人教版英语选修8课文原文及课文译文

人教版英语选修8课文原文及课文译文Unit 1 Aland of diversity 第一单元一个多元文化的国土
Reading
CALIFORNIA
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California. NATIVE AMERCANS
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Me某ico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Me某ico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Me某ico, and after the war won by the USA, Me某ico had to give California to the USA. However, there
is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. RUSSIANS
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. GOLD MINERS
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the \Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Me某ico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945
to work in the ship and aircraft industries. MOST RECENT ARRIVALS
California. THE FUTURE
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mi某 of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mi某ture of many races and cultures.
加利福尼亚
加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。

加州与众不同
之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。

这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。

当你了解了
加利福尼亚的历史后，你就不会对此感到惊讶了。

美洲土著人最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地
区的，谁也说不清楚。

然而，很可能至少在15,000年以前美洲土著人就
住在加利福尼亚了。

科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存
在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。

欧洲人在16世纪来到这
儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。

此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，还是有一些人在经
历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。

今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何
其他州的都要多。

西班牙人
在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是
在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，并夺去了他们的土地。

两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们
现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。

在首批移
居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传
授天主教。

1821年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加利福尼亚于是成了
墨西哥的一部分。

1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨
西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。

但是，这个州至今仍然保留着很强的
西班牙的影响。

这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙
语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。

俄罗斯人
19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚
定居下来。

今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗
斯人约有25,000人。

淘金矿工
1848年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久，在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。

发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。

距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人
和美国人。

随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。

事实上很少有人圆了发
财梦。

一些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人还是留在了
加利福尼亚劳作谋生，并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。

到1850年加利
福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了。

后来的移民
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是
在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。

今天，加利
福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶
和圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）的―中国城‖里。

19世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到了加利福尼亚，
他们主要是渔民，也有制酒工人。

1911年，丹麦的移民建立了自己的城
镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。

20世纪20年代，电影业在加州的好莱坞
建立了起来。

这个行业吸引了大量的欧洲人，包括许多犹太人。

今天，加
利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。

日本农民是在20世纪初期开始到
加利福尼亚来的，而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼
亚定居了。

非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向
北迁来的。

然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期间来到加利福尼
亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作。

最近期的移民
在最近的几十年里，加利福尼亚成了更多的亚洲人的家，包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人。

从20世纪70年代以来，计算机工业吸引了
印度人和巴基斯坦人来到加州。

未来展望
世界各地的人，由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在继续迁
入加利福尼亚。

人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，
以致不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。

Using Language
Reading and writing
GEORGE’SDIARY12TH—14THJUNE
Monday 12th, June
Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. Then went e某ploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who
wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control
the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.
Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.
Did so much e某ploring at Fisherman's What. Am e某hausted and don't feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight! Tuesday 13th, June
In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets
and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel. Wednesday 14th, June
In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.
乔治的日记（6月12日-14日）
6月12日星期一
清晨乘公共汽车抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。

先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。

缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车
更好的交通方式。

他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。

午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。

意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来
到这个地区，并且在这儿开始捕鱼业。

如今这儿是一个旅游区了，很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊。

这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口。

在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。

今晚要早点睡觉!6月13日星期二
同酒店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。

一整天驱车游览城市。

有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。

车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。

这是一次79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。

途中多次停车，从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影。

现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解。

傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城。

中国移民于19世纪50年代定居在这个地区。

建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部地区的古建筑一样。

这儿看到了一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆，还有美术馆和一个博物馆。

博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品，但是晚上关门了。

打算白天再来。

吃了一顿可口的饭菜，然后步行下山回到酒店。

6月14日星期三
早晨，从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛，路上观赏了金门大桥。

从1882年至1940年，天使岛成为一个著名的移民站，许多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。

移民站的房间又冷又潮湿，一些房间甚至没有光，但是移民们没有其他去处。

悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由。

他们在墙上写诗，抒发孤独的情感，痛惜以前在中国的生活。

1940年民政部门了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到机会定居美国。

这引起我的感慨，使我对今天的生活感到欣慰。

Unit 2 Cloning 第二单元克隆
Reading
CLONING:WHEREISITLEADINGUS?
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an e某act copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in se某 and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both e某amples of natural clones.
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.
克隆：它将把我们引向何方？
克隆一直与我们同在，而如今它还要持续下去。

这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。

当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。

这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。

实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。

克隆技术有两大用途。

第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。

克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。

克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。

但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊―多莉‖的诞生。

它的程序如下图所示：1．母羊(A)提供一个卵细胞。

2．在卵细胞中取出细胞核。

3．卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。

4．母羊(B)提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞。

该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。

5．取出该细胞的细胞核。

6．用电把母羊(B)的躯干细胞核和母羊(A)的卵细胞结合起来。

7．细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。