government-created
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
英语重点词汇语法government的单复数问题解析
英语重点词汇语法government的单复数问题解析1.当government指统一的集合体时（即集体名词），其谓语动词用单数：The government aims to improve public services, especially education.政府致力于改善公共服务事业，尤其是教育。
The government is long on ideas but short on performance.这个政府想法很多但执行的却太少。
The government plans to create more jobs for young people.政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。
The government is planning to give more help to small businesses.政府正计划给予小企业更多帮助。
The government has promised to free up more resources for education.政府保证调拨更多资源用于教育。
The government now has to explain its decision to the public.政府现在必须向公众解释决策的理由。
The government has given top priority to reforming the tax system.政府优先致力于税制改革。
The government is ready to introduce protection for the car industry.政府准备对汽车工业实行贸易保护。
The government has poured millions into the education system.政府在教育上已投资数百万。
The government is determined to check the growth of public spending.政府决心要控制公共开支的增长。
中国科技遥遥领先的原因英语作文
中国科技遥遥领先的原因英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China has emerged as a global leader in the field of technology, with advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, 5G, and e-commerce. This rapid growth and innovation can be attributed to several key factors that have propelled China to the forefront of the global tech industry.First and foremost, China has made significant investments in research and development. The Chinese government has allocated substantial funding towards developing cutting-edge technologies, with a particular focus on areas such as AI, big data, and cloud computing. These investments have allowed Chinese tech companies to stay at the forefront of innovation and to compete with their international counterparts.Additionally, China has a large and talented pool of human resources in the tech sector. The country boasts a high number of engineering and computer science graduates, who arewell-equipped to work on the latest technologies. Chinese techcompanies have also been able to attract top talent from around the world, further enhancing their competitive advantage.Furthermore, China has a large and rapidly growing market for technology products and services. The country's population of over 1.4 billion people provides a massive consumer base for tech companies to tap into. This large market size has incentivized companies to invest heavily in research and development, in order to stay ahead of the competition and meet the needs of Chinese consumers.Another key factor in China's tech success is its supportive government policies. The Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to support the growth of the tech industry, such as tax incentives, research grants, and subsidies for tech companies. These policies have created a favorable environment for tech companies to thrive, and have helped to fuel innovation and growth in the sector.Additionally, China has a strong culture of entrepreneurship and innovation. Chinese tech companies are known for their agility and willingness to take risks, which has enabled them to quickly adapt to changing market conditions and develop innovative solutions to complex problems. This culture ofinnovation has helped Chinese tech companies to stay ahead of the curve and maintain their competitive edge.In conclusion, China's rapid rise to tech dominance can be attributed to a combination of factors, including government support, a large talent pool, a growing market, and a culture of innovation. These factors have collectively propelled China to the forefront of the global tech industry, and the country is likely to continue to lead the way in technological innovation for years to come.篇2China has emerged as a global technological powerhouse, with its advancements in various fields of science and technology far surpassing those of many other countries. The reasons behind China's rapid growth in the technology sector are multifaceted and complex, but several key factors can be identified.First and foremost, China's massive investment in research and development (R&D) has played a crucial role in driving its technological advancement. The Chinese government has made it a priority to allocate significant resources towards fostering innovation and creativity in the country's scientific community. Inrecent years, China has consistently increased its R&D spending, surpassing even the United States in terms of total investment. This investment has led to the creation of world-class research institutions and a highly skilled workforce, enabling China to push the boundaries of technological innovation.Another key factor contributing to China's technological leadership is its focus on cultivating a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation. China has been successful in nurturing a vibrant startup ecosystem, with numerous tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei emerging as global leaders in their respective fields. The Chinese government has implemented policies to support and incentivize the growth of startups, providing them with access to funding, talent, and markets. This supportive environment has created a fertile ground for innovation to thrive, leading to the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies in China.Furthermore, China's large domestic market and consumer base have played a significant role in driving technological innovation in the country. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, China offers a vast market for companies to test and scale their products and services. This massive market demand has incentivized companies to invest in research anddevelopment, driving technological advancements in sectors such as e-commerce, mobile payments, and artificial intelligence.Additionally, China's emphasis on fostering international collaborations and partnerships has also contributed to its technological leadership. The Chinese government has actively sought to develop mutually beneficial relationships with foreign countries and global organizations, enabling the exchange of knowledge, expertise, and resources. Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China has promoted cooperation and innovation on a global scale, further enhancing its technological capabilities.In conclusion, China's technological leadership can be attributed to a combination of factors, including its significant investment in R&D, focus on entrepreneurship and innovation, large domestic market, and international collaborations. As China continues to prioritize technological development, it is likely to maintain its position as a global leader in science and technology for years to come.篇3China has rapidly become a global leader in the field of technology, surpassing many other countries in terms ofinnovation, research, and development. There are several reasons behind China's remarkable achievements in the tech industry.First and foremost, China boasts a large and highly skilled workforce. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, the country has a large pool of talent to draw from. The Chinese government has also made significant investments in education and training, ensuring that its workforce is well-equipped with the necessary skills to excel in the tech sector. This has enabled Chinese companies to attract top talent from around the world and cultivate a culture of innovation and creativity.Secondly, China has a supportive policy environment that fosters the growth of the tech industry. The government has implemented a range of policies and initiatives to promote research and development, such as tax incentives, subsidies, and funding for tech startups. These policies have contributed to the rapid expansion of China's tech sector and have helped to create a thriving ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship.Furthermore, China has a strong focus on technology transfer and collaboration. The country has established partnerships with leading tech companies and research institutions from around the world, allowing for the exchange ofideas, expertise, and technologies. This has helped China to rapidly acquire new knowledge and skills, enabling it to keep pace with the latest advancements in technology.In addition, China has a large and rapidly growing market for tech products and services. The country's massive population and rising middle class have created a huge demand for technology, driving the growth of the tech industry. This has provided Chinese tech companies with a large domestic market to target and has enabled them to scale up quickly and efficiently.Finally, China benefits from a culture of entrepreneurship and risk-taking. Chinese entrepreneurs are known for their willingness to take risks and their ability to adapt quickly to changing market conditions. This spirit of innovation and determination has been a key factor in China's success in the tech industry, allowing the country to leapfrog more established competitors and establish itself as a global leader in technology.In conclusion, China's rise as a global tech powerhouse can be attributed to a combination of factors, including its large and skilled workforce, supportive policy environment, focus on technology transfer and collaboration, growing market demand for tech products and services, and culture of entrepreneurshipand risk-taking. These factors have all contributed to China's rapid technological advancement and have positioned the country as a key player in the global tech industry.。
曼昆经济学原理Chapter15垄断 中英文笔记
Chapter 15 Monopoly 垄断§1. 垄断Monopoly一．对比竞争企业是价格接受者，垄断企业是价格制定者。
a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker二．定义垄断企业：作为一种没有相近替代品的产品的唯一卖者的企业A firm is considered a monopoly if it is the sole seller of its product & its product does not have close substitutes. 如果一个企业是其产品唯一的卖者，而且如果其产品并没有相近的替代品，这个企业就是垄断者。
§2. 为什么会产生垄断Why Monopolies Arise一．（1）垄断的基本原因fundamental cause：进入障碍barriers to entry（2）进入障碍的三个主要来源Barriers to entry have three sources1.垄断资源：生产所需要的关键资源由一家企业拥有Ownership of a key resource.2.政府管制：政府给予一个企业排他性地生产某种产品或服务的权利The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good.3.生产流程：生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.二．垄断资源Monopoly Resources虽然关键资源的排他性所有权是垄断的一个潜在原因，但垄断很少产生于这种原因Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.三．政府制造的垄断Government-Created Monopolies1.政府给予一个企业排他性地出售某种物品或劳务的权利，限制其他企业进入市场，从而造成垄断。
曼昆微观经济学英文版monopolyPPT课件
Natural Monopolies • An industry is a natural monopoly when a
single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more
efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Patent and copyright laws are two important
examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Governments may restrict entry by giving a
single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
从中国制造到中国智造英语作文
从中国制造到中国智造英语作文From "Made in China" to "Created in China": A Journey of InnovationChina, often associated with its vast manufacturing capabilities and the label of "Made in China," is now striving to move beyond these stereotypes and establish itself as a global leader in innovation. This transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China" represents a significant shift in the country's economic landscape and has garnered attention worldwide. In this essay, we will explore the factors driving this transition, the challenges faced along the way, and the implicationsfor China's future.One of the key drivers propelling China towards an innovative economy is strategic government initiatives. The Chinese government has recognized that sustainable development lies not only in manufacturing but also in fostering creativity and research. Thus, various programs such as "Made in China 2025" have been introduced topromote innovation across different sectors. These initiatives aim to upgrade traditional industries, enhance research and development capabilities, foster entrepreneurship, and encourage investment in cutting-edge technologies.Furthermore, China's immense population contributes significantly to its potential for innovation. With over 1.4 billion people, China can draw on a vast pool of talent and human capital. Recognizing this advantage, Chinese universities are investing heavily in science and technology education. They are collaborating with leading international institutions to attract top-tier professors and researchers who can further elevate China's know-how.In addition to government support and human capital, another critical factor fueling the shift towards innovation is China's thriving startup ecosystem. Chinese entrepreneurs are increasingly venturing into new frontiers driven by technological advancements such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and renewable energy. Companies like Alibaba, Tencent, Huawei, and Xiaomihave become global household names renowned for their innovative solutions.Nevertheless, there are barriers that need to be overcome for China's journey from "Made in China" to "Created in China" to prosper fully. Intellectual property protection remains a critical challenge. Historically, China has faced criticism for its lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, which can deter foreign innovators and investors from engaging in collaborations or setting up research and development centers within the country. However, China has taken active steps to improve this situation by strengthening legal frameworks and establishing specialized courts to handle intellectual property disputes more efficiently.Moreover, fostering a culture that embraces innovation is crucial. Traditional Chinese values prioritize obedience and conformity over independent thinking and risk-taking. Encouraging a mindset shift requires concerted efforts from educators, parents, and society at large. By nurturing creativity, critical thinking skills, and anentrepreneurial spirit in schools and beyond, China can better support its transition towards being a global hub of innovation.The implications of China's transformation into an innovative powerhouse are significant not only for the country but also for the rest of the world. As China shifts its focus towards knowledge-intensive industries, therewill be increased collaboration opportunities between Chinese companies and their international counterparts. This can lead to improved global competitiveness and enhanced economic development overall.In conclusion, China's evolution from "Made in China" to "Created in China" signifies an exciting transition that holds immense potential for both the country itself as well as the wider global community. With strategic government initiatives, a rich talent pool, a flourishing startup ecosystem, and incremental improvements in intellectual property protection, China is well-positioned to become a driving force in innovation in the years to come. By embracing this transformation wholeheartedly andsurmounting challenges along the way, China can redefineits image as a global leader in technology-driven solutions.。
Abbreviate缩写
Abbreviate缩写....................ABBR Babbit ...巴氏合金...................... BAB About ..关于................................ ABT Back to back ...背靠背...................... B to B Acetylene . 乙炔.............................. ACET Base line ..........基线......................... BL Actual ..实际的................................. ACT Bearing ............轴承...................... BRG Addendum, Addition ..增量............ ADD. Beryllium .......... 铍....................... BE Adjust ..调整.................................... ADJ Between ..........在…之间................... BET. Advance ..提前................................. ADV Between centers .在两中心之间....... BC Alignment ..同轴度........................... ALGIN Between perpendiculars 在两垂线之间BP Allowance ..公差............................... ALLOW. Bevel ....斜角............................. BEV Alteration, Alternate .更换................. ALT Bill of material .材料表................... B/M Alternating current .交流电............... AC Blueprint ...........蓝图....................... BP Aluminum ..铝................................... AL Bolt circle .............螺栓圆周............ BC And ............以及，和....................... & Bottom ...............底面............... BOTApplication ...运用............................. APPL Bottoming .........底平面.................. BOTMG Approved ......批准的....................... APPD Bracket ...............支架...................... BRKT Approximate ..大约.......................... APPROX Brass ...................黄铜...................... BRSArc Weld ...弧焊................................ ARC/W Brinell hardness ...布氏硬度.............. BH Arrangement ...布置........................... ARR Brinell hardness number布氏硬度值BHN Article ..............项目.......................... ART. British thermal unit英热单位(热量单位) BTU Asbestos ..........石棉.......................... ASB Broach ....拉孔刀............................ BRO Assemble ......装配............................ ASSEM Bronze .......青铜........................... BRZ Assembly ......装配组件.................... ASSY Bushing ....轴衬....................... BUSH. Assign ............分派........................... ASG By (used between dimensions).用于尺寸之间表示乘以. XAuxiliary .......辅助的........................ AUXAutomatic .......自动的....................... AUTO Average ...........平均.. (V)WORD WORDCadmium ..... 镉.............................. CAD Counterbore.....沉孔................ CBORE Calculate .......计算............................. CALC Counterbore clockwise 沉孔顺时针CCW Capacity ...........能力........................ CAP. Counterdrill ...反钻孔..................... CDRILL Carbon steel ..碳钢............ CS Countersink ...埋头................... CSK Case harden ...表面硬化.................... CH Counterweight ...平衡力.................. CTWT Casting ........铸造................... CSTG Coupling ..............联轴器................ CPLG Cast iron .....铸铁......................... CI Cross section .........横截面............ XSECT Cast steel ....铸钢........................ CS Cubic ......................立方............... CU Cement ......水泥........................... CEM Cubic foot ............立方英尺............ CU FT Center .......中心............................. CTR Cubic inch ............立方英寸.......... CU IN Center line ...中心线..................... CL or Cubic centimeter ....立方厘米. CC Center to center ..中心到中心..... C TO C Cubic feet per minute立方英尺每分钟CFM Centigrade ...摄氏度................. C Cubic feet per second立方英尺每秒CFS Centimeter .厘米....................... CM Current .......电流................... CUR Chamfer ...倒角.......................... CHAM Cycle ...........循环........................... CY Change ...改变............................ CHG Cylinder .......缸体/缸筒............. CYL Check .....检查........................... CHK Chord ......弦向............................ CHD D Chromium ..铬..................... CRChrome molybdenum ...铬钼...... CR MOLY Dated ...............日期............... DTD Chrome vanadium .........铬钒.......... CR VAN Datum .............数据..................... DAT Circular pitch .圆周齿距，周节...... CP Decimal ........小数................ DEC Circumference .圆周长............... CIRC Dedendum ...齿根................... DED Classification ......分类...................... CLASS. Degree ..........度......................... DEG Clearance ...........间隔....................... CL Department .....部门...................... DEPT Coaxial ..........同轴............... COAX Depth .............深度...................... DCold-drawn ....冷延......................... CD Design ............设计....................... DSGN Cold-drawn steel.冷作钢.............. CDS Detail, Detailer细节..................... DET Cold-punch ...........冷冲................ CP Develop ..........发展...................... DEV Cold-rolled ............冷轧................. CR Diagonal ......对角线............ DIAG Cold-rolled..............冷轧钢................ CRS Diagram ........图表...................... DIAG Commercial .............商业用........... COML Diameter ........直径........................ DIA Common ........常见的，同轴........ COM Diameter bolt circle...螺栓圆周直径. DBC Compression ......压缩..... COMPR Diametral pitch ..........径节DP Concentric ............同心的............... CONC Dimension ............尺寸............ DIM. Connect, Connector ....连接器........... CONN Direct current ......直流电................. DC Confidential ....机密的................. CONF Division ..............分开，除以...... DIV Contents ............目录.................. CONT Dovetail .......楔形榫头................. DVTL Contour .........轮廓.............. CTR Draft room manual ..制图室手册.... DRM Copper .........铜....................... COP. Draftsman ...制图人..................... DFTSMNWORD WORDCadmium ..镉........................... CAD Counterbore.....沉孔.............. CBORE Drawing .....图纸.............................. DWG Forging 锻造.................................. FORG Drawing list ...图纸列表.............. DL Frequency ....频率.......................... FREQFriction Horse power .....摩擦马力.... FHPE Front ..前面................... FRFull indicator reading指示器总读数FIR.Each .......每个........................ EAEccentric ..离心...................... ECC G Elbow ....弯管.......................... ELL Elongation ....延长..................... ELONG Gage .........节距.................... GA Enclose ...装入.......................... ENGL Galvanize ..镀锌............................. GALV End to end ...两端之间............. E TO E Galvanized iron 镀锌铁................... GI Engineer ........工程师.................. ENGR Gasket ................垫圈.............. GSKT Engineering ......工程..................... ENGRG General ...............概述................... GEN Equal.................等于..................... EQ Government .......政府...................... GOVT Equipment ......设备..................... EQUIP Grade ...........等级.................... GR Example ......示例....................... EX Graduation ....刻度/分级.............. GRAD Expansion ....扩大........................... EXP Graphite .石墨........................ GPH External .......外部的......................... EXT Grind .......磨削.............................. GRD Extra heavy ...超重....................... X HVYExtra strong ....超强........................ S STR H Extrude, Extrusion 挤压................ EXTRHandle ....把手HDLF Hard .....坚硬的/困难的........ HHarden ...硬化............. HDN Fabricate ....构造.................... FAB Hardware 硬件...................... HDW Face to face ...面对面..............F TO F Head ........头部............................. HD Fahrenheit .....华氏度.................. F Heavy ......重的............................. HVY Far side .........远端面..................... FS Height .......高度............................. HGT Fastener .........紧固件.................... FASTNR Heat treat .热处理............................ HT TR Feet, Foot .......英尺.................... FT Hexagon .....六角的.......................... HEX Figure ..........数字/图.. (I)High-speed steel ...高速钢............... HSS Fillet ..........倒圆/圆角..................... FIL Horizontal .....水平的................... HOR Finish ........表面处理........................ FIN Horsepower .....马力.................... HP Finish all over ..全部处理................ FAO Hot-rolled steel .热轧钢.............. HRS Fitting .........安装，配合............. FTG Housing .........机架................. HSG Fixed ..............固定的.............. FXD Hydraulic ....液压................... HYDFlexible ..........柔性的.................... FLEXFoot, Feet .........英尺................... FT Foot-pound ......英尺磅..................... FT LBForged steel ....锻造钢.................. FST Identification ....标识............... IDENTWORD WORDIllustrate .....图示................. ILLUS Length over-all ..总长......... LOA Inch ...........英寸........................... IN. Limit ...............极限.................... LIM Inches per second .英寸每秒........... IPS Linear .......直线的.................... LIN Inch-pound ............英寸磅........ IN. LB Locate .........定位于........................ LOC Inclosure .................附件............. INCL Long ...............长........................ LG Indicate ............指示.............. IND Longitudinal, Longitude ..纵向的.. LONG. Induction ..........感应...................... IND Lubricate ..润滑...................... LUB Industrial ...........工业的................... INDInformation ......资料................ INFO Inside diameter ...内径................. ID MInside radius ......内半径................... IR Machine ....机器.................. MACH Inspect ...........检验................ INSP Maintenance ...维护保养............ MAINT. Installation, Install ...安装........... INSTAL. Malleable ...韧性的，可锻的.......... MALL. Interchangeable .可互换的................ INTCHG Manual ....手册........................ MAN. Intermediate ..........中间的............. INTER Manufacture ....制造，生产............ MFR Internal ................内部的............. INT Manufacturing ....制造.................. MFG Inverse ..................倒转的............... INV Material ..............材料............... MATL Iron pipe size ........铁管尺寸............. IPS Maximum .........最大..................... MAX.Maximum working pressure最大工作压力MWPJ Measure ..测量MEAS Mechanical .机械的.............. MECHJoint ......连接.............................. JT Medium .....中间................ MED Junction ....连接....................... JCT Mechanism ..机械..................... MECHMicrometer ...千分尺，测微计MICK Millimeter ........毫米MMMinimum 最小 (I)Keyseat ....键槽................................ KST Miscellaneous ...杂项的............... MISC Keyway ....键槽............................. KWY Modified ..修改的....................... MOD Kilocycle ...千周................... KC Molybdenum ...钼....................... MO Kilogram .千克.............................. KG Mounting ...安装....................... MTG Kilometer ...千米............................ KM Motor .....马达...................... MOT Kilovolt-ampere .千伏安. (V)Kilowatt ............千瓦................ KW N Kip (1,000 lb).....千磅......... KL Negative ....负极...............(-) or NEGNickel ............镍NILaboratory .....实验室.................... LAB Nominal ....公称的... NOM Left hand .......左手................... LH Normal ...普通的，一般NOR Not to scale .....不按比例.............. NTS Length ...长度............................. LG Number .....数字，编号............... NOWORD WORDObsolete .....旧的，过时的.............. OBS Radius ....半径..................... R or RAD On center .............在中心上........... OC Received ....接收的........................ RECD Operate ..................操作......... OPR Reduce ..........减小，降低................ RED. Opposite .....相反的...................... OPP Reference ........参考.................. REF. Optional ......可选的........................ OPT Reference line 参考线............ REF LOriginal ......原始的，最初的...... ORIG Release .......释放...................... REL Ounce .......盎司.......... OZ Remove....去除，删掉............ REM Outside diameter ...外径....... OD Required ....要求的................ REQD Outside radius .......外半径................. OR. Revise ..........修改........................ REVRevolutions per minute .................转每分钟RPMP Right hand ....右手RHRockwell hardness洛氏硬度.. RH Parallel 平行.................... PAR. Rolled ......卷曲的，轧制的........... RLD Part ........部分，零件................... PT Rootmean square .均方根.......... RMS Parting line ......分割线.................... PL Rough ...粗糙的，大略的................. RGH Pattern ............类型.................. PATT Round .............圆的............ RD Perpendicular ...垂直....................... PERPPhase ..........相位..................... PH Phosphur bronze ..磷铜............. PH BRZ SPiece ...................个，只.................. PC Schedule ....计划.......................... SCH Pitch circle .........节距圆............... PC Schematic ...示意的，原理的.......... SCHEM Pitch diameter ....节距直径................ PD Screw .....螺钉.................. SCR Plate ....................电镀，平面.......... PL Seamless ...无缝的...................... SMLS Positive .....................负极........ POS Secondary ...次要的，辅助的....... SEC Potentiometer .....电位计............. POT. Section ...部分，截面................ SECT Pounds .................磅................ LBS Serial ......连续的.................. SER Pounds per square inch磅每平方英寸PSI Set screw ....定位螺丝..................... SS Preliminary ....初步的....................... PRELIM Sheet ............页数................... SH Primary ...最初的...................... PRI Shop order ..工程订单........... SO Process, Procedure ..步骤......... PROC Shoulder ......轴肩................. SHLD Production, Product ...生产..... PROD Similar .......类似的......................... SIM Project .......项目.................... PROJ Single phase ....单相的.................... 1PHSketch ....草图.. SKQ Slotted 开槽的................. SLOT. Socket ....插座，孔............ SOCQuality ............质量QUAL Spare .........备用的..... SPQuantity ...数量........................... QTY Spare part ...备用件............. SPWORD WORDS (接上页.) Specimen, Specification ...规格..SPEC W Weight ...重量.......... WTSpherical ..球形.............................. SPHER Width ..........宽度............................ W Spot face ......孔口面......................... SF Working circle ....工作周期循........... WC Spring ..................弹簧...................... SPR Work line ...........工作流水线......... WL Square ..........平方，方形................. SQStainless steel 不锈钢...................... SST Standard ................标准................... STD Steel .......................钢................ STL Straight ..............直线.................... STR Superseded ..........代替的................ SUPSD Switch .....................开关.............. SW Symbol ...............符号...................... SYM Symmetrical ..........对称的............... SYM System ...............系统.................... SYSTTachometer ......流速计............... TACH Taper ............锥度................... TPR Technical ........技术的.................... TECH Temper .............回火................... TEMP Thick ..................厚的..................... THK Thread ...................螺纹................... THD Threads per inch .......英寸螺纹........ TPI Through .................穿透.................. THRU Tolerance ................公差................ TOL Tool steel .................工具钢............... TS Total indicator reading指示器总读数. TIR Typical ............................典型.. TYPVVertical ....垂直..................... VERT Vertical center line...垂直中心线...... VCL Vertical reference line .垂直参考线.. VRL。
中国政治英文词汇
中国政治2010年远景目标the long-range objectives through the Year 2010把握正确的舆论导向maintain a correct orientation for public opinion拨乱反正set things right 不屈不饶unyieldingly 长治久安the lasting political stability承前启后，继往开来inherit past traditions and break new grounds for the future大胆实践be bold in practice大起大落drastic fluctuations 当家作主be the masters of the country独立自主，自力更生independence and self-reliance 法定人数quorum 翻天覆地earth-shaking繁荣富强prosperous and strong 改善生态环境improve the ecological environment共同致富原则the principle of common prosperity 国家宏观调控state macro-control国民素质的提高the enhancement of the quality of the entire population积极推进各项配套改革press ahead with all the supportive reforms 基本国策the basic state policy 基本路线the basic line 基层工作grass-roots work 基层监督grass-roots supervision积极进取take the initiative to make progress 基层民主democracy at the grassroots level基层组织organizations at the grass-roots level加快发展speed up development继承前人（成果）inherit the achievements of predecessors 寄予厚望place high hopes on坚持团结一切可以团结的力量unite with all forces that can be united with十届全国人大二次会议the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress廉政，勤政，务实，高效的政府an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两手抓两手都要硬We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization (both material as well as culture and ideological progress ) without any letup.民族工作，宗教工作和侨务工作the work relating to ethnic minorities, religions and overseas Chinese 普选制general election system 全国人大代表deputy to the National People’s Congress全国人口普查nationwide census 全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会常务委员会the NPC Standing Committee全国人民代表大会主席团the NPC Presidium施政纲领administrative program三个代表three represents theory (three represents refer to: The party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)三个有利于three favorables (three favorables refer to whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strength of the socialist state and raises the people’s living standards.)十一届三中全会the Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic ; be true to facts实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行计划生育，控制人口数量，提高人口素质promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the quality of the people维护人权和不断改善人权状况safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation政治建设和政治体制改革Political Development and Restructuring依法治国和以德治国相结合run the country by combining the rule of law with the rule of virtue有中国特色的社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics 舆论监督supervision by public opinion 增强中华名族的凝聚力increase the cohesion of the Chinese nation 中国国情China’s conditions中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese Peopl e’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)最广泛的爱国统一战线the broadest possible patriotic united front 官方表述Official Statements人民民主专政的国体the state system –a people’s democratic dictatorship人民代表大会制度的政体the system of political power–the people’s congresses多党合作制度the system of multiparty cooperation 政治协商制度the system of political consultation 民族区域自治制度the system of regional ethnic autonomy民主团结，生动活泼，安定和谐的政治局面the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity , liveliness, stability and harmony城市居民自治self-governance among urban residents长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe民族党派，工商联与无党派人士non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce , personages without party affiliation 扩大基层民主extend democracy at the grass-roots level管理有序，文明祥和的新型社区new-type and well-managed communities featuring civility and harmony 社会主义法制The Socialist Legal System有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究We must see to it that there are laws to go by, the laws are observed and strictly enforced , and law-breakers are prosecuted.法律面前人人平等All people are equal before the law.政府决策The Decision-making of the Government电子政务e-government了解民情、充分反映民意、广泛集中民智、切实珍惜民力get to know how the people are faring, reflect their will, pool their wisdom and value their resources推进政策科学化，民主化putting decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis社情民意反映制度a system reporting social conditions and public opinion与群众利益密切相关的重大事项社会公示制度和社会听证制度a system of keeping the public informed and a system of public hearings on major issues closely related to the interests of the people专家咨询制度the expert consulting system行政管理体制改革Administrative Restructuring实行决策的论证制和责任制，防止决策的随意性implement a verification system and responsibility system in making policy decisions with a view to preventing arbitrary decision-making层次过多、职能交叉、人员臃肿、权责脱节和多重多头执法too many levels, overlapping functions, overstaffing, divorce between powers and responsibilities and duplicate law enforcement司法体制改革The Reform of the Judicial System健全权责明确、相互配合、相互制约、高效运行的司法体制form a sound judicial system featuring clearly specified powers and responsibilities, mutual coordination and restraint and highly efficient operation用人机制personnel mechanism依法独立公正地行使审判权和检查权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially according to law职务任期制the system of fixed tenures建设一支政治坚定、业务精通、作风优良、执法公正的司法队伍build up a contingent of judicial personnel who are politically steadfast and professionally competent, have a fine style of work and enforce laws impartially干部人事制度改革The Reform of the Cadre and Personnel System广纳群贤、人尽其才、能上能下gather large numbers of talented people, put them to the best use and get them prepared for both promotion and demotion辞职制the system of resignation知情权、参与权、选择权和监督权the right to know, to participate, to choose and to supervise用人失察失误追究责任制the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person 建立干部激励和保障机制establish an incentive and guarantee mechanism for cadres 打破选人用人中论资排辈的观念和做法break with the notions and practices of overstressing seniority in the matter of selection and appointment积极营造各方面优秀人才拖颖而出的好环境create a sound environment which makes it possible for outstanding people to come to the fore in all fields权利的制约和监督The Restraint on and Supervision over the Use of Power建立结构合理、配置科学、程序严密、制约有效的权力运行机制establish a mechanism for the exercise of power featuring reasonable structure, scientific distribution, rigorous procedures and effective restraint改善和完善党的纪律检查体制，建立和完善巡视制度reform and improve the system of Party discipline inspection and introduce and improve the system of inspection tours领导干部述职述廉制度the system under which leading cadres report on their work and their efforts to perform their duties honestly 健全重大事项报告制度the systems of reporting on important matters依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动crack down on criminal activities according to law质询制度the system of making inquiries 民主评议制度the system of democratic appraisal维护社会稳定Maintain Social Stability扫除社会丑恶现象eliminate social evils防范和惩治邪教组织的犯罪活动guard against and punishing crimes committed by evil cult gangs保障人民群众财产安全ensure the safety of the lives and property of the people加强和改进党的建设Strengthen and Improve Party Building廉正建设和反腐败斗争the endeavor to build a clean and honest government and combat corruption 进一步提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史课题further address the two major historical subjects of how to enhance the Party’s art of leadership and governance and how to raise the Party’s capacity to resist corruption, prevent degeneration and withstand ri sks以宽广的眼界观察世界view the world with broad vision“三讲”教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）“three emphases ” education (to stress theoretical study , political awareness and good conduct )“三个代表”重要思想The Important Thought of Three Represents成为勤奋学习、善于思考的模范，解放思想、与时俱进的模范，勇于实践、锐意创新的模范play an exemplary role in studying diligently, using their brains, emancipating their minds, keeping pace with the times and boldly engaging in practice and innovation加强党的执政能力建设，提高党的领导水平和执政水平Build up the Party’s Governing Capacity and Improve Its Art of Leadership and Governance不辱使命、不负重托live up to the mission assigned to them and the full trust placed on them提高总揽全局的能力enhance their ability of commanding the whole situation坚持和健全民主集中制，增强党的活力和团结统一Adhere to and Improve Democratic Centralism and Enhance t he Party’s Vitality , Solidarity and Unity集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定的原则the principle of collective leadership, democratic centralism , individual consultations and decision by meetings党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions个人服从组织、少数服从多数、下级组织服从上级组织、全党服从党的全国代表大会和中央委员会Individual Party members are subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, lower Party organizations are subordinate to the higher ones and all the constituent organizations and members of the Party are subordinate to its National Congress and Central Committee政令畅通Decisions are carried out without fail.有令不行、有禁不止、各行其是go their own ways in disregard of orders and prohibitions建设高素质的领导干部队伍，形成朝气蓬勃、奋发有为的领导层Build a Contingent of High-caliber Leading Cadres and Form an Energetic and Promising Leadership领导干部的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化bring up more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more professionally competent cadres党和人民的事业后继有人The cause of the Party and people will be carried forward.切实作好基层党建工作，增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础Build the Party Well at the Primary Level, Reinforce Its Class Foundation and Expand Its Mass Base围绕中心，服务大局，拓宽领域，强化功能focusing on the central task and serving the overall interests, broaden the fields of our endeavor, intensify our functions加强和改进党的作风建设，深入开展反腐败斗争Strengthen and Improve the Party’s Style of Work and Intensify the Struggle against Corruption全党同志始终保持共产党人的蓬勃朝气、昂扬锐气和浩然正气，永远同人民群众心连心，我们党的执政基础就坚如磐石So long as all Party comrades always maintain the vigor and vitality, dashing spirit and integrity as Communists and have the people at heart, the foundation of our Party’s governance will remain rock solid.我们要增强忧患意识，居安思危，清醒地看到日趋激烈的国际竞争带来的严峻挑战，清醒地看到前进道路上的困难和风险We should be mindful of the potential danger and stay prepared against adversities in times of peace, be keenly aware of the rigorous challenges brought about by the ever-sharpening international competition as well as risks and difficulties that may arise on our road ahead. 国防和军队建设National Defense and Army Building我们必须倍加顾全大局，倍加珍视团结，倍加维护稳定We must bear in mind the overall interests of our Party all the more deeply, cherish the solidarity all the more dearly and safeguard stability all the more firmly万众一心，奋发图强work with one heart and one mind in a joint and unyielding effort 坚持党对军队的绝对领导，走中国特色的精兵之路preserve in the Party’s absolute leadership over the army and take the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work , strict discipline and adequate logistic support打得赢、不变质win battles and never degenerate努力完成机械化和信息化建设的双重历史任务，实现我军现代化的跨越式发展Efforts should be made to accomplish the historical tasks of mechanization and IT application, thereby bringing about leapfrog development in the modernization of our army.建立和完善三军一体、军民兼容、平战结合的联勤保障体制establishing and improving an integrated logistic support system for the three armed services, for both military and civilian purposes and for both peacetime and wartime国防教育education in national defense高技术条件下人民战争的战略战strategies and tactics of the people’s war under high-tech conditions 拥军优属，拥政爱民，巩固军政军民团结The government and the people should support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and the army should support the government and cherish the people so as to consolidate the solidarity between the army and the government and between the army and the people.按照客观规律和科学规律办事act in compliance with objective and scientific laws八个坚持、八个反对eight do's and eight don'ts八项主张eight-point proposal保持昂扬向上的精神状态be filled with an enterprising spirit保证中央的政令畅通ensure the Central Committee's decisions are carried out without fail标本兼治address both the symptoms and root causes不确定因素uncertainties参政议政participation in and deliberation of state affairs长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe长治久安maintain prolonged stability崇尚科学respect and promote science传播先进文化spread advanced culture传统安全威胁traditional threats to security从严治军the army must be strict with itself党的领导方式the Party's style of leadership党的民族政策the Party's policy toward ethnic minorities 党的侨务政策the Party's policy toward overseas Chinese affairs党的宗教信仰自由政策the Party's policy toward the freedom of religious belief党风廉政建设责任制responsibility system for improving the Party's work style and building clean government电子政务e-government多重多头执法duplicate law enforcement党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions党要管党、从严治党the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members党员管理工作management of Party membership党政机关Party and government organs党政领导干部职务任期制、辞职制和用人失察失误责任追究制the system of fixed tenures, the system of resignation and the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person with regard to leading cadres of the Party and government党总揽全局、协调各方的原则principle that the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters司法机关judicial organs思想道德体系ideological and ethical system独立负责、步调一致地开展工作assume one's responsibilities independently and make concerted efforts in one's work司法体制改革reform of the judicial system独立公正地行使审判权和检察权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially思想政治建设ideological and political development树立互信、互利、平等和协作的新安全观foster a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination提倡多样化encourage diversity树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观foster correct world outlook, views on life and values司法审判和检察同司法行政事务相分离separate judicial adjudication and procuratorial work from administrative affairs素质教育quality-oriented education文化体制改革cultural restructuring提高党的领导水平和执政水平enhance the Party's art of leadership and governance提高科学判断形势的能力improve one's ability of sizing up the situation in a scientific way提高立法质量improve the quality of legislation提高全民法律素质people are better educated in law 提高全民健康水平improve the physique of the entire people团结就是胜利solidarity means victory 提高执法水平raise the level of law enforcement团结就是力量solidarity means strength提高总揽全局的能力enhance one’s ability of commanding the whole situation推进决策科学化民主化put decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis完善城市居民自治improve self-governance among urban residents完善村民自治improve self-governance among villagers维护司法公正safeguard judicial justice完善干部职务和职级相结合的制度improve the system of giving cadres both positions and ranks完善公开办事制度improve the system of keeping the public informed of matters being handled维护法制的统一和尊严safeguard the uniformity and sanctity of the legal system维护国家统一、民族团结safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity围绕中心、服务大局focus on the central task and serve the overall interests伪科学pseudo-science文化产业cultural industry文化产业政策policies toward the cultural industry 文化创新cultural innovation文化公益事业public cultural undertakings文化建设cultural development 文化市场体系system of markets for cultural products文化事业cultural undertakings文化与经济和政治相互交融culture is interactive with economic and political activities建设节约型社会to build a conservation-conscious society发展循环经济to develop a circular economy 以资源的高效和循环利用，促进经济、社会的可持续发展to promote sustainable economic and social development through efficient use and reuse of resources坚持资源开发与节约并重，把节约放在首位的方针to uphold the policy of emphasizing the equal importance of both the exploitation and conservation of resources, giving added weight to the latter开发利用可再生能源to exploit and utilize renewable energy resources全面推进资源节约和综合利用to push ahead with a nationwide campaign of economizing on and making comprehensive use of resources加大对资源节约和循环利用关键技术的攻关力度to make greater efforts to develop critical technology for the purpose of conservation and recycle of resources完善有利于节约资源的财税政策to further improve the financial and taxation policies so as to encourage resource conservation发展节能型交通运输工具to develop a new generation of energy-efficient means of transportation 加快节能技术服务体系建设to speed up the establishment of technical service systems for more efficient use of energy resources再生资源的回收利用recyclable use of renewable resources第六届亚欧财长会议The Sixth Asia-Europe Finance Ministers' Meeting亚欧新型全面伙伴关系a new type of comprehensive Asia-Europe partnership采取负责任的宏观经济政策to adopt a macro-economic policy in a responsible manner保持主要储备货币间的币值稳定to maintain stability among major reserve currencies深化财政和金融实质性合作to enhance substantive cooperation in the fiscal and financial sector经济运行中突出问题the glaring problems in the economic operation相知无远近，万里尚为邻Long distances cannot separate true friends sharing one heart; they can be like close neighbors even thousands of miles apart.建立应对经济和金融突发事件的紧急对话机制to establish a dialogue mechanism in response to economic and financial eventualities红色旅游red tourism红色旅游区red tourist destinations (sites/spots)related to the history of CPC;tourist destinations (sites/spots) of revolutionary traditional interests红色旅游精品路线choice (recommended/highlight) tours of revolutionary heritage (tradition)从善如流to readily follow good advice; to do good naturally and happily;to follow good advice as naturally as a river follows its course;to take advice with a receptive mind; to be open-minded to something;to be open to advice and criticism; to readily follow what is right仁至义尽to exercise (show) the utmost restraint/forbearance台湾问题不能出事things must be kept within bounds as far as the Taiwan question is concerned the Taiwan question should not (be allowed to) get out of control拉美国下水to drag the US into troubled waters (the mire);to make the US hostage to the … issue 自欺欺人deceive oneself as well as others; self-deception顺民意，合民情accord with the popular will and sentiments普遍认为法律条文比较平和，宽松(反分裂国家法)The wording of the law is generally considered to be fairly moderate and tolerate in tone(客运包机）节日化to make charter flights available on festival basis;to make charter flights available for traditional festivals中等收入阶层middle-income group (section)节约型发展道路resource efficient (conservation/thrifty) development strategy中国特色的人力资源优势China's advantage in human resources世界经验还要借鉴下去，中国特色还要坚持下去。
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Price Ceilings & Price Floors
Price Ceiling
A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold.
Price Floor
A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold.
❖ Price ceiling ❖ Price floor ❖ Tax incidence
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities.
•Learn that taxes levied on buyers and taxes levies on sellers are equivalent
•See how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers
Key concepts
While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied.
One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding...
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
$4
3
Equilibrium price
Price Ceilings
Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling:
The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.
A binding price ceiling creates ... shortages because QD > QS.
Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s
nonprice rationing
Examples: Long lines, Discrimination by sellers
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Equilibrium price $3 2
0
Supply
Shortage
Price ceiling
Demand
75
125
Quantity Quantity supplied demanded
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
Effects of Price Ceilings
reduced the supply of gasoline.
What was responsible for the long gas lines?
Economists blame government regulations that limited the price oil companies could charge for gasoline.
Supply, Demand and Government Policies
Chapter 6
Copyright © 2004 by South-Western,a division of Thomson Learning.
Chapter 6 supply,demand,and government policies
❖ Examine the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices
❖ Examine the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices
❖ consider how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold
0
Supply
Price ceiling
100
Equilibrium quantity
Demand
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
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A Price Ceiling That Is Binding...
Hale Waihona Puke Lines at the Gas Pump
In 1973 OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets. Because crude oil is the major input used to make gasoline, the higher oil prices
Price Controls...
Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. Result in government-created price ceilings and floors.