初中英语中考复习资料大全

一般现在时
主要用于下面几情况：
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。

在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。

) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。

例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline 。

他们以养鸭为副业。

She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。

I cycle to work every day 。

我每天骑自行车上班。

It seldom rains here 。

这儿很少下雨。

2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。

这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。

例如：
He can speak five foreign languages 。

他能说五种外语。

That is a beautiful city 。

那是座美丽的城市。

Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长
的河流之一。

She majors in music 。

她主修音乐。

All my family love football 。

我全家人都喜欢足球。

My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。

3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。

顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。

例如：
The sun rises in the east 。

日出东方。

The earth goes around the sun 。

地球绕着太阳转。

Ten minus two is eight。

十减二等于八。

Light travels faster than sound 。

光的速度比声音的速度快。

The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。

4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。

例如：I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。

If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details。

如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。

用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。

一般过去时
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。

它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。

这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。

由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。

这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。

一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。

常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week , month , year , century , etc。

) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。

使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。

"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。

例如：He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。

--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out。

他刚刚出去。

一般将来时
概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常发生的动作。

一、常见的将来时间状语：
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year, before long,
in the future, some day(将来的某一天)，next year, next Sunday, soon,
in ten days(十天后) 等
二、一般将来时结构：
主语+ will (shall) + 动词原形~。

动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事
(所有人称都可以用will，shall只用于I, We 后面)
如：肯定式：They will finish the work next week.
否定式：They won’t finish the work next week.
疑问式：Will they finish the work next week?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (注意：不能用Yes, they’ll.)
特殊疑问句：How many books will you give us?
I’ll give you thirty books.
2. 主语+ be (am, is, are) going to + 动词原形~。

be going to, 表打算，准备计划将来干;表可能，有必然，通过现象来判断。

如：I’m going to see a film this evening. 今晚上我打算去看电影。

It’s going to rain. 天要下雨了。

We aren’t going to have any lessons next week. 我们下周不上课。

3. will/ shall 和be going to 结构的区别
(1) 对于事先经过考虑的打算、计划，应使用be going to 结构。

Why are you taking down all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.
(2) 对于事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，而是临时起意，则用will 结构。

常见于会话时，乙听了甲的话做出的反应。

Where is the telephone book? I’ll go and get it for you .
(3) 表示即将发生某事时，两者区别不大，多可互换。

What is going to happen? -----What will happen?
be going to 一般指较近的将来，will则表示较远的将来。

(4) 正式的通知等多用will.
4. 其他一般将来时表达结构：
(1) 少数几个动词如go, come, start, arrive等，当表示根据规定时间要发生的动作时，要用一般现在时来表示。

My train leaves at 6:30. 我乘的火车将在6：30开。

另外，时间、条件状语从句中，“主将从现”
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
He’ll go fishing if it is fine tomorrow.
(2) 现在进行时表将来。

go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return等表示动作的动词，可以用现在进行时表将来。

I’m going to the park with my parents on vacation.
(3) be about to + 动词原形, 表示即将发生的动作。

The concert is about to begin. 音乐会即将开始。

(4) be +动词不定式，表示安排或计划好的动作。

There is to be a sports meeting next week.
语法练习：
I. 用适当形式填空
1. It ______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
2. Betty _________ write to her grandma next week.
3. ________ you please give him this letter?
4. I ________ never do that again.
5. She has bought some cloth; she _____ make herself a dress.
6. ----Oh, what a heavy box! I can’t lift it.
----What! I _______ carry it for you.
China, wherever you _____(go), you_____(see) friendly people.
8. Lao Zhao has saved some money and he _____ (buy) a TV set.
9. The express from Beijing to Shanghai ______ at 8:45.
II. 单选
1 We _____go home until we finish the work.
A don’t
B won’t
C will
2 Tom _____ six years old next month. A will be B will is C is going to
3 Look at the clouds? It _____ rain. A is going B will be C is going to
4 We _____ go home until we finish the work.
A don’t
B won’t
C will
5 We must take the sick man to hospital. He ______.
A is dying
B is going to die
C will die
6 Could you tell me _______ the meeting.
A when shall we have
B when we would have
C when to have
7 I’ll talk to him when he______.
A come
B will come
C comes
D came
8 I don’t know if it______ tomorrow.
A rains
B will rain
C is rain
D is raining
9 There ______ a school three years ago.
A were
B use to have
C used to be
D will be
英语语法时态的几种转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。

但是，可用别的表达方式：
①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ago”的一般过去时的句型中；
②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；
③瞬间动词用于“It is+一段时间+since+一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been；
④瞬间动词用于“Sometime has passed since+一般过去时”的句型中。

请看：A。

He joined the League two years ago。

B。

He has been in the League for two years。

C。

It is two years since he joined the League。

D。

Two years has passed since he joined the League。

二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作），at school（上学、上课）等。

此短语可与进行时态转换。

请看：Peter is at work，but Mike is at play。

Peter is working，but Mike is playing。

三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go，come，leave，start，arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。

如：I am coming，Mum！意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
The train is leaving soon。

The train will leave soon。

四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will（shall）+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will（shall）+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。

在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。

请看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday。

We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday。

表示将来的五种非时态方式
1、“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。

如：She is to play Juliet。

她扮演朱丽叶。

You are to make the necessary changes。

你要做出必要的改变。

2、“be about to+不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。

如：
The package is about to come unwrapped。

那个包快散开了。

3、“be going+不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。

如：
We are going to call her this evening。

我们打算今晚给她打电话。

My sister’s going to have a baby this summer。

我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。

4、用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。

如：The students are leaving on Sunday。

学生们星期日出发。

We’re having a party next week。

我们下星期将开一个晚会。

5、用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。

如：We have
a holiday tomorrow。

我们明天放假。

The train leaves at 10：04 this evening。

火车今晚10：04分开。

must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。

2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day .You must be tired.
你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。

(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

比较：He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there。

他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it。

5) 否定推测用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。

(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。

(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。

但must 可用
于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday。

3)在否定结构中：don't have to表示"不必" mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn't tell him about it.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!
He might be at home。

注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。

只是可能性比may 小。

2) 成语：may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。

If that is the case, we may as well try。

典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet。

A. must
B. may
C. can
D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。

比较can 和be able to
1)can could 表示能力；可能(过去时用could)，
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。

be able to可以用于各种时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。

b. 情态动词后。

c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。

d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out。

= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out。

注意：could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't。

2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

比较so和such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。

such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。

so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj.such + a(n) + n。

so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl。

)
so + adj. + n. (pl。

) such +n. (pl。

)
so + adj. + n. [不可数]such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money.such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。

动词不定式
动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。

它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。

其构成形式为"to+动词原形"，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。

动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或
状语，构成动词不定式短语。

2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。

下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。

一、动词不定式作主语
1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.
A. to clean
B. cleaned
C. clean
D. cleans(甘肃省)
2. It's hard for us _________ English well.
A. learn
B. learns
C. to learn
D. learning(江西省)
3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。

It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)
4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.
A. for，of
B. of，for
C. to，for
D. of，to(安徽省)
Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take，to，build 4. B
[简析]动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。

常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式(4)中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。

二、动词不定式作宾语
1. He wants ______ some vegetables.
A. buy
B. buying
C. to buy
D. buys (山西省)
2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.
A. to bring
B. bringing
C. to take
D. taking (福建省)
3. He found it very difficult ______.
A. sleeping
B. sleeps
C. slept
D. to fall asleep (湖南省)
Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D
[简析]在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，seem，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。

如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。

三、动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.
A. help him
B. to help him with
C. to help with
D. helps him with (江苏省)
2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook
B. cooks
C. to cook
D. cooked (甘肃省)
Key： 1. B 2. C
[简析]不定式可以用作宾语补足语。

后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。

四、动词不定式作状语
1. She went ______ her teacher.
A. to see
B. looks
C. saw
D. seeing (江西省)
2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.
A. learn
B. learning
C. to learn
D. learns (四川省)
Key： 1. A 2. C
[简析]go，come，try，do / try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。

3. I'm sorry ______ that.
A. hears
B. hearing
C. hear
D. to hear (河北省)
4. I'm sorry ______ you.
A. trouble
B. to trouble
C. troubling
D. troubled (吉林省)
5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.
A. to meet
B. meet
C. met
D. meets (甘肃省)
Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A
[简析]"be +形容词+ to do sth"结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。

6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)
The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)
7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)
The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省)
Keys： 6. is，too，small，for 7. thick，for，to，skate，on
[简析]在上述"too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do…"(太……而不能……)和"enough (for sb) to do…"(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。

五、动词不定式作定语
1. Would you like something ______?
A. drink
B. drinking
C. to drink
D. drinks (湖北省)
2. I have a lot of homework ______.
A. do
B. doing
C. did
D. to do (河南省)
3. He is not an easy man ______.
A. get on
B. to get on
C. get on with
D. to get on with (山东省)
Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D
[简析]不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。

六、不带to的动词不定式
1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
A. to enter
B. enter
C. entering
D. entered (河南省)
2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.
A. to feel
B. feels
C. feeling
D. feel (吉林省)
3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.
A. not wake up him
B. not to wake up him
C. not wake him up
D. not to wake him up (陕西省)
4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.
A. do
B. doing
C. to do
D. did (贵州省)
Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
[简析]1.在see，watch，hear，feel等感官动词和make，have，let 等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。

2.在"had better"后面接不带to的不定式。

七、动词不定式的否定形式
1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue.
A. not to jump
B. to not jump
C. didn't jump
D. not jump (广西壮族自治区)
2. The old man told the child ______ noisy.
A. not be
B. not to be
C. to not be
D. be not (湖北省)
3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try
______ late.
A. have，not to be
B. have，not be
C. be，not to be
D. be，not be (内蒙古自治区)
Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C
[简析]动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.
八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别
1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.
A. to have
B. having
C. have
D. has (广西壮族自治区)
2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?
——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.
A. take
B. taking
C. to take
D. took (湖北省)
3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we?
——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters.
A. write
B. to write
C. writing
D. and write (湖北省)
4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)
Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking
[简析]一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下："stop to do sth"意为"停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事"，"stop doing sth"意为"
停止正在做的事"："remember to do sth"意为"记住去做某事"(事还未做)，"remember doing sth"意为"记得做过某事"(事已做)："go on to do sth"意为"接着做某事"(做完一事，接着做另一事)，"go on doing sth"意为"继续做某事"(一事未做完接着往下做)："forget to do sth"意为"忘了做某事"(事还未做)，"forget doing sth"意为"忘了曾做过某事"(事已做)。

5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head.
A. flies
B. flying
C. flew
D. to fly (福建省)
6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past.
A. happen
B. happens
C. happening
D. to happen (黑龙江省)
Key： 5. B 6. A
[简析]在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。

九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留
1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?
Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet?
A. I would
B. I would like
C. I like to
D. I'd like to (浙江省)
2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?
______. What time are we going to meet?
A. No, I can't
B. Yes, I'm glad
C. Yes, I'd love to
D. I'd like (大连市)
Keys： 1. D 2. C
[简析]在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。

这种用法常见于"be glad to"，"would like (love) to"，"have to"等结构中。

十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式
The new hospital ______ is near the factory.
A. build
B. builds
C. to build
D. to be built (青海省)
Key： D
[简析]当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词;如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词
比较and和or
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。

2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。

请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon。

There is no air and no water on the moon。

在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much。

A. and；and
B. and；but
C. or；but
D. or；and
答案C。

否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。

判断改错：
(错) We will die without air and water。

(错) We can't live without air or water。

(对) We will die without air or water。

(对) We can't live without air and water。

单词及词组分组辨析
1. clothes, cloth, clothing clothes 统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数，cloth 指布，为不可数名词clothing 服装的总称
指一件衣服用 a piece of, an article of
2. incident , accident
incident 指小事件, accident 指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount 后接不可数名词，number 后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
home 家，包括住处和家人，house 房子，住宅，family 家庭成员。

My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound 自然界各种各样的声音，voice 人的嗓音，noise 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo 用照相机拍摄的照片，picture 可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing 画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary 词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word 具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
population 人口，人数，people 具体的人China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
weather 一天内具体的天气状况，climate 长期的气候状况The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
road 具体的公路，马路，street 街道，path 小路，小径，way 道路，途径
take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course 课程(可包括多门科目)，subject 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
12. custom, habit
custom 传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do，habit 生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing.
I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason 用来解释某种现象或
结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise 运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises 练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习。

Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
作“课”解时，两者可以替换。

指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. Lesson 6; Class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的
较正式的演说，talk 日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture
学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on …
17. officer, official
officer 部队的军官，official 政府官员an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。

work 不可数，job 可数a good job。

19. couple, pair
couple 主要指人或动物，pair 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
country 侧重指版图，疆域，nation 指人民，国民，民族，state 侧重指政府，政体，land 国土，
国家The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook 厨师，cooker 厨具He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
damage 不可数名词，损害，损失; damages 复数形式，赔偿金$900 damages
23. police, policeman
police 警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察The police are questioning
everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
problem 常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question 常和疑问连系，
多和ask, answer 连用。

25. man, a man
man 人类，a man 一个男人Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken 还可以当鸡肉The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
当电报解时，telegram 指具体的，telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel 是最常用的，trip 指短期的旅途，journey 指稍长的旅途，voyage 指海上航行a three-day trip
29. sport, game
sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套
规则His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price 价格，prize 奖，奖品，奖金win the first prize The price is high/low
31. a number of, the number of a number of 许多，谓语动词用复数。

the number of …的数目，谓语动词用单数。

The number of
students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of 范围外的前面，in the front of 范围内的前面In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
of the day 每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day 暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
three of us 我们(不止三个)中的三个，the three of us 我们三个(就三个人)The three of us
--- Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus 表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus 表范围They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment 暂时，一时Thinking for
a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
next year 明年，将来时间状语，the next year 第二年，过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year 一年多，more than one year 超过一年(两年或三年等)
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice 征求意见，take the advice 接受忠告He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air 传播，走漏，take the air 到户外去，散步We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
in a word 总之，一句话，in words 口头上In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
in place of 代替，in the place of 在…地方A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret 秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语;in the secret 知道内情，知道秘密，
一般用作表语My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl 可泛指所有女孩, one girl 一个女孩Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair 相当于sit down 坐下，take the chair 开始开会
50. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of 管理，负责照料，in the charge of 由……照料He is in charge of the matter.
The matter is in the charge of her.
51. in class, in the class
in class 在课上，in the class 在班级里He is the best student in the class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire 着火, on the fire 在火上Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的
54. a second, the second
a second 又一，再一，the second 第……He won the second prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day 白天，by the day 按天计算The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people 指人，a people 指民族The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it 同一物体，one 同类不同一I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that 指代上文所提到的，this 导出下文所要说的I was ill. That's
why ….
59. none, nothing, no one
none 强调有多少，nothing, no one 强调有没有，nothing 指物，no one 指人
--- How many …/ How much …? --- None.
60. anyone, any one
anyone 指人，不能接of，any one 指人物均可，可接of any one of you
61. who, what who 指姓名或关系，what 指职业或地位What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what 的选择基础是无限制的，which 在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?。