考研英语(二)模拟试卷138.doc

考研英语（二）模拟试卷138(总分：136.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Amtrak—the largest railway company in the U.S.—was experiencing a declining in ridership.【C1】______major concerns to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes【C2】______ridership had been declining【C3】______ At one time, trains were the only practical way to【C4】______the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient【C5】______to other forms of transportation existing at the time. However, times change and the automobile became America's standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily【C6】______itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances.【C7】______, the task for DDB Needham was to【C8】______consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to【C9】______their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered 【C10】______travel in the west. Two portions of the total market were targeted: anxious fliers —those concerned with【C11】______, and travel-lovers—those【C12】______themselves relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experiences as part of【C13】______vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel【C14】______such as freedom, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It【C15】______experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures. Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that【C16】______be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among【C17】______oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most【C18】______reach target audiences. Results were【C19】______The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, had a fifteen percent【C20】______in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.WithB.TheC.InD.Of(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.whichB.whereC.whoseD.that(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.importantlyB.significantlyC.fundamentallyD.unnoticeably(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.moveC.escapeD.cross(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）paredB.recommendedC.turnedD.shown(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.setB.claimedC.establishedD.regarded(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.WhereasB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Moreover(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.encourageB.induceC.stimulateD.discourage(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.scoldB.strengthenC.transferD.change(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.atB.forC.asD.with(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.timeB.spaceC.costD.safety(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.adjustingB.viewingC.makingD.considering(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.ones'B.theirs'C.theirD.themselves'(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.habitsB.attitudesC.experimentsD.experiences(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.involvedB.indicatedC.stressedD.overlooked(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.couldB.willC.shallD.should(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）ernmentB.childrenC.familyD.business(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.sufficientlyB.quicklyC.unquestionablyD.effectively(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.unseenB.uncountableelessD.impressive(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.expansionB.changeC.increaseD.loss二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.__________________________________________________________________________________________ New science reveals how your brain is hard-wired when it comes to spending—and how you can reboot it. The choice to spend rather than save reflects a very human—and, some would say, American —quirk: a preference for immediate gratification over future gains. In other words, we get far more joy from buying a new pair of shoes today, or a Caribbean vacation, or an iPhone 4S, than from imagining a comfortable life tomorrow. Throw in an instant-access culture—in which we can get answers on the Internet within seconds, have a coffeepot delivered to our door overnight, and watch movies on demand—and we're not exactly training the next generation to delay gratification. "Pleasure now is worth more to us than pleasure later," says economist William Dickens of Northeastern University, "We much prefer current consumption to future consumption. It may even be wired into us. " As brain Scientists plumb the neurology of an afternoon at the mall, they are discovering measurable differences between the brains of people who save and those who spend with abandon, particularly in areas of the brain that predict consequences, processthe sense of reward, spur motivation, and control memory. In fact, neuroscientists are mapping the brain's saving and spending circuits so precisely that they have been able to stir up the saving and disable the spending in some people. The result: people' s preferences switch from spending like a drunken sailor to saving like a child of the Depression. All told, the gray matter responsible for some of our most crucial decisions is finally revealing its secrets. Psychologists and behavioral economists, meanwhile, are identifying the personality types and other traits that distinguish savers from spenders, showing that people who aren't good savers are neither stupid nor irrational—but often simply don't accurately foresee the consequences of not saving. Rewire the brain to find pleasure in future rewards, and you're on the path to a future you really want. In one experiment, neuroeconomist Paul Glimcher of New York University wanted to see what it would take for people to willingly delay gratification. He gave a dozen volunteers a choice: $ 20 now or more money, from $ 20.25 to $ 110, later. On one end of the spectrum was the person who agreed to take $21 in a month—to essentially wait a month in order to gain just $ 1. In economics-speak, this kind of person has a "flat discount function", meaning he values tomorrow almost as much as today and is therefore able to delay gratification. At the other end was someone who was willing to wait a month only if he got $ 68, a premium of $48 from the original offer. This is someone economists call a "steep discounter", meaning the value he puts on the future (and having money then) is dramatically less than the value he places on today; when he wants something, he wants it now.（分数：10.00）(1).When it comes to spending, new evidence shows that it______.（分数：2.00）A.is a difficult habit to explainB.can be stopped and restartedC.is a difficult mental decisionD.is an inherent disposition(2).When brain scientists "plumb the neurology of an afternoon at the mail", they______.（分数：2.00）A.spend a whole afternoon watching shoppers going roundB.interview shoppers to ask them embarrassing questionsC.measure the brain activity of people engaged in shoppingD.study current consumption rather than future consumption(3).The scientists studying spending habits______.（分数：2.00）A.can change people's buying habits by making them drunk like sailorsB.are still at a loss about what causes some people to save or spendC.can change those who spend with abandon into those who saveD.can predict whether people spend or save by controlling people's memory(4).If you are rewarded for saving, you are likely to______.（分数：2.00）A.abandon unnecessary purchasesB.demand more rewardsC.become irrational and stupidD.care less about the consequences(5).Neuroeconomist Paul Glimcher wants to find out______.（分数：2.00）A.whether people agree to delay a bigger gratificationB.what makes people postpone satisfactionC.how steep discounters gratify themselvesD.what creates the flat discount functionAlthough Consumers Union concedes that "no confirmed cases of harm to humans from manufactured nanoparticles have been reported", it adds that "there is cause for concern based on several worrisome findings from the limited laboratory and animal research so far." It worries that particles that are nontoxic at normal sizes may become toxic when nanosized; that thesenanoparticles, which are already present in cosmetics and food, can more easily "enter the body and its Vital organs, including the brain", than normal particles; and that nanomaterials will linger longer in the environment. All of this really comes down to pointing out that some particles are smaller than others. Size is not a reliable indicator of potential harm to human beings, and nature itself is filled with nanoparticles. But the default assumption of danger from the new is palpable . Anti-nanotech sentiment has not been restricted to Consumers Union's relatively short list of concerns. In France, groups of hundreds of protesters have rallied against even such benign manifestations of the technology as the carbon nanotubules that allow Parkinson' s sufferers to stop tremors by directing medicine to their own brains. In England members of a group called THRONG (The Heavenly Righteous Opposed to Nanotech Greed) have disrupted nanotech business conferences dressed as angels. In 2005 naked protesters appeared in front of an Eddie Bauer store in Chicago to condemn one of the more visible uses of nanotech: stain-resistant pants. These nanopants employ billions of tiny whiskers to create a layer of air above the rest of the fabric, causing liquids to roll off easily. It's not quite what Kurzweil and Crichton had in mind, nor is it "little robots in your pants", as CNN put it. But nanotechnology arguably embraces any item that incorporates engineering at the molecular level, including mundane products like this one. Just as the nano label can be broadly applied to products for branding and attention-grabbing purposes, so too can critics use the label to condemn barely related developments by linking them to the (still hypothetical) problems of nanopollution and gray goo. But there's a danger in thinking of nanotech only in god-or-goo terms. People at both extremes of the controversy fail to appreciate the humble, incremental, yet encouraging progress that nanotech researchers are making. And focusing on dramatic visions of nanotech heaven or hell may foster restrictions that delay or block innovations that can extend and improve our lives.（分数：10.00）(1).What worries Consumers Union is that nanoparticles______.（分数：2.00）A.become essential components of cosmetics and foodB.linger in environment and are omnipresent in natureC.present in products may cause harm to human beingsD.can enter the brain more easily than normal particles(2).The word "palpable" in the last sentence of the first paragraph most probably means______.（分数：2.00）A.detectableB.availableC.understandableD.tangible(3).The example of carbon nanotubules is cited to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.even potential benefit of nanotech may cause worryB.anti-nanotech sentiment predominates in FranceC.Consumers Union's worry about nanotech is negligibleD.nanotech relieves the pain of Parkinson's sufferers(4).It seems that nanopants______.（分数：2.00）A.initiate engineering at the molecular levelB.tend to provoke anti-nanotech sentimentC.are as ordinary as any mundane productD.are not as harmful as some people think(5).The author argues that nanotech is______.（分数：2.00）A.neither inferior nor superiorB.neither credible nor reliableC.neither god nor devilD.neither harmful nor beneficial"What's the difference between God and Larry Ellison?" asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesn't think he's Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone a-mong corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself.Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end , of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller," Good to Great", Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, "It's All About Me", to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Manage ment, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss's photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his "Who's Who" entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm's second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.（分数：10.00）(1).Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfishB.a boss' narcissism might have an effect on his businessC.some corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to GodD.egotism of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firm(2).The statement "Narcissus met a nasty end" (Line 1, Para. 2) implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.boss-worship will result in self-asserted leadersB.selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticismC.a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disastersD.egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequences(3).The study "It's All About Me" is designed to______.（分数：2.00）A.analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employeesB.test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer industryC.explore the relationship between a boss' narcissism and business performanceD.offer all-encompassing answers to the American Academy of Management(4).In Paragraph 4, the author mainly talks about______.（分数：2.00）A.how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveysB.six indicators that might reveal a boss' narcissismC.the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyedD.a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism(5).Which of the following might the author most likely agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbed.B.The humbler the boss is, the easier his management might be.C.Great self-esteem is the prime source of narcissism.D.Narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risks.Telecommuting, Internet shopping and online meetings may save energy as compared with in-person alternatives, but as the digital age moves on, its green reputation is turning a lot browner . Last year, E-mailing consumed as much as 1.5 percent of the nation's electricity—half of which comes from coal. In 2005 the computers of the world ate up 123 billion kilo-watt hours of energy. As a result, the power bill to run a computer over its lifetime will surpass the cost of buying the machine in the first place—giving Internet and computer companies a business reason to cut energy costs, as well as an environmental one. One of the biggest energy sinks comes not from the computers themselves but from the air-conditioning needed to keep them from overheating. For every kilowatt-hour of energy used for computing in a data center, another kilowatt-hour is required to cool the furnace like racks of servers. For Internet giant Google, this reality has driven efforts such as the installation of a solar array that can provide 30 percent of the peak power needs of its headquarters as well as increasing purchases of renewable energy. But to deliver Web pages within seconds, the firm must maintain hundreds of thousands of computer servers in cavernous buildings. "We are actively working to maximize the efficiency of our data centers, which account for most of the energy Google consumes worldwide." remarks Google's green energy czar Bill Weihl. Google will funnel some of its profits into a new effort, dubbed RE （分数：10.00）(1).The sentence "its green reputation is turning a lot browner" (Para. 1) shows that the digital industry______.（分数：2.00）A.has ruined its own green reputationB.does not help save energy any moreC.consumes most of the nation's electricityD.is not so environmental friendly as before(2).One of the biggest energy sinks comes from the air-conditioning in that______.（分数：2.00）A.air-conditioning is needed to prevent computers from overheatingB.one kilowatt-hour is needed by air-conditioning to cool the computersC.a data center needs air-conditioning desperatelyD.air-conditiorting costs a large sum of money(3).We learn from the third paragraph that in the near future Google will______.（分数：2.00）A.channel some of its profits into purchases of energyB.install solar array panels at its headquartersC.make renewable energy cheaper than coalD.purchase the energy which could be renewed(4).By citing the example of computer maker Hewlett-Packard, the author intends to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.virtualization could help the company to save energyB.effort has been made by the digital industry to save energyC.HP has employed software to create multiple "virtual" computersD.HP has managed to consolidate 86 data centers to just three(5).Which of the following is true of changes at the computer-chip level?（分数：2.00）A.Circuits have been shrunk on the nanoscale in order to be lighter.B.The multi-core technology helps save the energy substantially.C.The multi-core technology helps separate the multiple processors.D.Circuits on the nanoscale could save energy by sacrificing performance.4.Part B__________________________________________________________________________________________ Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce healthcare costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which is pharmaceutical costs. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________5.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Thankfully for lovers of coolness, air conditioning is becoming more efficient. In the past 30 years, more rigorous standards for air conditioners in developed countries have more than doubled the energy efficiency of new units. For decades, air conditioning has used the same compressor technology that runs fridges. But Coolerado, an American company, claims to have cut energy costs by 90%, using only water for the cooling procedure: its devices feature specially designed plastic plates that chill by evaporation. They discharge half the air, warm and wet, back outside and send the rest, cool and dry, inside. The machines can even be solar powered thoughtheir thirsty habits may not suit all hot places. Conventional air conditioning has to cool the air in order to rid it of moisture and that is the most expensive part of the process. An Israeli-founded firm called Advantix says its machines cut energy consumption by half, using "liquid drier" technology.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、Writing(总题数：5，分数：4.00)7.Section III Writing__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information.__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Suppose you are going to write for the Postgraduates' Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should 1) include the basic qualifications for applicants and 2) offer information which you think is relevant. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name. Use "Postgraduates' Association" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information.__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Write an essay based on the following graph. In your essay, you should 1) interpret the graphand 2) give your comments. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。