管理学原理英文版——计划planning
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Guide daily activities
Of production and service
5 STEPS TO RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Defining the problem • 2. Establish and weight criteria • 3. Generate alternatives • 4. Evaluate alternatives • 5. Determine the best solution
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING
• 1. Top management develops strategic plans
Starts with firm’s
• Vision • Mission
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING, cont’d
• 2. Middle management
LIMITATIONS OF RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Bounded rationality • 2. Maximizing vs Satisficing
TECHNIQUES OF GROUP DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Nominal
• 2. Delphi
SOME DISADVANTAGES
• Some possible negatives of planning are
1. May produce a false sense of certainty 2. May inhibit change & adaptiveness 3. May be too abstract and detached from daily activity
MAKING A PLAN THAT WORKS
• There are several major parts to a good plan
1. Goal Setting 2. Goal commitment 3. Action plan -- steps and resources 4. Tracking systems 5. Staying flexible -- no plan is in concrete
• 3. Stepladder
• 4. Brainstorming
THE FUNCTION OF PLANNING
WHAT IS PLANNING?
• The definition of planning has two parts
1. Selecting a goal
2. Developing the strategy and tactics to achieve the ING
• Good planning can produce
1. Focus on goals 2. Direction of effort 3. Intensified effort 4. Persistence of effort 5. Creation of strategies and tactics
Tactical -- uses techniques and method that drive behavior 6 months to 2 years
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING, cont’d
• 3. Lower level managers develop
operational plans
Of production and service
5 STEPS TO RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Defining the problem • 2. Establish and weight criteria • 3. Generate alternatives • 4. Evaluate alternatives • 5. Determine the best solution
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING
• 1. Top management develops strategic plans
Starts with firm’s
• Vision • Mission
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING, cont’d
• 2. Middle management
LIMITATIONS OF RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Bounded rationality • 2. Maximizing vs Satisficing
TECHNIQUES OF GROUP DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Nominal
• 2. Delphi
SOME DISADVANTAGES
• Some possible negatives of planning are
1. May produce a false sense of certainty 2. May inhibit change & adaptiveness 3. May be too abstract and detached from daily activity
MAKING A PLAN THAT WORKS
• There are several major parts to a good plan
1. Goal Setting 2. Goal commitment 3. Action plan -- steps and resources 4. Tracking systems 5. Staying flexible -- no plan is in concrete
• 3. Stepladder
• 4. Brainstorming
THE FUNCTION OF PLANNING
WHAT IS PLANNING?
• The definition of planning has two parts
1. Selecting a goal
2. Developing the strategy and tactics to achieve the ING
• Good planning can produce
1. Focus on goals 2. Direction of effort 3. Intensified effort 4. Persistence of effort 5. Creation of strategies and tactics
Tactical -- uses techniques and method that drive behavior 6 months to 2 years
TOP TO BOTTOM PLANNING, cont’d
• 3. Lower level managers develop
operational plans