符号...................... SYM Symmetrical ..........对称的............... SYM System ...............系统.................... SYSTTachometer ......流速计............... TACH Taper ............锥度................... TPR Technical ........技术的.................... TECH Temper .............回火................... TEMP Thick ..................厚的..................... THK Thread ...................螺纹................... THD Threads per inch .......英寸螺纹........ TPI Through .................穿透.................. THRU Tolerance ................公差................ TOL Tool steel .................工具钢............... TS Total indicator reading指示器总读数. TIR Typical ............................典型.. TYPVVertical ....垂直..................... VERT Vertical center line...垂直中心线...... VCL Vertical reference line .垂直参考线.. VRL。
中国政治英文词汇
中国政治2010年远景目标the long-range objectives through the Year 2010把握正确的舆论导向maintain a correct orientation for public opinion拨乱反正set things right 不屈不饶unyieldingly 长治久安the lasting political stability承前启后，继往开来inherit past traditions and break new grounds for the future大胆实践be bold in practice大起大落drastic fluctuations 当家作主be the masters of the country独立自主，自力更生independence and self-reliance 法定人数quorum 翻天覆地earth-shaking繁荣富强prosperous and strong 改善生态环境improve the ecological environment共同致富原则the principle of common prosperity 国家宏观调控state macro-control国民素质的提高the enhancement of the quality of the entire population积极推进各项配套改革press ahead with all the supportive reforms 基本国策the basic state policy 基本路线the basic line 基层工作grass-roots work 基层监督grass-roots supervision积极进取take the initiative to make progress 基层民主democracy at the grassroots level基层组织organizations at the grass-roots level加快发展speed up development继承前人（成果）inherit the achievements of predecessors 寄予厚望place high hopes on坚持团结一切可以团结的力量unite with all forces that can be united with十届全国人大二次会议the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress廉政，勤政，务实，高效的政府an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两手抓两手都要硬We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization (both material as well as culture and ideological progress ) without any letup.民族工作，宗教工作和侨务工作the work relating to ethnic minorities, religions and overseas Chinese 普选制general election system 全国人大代表deputy to the National People’s Congress全国人口普查nationwide census 全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会常务委员会the NPC Standing Committee全国人民代表大会主席团the NPC Presidium施政纲领administrative program三个代表three represents theory (three represents refer to: The party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)三个有利于three favorables (three favorables refer to whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strength of the socialist state and raises the people’s living standards.)十一届三中全会the Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic ; be true to facts实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行计划生育，控制人口数量，提高人口素质promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the quality of the people维护人权和不断改善人权状况safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation政治建设和政治体制改革Political Development and Restructuring依法治国和以德治国相结合run the country by combining the rule of law with the rule of virtue有中国特色的社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics 舆论监督supervision by public opinion 增强中华名族的凝聚力increase the cohesion of the Chinese nation 中国国情China’s conditions中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese Peopl e’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)最广泛的爱国统一战线the broadest possible patriotic united front 官方表述Official Statements人民民主专政的国体the state system –a people’s democratic dictatorship人民代表大会制度的政体the system of political power–the people’s congresses多党合作制度the system of multiparty cooperation 政治协商制度the system of political consultation 民族区域自治制度the system of regional ethnic autonomy民主团结，生动活泼，安定和谐的政治局面the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity , liveliness, stability and harmony城市居民自治self-governance among urban residents长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe民族党派，工商联与无党派人士non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce , personages without party affiliation 扩大基层民主extend democracy at the grass-roots level管理有序，文明祥和的新型社区new-type and well-managed communities featuring civility and harmony 社会主义法制The Socialist Legal System有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究We must see to it that there are laws to go by, the laws are observed and strictly enforced , and law-breakers are prosecuted.法律面前人人平等All people are equal before the law.政府决策The Decision-making of the Government电子政务e-government了解民情、充分反映民意、广泛集中民智、切实珍惜民力get to know how the people are faring, reflect their will, pool their wisdom and value their resources推进政策科学化，民主化putting decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis社情民意反映制度a system reporting social conditions and public opinion与群众利益密切相关的重大事项社会公示制度和社会听证制度a system of keeping the public informed and a system of public hearings on major issues closely related to the interests of the people专家咨询制度the expert consulting system行政管理体制改革Administrative Restructuring实行决策的论证制和责任制，防止决策的随意性implement a verification system and responsibility system in making policy decisions with a view to preventing arbitrary decision-making层次过多、职能交叉、人员臃肿、权责脱节和多重多头执法too many levels, overlapping functions, overstaffing, divorce between powers and responsibilities and duplicate law enforcement司法体制改革The Reform of the Judicial System健全权责明确、相互配合、相互制约、高效运行的司法体制form a sound judicial system featuring clearly specified powers and responsibilities, mutual coordination and restraint and highly efficient operation用人机制personnel mechanism依法独立公正地行使审判权和检查权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially according to law职务任期制the system of fixed tenures建设一支政治坚定、业务精通、作风优良、执法公正的司法队伍build up a contingent of judicial personnel who are politically steadfast and professionally competent, have a fine style of work and enforce laws impartially干部人事制度改革The Reform of the Cadre and Personnel System广纳群贤、人尽其才、能上能下gather large numbers of talented people, put them to the best use and get them prepared for both promotion and demotion辞职制the system of resignation知情权、参与权、选择权和监督权the right to know, to participate, to choose and to supervise用人失察失误追究责任制the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person 建立干部激励和保障机制establish an incentive and guarantee mechanism for cadres 打破选人用人中论资排辈的观念和做法break with the notions and practices of overstressing seniority in the matter of selection and appointment积极营造各方面优秀人才拖颖而出的好环境create a sound environment which makes it possible for outstanding people to come to the fore in all fields权利的制约和监督The Restraint on and Supervision over the Use of Power建立结构合理、配置科学、程序严密、制约有效的权力运行机制establish a mechanism for the exercise of power featuring reasonable structure, scientific distribution, rigorous procedures and effective restraint改善和完善党的纪律检查体制，建立和完善巡视制度reform and improve the system of Party discipline inspection and introduce and improve the system of inspection tours领导干部述职述廉制度the system under which leading cadres report on their work and their efforts to perform their duties honestly 健全重大事项报告制度the systems of reporting on important matters依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动crack down on criminal activities according to law质询制度the system of making inquiries 民主评议制度the system of democratic appraisal维护社会稳定Maintain Social Stability扫除社会丑恶现象eliminate social evils防范和惩治邪教组织的犯罪活动guard against and punishing crimes committed by evil cult gangs保障人民群众财产安全ensure the safety of the lives and property of the people加强和改进党的建设Strengthen and Improve Party Building廉正建设和反腐败斗争the endeavor to build a clean and honest government and combat corruption 进一步提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史课题further address the two major historical subjects of how to enhance the Party’s art of leadership and governance and how to raise the Party’s capacity to resist corruption, prevent degeneration and withstand ri sks以宽广的眼界观察世界view the world with broad vision“三讲”教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）“three emphases ” education (to stress theoretical study , political awareness and good conduct )“三个代表”重要思想The Important Thought of Three Represents成为勤奋学习、善于思考的模范，解放思想、与时俱进的模范，勇于实践、锐意创新的模范play an exemplary role in studying diligently, using their brains, emancipating their minds, keeping pace with the times and boldly engaging in practice and innovation加强党的执政能力建设，提高党的领导水平和执政水平Build up the Party’s Governing Capacity and Improve Its Art of Leadership and Governance不辱使命、不负重托live up to the mission assigned to them and the full trust placed on them提高总揽全局的能力enhance their ability of commanding the whole situation坚持和健全民主集中制，增强党的活力和团结统一Adhere to and Improve Democratic Centralism and Enhance t he Party’s Vitality , Solidarity and Unity集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定的原则the principle of collective leadership, democratic centralism , individual consultations and decision by meetings党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions个人服从组织、少数服从多数、下级组织服从上级组织、全党服从党的全国代表大会和中央委员会Individual Party members are subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, lower Party organizations are subordinate to the higher ones and all the constituent organizations and members of the Party are subordinate to its National Congress and Central Committee政令畅通Decisions are carried out without fail.有令不行、有禁不止、各行其是go their own ways in disregard of orders and prohibitions建设高素质的领导干部队伍，形成朝气蓬勃、奋发有为的领导层Build a Contingent of High-caliber Leading Cadres and Form an Energetic and Promising Leadership领导干部的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化bring up more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more professionally competent cadres党和人民的事业后继有人The cause of the Party and people will be carried forward.切实作好基层党建工作，增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础Build the Party Well at the Primary Level, Reinforce Its Class Foundation and Expand Its Mass Base围绕中心，服务大局，拓宽领域，强化功能focusing on the central task and serving the overall interests, broaden the fields of our endeavor, intensify our functions加强和改进党的作风建设，深入开展反腐败斗争Strengthen and Improve the Party’s Style of Work and Intensify the Struggle against Corruption全党同志始终保持共产党人的蓬勃朝气、昂扬锐气和浩然正气，永远同人民群众心连心，我们党的执政基础就坚如磐石So long as all Party comrades always maintain the vigor and vitality, dashing spirit and integrity as Communists and have the people at heart, the foundation of our Party’s governance will remain rock solid.我们要增强忧患意识，居安思危，清醒地看到日趋激烈的国际竞争带来的严峻挑战，清醒地看到前进道路上的困难和风险We should be mindful of the potential danger and stay prepared against adversities in times of peace, be keenly aware of the rigorous challenges brought about by the ever-sharpening international competition as well as risks and difficulties that may arise on our road ahead. 国防和军队建设National Defense and Army Building我们必须倍加顾全大局，倍加珍视团结，倍加维护稳定We must bear in mind the overall interests of our Party all the more deeply, cherish the solidarity all the more dearly and safeguard stability all the more firmly万众一心，奋发图强work with one heart and one mind in a joint and unyielding effort 坚持党对军队的绝对领导，走中国特色的精兵之路preserve in the Party’s absolute leadership over the army and take the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work , strict discipline and adequate logistic support打得赢、不变质win battles and never degenerate努力完成机械化和信息化建设的双重历史任务，实现我军现代化的跨越式发展Efforts should be made to accomplish the historical tasks of mechanization and IT application, thereby bringing about leapfrog development in the modernization of our army.建立和完善三军一体、军民兼容、平战结合的联勤保障体制establishing and improving an integrated logistic support system for the three armed services, for both military and civilian purposes and for both peacetime and wartime国防教育education in national defense高技术条件下人民战争的战略战strategies and tactics of the people’s war under high-tech conditions 拥军优属，拥政爱民，巩固军政军民团结The government and the people should support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and the army should support the government and cherish the people so as to consolidate the solidarity between the army and the government and between the army and the people.按照客观规律和科学规律办事act in compliance with objective and scientific laws八个坚持、八个反对eight do's and eight don'ts八项主张eight-point proposal保持昂扬向上的精神状态be filled with an enterprising spirit保证中央的政令畅通ensure the Central Committee's decisions are carried out without fail标本兼治address both the symptoms and root causes不确定因素uncertainties参政议政participation in and deliberation of state affairs长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe长治久安maintain prolonged stability崇尚科学respect and promote science传播先进文化spread advanced culture传统安全威胁traditional threats to security从严治军the army must be strict with itself党的领导方式the Party's style of leadership党的民族政策the Party's policy toward ethnic minorities 党的侨务政策the Party's policy toward overseas Chinese affairs党的宗教信仰自由政策the Party's policy toward the freedom of religious belief党风廉政建设责任制responsibility system for improving the Party's work style and building clean government电子政务e-government多重多头执法duplicate law enforcement党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions党要管党、从严治党the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members党员管理工作management of Party membership党政机关Party and government organs党政领导干部职务任期制、辞职制和用人失察失误责任追究制the system of fixed tenures, the system of resignation and the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person with regard to leading cadres of the Party and government党总揽全局、协调各方的原则principle that the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters司法机关judicial organs思想道德体系ideological and ethical system独立负责、步调一致地开展工作assume one's responsibilities independently and make concerted efforts in one's work司法体制改革reform of the judicial system独立公正地行使审判权和检察权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially思想政治建设ideological and political development树立互信、互利、平等和协作的新安全观foster a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination提倡多样化encourage diversity树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观foster correct world outlook, views on life and values司法审判和检察同司法行政事务相分离separate judicial adjudication and procuratorial work from administrative affairs素质教育quality-oriented education文化体制改革cultural restructuring提高党的领导水平和执政水平enhance the Party's art of leadership and governance提高科学判断形势的能力improve one's ability of sizing up the situation in a scientific way提高立法质量improve the quality of legislation提高全民法律素质people are better educated in law 提高全民健康水平improve the physique of the entire people团结就是胜利solidarity means victory 提高执法水平raise the level of law enforcement团结就是力量solidarity means strength提高总揽全局的能力enhance one’s ability of commanding the whole situation推进决策科学化民主化put decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis完善城市居民自治improve self-governance among urban residents完善村民自治improve self-governance among villagers维护司法公正safeguard judicial justice完善干部职务和职级相结合的制度improve the system of giving cadres both positions and ranks完善公开办事制度improve the system of keeping the public informed of matters being handled维护法制的统一和尊严safeguard the uniformity and sanctity of the legal system维护国家统一、民族团结safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity围绕中心、服务大局focus on the central task and serve the overall interests伪科学pseudo-science文化产业cultural industry文化产业政策policies toward the cultural industry 文化创新cultural innovation文化公益事业public cultural undertakings文化建设cultural development 文化市场体系system of markets for cultural products文化事业cultural undertakings文化与经济和政治相互交融culture is interactive with economic and political activities建设节约型社会to build a conservation-conscious society发展循环经济to develop a circular economy 以资源的高效和循环利用，促进经济、社会的可持续发展to promote sustainable economic and social development through efficient use and reuse of resources坚持资源开发与节约并重，把节约放在首位的方针to uphold the policy of emphasizing the equal importance of both the exploitation and conservation of resources, giving added weight to the latter开发利用可再生能源to exploit and utilize renewable energy resources全面推进资源节约和综合利用to push ahead with a nationwide campaign of economizing on and making comprehensive use of resources加大对资源节约和循环利用关键技术的攻关力度to make greater efforts to develop critical technology for the purpose of conservation and recycle of resources完善有利于节约资源的财税政策to further improve the financial and taxation policies so as to encourage resource conservation发展节能型交通运输工具to develop a new generation of energy-efficient means of transportation 加快节能技术服务体系建设to speed up the establishment of technical service systems for more efficient use of energy resources再生资源的回收利用recyclable use of renewable resources第六届亚欧财长会议The Sixth Asia-Europe Finance Ministers' Meeting亚欧新型全面伙伴关系a new type of comprehensive Asia-Europe partnership采取负责任的宏观经济政策to adopt a macro-economic policy in a responsible manner保持主要储备货币间的币值稳定to maintain stability among major reserve currencies深化财政和金融实质性合作to enhance substantive cooperation in the fiscal and financial sector经济运行中突出问题the glaring problems in the economic operation相知无远近，万里尚为邻Long distances cannot separate true friends sharing one heart; they can be like close neighbors even thousands of miles apart.建立应对经济和金融突发事件的紧急对话机制to establish a dialogue mechanism in response to economic and financial eventualities红色旅游red tourism红色旅游区red tourist destinations (sites/spots)related to the history of CPC;tourist destinations (sites/spots) of revolutionary traditional interests红色旅游精品路线choice (recommended/highlight) tours of revolutionary heritage (tradition)从善如流to readily follow good advice; to do good naturally and happily;to follow good advice as naturally as a river follows its course;to take advice with a receptive mind; to be open-minded to something;to be open to advice and criticism; to readily follow what is right仁至义尽to exercise (show) the utmost restraint/forbearance台湾问题不能出事things must be kept within bounds as far as the Taiwan question is concerned the Taiwan question should not (be allowed to) get out of control拉美国下水to drag the US into troubled waters (the mire);to make the US hostage to the … issue 自欺欺人deceive oneself as well as others; self-deception顺民意，合民情accord with the popular will and sentiments普遍认为法律条文比较平和，宽松(反分裂国家法)The wording of the law is generally considered to be fairly moderate and tolerate in tone(客运包机）节日化to make charter flights available on festival basis;to make charter flights available for traditional festivals中等收入阶层middle-income group (section)节约型发展道路resource efficient (conservation/thrifty) development strategy中国特色的人力资源优势China's advantage in human resources世界经验还要借鉴下去，中国特色还要坚持下去。
美国近年宏观经济数据
D–2 November 2010National DataA. Selected NIPA Tables The selected set of NIPA tables presents the most recent estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) and i tscomponents, which were released on October 29, 2010. These estimates include the “advance” estimates for the third quarter of 2010.The selected set presents quarterly esti mates that are updated monthly. Annual esti mates are presented i n most of the tables.The GDP news release is available on BEA’s Web site within minutes after the release. To receive an e-mail notification of the release, go to and subscribe. The “Selected NIPA Tables” are available later that day.1. Domestic Product and IncomeTable 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Table 1.1.2. Contributions to Percent Change Gross Domestic Productin Real Gross Domestic Product[Percent]Line 20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIV I II III Gross domestic product ........ Personal consumption1 0.0 –2.6 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 2.0 expenditures ...............................2 –0.3 –1.2 2.0 0.9 1.9 2.2 2.6 Goods........................................... 3 –2.5 –2.0 7.2 1.7 5.7 3.4 2.8 Durable goods .......................... 4 –5.2 –3.7 20.1 –1.1 8.8 6.8 6.1 Nondurable goods ....................5 –1.1 –1.2 1.7 3.1 4.2 1.9 1.3 Services .......................................Gross private domestic60.9–0.8–0.5 0.50.11.62.5investment ................................... 7 –9.5 –22.6 11.8 26.7 29.1 26.2 12.8 Fixed investment........................... 8 –6.4 –18.3 0.7 –1.3 3.3 18.9 0.8 Nonresidential .......................... 9 0.3 –17.1 –1.7 –1.4 7.8 17.2 9.7 Structures............................. 10 5.9 –20.4 –12.4 –29.2 –17.8 –0.5 3.9 Equipment and software....... 11 –2.4 –15.3 4.2 14.6 20.4 24.8 12.0 Residential................................ 12 –24.0 –22.9 10.6 –0.8 –12.3 25.7 –29.1 Change in private inventories ....... 13 ............ ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ Net exports of goods and services 14 ............ ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ Exports ......................................... 15 6.0 –9.5 12.2 24.4 11.4 9.1 5.0 Goods....................................... 16 6.3 –12.0 18.7 31.7 14.0 11.5 3.4 Services ................................... 17 5.3 –3.9 0.1 10.2 5.8 3.9 8.6 Imports ......................................... 18 –2.6 –13.8 21.9 4.9 11.2 33.5 17.4 Goods....................................... 19 –3.5 –15.8 27.4 6.2 12.0 40.5 18.1 Services ................................... Government consumption expenditures and gross 20 2.4 –4.2 1.5 –0.5 7.8 4.3 14.1 investment ................................... 21 2.8 1.6 1.6 –1.4 –1.6 3.9 3.4 Federal ......................................... 22 7.3 5.7 5.7 0.0 1.8 9.1 8.8 National defense....................... 23 7.5 5.4 9.0 –2.5 0.4 7.4 8.5 Nondefense .............................. 24 6.7 6.5 –0.9 5.6 5.0 12.8 9.6 State and local.............................. Addendum:Gross domestic product, current 25 0.3 –0.9 –1.0 –2.3 –3.8 0.6 –0.2 dollars.......................................262.2–1.72.34.74.83.74.2Line 20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIV I II III Percent change at annual rate: Gross domestic product (1)0.0–2.61.6 5.03.71.72.0Percentage points at annual rates: Personal consumption expenditures ............................... 2 –0.18 –0.84 1.41 0.69 1.33 1.54 1.79 Goods ........................................... 3 –0.60 –0.46 1.62 0.42 1.29 0.79 0.64 Durable goods .......................... 4 –0.42 –0.27 1.35 –0.07 0.62 0.49 0.44 Nondurable goods .................... 5 –0.18 –0.18 0.27 0.49 0.67 0.31 0.20 Services........................................Gross private domestic6 0.41 –0.38 –0.21 0.27 0.03 0.75 1.15 investment ................................... 7 –1.53 –3.24 1.22 2.70 3.04 2.88 1.54 Fixed investment........................... 8 –1.02 –2.69 0.12 –0.12 0.39 2.06 0.10 Nonresidential........................... 9 0.03 –1.96 –0.13 –0.10 0.71 1.51 0.91 Structures .............................10 0.22 –0.81 –0.41 –1.01 –0.53 –0.01 0.10 Equipment and software.......11 –0.19 –1.15 0.28 0.91 1.24 1.52 0.80 Residential................................ 12 –1.05 –0.74 0.25 –0.02 –0.32 0.55 –0.80 Change in private inventories .......13 –0.51 –0.55 1.10 2.83 2.64 0.82 1.44 Net exports of goods and services14 1.18 1.13 –1.37 1.90 –0.31 –3.50 –2.01 Exports ......................................... 15 0.72 –1.18 1.30 2.56 1.30 1.08 0.61 Goods ....................................... 16 0.53 –1.04 1.29 2.19 1.09 0.93 0.29 Services.................................... 17 0.19 –0.15 0.01 0.37 0.21 0.15 0.32 Imports.......................................... 18 0.46 2.32 –2.67 –0.66 –1.61 –4.58 –2.61 Goods ....................................... 19 0.52 2.20 –2.64 –0.68 –1.41 –4.46 –2.25 Services.................................... 20 –0.07 0.12 –0.03 0.02 –0.20 –0.12 –0.37 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ................................... 21 0.54 0.32 0.33 –0.28 –0.32 0.80 0.68 Federal.......................................... 22 0.51 0.43 0.45 0.01 0.15 0.72 0.71 National defense....................... 23 0.36 0.27 0.48 –0.13 0.02 0.40 0.46 Nondefense .............................. 24 0.15 0.16 –0.03 0.14 0.13 0.32 0.25 State and local..............................250.04–0.11–0.12–0.29–0.480.08–0.03November 2010S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESSD–3Table 1.1.3. Real Gross Domestic Product, Quantity IndexesTable 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product[Index numbers, 2005=100][Index numbers, 2005=100]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic productPersonal consumption1 104.672 101.917 101.760 103.012 103.960 104.403 104.924 expenditures ....................... 2 105.057 103.797 103.885 104.126 104.608 105.178 105.846 Goods................................... 3 103.462 101.416 102.092 102.533 103.952 104.837 105.565 Durable goods .................. 4 102.798 99.011 101.159 100.870 103.025 104.735 106.304 Nondurable goods ............ 5 103.698 102.487 102.460 103.247 104.321 104.823 105.160 Services ...............................Gross private domestic6 105.870105.006104.797104.936104.952105.366106.006investment ........................... 7 90.105 69.778 68.800 73.000 77.811 82.474 84.986 Fixed investment................... 8 94.096 76.835 76.447 76.198 76.826 80.219 80.383 Nonresidential .................. 9 115.532 95.804 95.216 94.879 96.677 100.592 102.957 Structures..................... 10 131.976 105.064 103.911 95.310 90.761 90.649 91.515 Equipment and software 11 108.681 92.035 91.716 94.895 99.408 105.067 108.085 Residential........................12 57.324 44.220 44.185 44.092 42.670 45.177 41.455 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and13 .............. .............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. services ............................... 14 .............. .............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. Exports ................................. 15 126.255 114.228 114.174 120.569 123.858 126.592 128.138 Goods............................... 16 127.649 112.377 112.474 120.484 124.495 127.939 129.014 Services ........................... 17 123.095 118.303 117.933 120.822 122.533 123.708 126.292 Imports ................................. 18 106.113 91.418 92.752 93.874 96.401 103.613 107.859 Goods............................... 19 105.189 88.615 90.324 91.691 94.321 102.690 107.056 Services ........................... 20 111.167 106.461 105.915 105.772 107.766 108.916 112.572 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 105.605 107.287 107.991 107.613 107.185 108.228 109.125 Federal ................................. 22 110.900 117.266 119.085 119.091 119.634 122.276 124.891 National defense............... 23 111.653 117.648 120.237 119.477 119.582 121.732 124.229 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.326 116.467 116.687 118.283 119.738 123.410 126.271 State and local......................25102.611101.688101.770101.179100.213100.367100.310Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption 1 108.598 109.618 109.759 109.693 109.959 110.485 111.108 expenditures ....................... 2 109.061 109.258 109.598 110.333 110.901 110.888 111.166 Goods ................................... 3 106.262 103.634 104.403 105.120 105.784 104.812 105.064 Durable goods .................. 4 95.340 93.782 93.450 93.603 93.121 92.755 92.234 Nondurable goods ............ 5 112.484 109.262 110.624 111.651 112.949 111.638 112.325 Services................................ Gross private domestic 6 110.566 112.233 112.355 113.102 113.620 114.116114.408investment ........................... 7 106.977 104.873 103.656 103.466 102.952 102.765 102.875 Fixed investment................... 8 107.053 105.260 104.294 104.030 103.661 103.487 103.539 Nonresidential................... 9 106.984 105.700 104.768 104.144 103.639 103.636 103.730 Structures ..................... 10 125.460 122.187 119.654 119.017 119.291 119.887 120.665 Equipment and software 11 100.083 99.620 99.344 98.721 97.954 97.764 97.651 Residential ........................ 12 106.361 102.736 101.637 102.712 102.869 102.030 101.907 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. Exports ................................. 15 111.874 105.877 106.212 107.424 108.771 110.060 110.180 Goods ............................... 16 111.970 104.403 104.892 106.072 107.565 108.965 109.098 Services............................ 17 111.643 109.172 109.164 110.437 111.451 112.480 112.568 Imports.................................. 18 118.685 105.987 105.879 111.222 114.514 112.234 109.936 Goods ............................... 19 119.603 104.908 104.680 110.650 114.497 111.653 109.033 Services............................ 20 113.921 110.711 111.179 113.650 114.351 114.813 114.152 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 115.009 114.644 114.635 115.067 116.358 116.606 116.734 Federal.................................. 22 111.119 110.895 110.716 111.141 112.375 112.615 112.718 National defense............... 23 112.109 111.342 111.153 111.590 113.046 113.377 113.489 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.077 109.984 109.822 110.222 110.997 111.053 111.138 State and local ......................25117.349116.892116.998117.434118.760119.014119.158Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic ProductTable 1.1.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained Dollars[Billions of dollars][Billions of chained (2005) dollars]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic productPersonal consumption1 14,369.1 14,119.0 14,114.7 14,277.3 14,446.4 14,578.7 14,730.2 expenditures ....................... 2 10,104.5 10,001.3 10,040.7 10,131.5 10,230.8 10,285.4 10,376.7 Goods................................... 3 3,379.5 3,230.7 3,276.1 3,312.9 3,380.0 3,377.5 3,409.0 Durable goods .................. 4 1,083.5 1,026.5 1,045.2 1,043.9 1,060.7 1,074.1 1,084.1 Nondurable goods ............ 5 2,296.0 2,204.2 2,231.0 2,269.0 2,319.3 2,303.4 2,325.0 Services ...............................Gross private domestic6 6,725.06,770.66,764.66,818.66,850.96,907.96,967.6investment ........................... 7 2,096.7 1,589.2 1,548.5 1,637.7 1,739.7 1,841.8 1,896.1 Fixed investment................... 8 2,137.8 1,716.4 1,691.8 1,681.9 1,689.8 1,761.4 1,765.9 Nonresidential .................. 9 1,665.3 1,364.4 1,343.8 1,330.9 1,349.6 1,404.2 1,438.5 Structures..................... 10 582.4 451.6 436.6 398.2 380.1 381.5 387.7 Equipment and software 11 1,082.9 912.8 907.2 932.7 969.5 1,022.7 1,050.9 Residential........................12 472.5 352.1 348.0 351.0 340.2 357.2 327.4 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and13 –41.1 –127.2 –143.3 –44.2 50.0 80.4 130.2 services ............................... 14 –710.4 –386.4 –408.3 –426.4 –479.9 –539.3 –561.5 Exports ................................. 15 1,843.4 1,578.4 1,582.1 1,689.9 1,757.8 1,817.9 1,842.1 Goods............................... 16 1,295.1 1,063.1 1,068.6 1,157.6 1,213.0 1,262.8 1,274.9 Services ........................... 17 548.3 515.3 513.6 532.3 544.8 555.1 567.1 Imports ................................. 18 2,553.8 1,964.7 1,990.5 2,116.3 2,237.6 2,357.1 2,403.5 Goods............................... 19 2,148.8 1,587.8 1,613.8 1,731.8 1,843.5 1,957.2 1,992.5 Services ........................... Government consumptionexpenditures and gross20405.0376.9376.6384.5394.1400.0411.0investment ........................... 21 2,878.3 2,914.9 2,933.8 2,934.5 2,955.7 2,990.8 3,018.9 Federal ................................. 22 1,079.9 1,139.6 1,155.4 1,159.9 1,178.1 1,206.7 1,233.6 National defense............... 23 737.3 771.6 787.3 785.4 796.3 813.0 830.5 Nondefense ...................... 24 342.5 368.0 368.1 374.5 381.8 393.7 403.1 State and local......................25 1,798.5 1,775.3 1,778.4 1,774.7 1,777.6 1,784.1 1,785.3Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption 1 13,228.8 12,880.6 12,860.8 13,019.0 13,138.8 13,194.9 13,260.7 expenditures ....................... 2 9,265.0 9,153.9 9,161.6 9,182.9 9,225.4 9,275.7 9,334.6 Goods ................................... 3 3,180.3 3,117.4 3,138.2 3,151.8 3,195.4 3,222.6 3,245.0 Durable goods .................. 4 1,136.4 1,094.6 1,118.3 1,115.1 1,138.9 1,157.8 1,175.2 Nondurable goods ............ 5 2,041.2 2,017.4 2,016.9 2,032.3 2,053.5 2,063.4 2,070.0 Services................................ Gross private domestic 6 6,082.36,032.76,020.76,028.76,029.66,053.46,090.1investment ........................... 7 1,957.3 1,515.7 1,494.5 1,585.7 1,690.2 1,791.5 1,846.1 Fixed investment................... 8 1,997.0 1,630.7 1,622.4 1,617.1 1,630.5 1,702.5 1,706.0 Nonresidential................... 9 1,556.6 1,290.8 1,282.9 1,278.3 1,302.6 1,355.3 1,387.2 Structures ..................... 10 464.2 369.6 365.5 335.3 319.3 318.9 321.9 Equipment and software 11 1,082.0 916.3 913.1 944.7 989.7 1,046.0 1,076.1 Residential ........................ 12 444.2 342.7 342.4 341.7 330.7 350.1 321.3 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 –37.6 –113.1 –128.2 –36.7 44.1 68.8 115.5 services ............................... 14 –504.1 –363.0 –390.8 –330.1 –338.4 –449.0 –514.9 Exports ................................. 15 1,647.7 1,490.7 1,490.0 1,573.5 1,616.4 1,652.1 1,672.3 Goods ............................... 16 1,156.6 1,018.2 1,019.1 1,091.7 1,128.0 1,159.2 1,169.0 Services............................ 17 491.1 472.0 470.5 482.0 488.9 493.6 503.9 Imports.................................. 18 2,151.7 1,853.8 1,880.8 1,903.6 1,954.8 2,101.1 2,187.2 Goods ............................... 19 1,796.6 1,513.5 1,542.7 1,566.1 1,611.0 1,753.9 1,828.5 Services............................ Government consumption expenditures and gross 20355.5340.5338.7338.3344.6348.3360.0investment ........................... 21 2,502.7 2,542.6 2,559.3 2,550.3 2,540.2 2,564.9 2,586.1 Federal.................................. 22 971.8 1,027.6 1,043.5 1,043.6 1,048.4 1,071.5 1,094.4 National defense............... 23 657.7 693.0 708.3 703.8 704.4 717.1 731.8 Nondefense ...................... 24 314.0 334.6 335.2 339.8 344.0 354.5 362.7 State and local ...................... 25 1,532.6 1,518.8 1,520.0 1,511.2 1,496.8 1,499.1 1,498.2 Residual....................................26 16.2 37.8 40.4 33.8 26.5 15.2 13.5N OTE . Chained (2005) dollar series are calculated as the product of the chain-type quantity index and the 2005 current-dollar value of the corresponding series, divided by 100. Because the formula for the chain-type quantity indexes uses weights of more than one period, the corresponding chained-dollar estimates are usually not additive. The residual line is the difference between the first line and the sum of the most detailed lines.D–4 National Data November 2010Table 1.1.7. Percent Change From Preceding Period Table 1.1.8. Contributions to Percent Change in the in Prices for Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product Price Index[Percent]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates 20092010 IIIIV I II III Gross domestic productPersonal consumption1 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.2 1.0 1.9 2.3 expenditures (2)3.3 0.2 2.9 2.7 2.1 0.0 1.0 Goods................................... 3 3.2 –2.5 5.7 2.8 2.6 –3.6 1.0 Durable goods .................. 4 –1.4 –1.6 –2.5 0.7 –2.0 –1.6 –2.2 Nondurable goods ............ 5 5.6 –2.9 9.7 3.84.7 –4.6 2.5 Services ...............................Gross private domestic63.41.51.72.71.81.81.0investment ........................... 7 0.7 –2.0 –6.0 –0.7 –2.0 –0.7 0.4 Fixed investment................... 8 0.8 –1.7 –4.8 –1.0 –1.4 –0.7 0.2 Nonresidential .................. 9 1.4 –1.2 –5.1 –2.4 –1.9 0.0 0.4 Structures..................... 10 4.7 –2.6 –10.5 –2.1 0.9 2.0 2.6 Equipment and software 11 –0.2 –0.5 –2.4 –2.5 –3.1 –0.8 –0.5 Residential........................ 12 –1.2 –3.4 –3.3 4.3 0.6 –3.2 –0.5 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. Exports ................................. 15 4.7 –5.4 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.8 0.4 Goods............................... 16 4.8 –6.8 4.8 4.6 5.8 5.3 0.5 Services ........................... 17 4.2 –2.2 4.0 4.7 3.7 3.7 0.3 Imports ................................. 18 10.4 –10.7 8.6 21.8 12.4 –7.7 –7.9 Goods............................... 19 11.3 –12.3 9.2 24.8 14.6 –9.6 –9.1 Services ........................... Government consumption expenditures and gross 20 5.7 –2.8 6.2 9.2 2.5 1.6 –2.3 investment ........................... 21 4.7 –0.3 0.4 1.5 4.6 0.9 0.4 Federal ................................. 22 3.1 –0.2 –0.1 1.5 4.5 0.9 0.4 National defense............... 23 3.6 –0.7 0.3 1.6 5.3 1.2 0.4 Nondefense ...................... 24 2.2 0.8 –1.0 1.5 2.8 0.2 0.3 State and local...................... Addenda:25 5.6 –0.4 0.8 1.5 4.6 0.90.5Gross national product ......... Implicit price deflators: 26 2.2 0.9 0.8 –0.2 1.0 1.9 ............. Gross domestic product 127 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.3 1.1 2.0 2.2 Gross national product 1 282.20.90.7–0.31.01.9 .............Line20082009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates 20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIPercent change at annualrate:Gross domestic product 1 2.2 0.9 0.7 –0.2 1.0 1.9 2.3Percentage points at annualrates:Personal consumptionexpenditures ....................... 2 2.31 0.13 1.98 1.87 1.46 –0.03 0.72 Goods ................................... 3 0.76 –0.58 1.22 0.62 0.59 –0.86 0.23 Durable goods ..................4 –0.12 –0.12 –0.19 0.04 –0.15 –0.12 –0.17 Nondurable goods ............ 5 0.88 –0.46 1.41 0.58 0.74 –0.74 0.39 Services................................Gross private domestic6 1.55 0.71 0.76 1.25 0.87 0.83 0.49 investment ........................... 7 0.11 –0.25 –0.63 –0.05 –0.23 –0.09 0.06 Fixed investment...................8 0.12 –0.23 –0.61 –0.13 –0.17 –0.08 0.03 Nonresidential...................9 0.16 –0.13 –0.53 –0.23 –0.18 0.00 0.04 Structures ..................... 10 0.18 –0.10 –0.37 –0.07 0.02 0.05 0.07 Equipment and software 11 –0.02 –0.03 –0.16 –0.17 –0.21 –0.05 –0.03 Residential ........................ 12 –0.05 –0.10 –0.08 0.10 0.01 –0.08 –0.01 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 0.00 –0.02 –0.01 0.07 –0.07 –0.01 0.03 services ............................... 14 –1.16 1.13 –0.69 –2.37 –1.17 1.87 1.41 Exports ................................. 15 0.57 –0.66 0.48 0.52 0.60 0.58 0.06 Goods ............................... 16 0.41 –0.58 0.34 0.35 0.46 0.44 0.04 Services............................ 17 0.15 –0.08 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.01 Imports.................................. 18 –1.73 1.79 –1.17 –2.88 –1.77 1.28 1.35 Goods ............................... 19 –1.58 1.71 –1.00 –2.64 –1.70 1.33 1.29 Services............................ 20 –0.15 0.08 –0.17 –0.24 –0.07 –0.04 0.06 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 0.90 –0.07 0.08 0.31 0.92 0.18 0.09 Federal.................................. 22 0.22 –0.02 0.00 0.13 0.36 0.07 0.03 National defense............... 23 0.17 –0.04 0.02 0.09 0.29 0.07 0.02 Nondefense ...................... 24 0.05 0.02 –0.02 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 State and local ......................250.68–0.050.080.180.560.110.061. The percent change for this series is calculated from the implicit price deflator in NIP A table 1.1.9.Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product Table 1.1.10. Percentage Shares of Gross Domestic Product[Index numbers, 2005=100][Percent]Line20082009Seasonally adjusted20092010 IIIIVIIIIIIGross domestic product Personal consumption1 108.619 109.615 109.750 109.665 109.952 110.488 111.082 expenditures ....................... 2 109.061 109.258 109.596 110.330 110.899 110.886 111.163 Goods................................... 3 106.263 103.634 104.394 105.113 105.777 104.805 105.056 Durable goods .................. 4 95.340 93.782 93.459 93.615 93.133 92.767 92.246 Nondurable goods ............ 5 112.484 109.262 110.617 111.645 112.942 111.632 112.319 Services ............................... Gross private domestic 6 110.566112.233112.356113.102 113.621 114.117 114.409 investment ........................... 7 107.122 104.848 103.613 103.278 102.929 102.807 102.710 Fixed investment................... 8 107.052 105.260 104.274 104.006 103.637 103.463 103.515 Nonresidential .................. 9 106.984 105.700 104.745 104.116 103.611 103.608 103.702 Structures..................... 10 125.460 122.187 119.439 118.782 119.055 119.650 120.427 Equipment and software 11 100.083 99.620 99.352 98.727 97.961 97.770 97.657 Residential........................ 12 106.361 102.737 101.635 102.717 102.874 102.035 101.912 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. services ............................... 14 .............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. Exports ................................. 15 111.875 105.877 106.182 107.398 108.745 110.033 110.153 Goods............................... 16 111.970 104.403 104.852 106.038 107.531 108.930 109.063 Services ........................... 17 111.643 109.171 109.154 110.426 111.438 112.467 112.556 Imports ................................. 18 118.685 105.987 105.829 111.178 114.468 112.189 109.892 Goods............................... 19 119.603 104.908 104.609 110.586 114.432 111.588 108.970 Services ........................... 20 113.921 110.711 111.191 113.662 114.362 114.824 114.164 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ........................... 21 115.008 114.644 114.635 115.067 116.358 116.607 116.734 Federal ................................. 22 111.119 110.895 110.717 111.142 112.376 112.616 112.719 National defense............... 23 112.109 111.342 111.157 111.594 113.051 113.381 113.494 Nondefense ...................... 24 109.077 109.984 109.820 110.220 110.995 111.050 111.135 State and local...................... Addendum:25117.348116.892116.999117.435118.762119.016119.160Gross national product .........26 108.626 109.609 109.744 109.664 109.950 110.479 .............Line2008 2009 2009 2010 III IV I II III Gross domestic product Personal consumption 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 expenditures ....................... 2 70.3 70.8 71.1 71.0 70.8 70.6 70.4 Goods ................................... 3 23.5 22.9 23.2 23.2 23.4 23.2 23.1 Durable goods .................. 4 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 Nondurable goods ............ 5 16.0 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 15.8 15.8 Services................................Gross private domestic6 46.8 48.0 47.9 47.8 47.4 47.4 47.3 investment ...........................7 14.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.6 12.9 Fixed investment...................8 14.9 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.7 12.1 12.0 Nonresidential................... 9 11.6 9.7 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.8 Structures ..................... 10 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 Equipment and software 11 7.5 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.1 Residential ........................ 12 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 Change in private inventories Net exports of goods and 13 –0.3 –0.9 –1.0 –0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 services ............................... 14 –4.9 –2.7 –2.9 –3.0 –3.3 –3.7 –3.8 Exports ................................. 15 12.8 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.5 Goods ............................... 16 9.0 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.7 Services............................ 17 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 Imports.................................. 18 17.8 13.9 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.2 16.3 Goods ............................... 19 15.0 11.2 11.4 12.1 12.8 13.4 13.5 Services............................ Government consumptionexpenditures and gross20 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 investment ........................... 21 20.0 20.6 20.8 20.6 20.5 20.5 20.5 Federal.................................. 22 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 National defense............... 23 5.1 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 Nondefense ...................... 24 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 State and local ......................2512.512.612.612.412.312.212.1November 2010 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS D–5 Table 1.1.11. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Quarter One Year Ago[Percent]Line2009 2010III IV I II IIIGross domestic product.............................................................................................. 1 –2.7 0.2 2.4 3.0 3.1 Personal consumption expenditures ................................................................................. 2 –0.9 0.2 0.8 1.7 1.9 Goods................................................................................................................................. 3 –1.0 2.3 3.2 4.5 3.4 Durable goods................................................................................................................ 4 –1.3 4.8 5.8 8.4 5.1 Nondurable goods.......................................................................................................... 5 –0.9 1.1 2.1 2.7 2.6 Services ............................................................................................................................. 6 –0.8 –0.8 –0.4 0.4 1.2 Gross private domestic investment.................................................................................... 7 –24.0 –9.6 10.5 23.3 23.5 Fixed investment ................................................................................................................ 8 –18.6 –12.9 –2.0 5.1 5.1 Nonresidential ................................................................................................................ 9 –17.8 –12.7 –0.8 5.2 8.1 Structures................................................................................................................... 10 –21.7 –26.5 –20.1 –15.6 –11.9 Equipment and software ............................................................................................ 11 –15.8 –4.9 9.515.717.8 Residential ..................................................................................................................... 12 –21.4 –13.4 –6.3 4.8 –6.2 Change in private inventories............................................................................................. 13 ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................. Net exports of goods and services .................................................................................... 14 ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ .................................Exports............................................................................................................................... 15 –11.0 –0.1 11.4 14.1 12.2 Goods ............................................................................................................................ 16 –13.8 –0.2 14.4 18.7 14.7 Services ......................................................................................................................... 17 –4.6 0.3 5.1 4.9 7.1 Imports ............................................................................................................................... 18 –14.1 –7.2 6.2 17.4 16.3 Goods ............................................................................................................................ 19 –16.0 –7.3 7.9 20.8 18.5 Services ......................................................................................................................... 20 –4.3 –7.0 –0.8 3.2 6.3 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ..................................... 21 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.6 1.1 Federal ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.7 3.6 5.5 4.1 4.9 National defense ............................................................................................................ 23 5.2 3.3 5.6 3.4 3.3 Nondefense.................................................................................................................... 246.74.55.15.58.2 State and local ................................................................................................................... 25 –1.1 –1.0 –1.5 –1.6 –1.4 Addenda:Final sales of domestic product.......................................................................................... 26 –2.0 –0.3 0.9 1.1 1.1 Gross domestic purchases................................................................................................. 27 –3.6 –0.9 1.9 3.8 4.0 Final sales to domestic purchasers.................................................................................... 28 –2.9 –1.40.51.92.1 Gross national product ....................................................................................................... 29 –2.9 0.5 2.8 3.4 .................................Real disposable personal income ...................................................................................... 30 1.1 0.4 0.70.31.6 Price indexes (Chain–type):Gross domestic purchases ............................................................................................ 31 –1.1 0.5 1.51.41.3 Gross domestic purchases excluding food and energy 1 ............................................... 32 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 Gross domestic product ................................................................................................. 33 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 Gross domestic product excluding food and energy 1.................................................... 34 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 Personal consumption expenditures .............................................................................. 35 –0.7 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.4 Personal consumption expenditures excluding food and energy 1................................. 36 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 Market-based PCE 2 ...................................................................................................... 37 –0.6 1.5 2.2 1.7 1.2 Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 2 ........................................................... 38 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.01. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.2. Market-based PCE is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most imputed transactions (for example, financial services furnished without payment) and the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.N OTE. Percent changes for real estimates are calculated from corresponding quantity indexes presented in NIP A tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.4.3, and 1.7.3. Percent changes in price estimates are calculated from corresponding price indexes presented in NIPA tables 1.1.4, 1.6.4, and 2.3.4.Table 1.2.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in RealGross Domestic Product by Major Type of Product[Percent]Line 2008 2009Seasonally adjusted at annual rates2009 2010III IV I II IIIGross domestic product.............................................................................................. 1 0.0 –2.6 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 2.0 Final sales of domestic product ................................................................................. 2 0.5 –2.1 0.4 2.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 Change in private inventories..................................................................................... 3 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Goods.................................................................................................................................... 4 –0.5 –3.8 6.8 23.9 19.5 –0.8 3.6 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 –1.6 2.0 11.0 8.6 –3.7 –1.7 Change in private inventories......................................................................................... 6 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Durable goods.................................................................................................................... 7 –0.9 –10.0 15.2 16.3 33.3 11.2 7.0 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 8 0.9 –5.4 5.9 4.0 11.2 5.3 3.0 Change in private inventories 1 ...................................................................................... 9 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Nondurable goods.............................................................................................................. 10 0.0 3.2 –0.6 31.7 7.4 –11.8 0.1 Final sales...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 2.6 –1.9 18.5 6.0 –12.2 –6.4 Change in private inventories 1 ...................................................................................... 12 ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Services 2.............................................................................................................................. 13 1.5 –0.2 –0.2 0.8 0.0 1.9 2.4 Structures ............................................................................................................................. 14 –7.9 –16.6 –0.1 –15.9 –15.2 10.6 –7.2 Addenda:Motor vehicle output........................................................................................................... 15 –18.6 –24.7 145.5 13.7 42.3 –2.7 21.2 Gross domestic product excluding motor vehicle output.................................................... 16 0.5 –2.1 0.0 4.8 3.0 1.8 1.6 Final sales of computers 3 ................................................................................................. 17 26.5 5.0 –4.0 17.3 19.2 5.3 55.4 Gross domestic product excluding final sales of computers .............................................. 18 –0.1 –2.7 1.6 5.0 3.7 1.7 1.8 Gross domestic purchases excluding final sales of computers to domestic purchasers.... 19 –1.3 –3.7 2.8 2.6 3.9 4.9 3.9 Final sales of domestic product, current dollars................................................................. 20 2.7 –1.1 1.2 1.82.12.92.81. Estimates for durable goods and nondurable goods for 1996 and earlier periods are based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC); later estimates for these industries are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).2. Includes government consumption expenditures, which are for services (such as education and national defense) produced by government. In current dollars, these services are valued at their cost of production.3. Some components of final sales of computers include computer parts.。
The similarities and differences between American and British government
朱献玲20092111039 英语（1）班The similarities and differences between American and British government The United Kingdom is a parliamentary system, is the prime minister heads the cabinet, the cabinet of the council. The politics of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, is the head of government. As a parliamentary democracy, the British government is characterized by a division of powers among the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Prime Minister is the head of the executive branch.The legislative, also call the parliament is the law-making body of the United Kingdom. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two-chambers of Parliament. Parliament comprises the Monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as the Scottish Parliament and the Assemblies in W ales and Northern Ireland.The executive, also call the Government, in common usage, people tend to identify the term with just the executive branch. After each general election, the monarch would ask the leader of the winning party, the Prime Minister, to form a new Cabinet. The Prime Minister as Head of Cabinet and Government as a whole is ultimately responsible for the policies and decisions of the government. In addition, the Privy Council is largely a ceremonial body whose duty is to give advice to the monarch.The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. It is rather complicated in that England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems.The organization of local government in the United Kingdom varies from region to region. A process known as devolution that the local governments can form their own authorities is a kind policy.Three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other.S trict separation of powers did not operate in Britain, a country whose political structure served in most instances as a model for the government created by the US Constitution.Unlike the United Kingdom, the United States is a republic. The States is the presidential system and the Cabinet is the President of the Summit. The United States government is a constitutional democracy organized according to the principles of federalism, the separation of powers and the rule of law.Separation of powers is a political doctrine under which the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government are kept distinct, to prevent abuse of power. The federal government and state governments have clearly demarcated powers.The legislative branch: The United States Constitution invested the legislative power in the Congress. Congress can make any laws that are deemed “necessary and proper”The U.S. Congress is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.The executive branch: E xecutive power is vested in the President whose duty is to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States”and to faithfully execute laws passed by Congress. The Constitution delegated broad powers to the President who is assisted by a Cabinet in the execution of his duty. The White House is also the important part of the executive branch.The judicial branch is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judicial power is to decide cases and controversies. The U.S. Supreme Court can influence national policy through judicial review.Within the sphere of its jurisdiction, the power of the state government is supreme. Local governments are created by state government; they vary greatly in power, size and organization.Separation of powers is not absolute; it is instead qualified by the doctrine of checks and balances which is designed to allow each branch to restrain abuse by each other branch.。
British-Government
LEGISLATURE
Parliament
(House of Lords) (House of Commons)
EXECUTIVE
Cabinet; Privy Council Civil Service
JUDICIARY
Headed by Lord Chancellor and
Presidential System: 总统制 The executive branch is to the legislative.
The Relation between the Nation and Its Components
Unitary State: 单一制国家
The local government is subordinate to the central government.
Law Lords
In 829, Egbert, the king of Wessex defeated other kingdoms and became the first king in England.
Divine Right of Kings
君权神授
The monarch personally exercised supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over centuries in history.
House of Lords
➢All the members in the Upper House are appointed.
1. Lords Spiritual: 2 archbishops (神职议员) 24 senior bishops
中国传统文化与当代价值知到章节答案智慧树2023年中北大学
中国传统文化与当代价值知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新中北大学绪论单元测试1.What is the Confucius doctrine except-------.（）参考答案:Dao2.Anyone who can reach the highest moral is called-----（）参考答案:Junzi3.Ren relates closely to -------.（）参考答案:Kindness4.Which famous story in ancient times can interpret the relation --teacher andstudent? （）参考答案:Zi gong shou xiao5.Which doctrine can be interpreted in the story of Bai di cheng tuo gu? （）参考答案:Yi第一章测试1.is put the first place in the core values?（）参考答案:Prosperity2.Enriching the people first is priority, --is the ultimate goal .（）参考答案:Development3.----should be remembered to prevent the invasion from Japan in the Mingdynasty.（）参考答案:QiJiguang4.What did QiJiguang practice to fight Japanese pirates? （）参考答案:Millitary books5.QiJiguang created the tactics except----（）参考答案:Yingyang array1.The Chinese word for democracy is ----（）参考答案:Minzhu2.----is a good example to illustrate the democracy?（）参考答案:The Control of Zhenguan3.-----dynasty did the Control of Zhenguan happen?（）参考答案:Tang dynasty4.Which characters have been mentioned except---（）参考答案:Zhenguan5.--is the demand on the government.（）参考答案:Rule for the people1.What does civilization mean for an individual ? （）参考答案:Being polite outwardly and friendly inwardly2.What can be illustrated as civilization in the Chinese history? （）参考答案:The three appreciative qualities of Zilu in the governance of Puyi3.Confucius praised Puyi’s good governance from three aspects except------.（）参考答案:Judgement and respect4.What does it infer from Confucius’ praise? （）参考答案:Zilu is careful, decisive and wise5.What is it about for individuals civility?（）参考答案:Good manners and kind heart1.What does He , the Chinese word,mean? （）参考答案:Balance and harmony2.Where can be interpreted as the harmonious concept except------（）参考答案:Yonghe3.Which story can be illustrate as harmonious concept in China? A参考答案:Cow and Bark4.In the video clip, which has been mentioned except---? （）参考答案:Drums and gongs5.Which period does Cow and bark happen? （）参考答案:The state of Warring period1.Which example can be best illustrated to explain freedom? （）参考答案:free turtle2.Who has been mentioned in Free Turtle? （）参考答案:Zhuangzi3.Which period does Zhuangzi live ? （）参考答案:The state of Chu4.What kind of life does Zhuangzi yearn for? （）参考答案:Free and unrestrained5.What title has been provided to Zhuangzi? （）参考答案:The Prime Minister1.- ----is a good example to illustrate “equality”. （）参考答案:Meeting at Mianchi2.Jiajia zhuang in -----is the good example to illustrate “equality”. （）参考答案:Fenyang3.The average yield of grain reached----- jin per mu, which is the best examplein agriculture at that time.（）参考答案:8164.Who is the main character in Meetin at Mianchi except----（）参考答案:Lianbo5.The concept of equality in traditional Chinese culture encompasses threelevels in general ---individual and natural.（）参考答案:institutional1.Gong means ---, Zheng means upright. （）参考答案:public2.Who is the main character in Qixijuxian,except----（）参考答案:Nanyang3.Di renjie lived in ----dynasty. （）参考答案:Tang4.There are many stories about Di Renjie fair judgement, ----is the mostinfluencial one. （）参考答案:Li zhen, the king of Yue5.The sayings were popular in ancient China, It is the following parts except----（）参考答案:Equity is justice1.What is the goal of state governance intending to instill law-abidingawareness?（）参考答案:Rule of law2.Which example has been chosen to illustrate it ? （）参考答案:sunwukong3.What title has been appointed by Sun wukong ? （）参考答案:An equivalent of heaven4.Which place is chosen government office in ancient China? （）参考答案:Yamen5.Rule of law is characterized in（）参考答案:modern society1.What is the key manifestation of patriotism except-----（）参考答案:Work for their own well-being2.what does Xiangao do for a living?----（）参考答案:Cattle trader3.Which temple has been built to commomorate Guandi? （）参考答案:Guandi temple4.With regard to current youth ,why do we need to be patriotic? （）参考答案:The deepest affection of our human beings5.What is the most memorible place in the temple of Guandi?（）参考答案:Jieyi pavilion1.Which is the good explanation to illustrate Jinye? （）参考答案:Annals of the three kingdoms2.Who wrote the biography for Zhuge liang? （）参考答案:Chenshou3.What makes our human-life values feasible? （）参考答案:The career the we are dedicated to4.What qualifications should be followed except-----（）参考答案:Be engaged in all activities5.Where is the hometown of pasta?（）参考答案:Shanxi1.Where is chosen to illustrate the secret to success? （）参考答案:Qiao family courtyard2.The compound is composed of ------（）参考答案:Four tangs and one garden3.What has been chosen to illustrate Chengxin? （）参考答案:The battle of Chengpu4.In ancient China, we are told the tale of -------to educate people.（）参考答案:A grey wolf approached5.The battle of Chengpu can be illustrated in the idiom ------（）参考答案:Qin jin zhi hao (to ensure perpetual )alliance between the two families by marriage1.As for youshan, what is the external manifestation while goodness is theinternal motivation? （）参考答案:Kindness2.What can be best illustrated to explain youshan? （）参考答案:Liuchi lane3.Where does Liuchi lane happen? （）参考答案:Tongcheng anhui province4.When was Li Family built?（）参考答案:Daoguang period of Qing dynasty5.All youshan characters were written by calligraphers all ages except in----（）参考答案:Wu。
government的构词
government的构词
"Government" 这个词的构词是由两个部分组成的："govern" 和 "-ment"。
1. "Govern"：来自拉丁语中的"gubernare"，意为"to direct, rule, guide"，表示管理、指导、统治的意思。
2. "-ment"：来自拉丁语中的 "-mentum"，是一个名词后缀，表示动作、状态或结果。
在 "government" 中，它表示 "the action, process, or power of governing"，即管理、统治的动作、过程或权力。
因此，"government" 这个词的整体构词意为"the action, process, or power of governing"，即管理、统治的动作、过程或权力。
这是一个广泛用于描述国家、机构或组织对人民或领土的管理和控制的术语。
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大学英语口语话题讨论——如何面对人工智能AI
Introduction
▪ Welcome to this presentation on AI and moral panic. In this presentation, we will examine
the concept of AI and how it has been portrayed in popular media and the public discourse. We will also discuss the phenomenon of moral panic and how it has been applied to AI.
▪ The history of moral panic can be traced back to the 19th century when the industrial
revolution created new social and economic challenges. The growth of urbanization and the rise of mass media contributed to the spread of moral panic by creating a sense of fear and anxiety among the public. This sense of fear and anxiety was fueled by media sensationalism and political propaganda.
Historical Background of Moral Panic: Understanding the origin of Moral Panic
▪ Moral panic is not a new concept and has been applied to various social issues throughout
government intervention英文解释
government intervention英文解释全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Government intervention is basically when the government steps in to do something to help out the people. It’s like when your teacher sees that some kids are being mean to you on the playground and they come over to make sure everything is fair and nice.There are lots of ways that the government can intervene in things. They can make rules and laws to keep things running smoothly, kind of like when your mom says you have to clean your room before you can go play with your friends. They can also give people money or help them out in other ways when they need it, just like when your dad gives you some extra allowance if you've been working really hard at school.Sometimes government intervention can be a good thing, like when they help make sure everyone has access to healthcare or education. Other times, it can be tricky because too much intervention might make things not work so well.Overall, government intervention is all about the government trying to make sure things are fair and everyone has what they need. Just like how your teacher and parents look out for you, the government looks out for all of us.篇2Government intervention is when the government steps in to help make things better in our country. It's like when a teacher helps us solve a problem in our classroom.There are different ways the government can intervene. One way is by making laws and regulations to protect people and the environment. For example, the government might pass a law to make sure all cars have seat belts to keep us safe.Another way is by providing services to help people in need. This can include things like healthcare, education, and social welfare programs. The government wants to make sure everyone has access to these important services.Sometimes the government also intervenes to help businesses or industries. They might give them money or tax breaks to help them grow and create more jobs. This is called economic intervention.Government intervention can be a good thing because it helps us live in a better and safer society. But too much intervention can also have negative effects, like limiting personal freedoms or creating a dependence on government help.Overall, government intervention is a way for our leaders to make sure things are running smoothly and everyone is being taken care of. It's like having a big brother or sister looking out for us and making sure we're okay.篇3Government intervention is when the government gets involved in different parts of our lives to help make things better. It's like when your teacher steps in to stop a fight on the playground or when your mom tells you to eat your vegetables to stay healthy.There are lots of ways the government can intervene. They can make laws to protect the environment, like not allowing people to pollute the air or water. They can also regulate businesses to make sure they treat their workers fairly and don't cheat their customers.Sometimes the government intervenes to help people who are struggling. They might give out money or food to familieswho can't afford to buy their own. They might also make sure that everyone has access to good healthcare and education.But government intervention isn't always a good thing. Sometimes the government can be too controlling and limit our freedom. They might make rules that are too strict or take away our rights.Overall, government intervention can be a good thing when it helps make our lives better and keeps things fair. But we also need to make sure the government doesn't go too far and take away our freedom. It's all about finding the right balance.篇4Government intervention means when the government steps in to change or control something. It's like when your teacher sees a fight on the playground and has to come in to stop it. The government can intervene in many different things, like the economy, the environment, or even people's behavior.One way the government intervenes is by passing laws and regulations. This means they make rules that everyone has to follow. For example, the government might pass a law that says cars have to have seat belts. This is to keep people safe when they're driving.Another way the government intervenes is through taxes and subsidies. Taxes are money that people have to pay to the government. This helps pay for things like schools, roads, and hospitals. Subsidies are like a bonus given by the government to certain industries or businesses to help them out. For example, the government might give a subsidy to farmers to help them grow more food.Sometimes the government intervenes to protect the environment. They might pass laws to limit pollution or set aside land for parks and wildlife. This is important to keep our planet healthy for future generations.Government intervention can also happen in times of crisis, like natural disasters or economic downturns. The government might provide aid and assistance to help people recover and rebuild.Overall, government intervention is important for keeping things running smoothly and making sure everyone is safe and taken care of. Just like how your teacher intervenes to stop a fight, the government steps in to make sure everything is fair and just for everyone.篇5Government intervention is when the government steps in to help or control certain things in our country. It's like when your teacher stops a fight on the playground or when your mom makes sure you eat your vegetables. The government can do lots of things to help make sure everything is fair and safe for everyone.One way the government intervenes is by making laws. Laws are like rules that everyone has to follow. They can help keep us safe and protect our rights. For example, the government might make a law that says we have to wear seat belts in the car to keep us safe. Or they might make a law that says we can't hurt other people because everyone has the right to be safe.Another way the government intervenes is by providing services. Services are things that the government gives us to help us. For example, they might build roads so we can get to school and the store. They might also provide healthcare so we can see the doctor when we're sick. These services help make sure we have everything we need to live happy and healthy lives.The government can also intervene by regulating things. This means they set up rules for how things should be done. For example, they might regulate how much pollution companies can put in the air so our planet stays clean. They might alsoregulate how much money banks can lend out so our economy stays strong.Sometimes the government needs to intervene because there are problems that need to be fixed. Maybe there's too much pollution hurting our environment or maybe there's not enough food for everyone to eat. When this happens, the government steps in to help find a solution.Overall, government intervention is important because it helps make sure everything in our country is fair and safe for everyone. Just like how teachers and parents help us out, the government is there to make sure we can all live happy and healthy lives. So next time you see the government doing something, remember that they're just trying to look out for us all!篇6Government intervention is when the government steps in to help or control different situations in the country. It's like when your teacher stops a fight on the playground or tells you what to do in class.The government can intervene in a lot of different ways. They can make laws to protect people and keep them safe. Forexample, they might make a law that says everyone has to wear a helmet when riding a bike to keep them from getting hurt.Sometimes the government also helps out when things go wrong. Like when there's a natural disaster, they can send help to the people affected. Or if there's a big problem in the economy, they can step in to try and fix it.But government intervention isn't always a good thing. Sometimes it can be too much and limit people's freedom. For example, if the government tells you what you can and can't do all the time, it can feel like they're being too controlling.Overall, government intervention is about finding a balance between helping people and letting them make their own choices. Just like how your teacher guides you in class but also gives you the freedom to learn and grow on your own.篇7Government intervention is when the government steps in and gets involved in different things to help make things better for the people. It's like when you're playing a game with your friends and someone starts cheating, so you ask a grown-up to come and help fix the problem.There are a few different ways the government can intervene. One way is through laws and rules. Just like how your teacher tells you to follow the rules in the classroom, the government makes rules for everyone to follow in society. For example, they might make a rule that says companies have to pay their workers a minimum wage so that everyone can afford to buy things they need.Another way the government can intervene is by providing services and benefits to people. This could be things like building roads, schools, and hospitals for everyone to use. They might also give out money to help people who are sick, elderly, or unemployed. It's like when your parents take care of you and make sure you have everything you need.Sometimes, the government also intervenes by taking action to fix problems in the economy. This could be by regulating industries, like setting prices for certain goods or making sure companies are being fair to their customers. They might also help out businesses that are struggling so that they don't have to close down and people don't lose their jobs.Overall, government intervention is all about making sure things are running smoothly and fairly for everyone in society.It's like having a big brother or sister looking out for you andmaking sure everything is okay. So, next time you hear about the government stepping in to help out, just remember that they're trying to make the world a better place for all of us.篇8Government intervention is when the government steps in to help or control things in the country. Just like when your teacher comes over to stop a fight on the playground or when your parent tells you to clean your room. The government can do lots of things to make sure everything is running smoothly.Sometimes the government helps people by giving them money or support when they need it. This is called social welfare. For example, if a family doesn't have enough money to buy food, the government might give them money to help them buy groceries. Or if someone is sick and can't work, the government might help pay for their medical bills.The government also makes rules and regulations to keep everyone safe and healthy. For example, they make laws about wearing seatbelts in cars to keep us safe, and they regulate the food that we eat to make sure it's not going to harm us. The government also sets laws about working conditions to make sure people are treated fairly at work.Sometimes the government intervenes in the economy to keep things balanced. They might set prices for certain things like gas or electricity to keep them from getting too high. They might also give money to certain industries to help them grow and create more jobs. This is called economic intervention.Overall, government intervention is when the government steps in to help make things better for everyone. It can be in the form of giving money and support to those in need, making rules to keep us safe and healthy, or regulating the economy to keep things in balance. Just like your teacher and parents help you out when you need it, the government is there to help out the country and its people.篇9Government intervention means when the government steps in and does something to manage or control certain parts of the economy. It's like when a teacher steps in to stop a fight on the playground or help students work together on a group project. The government can do lots of different things to intervene, like passing laws, regulations, or policies to make sure things are fair and running smoothly for everyone.One way the government can intervene is by setting prices for things. For example, the government might decide to set a minimum wage so that workers are paid fairly for their work. This helps make sure that everyone is getting paid enough to live on and that employers aren't taking advantage of their workers. Another example is when the government sets a price ceiling on things like rent to make sure it stays affordable for everyone.The government can also intervene by providing subsidies or financial support to certain industries or businesses. This can help businesses that are struggling or industries that are important for the country's economy. It's like giving a friend a loan to help them start a lemonade stand or buying supplies to make sure they can keep selling lemonade.Sometimes the government needs to intervene to protect people and the environment. For example, the government might pass laws to make sure that companies are following safety regulations or not polluting the air and water. This helps keep everyone safe and healthy and makes sure that the environment is protected for future generations.Government intervention can be a good thing because it can help make sure that everyone is treated fairly and that important things like safety and the environment are protected. But it canalso have downsides, like making it harder for businesses to compete or creating unintended consequences. It's like when a teacher tries to help with a project but accidentally makes things more confusing for everyone. So it's important for the government to be careful and think about the long-term effects of their interventions.篇10Government intervention means when the government steps in and does stuff to help out the economy. It's like when your teacher helps you with your math problem or your mom helps you tie your shoes. The government can do all sorts of things to help out, like passing laws, setting rules, or even giving out money.Sometimes the government needs to intervene because there's a problem that needs fixing. Like when there's a big recession and people aren't spending money, the government can step in and try to boost the economy. They might do things like lower interest rates or give tax breaks to help people spend more money.Government intervention can also happen when there's something bad going on that needs to be fixed. Like if acompany is polluting the air or selling unsafe products, the government can step in and make them stop. They might pass laws to make sure companies follow the rules and keep everyone safe.Sometimes government intervention can be controversial. Some people think the government should stay out of things and let the free market do its thing. But others think the government has a responsibility to step in and help out when things aren't going well.Overall, government intervention is all about the government trying to make things better for everyone. It's like when your teacher helps you learn something new or your mom helps you when you're in trouble. The government steps in to help out when things get tough and make sure everything is running smoothly.。
就业机会英语作文
就业机会英语作文With the continuous development of society, the issueof employment opportunities has become a hot topic. In recent years, the government has been making great effortsto create more job opportunities for the public. This has not only reduced the unemployment rate but also improvedthe overall quality of life for many people.First and foremost, the government has been promoting the development of various industries, which has led to the creation of a large number of job opportunities. For example, the government has been investing heavily in the technology and innovation sectors, which has led to the emergence of many new companies and startups. These companies have created countless job opportunities for people with different skills and qualifications. In addition, the government has also been promoting the development of the service industry, which has created a large number of job opportunities in fields such as finance, tourism, and healthcare.Furthermore, the government has been implementing various policies to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, which has also led to the creation of many job opportunities. For example, the government has been providing financial support and tax incentives to small and medium-sized enterprises, which has encouraged more people to start their own businesses. This has not only created job opportunities for the entrepreneurs themselves but also for many other people who have been hired by these new businesses.In addition, the government has been investing in education and training, which has helped to improve the overall quality of the workforce. For example, the government has been providing subsidies for vocational training and skills development, which has helped many people to acquire new skills and qualifications. This has not only made them more competitive in the job market but has also created more job opportunities for them.Moreover, the government has been actively promotingthe development of the green economy, which has created many job opportunities in fields such as renewable energy, environmental protection, and sustainable development. This has not only created job opportunities for people with technical skills but has also created many new positions in fields such as research, management, and marketing.In conclusion, the government has been making great efforts to create more job opportunities for the public. By promoting the development of various industries, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation, investing in education and training, and promoting the development of the green economy, the government has been able to create countless job opportunities for people with differentskills and qualifications. This has not only reduced the unemployment rate but has also improved the overall quality of life for many people.。
政府补贴英文怎么说怎么拼写
政府补贴英文怎么说怎么拼写政府补贴是指一成员方政府或任何公共机构向某些企业提供的财政捐助以及对价格或收入的支持，政府补贴英文怎么说？下面是店铺整理的政府补贴单词，欢迎阅读。
政府补贴的英文government subsidy (GovernmentGrants)政府补贴参考例句Farming is partly subsidized by the government.农业部分受政府补贴。
Other government subsidies support several filthy industries 其他政府补贴还支持好几种污染行业。
Some 25 per cent of the people who are entitled to claim State benefits do not do so.有权申领政府补贴的人当中，约有25%没有提出申请。
government是什么意思：n. 政府;政体;行政管理The earliest civilized governments were thus priestly governments因此最早的文明的政体是僧侣政体。
He qualified for a government grant.他获准享受政府补助。
The government will not task the people in this item.在这个项目上，政府不再向人民课税。
He is an important official in the government.他是政府的要员。
The government was defeated by the obstructionism of their opponents.政府受到反对派阻挠而挫败。
subsidy是什么意思：n. 补助金，津贴governmental subsidy国库补助金Subsidy Agreement [Home Purchase Loan Scheme]按揭还款补助金协议〔自置居所贷款计划〕This industry depends for its survival on government subsidies.这个行业靠政府津贴而得以维持。
NGO
Some famous NGOs
MSF:DoctorsWithoutB orders or MedecinsSansFrontier s(无国界医生组织) Greenpeace绿色和平 组织
NGOs to China
27-03- 2008 collecting Olympic Flame 2 members of REF (Reporters sans frontières记者无疆 界组织 )
“civil society organizations”(公民社会:以公 共关怀作为归属，鼓励小公民参加大社会 ， 从局部到整体 .) “any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty” （INGO)by the United Nations Charter
NGO
Non-governmental organization
Definition
a legally constituted
NGO
created by natural or legal persons
no participation or representation of any government
The first NGO
Rotary International , 1904, world's first service club organization to combat hunger, improve health and sanitation, provide education and job training, promote peace, “扶轮国际”（1904年成立于美国,由从事工 商和自由职业的人员组成的群众性服务社 团）
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Price Ceilings & Price Floors
Price Ceiling
A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold.
Price Floor
A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold.
❖ Price ceiling ❖ Price floor ❖ Tax incidence
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities.
•Learn that taxes levied on buyers and taxes levies on sellers are equivalent
•See how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers
Key concepts
While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied.
One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding...
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
$4
3
Equilibrium price
Price Ceilings
Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling:
The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.
A binding price ceiling creates ... shortages because QD > QS.
Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s
nonprice rationing
Examples: Long lines, Discrimination by sellers
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Equilibrium price $3 2
0
Supply
Shortage
Price ceiling
Demand
75
125
Quantity Quantity supplied demanded
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
Effects of Price Ceilings
reduced the supply of gasoline.
What was responsible for the long gas lines?
Economists blame government regulations that limited the price oil companies could charge for gasoline.
Supply, Demand and Government Policies
Chapter 6
Copyright © 2004 by South-Western,a division of Thomson Learning.
Chapter 6 supply,demand,and government policies
❖ Examine the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices
❖ Examine the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices
❖ consider how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold
0
Supply
Price ceiling
100
Equilibrium quantity
Demand
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Price Ceiling That Is Binding...
Hale Waihona Puke Lines at the Gas Pump
In 1973 OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets. Because crude oil is the major input used to make gasoline, the higher oil prices
Price Controls...
Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. Result in government-created price ceilings and floors.