计算机操作系统chapter1
chapter1-new第一章
17
1.2
操作系统的发展史
1.2.1 无操作系统的计算机系统
1. 人工操作方式
从第一台计算机诞生 (1945 年 ) 到50 年代中 期的计算机,属于第一代,这时还未出现 OS。 计算机操作是由用户采用人工操作方式直接 使用计算机硬件系统,即由程序员将事先已 穿孔(对应于程序和数据 ) 的纸带( 或卡片) 装 入纸带输入机 ( 或卡片输入机 ),再启动它们 将程序和数据输入计算机, 然后启动计算机 运行。当程序运行完毕并取走计算结果后, 才让下一个用户上机。
3. 脱机输入/输出方式 (Off—Line I/O)
在采用脱机输入输出方式时,程序和数据的输入输出都 是在外围计算机的控制下完成的,即它们是脱离主机进行的, 故称之为脱机输入输出操作。
脱机I/O (1)减少了CPU的空闲时间。 (2) 提高I/O速度。
图 1-2 脱机I/O示意图
21
脱机输入技术
图 1-3 单道批处理系统的处理流程
24
2. 单道批处理系统的特征
单道批处理系统是最早出现的一种 OS,严格地说,它只能算作是OS的前身而 并非是现在人们所理解的 OS 。 该系统的
(1) 自动性
(2) 顺序性
(3) 单道性
25
1.2.3 多道批处理系统
(multiprogrammed batch processing system)
18
世 界 上 第 一 台 计 算 机 内 部 工 作 情 况
19
2.人工操作方式的特点
特点: • 用户独占全机(独占性) • CPU等待人工操作(串行性) 缺点:
• 计算机的有效机时严重浪费
• 效率低
计算机软件操作技巧大全集
计算机软件操作技巧大全集Chapter 1: 文件管理技巧计算机软件中,文件管理是日常操作中的重要部分。
掌握一些文件管理技巧可以提高日常工作和学习的效率。
1.1 创建和删除文件夹在文件管理中,合理的文件夹组织结构可以帮助我们更好地管理文件。
创建文件夹可以通过右键点击桌面或文件管理器中的空白处,选择“新建文件夹”来快速创建。
同样地,删除文件夹也可以通过右键点击所要删除的文件夹,选择“删除”来完成。
1.2 文件夹的重命名与复制当需要重命名文件夹时,选中该文件夹并点击右键,选择“重命名”,然后输入新的名字即可。
而复制文件夹可以通过右键点击所需复制的文件夹,选择“复制”,然后在想要复制的位置点击右键,选择“粘贴”。
1.3 快速搜索文件当文件数量过多时,可以通过搜索功能来快速定位所需文件。
在文件管理器的搜索框中键入关键词,即可显示含有该关键词的文件列表。
Chapter 2: 文本编辑技巧文本编辑是计算机操作中常用的技能。
掌握一些文本编辑技巧可以方便我们进行文本的修改和处理。
2.1 快速选择文本在文本中使用鼠标可以进行快速选择。
双击单词可选中整个单词,三次点击可选中整个段落。
按住Shift键加方向键,可以选择连续的文本。
2.2 剪切、复制和粘贴剪切文本可以通过选中所需文本后按Ctrl+X来实现,复制文本可以通过Ctrl+C来完成。
粘贴文本可以通过Ctrl+V或右键点击目标位置,选择“粘贴”。
2.3 查找和替换文本在文本编辑器中,按Ctrl+F可以打开查找窗口,输入所需查找的文本后,点击“下一个”按钮可以定位到下一个匹配文本所在位置。
而替换文本可以通过点击替换窗口,输入被替换的内容和替换的内容,然后点击“替换”或“替换全部”按钮来完成。
Chapter 3: 网络使用技巧互联网的普及使得网络使用成为我们生活中必不可少的一部分。
了解一些网络使用技巧可以帮助我们更好地利用网络资源。
3.1 使用搜索引擎搜索引擎是我们获取信息的主要工具,善于使用搜索引擎可以提高信息查找的效率。
现代操作系统(第三版)答案
MODERNOPERATINGSYSTEMSTHIRD EDITION PROBLEM SOLUTIONSANDREW S.TANENBAUMVrije UniversiteitAmsterdam,The NetherlandsPRENTICE HALLUPPER SADDLE RIVER,NJ07458Copyright Pearson Education,Inc.2008SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER1PROBLEMS1.Multiprogramming is the rapid switching of the CPU between multiple proc-esses in memory.It is commonly used to keep the CPU busy while one or more processes are doing I/O.2.Input spooling is the technique of reading in jobs,for example,from cards,onto the disk,so that when the currently executing processes arefinished, there will be work waiting for the CPU.Output spooling consists offirst copying printablefiles to disk before printing them,rather than printing di-rectly as the output is generated.Input spooling on a personal computer is not very likely,but output spooling is.3.The prime reason for multiprogramming is to give the CPU something to dowhile waiting for I/O to complete.If there is no DMA,the CPU is fully occu-pied doing I/O,so there is nothing to be gained(at least in terms of CPU utili-zation)by multiprogramming.No matter how much I/O a program does,the CPU will be100%busy.This of course assumes the major delay is the wait while data are copied.A CPU could do other work if the I/O were slow for other reasons(arriving on a serial line,for instance).4.It is still alive.For example,Intel makes Pentium I,II,and III,and4CPUswith a variety of different properties including speed and power consumption.All of these machines are architecturally compatible.They differ only in price and performance,which is the essence of the family idea.5.A25×80character monochrome text screen requires a2000-byte buffer.The1024×768pixel24-bit color bitmap requires2,359,296bytes.In1980these two options would have cost$10and$11,520,respectively.For current prices,check on how much RAM currently costs,probably less than$1/MB.6.Consider fairness and real time.Fairness requires that each process be allo-cated its resources in a fair way,with no process getting more than its fair share.On the other hand,real time requires that resources be allocated based on the times when different processes must complete their execution.A real-time process may get a disproportionate share of the resources.7.Choices(a),(c),and(d)should be restricted to kernel mode.8.It may take20,25or30msec to complete the execution of these programsdepending on how the operating system schedules them.If P0and P1are scheduled on the same CPU and P2is scheduled on the other CPU,it will take20mses.If P0and P2are scheduled on the same CPU and P1is scheduled on the other CPU,it will take25msec.If P1and P2are scheduled on the same CPU and P0is scheduled on the other CPU,it will take30msec.If all three are on the same CPU,it will take35msec.2PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER19.Every nanosecond one instruction emerges from the pipeline.This means themachine is executing1billion instructions per second.It does not matter at all how many stages the pipeline has.A10-stage pipeline with1nsec per stage would also execute1billion instructions per second.All that matters is how often afinished instruction pops out the end of the pipeline.10.Average access time=0.95×2nsec(word is cache)+0.05×0.99×10nsec(word is in RAM,but not in cache)+0.05×0.01×10,000,000nsec(word on disk only)=5002.395nsec=5.002395μsec11.The manuscript contains80×50×700=2.8million characters.This is,ofcourse,impossible tofit into the registers of any currently available CPU and is too big for a1-MB cache,but if such hardware were available,the manuscript could be scanned in2.8msec from the registers or5.8msec from the cache.There are approximately27001024-byte blocks of data,so scan-ning from the disk would require about27seconds,and from tape2minutes7 seconds.Of course,these times are just to read the data.Processing and rewriting the data would increase the time.12.Maybe.If the caller gets control back and immediately overwrites the data,when the writefinally occurs,the wrong data will be written.However,if the driverfirst copies the data to a private buffer before returning,then the caller can be allowed to continue immediately.Another possibility is to allow the caller to continue and give it a signal when the buffer may be reused,but this is tricky and error prone.13.A trap instruction switches the execution mode of a CPU from the user modeto the kernel mode.This instruction allows a user program to invoke func-tions in the operating system kernel.14.A trap is caused by the program and is synchronous with it.If the program isrun again and again,the trap will always occur at exactly the same position in the instruction stream.An interrupt is caused by an external event and its timing is not reproducible.15.The process table is needed to store the state of a process that is currentlysuspended,either ready or blocked.It is not needed in a single process sys-tem because the single process is never suspended.16.Mounting afile system makes anyfiles already in the mount point directoryinaccessible,so mount points are normally empty.However,a system admin-istrator might want to copy some of the most importantfiles normally located in the mounted directory to the mount point so they could be found in their normal path in an emergency when the mounted device was being repaired.PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER13 17.A system call allows a user process to access and execute operating systemfunctions inside the er programs use system calls to invoke operat-ing system services.18.Fork can fail if there are no free slots left in the process table(and possibly ifthere is no memory or swap space left).Exec can fail if thefile name given does not exist or is not a valid executablefile.Unlink can fail if thefile to be unlinked does not exist or the calling process does not have the authority to unlink it.19.If the call fails,for example because fd is incorrect,it can return−1.It canalso fail because the disk is full and it is not possible to write the number of bytes requested.On a correct termination,it always returns nbytes.20.It contains the bytes:1,5,9,2.21.Time to retrieve thefile=1*50ms(Time to move the arm over track#50)+5ms(Time for thefirst sector to rotate under the head)+10/100*1000ms(Read10MB)=155ms22.Block specialfiles consist of numbered blocks,each of which can be read orwritten independently of all the other ones.It is possible to seek to any block and start reading or writing.This is not possible with character specialfiles.23.System calls do not really have names,other than in a documentation sense.When the library procedure read traps to the kernel,it puts the number of the system call in a register or on the stack.This number is used to index into a table.There is really no name used anywhere.On the other hand,the name of the library procedure is very important,since that is what appears in the program.24.Yes it can,especially if the kernel is a message-passing system.25.As far as program logic is concerned it does not matter whether a call to a li-brary procedure results in a system call.But if performance is an issue,if a task can be accomplished without a system call the program will run faster.Every system call involves overhead time in switching from the user context to the kernel context.Furthermore,on a multiuser system the operating sys-tem may schedule another process to run when a system call completes, further slowing the progress in real time of a calling process.26.Several UNIX calls have no counterpart in the Win32API:Link:a Win32program cannot refer to afile by an alternative name or see it in more than one directory.Also,attempting to create a link is a convenient way to test for and create a lock on afile.4PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER1Mount and umount:a Windows program cannot make assumptions about standard path names because on systems with multiple disk drives the drive name part of the path may be different.Chmod:Windows uses access control listsKill:Windows programmers cannot kill a misbehaving program that is not cooperating.27.Every system architecture has its own set of instructions that it can execute.Thus a Pentium cannot execute SPARC programs and a SPARC cannot exe-cute Pentium programs.Also,different architectures differ in bus architecture used(such as VME,ISA,PCI,MCA,SBus,...)as well as the word size of the CPU(usually32or64bit).Because of these differences in hardware,it is not feasible to build an operating system that is completely portable.A highly portable operating system will consist of two high-level layers---a machine-dependent layer and a machine independent layer.The machine-dependent layer addresses the specifics of the hardware,and must be implemented sepa-rately for every architecture.This layer provides a uniform interface on which the machine-independent layer is built.The machine-independent layer has to be implemented only once.To be highly portable,the size of the machine-dependent layer must be kept as small as possible.28.Separation of policy and mechanism allows OS designers to implement asmall number of basic primitives in the kernel.These primitives are sim-plified,because they are not dependent of any specific policy.They can then be used to implement more complex mechanisms and policies at the user level.29.The conversions are straightforward:(a)A micro year is10−6×365×24×3600=31.536sec.(b)1000meters or1km.(c)There are240bytes,which is1,099,511,627,776bytes.(d)It is6×1024kg.SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER2PROBLEMS1.The transition from blocked to running is conceivable.Suppose that a processis blocked on I/O and the I/Ofinishes.If the CPU is otherwise idle,the proc-ess could go directly from blocked to running.The other missing transition, from ready to blocked,is impossible.A ready process cannot do I/O or any-thing else that might block it.Only a running process can block.PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER25 2.You could have a register containing a pointer to the current process tableentry.When I/O completed,the CPU would store the current machine state in the current process table entry.Then it would go to the interrupt vector for the interrupting device and fetch a pointer to another process table entry(the ser-vice procedure).This process would then be started up.3.Generally,high-level languages do not allow the kind of access to CPU hard-ware that is required.For instance,an interrupt handler may be required to enable and disable the interrupt servicing a particular device,or to manipulate data within a process’stack area.Also,interrupt service routines must exe-cute as rapidly as possible.4.There are several reasons for using a separate stack for the kernel.Two ofthem are as follows.First,you do not want the operating system to crash be-cause a poorly written user program does not allow for enough stack space.Second,if the kernel leaves stack data in a user program’s memory space upon return from a system call,a malicious user might be able to use this data tofind out information about other processes.5.If each job has50%I/O wait,then it will take20minutes to complete in theabsence of competition.If run sequentially,the second one willfinish40 minutes after thefirst one starts.With two jobs,the approximate CPU utiliza-tion is1−0.52.Thus each one gets0.375CPU minute per minute of real time.To accumulate10minutes of CPU time,a job must run for10/0.375 minutes,or about26.67minutes.Thus running sequentially the jobsfinish after40minutes,but running in parallel theyfinish after26.67minutes.6.It would be difficult,if not impossible,to keep thefile system consistent.Sup-pose that a client process sends a request to server process1to update afile.This process updates the cache entry in its memory.Shortly thereafter,anoth-er client process sends a request to server2to read thatfile.Unfortunately,if thefile is also cached there,server2,in its innocence,will return obsolete data.If thefirst process writes thefile through to the disk after caching it, and server2checks the disk on every read to see if its cached copy is up-to-date,the system can be made to work,but it is precisely all these disk ac-cesses that the caching system is trying to avoid.7.No.If a single-threaded process is blocked on the keyboard,it cannot fork.8.A worker thread will block when it has to read a Web page from the disk.Ifuser-level threads are being used,this action will block the entire process, destroying the value of multithreading.Thus it is essential that kernel threads are used to permit some threads to block without affecting the others.9.Yes.If the server is entirely CPU bound,there is no need to have multiplethreads.It just adds unnecessary complexity.As an example,consider a tele-phone directory assistance number(like555-1212)for an area with1million6PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER2people.If each(name,telephone number)record is,say,64characters,the entire database takes64megabytes,and can easily be kept in the server’s memory to provide fast lookup.10.When a thread is stopped,it has values in the registers.They must be saved,just as when the process is stopped the registers must be saved.Multipro-gramming threads is no different than multiprogramming processes,so each thread needs its own register save area.11.Threads in a process cooperate.They are not hostile to one another.If yield-ing is needed for the good of the application,then a thread will yield.After all,it is usually the same programmer who writes the code for all of them. er-level threads cannot be preempted by the clock unless the whole proc-ess’quantum has been used up.Kernel-level threads can be preempted indivi-dually.In the latter case,if a thread runs too long,the clock will interrupt the current process and thus the current thread.The kernel is free to pick a dif-ferent thread from the same process to run next if it so desires.13.In the single-threaded case,the cache hits take15msec and cache misses take90msec.The weighted average is2/3×15+1/3×90.Thus the mean re-quest takes40msec and the server can do25per second.For a multithreaded server,all the waiting for the disk is overlapped,so every request takes15 msec,and the server can handle662/3requests per second.14.The biggest advantage is the efficiency.No traps to the kernel are needed toswitch threads.The biggest disadvantage is that if one thread blocks,the en-tire process blocks.15.Yes,it can be done.After each call to pthread create,the main programcould do a pthread join to wait until the thread just created has exited before creating the next thread.16.The pointers are really necessary because the size of the global variable isunknown.It could be anything from a character to an array offloating-point numbers.If the value were stored,one would have to give the size to create global,which is all right,but what type should the second parameter of set global be,and what type should the value of read global be?17.It could happen that the runtime system is precisely at the point of blocking orunblocking a thread,and is busy manipulating the scheduling queues.This would be a very inopportune moment for the clock interrupt handler to begin inspecting those queues to see if it was time to do thread switching,since they might be in an inconsistent state.One solution is to set aflag when the run-time system is entered.The clock handler would see this and set its ownflag, then return.When the runtime systemfinished,it would check the clockflag, see that a clock interrupt occurred,and now run the clock handler.PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER27 18.Yes it is possible,but inefficient.A thread wanting to do a system callfirstsets an alarm timer,then does the call.If the call blocks,the timer returns control to the threads package.Of course,most of the time the call will not block,and the timer has to be cleared.Thus each system call that might block has to be executed as three system calls.If timers go off prematurely,all kinds of problems can develop.This is not an attractive way to build a threads package.19.The priority inversion problem occurs when a low-priority process is in itscritical region and suddenly a high-priority process becomes ready and is scheduled.If it uses busy waiting,it will run forever.With user-level threads,it cannot happen that a low-priority thread is suddenly preempted to allow a high-priority thread run.There is no preemption.With kernel-level threads this problem can arise.20.With round-robin scheduling it works.Sooner or later L will run,and eventu-ally it will leave its critical region.The point is,with priority scheduling,L never gets to run at all;with round robin,it gets a normal time slice periodi-cally,so it has the chance to leave its critical region.21.Each thread calls procedures on its own,so it must have its own stack for thelocal variables,return addresses,and so on.This is equally true for user-level threads as for kernel-level threads.22.Yes.The simulated computer could be multiprogrammed.For example,while process A is running,it reads out some shared variable.Then a simula-ted clock tick happens and process B runs.It also reads out the same vari-able.Then it adds1to the variable.When process A runs,if it also adds one to the variable,we have a race condition.23.Yes,it still works,but it still is busy waiting,of course.24.It certainly works with preemptive scheduling.In fact,it was designed forthat case.When scheduling is nonpreemptive,it might fail.Consider the case in which turn is initially0but process1runsfirst.It will just loop forever and never release the CPU.25.To do a semaphore operation,the operating systemfirst disables interrupts.Then it reads the value of the semaphore.If it is doing a down and the sema-phore is equal to zero,it puts the calling process on a list of blocked processes associated with the semaphore.If it is doing an up,it must check to see if any processes are blocked on the semaphore.If one or more processes are block-ed,one of them is removed from the list of blocked processes and made run-nable.When all these operations have been completed,interrupts can be enabled again.8PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER226.Associated with each counting semaphore are two binary semaphores,M,used for mutual exclusion,and B,used for blocking.Also associated with each counting semaphore is a counter that holds the number of up s minus the number of down s,and a list of processes blocked on that semaphore.To im-plement down,a processfirst gains exclusive access to the semaphores, counter,and list by doing a down on M.It then decrements the counter.If it is zero or more,it just does an up on M and exits.If M is negative,the proc-ess is put on the list of blocked processes.Then an up is done on M and a down is done on B to block the process.To implement up,first M is down ed to get mutual exclusion,and then the counter is incremented.If it is more than zero,no one was blocked,so all that needs to be done is to up M.If, however,the counter is now negative or zero,some process must be removed from the list.Finally,an up is done on B and M in that order.27.If the program operates in phases and neither process may enter the nextphase until both arefinished with the current phase,it makes perfect sense to use a barrier.28.With kernel threads,a thread can block on a semaphore and the kernel canrun some other thread in the same process.Consequently,there is no problem using semaphores.With user-level threads,when one thread blocks on a semaphore,the kernel thinks the entire process is blocked and does not run it ever again.Consequently,the process fails.29.It is very expensive to implement.Each time any variable that appears in apredicate on which some process is waiting changes,the run-time system must re-evaluate the predicate to see if the process can be unblocked.With the Hoare and Brinch Hansen monitors,processes can only be awakened on a signal primitive.30.The employees communicate by passing messages:orders,food,and bags inthis case.In UNIX terms,the four processes are connected by pipes.31.It does not lead to race conditions(nothing is ever lost),but it is effectivelybusy waiting.32.It will take nT sec.33.In simple cases it may be possible to determine whether I/O will be limitingby looking at source code.For instance a program that reads all its inputfiles into buffers at the start will probably not be I/O bound,but a problem that reads and writes incrementally to a number of differentfiles(such as a compi-ler)is likely to be I/O bound.If the operating system provides a facility such as the UNIX ps command that can tell you the amount of CPU time used by a program,you can compare this with the total time to complete execution of the program.This is,of course,most meaningful on a system where you are the only user.34.For multiple processes in a pipeline,the common parent could pass to the op-erating system information about the flow of data.With this information the OS could,for instance,determine which process could supply output to a process blocking on a call for input.35.The CPU efficiency is the useful CPU time divided by the total CPU time.When Q ≥T ,the basic cycle is for the process to run for T and undergo a process switch for S .Thus (a)and (b)have an efficiency of T /(S +T ).When the quantum is shorter than T ,each run of T will require T /Q process switches,wasting a time ST /Q .The efficiency here is thenT +ST /QT which reduces to Q /(Q +S ),which is the answer to (c).For (d),we just sub-stitute Q for S and find that the efficiency is 50%.Finally,for (e),as Q →0the efficiency goes to 0.36.Shortest job first is the way to minimize average response time.0<X ≤3:X ,3,5,6,9.3<X ≤5:3,X ,5,6,9.5<X ≤6:3,5,X ,6,9.6<X ≤9:3,5,6,X ,9.X >9:3,5,6,9,X.37.For round robin,during the first 10minutes each job gets 1/5of the CPU.Atthe end of 10minutes,C finishes.During the next 8minutes,each job gets 1/4of the CPU,after which time D finishes.Then each of the three remaining jobs gets 1/3of the CPU for 6minutes,until B finishes,and so on.The fin-ishing times for the five jobs are 10,18,24,28,and 30,for an average of 22minutes.For priority scheduling,B is run first.After 6minutes it is finished.The other jobs finish at 14,24,26,and 30,for an average of 18.8minutes.If the jobs run in the order A through E ,they finish at 10,16,18,22,and 30,for an average of 19.2minutes.Finally,shortest job first yields finishing times of 2,6,12,20,and 30,for an average of 14minutes.38.The first time it gets 1quantum.On succeeding runs it gets 2,4,8,and 15,soit must be swapped in 5times.39.A check could be made to see if the program was expecting input and didanything with it.A program that was not expecting input and did not process it would not get any special priority boost.40.The sequence of predictions is 40,30,35,and now 25.41.The fraction of the CPU used is35/50+20/100+10/200+x/250.To beschedulable,this must be less than1.Thus x must be less than12.5msec. 42.Two-level scheduling is needed when memory is too small to hold all theready processes.Some set of them is put into memory,and a choice is made from that set.From time to time,the set of in-core processes is adjusted.This algorithm is easy to implement and reasonably efficient,certainly a lot better than,say,round robin without regard to whether a process was in memory or not.43.Each voice call runs200times/second and uses up1msec per burst,so eachvoice call needs200msec per second or400msec for the two of them.The video runs25times a second and uses up20msec each time,for a total of 500msec per second.Together they consume900msec per second,so there is time left over and the system is schedulable.44.The kernel could schedule processes by any means it wishes,but within eachprocess it runs threads strictly in priority order.By letting the user process set the priority of its own threads,the user controls the policy but the kernel handles the mechanism.45.The change would mean that after a philosopher stopped eating,neither of hisneighbors could be chosen next.In fact,they would never be chosen.Sup-pose that philosopher2finished eating.He would run test for philosophers1 and3,and neither would be started,even though both were hungry and both forks were available.Similarly,if philosopher4finished eating,philosopher3 would not be started.Nothing would start him.46.If a philosopher blocks,neighbors can later see that she is hungry by checkinghis state,in test,so he can be awakened when the forks are available.47.Variation1:readers have priority.No writer may start when a reader is ac-tive.When a new reader appears,it may start immediately unless a writer is currently active.When a writerfinishes,if readers are waiting,they are all started,regardless of the presence of waiting writers.Variation2:Writers have priority.No reader may start when a writer is waiting.When the last ac-tive processfinishes,a writer is started,if there is one;otherwise,all the readers(if any)are started.Variation3:symmetric version.When a reader is active,new readers may start immediately.When a writerfinishes,a new writer has priority,if one is waiting.In other words,once we have started reading,we keep reading until there are no readers left.Similarly,once we have started writing,all pending writers are allowed to run.48.A possible shell script might beif[!–f numbers];then echo0>numbers;ficount=0while(test$count!=200)docount=‘expr$count+1‘n=‘tail–1numbers‘expr$n+1>>numbersdoneRun the script twice simultaneously,by starting it once in the background (using&)and again in the foreground.Then examine thefile numbers.It will probably start out looking like an orderly list of numbers,but at some point it will lose its orderliness,due to the race condition created by running two cop-ies of the script.The race can be avoided by having each copy of the script test for and set a lock on thefile before entering the critical area,and unlock-ing it upon leaving the critical area.This can be done like this:if ln numbers numbers.lockthenn=‘tail–1numbers‘expr$n+1>>numbersrm numbers.lockfiThis version will just skip a turn when thefile is inaccessible,variant solu-tions could put the process to sleep,do busy waiting,or count only loops in which the operation is successful.SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER3PROBLEMS1.It is an accident.The base register is16,384because the program happened tobe loaded at address16,384.It could have been loaded anywhere.The limit register is16,384because the program contains16,384bytes.It could have been any length.That the load address happens to exactly match the program length is pure coincidence.2.Almost the entire memory has to be copied,which requires each word to beread and then rewritten at a different location.Reading4bytes takes10nsec, so reading1byte takes2.5nsec and writing it takes another2.5nsec,for a total of5nsec per byte compacted.This is a rate of200,000,000bytes/sec.To copy128MB(227bytes,which is about1.34×108bytes),the computer needs227/200,000,000sec,which is about671msec.This number is slightly pessimistic because if the initial hole at the bottom of memory is k bytes, those k bytes do not need to be copied.However,if there are many holes andmany data segments,the holes will be small,so k will be small and the error in the calculation will also be small.3.The bitmap needs1bit per allocation unit.With227/n allocation units,this is224/n bytes.The linked list has227/216or211nodes,each of8bytes,for a total of214bytes.For small n,the linked list is better.For large n,the bitmap is better.The crossover point can be calculated by equating these two formu-las and solving for n.The result is1KB.For n smaller than1KB,a linked list is better.For n larger than1KB,a bitmap is better.Of course,the assumption of segments and holes alternating every64KB is very unrealistic.Also,we need n<=64KB if the segments and holes are64KB.4.Firstfit takes20KB,10KB,18KB.Bestfit takes12KB,10KB,and9KB.Worstfit takes20KB,18KB,and15KB.Nextfit takes20KB,18KB,and9 KB.5.For a4-KB page size the(page,offset)pairs are(4,3616),(8,0),and(14,2656).For an8-KB page size they are(2,3616),(4,0),and(7,2656).6.They built an MMU and inserted it between the8086and the bus.Thus all8086physical addresses went into the MMU as virtual addresses.The MMU then mapped them onto physical addresses,which went to the bus.7.(a)M has to be at least4,096to ensure a TLB miss for every access to an ele-ment of X.Since N only affects how many times X is accessed,any value of N will do.(b)M should still be atleast4,096to ensure a TLB miss for every access to anelement of X.But now N should be greater than64K to thrash the TLB, that is,X should exceed256KB.8.The total virtual address space for all the processes combined is nv,so thismuch storage is needed for pages.However,an amount r can be in RAM,so the amount of disk storage required is only nv−r.This amount is far more than is ever needed in practice because rarely will there be n processes ac-tually running and even more rarely will all of them need the maximum al-lowed virtual memory.9.The page table contains232/213entries,which is524,288.Loading the pagetable takes52msec.If a process gets100msec,this consists of52msec for loading the page table and48msec for running.Thus52%of the time is spent loading page tables.10.(a)We need one entry for each page,or224=16×1024×1024entries,sincethere are36=48−12bits in the page numberfield.。
chapter1_参考答案
1.计算机存储数据的基本单位是()A.bitB.ByteC.字D.字符2.多年来,人们习惯于以计算机主机所使用的主要元器件的发展进行分代,所谓第四代计算机使用的主要元器件是()A.电子管B.晶体管C.中小规模集成电路D.大规模和超大规模集成电路3.在计算机的不同发展阶段,操作系统最先出现在()A.第一代计算机B.第二代计算机C.第三代计算机D.第四代计算机4.运算器的主要功能是进行()A.只做加法B.逻辑运算C.算术运算和逻辑运算D.算术运算5.计算机硬件的五大基本构件包括运算器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备和()A.显示器B.控制器C.磁盘驱动器D.鼠标器6.关于冯.诺依曼计算机,下列说法正确的是()A.冯.诺依曼计算机的程序和数据是靠输入设备送入计算机的寄存器保存的B.冯.诺依曼计算机工作时是由数据流驱动控制流工作的C.冯.诺依曼计算机的基本特点可以用“存储程序”和“程序控制”高度概括D.随着计算机技术的发展,冯.诺依曼计算机目前已经被淘汰7.冯.诺依曼计算机的核心思想是(),冯.诺依曼计算机的工作特点是()(1) A.采用二进制 B.存储程序 C.并行计算 D.指令系统(2)A.堆栈操作 B.存储器按内容访问C.按地址访问并顺序执行指令D.多指令流单数据流8.一个完整的计算机系统包括()A.主机、键盘、显示器B.主机及外围设备C.系统软件与应用软件D.硬件系统与软件系统9.下列软件中,不属于系统软件的是()A.编译软件B.操作系统C.数据库管理系统D.C语言程序解析:计算机的软件分为系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件是为了计算机能正常、高效工件所配备的各种管理、监控和维护系统的程序及其有关资料。
系统软件主要包括如下几个方面:(1)操作系统软件,这是软件的核心(2)各种语言的解释程序和编译程序(如BASIC语言解释程序等)(3)各种服务性程序(如机器的调试、故障检查和诊断程序等)(4)各种数据库管理系统(FoxPro等)10.某单位的人事档案管理程序属于()A.工具软件B.应用软件C.系统软件D.字表处理软件11.下列选项中,描述浮点数操作速度的指标是()A.MIPSB.CPIC.IPCD.MFLOP12.半个世纪以来,对计算机发展的阶段有过多种描述。
chapter1-1概述
2.
要求 DL 合闸瞬间 U S 的应尽可能的小,其最大值应使 冲击电流不超过允许值. 最理想的情况是 U S 的值为零.
3.
并且希望并列后能顺利进入同步运行状态, 对电网无任 何扰动.
第一节
4.
概
述
)
理想条件为 U G , U X 的三个状态量全部相等.
(1) f G = f X , 频率相等 , (ω G = 2 π f G , ω X = 2 π f X ( 2) U G = U X , 即电压幅值相等 (3) δ e = 0,即相角差为零
这时并列合闸的冲击电流等于零,并且并列后发电机 G 与电网 立即进入同步运行,不发生任何扰动现象. 5. 三个条件很难同时满足.
第一节
(一)电压幅值差 并列时:①频率
概
述
fG = fX ;
②相角差 δ e 等于零; ③电压幅值不等:
则冲击电流最大值为:
式中
' i'hmax
=
1.8 2 (U G U x )
述
当发电机组与电网间进行有功功率交换时
发电机的电压 U G 超前电网电压 U x ,发电 机发出功率,则发电机将制动而减速.
U G 落后 U x 时,发电机吸收功率,则发电
机将加速.
第一节
三,自同期并列
概
述
未加励磁电流的发电机升速到接近于电网频率, ω s 不超过允许 值,且加速度小于某一给定值的条件下,先合并列断路器,接着 立刻合上励磁开关,给转子加上励磁电流,在发电机电动势逐 渐增长的过程中,由电力系统将并列的发电机组拉入同步运行. 自同期方式,在投入瞬间,不可避免地要引起冲击电流. 自同期并列方法现已很少采用
它们都是描述两电压矢量相对运动快慢的一组数据.
袁春风《计算机组成与系统结构》概要PPT课件
6
Chapter3 运算方法和运算部件
P104习题 2.(2)(3) 7.(1) 12
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
7
Chapter4 指令系统
4.1指令格式设计 4.2指令系统设计 • 寻址方式的定义及分类 • 扩展操作码编码,P115 例4.1
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
8
Chapter4 指令系统
8.3外部存储设备
8.4外设与CPU、主存的互联
• 总线及其分类
8.5 I/O接口
• I/O接口的定义
• I/O接口的通用结构(P318图8.15)
• I/O端口的定义及其编址方式
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
18
Chapter8 互联及输入输出组织
8.6 I/O数据传送控制方式 • 三种方式及其比较(P332-333) • 中断优先级的动态分配(P331例8.3)
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
14
Chapter7 存储器分层体系结构
7.6Cache • 程序访问的局部性及其分类 • Cache-主存系统的平均访问时间(P256中的
公式) • 三种映射方式 • 替换算法,特别是LRU • Cache的一致性问题(两种写操作)
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
15
Chapter7 存储器分层体系结构
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
12
Chapter6 指令流水线
P232习题 2(1)
2021/3/9
授课:XXX
13
Chapter7 存储器分层体系结构
7.1存储器概述 • 存储器的容量,如何由引脚图推出其容量。 • 图7.2存储器层次结构 7.2 半导体RAM • 存储器芯片的内部结构,P241图7.6 7.3存储芯片的扩展 • 三种扩展方式
操作系统 题库 判断题
第一章计算机系统概论1.操作系统类似于计算机硬件和人类用户之间的接口。
答案:T。
2.处理器的一个主要功能是与内存交换数据。
答案:T。
3.一般用户对系统程序无障碍,对应用程序有障碍。
答案:F4.数据寄存器一般是通用的,但可能局限于像浮点数运算这样的特定任务。
T5.程序状态字(PSW)通常包含条件码等状态信息。
条件码是由程序员为操作结果设置的位。
答案:F6.一个单一的指令需要的处理称为执行周期。
答案:F(称为指令周期)7.取到的指令通常被存放在指令寄存器中(IR)。
答案:T8.中断是系统模块暂停处理器正常处理过程所采用的一种机制。
答案:T9.为适应中断产生的情况,必须在指令周期中增加一个额外的读取阶段。
F10.在处理器控制控制例行的中断处理器之前,需要储存的最少信息有程序状态字和当前指令地址。
答案:F11.多中断的一个处理方法是在处理一个中断时禁止再发生中断。
答案:T12.多道程序设计允许处理器使用长时间等待的中断处理的空闲时间。
答案:T13.在两级存取优先级中,命中率定义为对较慢存储器的访问次数与对所有存储器访问次数的比值。
答案:F14.高速缓冲存储器的开发利用了局部性原理,即在处理器与主存储器之间提供一个容量小而快速的存储器。
T15.在高速缓冲存储器的设计中,块大小与高速缓冲存储器和主存储器间的数据交换单位有关。
答案:T16.可编程I/O的一个主要问题是,处理器必须等到I/O模块准备完毕,并且在等待的过程中必须反复不停的检查I/O模块的状态。
答案:T第二章操作系统概述1.操作系统是控制应用程序执行的程序,并充当应用程序和计算机硬件之间的接口。
(对)2.在多用户系统中,操作系统管理那些用作重要目的的资源。
(对)3.操作系统通常在它的专用O/S处理器上并行应用程序。
(错)4.操作系统演化的动力之一就是基本硬件技术的进步。
(对)5. 早期的计算机中没有操作系统,用户直接与硬件打交道。
(对)6 在一个批处理系统,“control is passed to a job”意味着处理器正在取指令和执行用户程序。
操作系统-精髓与设计原理 WILLIAM STALLINGS 课后答案
www.khd课a后答w案.网com
-2-
www.khd课后a答w案.网com
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Computer System Overview...............................................................4 Chapter 2 Operating System Overview...............................................................7 Chapter 3 Process Description and Control........................................................8 Chapter 5 Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization .................10 Chapter 6 Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation ..........................................17 Chapter 7 Memory Management .......................................................................20 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory ..................................................................................22 Chapter 9 Uniprocessor Scheduling...................................................................28 Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling ........................................32 Chapter 12 File Management ..............................................................................34
Linux常见命令使用方法
Linux常见命令使用方法Chapter 1 介绍Linux常见命令是指Linux操作系统中常用的一些命令,它们可以帮助用户在Linux系统上进行各种操作。
这些命令具有很强的专业性,对于Linux系统的管理者和开发人员来说是必不可少的工具。
本文将介绍一些常见的Linux命令及其使用方法,包括文件和目录操作、系统管理、软件安装和网络配置等方面的内容。
Chapter 2 文件和目录操作2.1 cd命令cd命令是Linux中进入目录的命令。
在Linux中,所有的文件和目录都是以根目录“/”为开始的。
如果想要进入某个目录,可以使用cd命令。
例如,如果想要进入主目录,可以使用以下命令:cd ~如果想要进入某个子目录,可以使用以下命令:cd 目录路径2.2 ls命令ls命令可以列出指定目录中的所有文件和子目录。
例如,如果要列出当前目录中的所有文件和子目录,可以使用以下命令:ls如果想要列出指定目录中的所有文件和子目录,可以使用以下命令:ls 目录路径2.3 mkdir命令mkdir命令可以创建新目录。
例如,如果想要在当前目录下创建一个名为“test”的目录,可以使用以下命令:mkdir test2.4 rm命令rm命令可以删除指定的文件或目录。
例如,如果要删除一个名为“example.txt”的文件,可以使用以下命令:rm example.txt如果想要删除整个目录及其子目录,可以使用以下命令:rm -rf 目录路径Chapter 3 系统管理3.1 su命令su命令可以用于切换用户,例如从普通用户切换到超级用户。
例如,如果要切换到超级用户,可以使用以下命令:su在输入密码后就可以切换到超级用户了。
3.2 sudo命令sudo命令可以用于在不切换用户的情况下执行超级用户身份的操作。
例如,如果要以超级用户身份执行apt-get install命令来安装软件,可以使用以下命令:sudo apt-get install 软件包名3.3 ps命令ps命令可以显示当前系统中正在运行的进程。
chapter1基本概念
C++和Java等语言与汇编语言有什么关系?
C++和Java等高级语言与汇编语言及机器语言之间是一对 多的关系。例如,一条简单的C++语句会被扩展成多条汇编语 言或者机器语言指令。
计算机科学系-汇编语言程序设计
9
高级语言与汇编、机器语言是一对多的关系 mov eax, Y add eax, 4
计算机科学系-汇编语言程序设计
12
1.5 虚拟机的概念
由机器语言编写的程序可以由计算机直接执行,每条指令都简 单到能够用相对较少的电子电路单元即可实现。我们称这种语 言为L0。 由于L0语言不符合人的思维习惯,而且要考虑到很多细节,程序 员使用L0语言编程非常困难,因此人们考虑创建某种更加易于 使用的语言L1来进行程序设计。 L1源程序的执行有两种方法: –编译方式:用特别设计的编译程序将整个L1源程序翻译成L0程序,生
第1章 基本概念
要点:
1. 为什么学?
2. 学什么?
3. 虚拟机的概念 4. 数据的表示方法 5. 布尔运算
计算机科学系-汇编语言程序设计
3
1.1 为什么学汇编
深入了解计算机体系结构和操作系统
在机器层次思考并处理程序设计中遇到的问题
在许多专业领域,汇编语言起主导作用:
–嵌入式系统
–游戏程序 –设备驱动程序
课程内容
第一章 基本概念 第二章 IA-32处理器体系结构 第三章 汇编语言基础 第四章 数据传送、寻址和算术运算 第五章 过程 第六章 条件处理 第七章 整数算术指令 第八章 高级过程 第九章 字符串和数组 第十章 结构和宏
课程简介
–教材:INTEL汇编语言程序设计(第五版) –学时:36(理论课)+ 12(上机课)
NCRE无纸化
⑧输入结束 密码
考试时间到, 锁住屏幕
输入延时密码
8
Chapter 1 无纸化考试系统概述
4、考试流程 (4)考试后(服务器)
统计 信息 ①备份 考生文 件夹 ②执行回收 ③显示回收情 况;确认考生 状态;
新系统无评分功能
④一致 性校验 及上报 处理
⑤上报数据
合并其它回收库
9
Chapter 2 软件安装
①考前下
载安装模 拟上机系 统。
②考前一天安装正式
考试系统,设置考场号、 导入BMK。(必须联系 考务管理员,确认该 BMK为最终上报库)
④
a.正常、零分
③正式考试
b.违纪舞弊 c.异常 d.续考
异常情况上报考试中心后,必须等考试中心回复成绩,然后合 并回收
⑤备份
、回收、 合并回收
⑥考试结束:
一致性校验、上 报处理 (
②设置考点 及考场参数
③导入报名 库,检查信 息是否有误
④设置批次, 启动考试
⑤显示当 前批次考 生信息
7
Chapter 1 无纸化考试系统概述
4、考试流程
(3)考试中(考试机)
①运行考 试系统
②登录(首次考试、 ③抽取相应科 二次登录、重新抽题) 目的试题
④开始考试 并计时
⑤考生作答
⑥考生交卷
⑦交卷处理
传统的管理系统
无纸化的回收等于传统的 评分+回收 注意:启动一批,备份一批,回收一批
16
Chapter 3 系统的使用
回收菜单
(1)当前批次成绩回收 将当前批次的考生成绩数据集中到回收库中。为了 考试数据的安全,要求每批次考试结束后应立即执行 当前批次成绩回收。
chapter1习题答案
chapter1习题答案一、名词解释1、芽孢:某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。
2、糖被:包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。
3、菌落:将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面,当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时,该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆,此即菌落。
4、基内菌丝:当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后,就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展,形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝5、孢囊:指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下,由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体,一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。
6、质粒:指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质,绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。
7、微生物:是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。
包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。
8、鞭毛:是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构,使细胞具有运动性。
9、菌落:将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面,经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。
10、放线菌:一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。
11、荚膜:有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质,这些粘液物质具有一定外形,相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面,称为荚膜。
二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。
2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖,少数种类进行芽殖。
3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。
4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。
5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分,分别为基体,钩形鞘,和鞭毛丝。
6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。
Chapter1 the development of computer
Chapter1 the development of computer(计算机的发展)以课件及音频为主。
附带音频的提问。
关于音频提问:1、2、3、4Chapter 1Computer Hardware FundamentalsIn this chapter, several topics on computer hardware fundamentals are discussed. Different hardware components of a computer are introduced in three sections: Central Processing Unit, RAM and ROM, and Input/Output systems.1 The Central Processing Unit:Learn about the central processing unit —one of the most important components of a computer’s hardware, which comprises the co ntrol unit and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)参考文章内容软件开发与应用专业“计算机专业英语”课程网上教学师资培训研讨会记录资料2004-12-23[电大在线]的录入员17 : 42说:大家好![四川电大]的张华8 : 38说:穆老师好啊![四川电大]的张华8 : 38说:会还没有开始吧?[四川电大]的张华8 : 39说:我先提个问题吧[四川电大]的张华8 : 40说:计算机相关专业的教学计划中,既有―计算机英语‖课程,[四川电大]的张华8 : 41说:又有一门―计算机英语‖课程,请问两门课程有什么不同?[四川电大]的张华8 : 41说:可不可以用同样的教材?[四川电大]的张华8 : 42说:请问两门课有什么区别?可否用一样的教材?[哈尔滨广播电视大学]的汪晓红8 : 47说:大家好!我是哈尔滨电大的汪晓红。
unix课后习题
第1章操作系统概述1、什么是操作系统?答:控制其他程序运行,管理系统资源并为用户提供操作界面的系统软件的集合。
2、操作系统有哪三种类型,他们之间有什么区别?答:单用户单进程、单用户多进程、多用户多进程。
第一个是操作系统在同一时间允许一个用户,同一时间只能运行一个进程。
3、对分时系统,给出一个清晰而准确的描述?答:多个用户分享使用一台JSJ,多个程序分时共享硬件和软件资源。
多路性、独占性、交互性和与时性。
4、目前典型操作系统的主要功能是什么?这些功能的基本用途是什么?答:功能,执行程序,程序的输入和输出操作进程间的通信,错误检测与报告,不同类型的文件操作,用户和安全管理。
5、分别列出字符用户界面和图形用户界面的一个优点和一个缺点?答:CUI执行效率高,外观不美观;GUI 便于使用,缺乏可扩展性。
6、分别列出字符用户界面和图形用户界面有什么不同?目前,在UNIX系统中最流行的图形用户界面是什么?它是由谁开发的?答:CUI通过输入命令来完成相关操作,GUI通过输入设备(如鼠标)来完成相关操作。
7、应用程序程序员接口(API)和应用程序用户接口(AUI)分别包括那些内容?答:AUI通过语言库和系统调用接口与操作系统内核联系在一起,应用软件构成了AUI,系统调用接口由一组为完成特定任务而执行内核代码的函数构成,语言库和系统调用接口构成API。
8、列出UNIX家族中常见的5种操作系统。
你现在使用的是哪一个UNIX系统?答:UNIX版本:AIX、BSD、FreeBSD、LINUX、system V。
第2章UNIX操作系统简史2、如果由你来设计POSIX标准,将包含那些内容?答:支持程序和命令互相兼容,易用性。
3、UNIX系统的前身是什么?UNIX与其前身最初在哪里,由谁开发的?答:前身是MULTICS,由Dennis Ritchie 和Ken Thompson在AT&T中研制。
第3章UNIX起步1、主存的作用是什么?答:主存用来存储正在运行的程序或进程。
计算机操作系统-Read
第二章主要内容
★进程的基本概念
★进程控制
★进程同步
★经典进程的同步问题
★管程机制
★进程通信
– 无交互能力
1.2 分时系统
• 原理:
– 时间片、轮流、暂停、快速响应、人机交互
• 特征:
– 多路性、独立性、及时性、交互性
• 实现关键
– 及时接收– 及时处理来自1.2 实时系统的特征
• 多路性 • 独立性 • 及时性 • 交互性 • 可靠性
第一章主要内容
★操作系统的目标和作用 ★操作系统的发展 ★操作系统的基本特征 ★操作系统的主要功能
例题-阅览室问题
• 同步信号量:S=100 • 互斥信号量:mutex=1 Begin L:P(S); P(mutex); 查找登记表,并置某座位为占用状态; V(mutex); 在座位上坐下阅览; P(mutex); 查登记表,并置某座位为空闲状态; V(mutex); V(S); goto L; End.
if S.value≤0 then wakeup(S,L)
2.3进程同步
• 信号量的应用
利用信号量实现前趋关系 P45页 例题
信号量的应用
• 实现前趋关系
S1 S2 S4 S3 S5 a,b,c,d,e,f,g:semaphore : = 0,…,0 begin S1;signal(a);signal(b);end;
Chapter6 Chapter7 Chapter8
设备管理
chapter1 概述
JAVA线程执行中被映射到实际的操作系统线程。
1.2Java的特点-动态
JAVA程序的基本组成单元--类是运行时 动态装载的。使 JAVA 可以动态地维护应用 系统及其支持类之间的一致性。
1.2Java的特点- 高性能
Java编译生成的字节码与机器代码 十分接近。 提供即时编译(Just In Time) 等 措施。
1995年 以James Gosling为首的编程小组在wicked. 网站 上发布了Java技术,Java语言的名字从"Oak"变为Java,Java 技术通过Sun world正式发布 1996年 第一次举办JavaOne 开发者大会 , JDK 1.0 软件发布 计算机深蓝色首次击败国际象棋大师Garry Kasparov
满足面向对象的封装要求;
支持继承;
通过抽象类与接口支持多态
1.2Java的特点-分布式
数据分布支持:
通过Java的URL类可以访问网上的各类信 息资源,访问方式完全类似于本地文件系统;
操作分布支持。
通过在3W页面中的小应用程序(Applet) 将计算从服务器分布至客户机,避免网络拥挤, 提高系统效率。
一门专业核心基础课
在计算机程序开发语言中,windows平台下Java和.net平分 秋色,但在非windows平台下,Java占据绝对的领导地位。 Java是计算机及其相关专业的核心基础课程,是软件工程师 应该真正掌握住的一门技术,尤其是在Web开发和移动开发 领域,Java已经成了事实上的企业应用标准。
1.2Java的特点-半编译,半解释
JAVA源程序
编译器 编译
字节码
解释器 解释执行
操作系统概念(英文)
September 2012
§1.2 Computer-System Organization
1.2.1 Computer-System Operation Fig. 1.2 A modern computer system
Commonly acknowledged classifications of OS PC/Desktop OS : Windows, Linux,Mac OS X Server OS : Unix, Linux, Windows NT Mainframe OS : Unix, Linux——open source!! Embedded OS : Vxworks, (Palm OS), (Symbian), (WinCE)/Windows Mobile/Phone, Android, iOS, embedded Linux (e.g. μcLinux)
September 2012 Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction 8
1.1.2 OS Concepts (cont.)
For OS definitions in other textbooks, refer to Appendix 1.B OS definitions
September 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction -
3
Fig.1.1-1 Components of a computer system
Application Software
操作系统课后习题答案(4~6章)
操作系统课后习题答案(4~6章)Chapter 41、存储管理主要研究的内容是:内存存储分配;地址再定位;存储保护;存储扩充的⽅法。
2、什么是虚拟存储器?实现虚存的物质基础是什么?虚存实际上是⼀个地址空间,它有OS产⽣的⼀个⽐内存容量⼤的多的“逻辑存储器”。
其物质基础是:⼀定容量的主存;⼤容量的辅存(外存)和地址变化机构(容量受计算机的地址位数限定)。
有3类虚存:分页式、分段式和段页式。
引⼊虚存的必要性:逻辑上扩充内存容量,实现⼩内存运⾏⼤作业的⽬的;可能性:其物质基础保证。
3、某页式管理系统,主存容量为64KB,分成16块,块号为0,1,2,3,4……,15。
设某作业有4页,其页号为0,1,2,3。
被分别装⼊主存的2,4,1,6块。
试问:(1)该作业的总长度是多少字节?(2)计算出该作业每⼀页在主存中的起始地址。
(3)若给出逻辑地址[0,100]、[1,50]、[2,0]、[3,60],请计算出相应的内存地址。
解:(1)每块的长度=64KB/16=4KB;因为块与页⾯⼤⼩相等,每页容量=4KB;故作业的总长度为:4KB*4=16KB。
(2)因为页号为0,1,2,31,6块中,即PMT为:所以,该作业的:第0页在内存中的起始地址为4K*2=8K;第1页在内存中的起始地址为4K*4=16K;第2页在内存中的起始地址为4K*1=4K;第3页在内存中的起始地址为4K*6=24K;(3)对应内存地址:逻辑地址[0,100]的内存地址为4K*2+100=8192+100=8292;逻辑地址[1,50]的内存地址为4K*4+50=16384+50=16434;逻辑地址[2,0]的内存地址为4K*1+0=4096;逻辑地址[3,60]的内存地址为4K*6+60=24K+60=24576+60=24636。
试回答:(1)给定段号和段内地址,完成地址变换过程。
(2)计算[0,430]、[1,10]、[2,500]、[3,400]的内存地址。
chapter1.嵌入式系统概述
ARM处理器
ARM Cortex-A系列处理器
Cortex-A 系列 ARM Cortex™-A 系列的应用型处理器可向托管丰富的操作
系统平台的设备和用户应用提供全方位的解决方案,包括超 低成本的手机、智能手机、移动计算平台、数字电视、机顶 盒、企业网络、打印机和服务器解决方案。高性能的 CortexA15、可伸缩的 Cortex-A9、经过市场验证的 Cortex-A8 处理 器以及高效的 Cortex-A7 和 Cortex-A5 处理器均共享同一体 系结构,因此具有完整的应用兼容性,支持传统的 ARM 、 Thumb® 指令集和新增的高性能紧凑型 Thumb-2 指令集。 Cortex-A15 和 Cortex-A7 都支持 ARMv7A 体系结构的扩展, 从而为大型物理地址访问和硬件虚拟化以及启用 big.LITTLE 处理的 AMBA4 ACE 一致性提供支持。 Cortex-A 处理器的应用示例
智能手机操作系统
BlackBerry OS Embedded Linux Access Linux Platform Android bada Firefox OS (project name: Boot to Gecko) Openmoko Linux OPhone MeeGo (from merger of Maemo & Moblin) Mobilinux MotoMagx Qt Extended Sailfish OS Tizen (earlier called LiMo Platform) webOS PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE iOS (a subset of Mac OS X) Palm OS Symbian platform (successor to Symbian OS) Windows Mobile (superseded by Windows Phone)
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
可以运行多个不同类型的操作系统(Windows,
MacOS,UNIX,Linux)
12
1.4 并行系统(paralel system)
这类系统有多个紧密通信的处理器 亦称为多处理器系统或紧耦合系统 紧耦合系统(tightly coupled system)- 处理器共享
计算机总线、内存、时钟;通信常通过共享内存的方 式来实现。 其主要优点:
操作系统概念
第一章:导论
本章主要内容
操作系统是什么? 大型机系统 桌面系统 多处理器系统 分布式系统 集群系统 实时系统
手持系统
功能迁移 计算环境
2
1.1 操作系统是什么?
操作系统是管理计算机硬件的程序,它还为应
用程序提供基础,并且充当计算机硬件和计算 机用户的中介。 操作系统的两大目标:
执行用户程序,并且更易于解决用户问题; 更便于使用计算机系统;
以一种有效的方式保用计算机硬件
3
计算机系统组成部分
Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices) Operating System - controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs) Users – (people, machines, other computers)
当OS执行完一条命令后,它将接收用户通过键 盘输入的下一条控制指令。
联机系统必须提供给用户访问数据和代码。
11
1.3 桌面系统
PC - 为单个用户服务的计算机系统 I/O设备 - 键盘,鼠标,显示器,打印机等 用户方便性和响应性
可以采用大型操作系统上的技术
通常人们都可以拥有一台计算机,从而CPU的 利用率也不再是主要问题。所以,有些大型机 OS的设计决策可能不再适用于小系统
19
1.7 实时系统(real-time system)
当对处理器操作或数据流动有严格时间要求时,就需要使用实时系统。通常用于 控制特定应用的设备。如控制科学实验,医疗成像系统,工业控制系统等等 实时系统有明确和固定的时间约束。 实时系统分为硬实时系统与软件实时系统两类 硬实时系统(hard real-time system)保证关键任务按时完成
23
18
不管分布式计算机如何改善,绝大多数系统并
不提供通用分布式文件系统。因此,绝大多数 集群不允许对磁盘上的数据进行共享访问。因 此,分布式文件系统必须提供对文件的访问控 制和加锁,以确保不出现互为矛盾的操作。这 种类型的服务通常称为分布式锁管理器 (distributed lock manager, DLM) 全球集群
21
1.9 操作系统概念与功能的变迁
1950 大型机 无软件 编译器 批处理 驻留监 控程序 小型机 无软件 1960 1970 MULTICS 分时 支持多用户 支持网络 UNIX 编译器 分时 多处理器 支持多用户 容错 支持网络 集群 UNIX 编译器 交互性 多处理器 支持多用户 支持网络 手持式计算机 无软件 UNIX 编译器 1980 分布式系统 多处理器 容错 1990 2000
驻留监 控程序 桌面计算机 无软件
交互性 支持网络
22
1.10 计算环境
传统计算 PC, 服务器, 有限的远程访问 基于Web的计算 C/S和Web服务,便捷的远程访问,不用关心服务器的 位置 嵌入式计算
嵌入式计算机是现在最为普遍的计算机,如汽车发动机、 VCR、微波炉等等 系统功能比较简单,没有高级功能(如虚拟内存和磁盘) 只有少量或没有用户接口
增加吞吐量(throughput) 经济节约 增加可靠性(在某些情况下)
功能退化(graceful degradation) 容错系统(fault tolerant)
流水线
13
非对称处理(Asymmetric multiprocessing)
每个处理器被赋予一个特定的任务,主处理器为从处理 器调度和安排工作。 类似于超大型系统 每个处理器都运行同一个操作系统的拷贝,这些拷贝需 要互相通信 许多处理器可能同时运行而性能上不会有多大损失 例如N个处理器理念上可以同时运行N个进程 许多现代操作系统支持SMP Windows NT、Solaris、Digital UNIX、OS/2、Linux等
对系统内所有延迟都有限制,包括从获取存储数据到要求操作系统完成任何操作 的请求。通常只有少量或根本没有使用任何类型的辅助存储器,数据通常存在短 期存储器或ROM中。 硬实时系统没有绝大多数高级操作系统的功能,这是因为这些功能常常将用户与 硬件分开,导致难以估计操作所需时间。因此,硬实时系统与分时操作系统的操 作相矛盾,两者不能混合使用。 关键实时任务的优先级要高于其他任务的优先级,且在完成之前能保持其高优先 级。与硬实时系统一样,需要限制操作系统内核的延迟:实时任务不能无休止地 等待内核来执行它。 可以与分时系统集成在一起 在那些需要快速响应时间的应用程序(如多媒体、虚拟现实)中是非常有用的。
软件实时系统(soft real-time system)
20
1.8 手持系统(handheld system)
个人数字助理(Personal Digital Assistants,
PDAs) 蜂窝电话(Cellular telephones) 存在的问题
内存有限(32M – 64M) 低速处理器(只有个人计算机处理器速度的几 分之一) 屏幕小(5英寸×3英寸)
6
1.2 大型机系统
通过作业批处理以减少安装时间 作业自动序列化 - 作业操作之间的自动衔接。
第一个基本的操作系统 常驻监控器
7
简单批处理系统的内存分布
操作系统
用户程序空间
8
多道程序批处理系统
同一时刻在内存中存在多道作业,这些作业以某种方
式共享CPU
0 操作系统 作业1 作业2
4
计算机系统组成部分的逻辑图
用户1 用户2 用户3 ... 用户n
编译器
汇编器
文本编辑器
...
数据库系统
系统程序与应用程序
操作系统 计算机硬件
5
操作系统定义
资源分配器-管理与分配资源 控制程序-控制用户程序的执行和输入输出设
备的操作 内核-一直运行在计算机上的程序(其他程序 则为应用程序)
14
对称处理(Symmetric multiprocessing, SMP)
对称多处理体系结构
CPU
CPU
...
CPU
内存
15
1.5 分布式系统(distributed system)
在若干个位于不同位置的处理器之间组成分布式计算 松耦合系统 (loosely coupled system) - 每个处理器都有自己
作业3
512 KB
作业4
9
多道程序所需的OS特性
系统提供I/O routine 内存管理 - 系统必须为作业分配内存 CPU调度 - 系统必须从就绪作业当中选择其
一运行 设备分配
10
分时系统 – 交互计算
CPU通过在作业之间的切换来执行多个位于内
存中或物理存储器上的作业(CPU只能分配给 那些在内存中的作业) 作业在内存与物理存储器之间来回交换(swap) 允许用户与系统之间的联机通信(交互)
通常用来提供高可用性(high availability) 非对称集群(asymmetric clustering): 一台机器处
于热备份模式(hot standby mode),而另一台运行 应用程序。热备份主机(机器)不做什么,只监视现 役服务器。如果该服务器失效,热备份主机会成为现 役服务器。 对称集群(symmetric clustering):两个或多个主机 都运行应用程序,它们互相监视。
16
客户 - 服务器系统的通用结构
...ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
客户机
客户机
客户机
客户机
服务器
17
1.6 集群系统(clustered system)
集群系统将多个CPU集中起来完成计算任务。然而,
集群系统与并行系统不同,它是由两个或多个独立的 系统耦合起来的。
通常接受的定义是集群复读机共享存储并通过LAN网络 紧密链接
的内存;处理器相互之间通过不同的通信线路进行通信,如高速 总线或电话线 优点 资源共享 计算速度提高 可靠性 通信 需要网络基础结构 局域网(local-area network, LAN) 或 广域网(wide-are network, WAN) 根据节点间的距离来划分 可以是C/S系统或端对端系统