射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献

射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
Shrouds of Time
The history of RFID
Introduction
Many things are hidden in the shrouds of time. The task of tracing history and genealogy is arduous and challenging, but, ultimately, rewarding. Our past can open doors to our future. Whether we realize it or not, RFID (radio frequency identification) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles, collecting tolls without stopping, managing traffic, gaining entrance to buildings, automating parking, controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports, dispensing goods, providing ski lift access, tracking library books, buying hamburgers, and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management.
One can trace the ancestry of RFID back to the beginning of time. Science and religion agree that in the first few moments of creation there was electromagnetic energy. "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light" (Genesis 1). Before light, everything was formless and empty. Before anything else, there was electromagnetic energy.
Scientific thinking summarizes the universe was created in an instant with a Big Bang. Scientists deduce all the four fundamental forces - gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces - were unified. The first form in the universe was electromagnetic energy. During the first few
seconds or so of the universe, protons, neutrons and electrons began formation when photons (the quantum element of electromagnetic energy) collided converting energy into mass. The electromagnetic remnant of the Big Bang survives today as a background microwave hiss.
Why is this important, you might wonder? This energy is the source of RFID. It would take more than 14 billion years or so before we came along, discovered how to
harness electromagnetic energy in the radio region, and to apply this knowledge to the development of RFID.
The Chinese were probably the first to observe and use magnetic fields in the form of lodestones in the first century BC. Scientific understanding progressed very slowly after that until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. And, one of the early and well known pioneers of electricity in the 18th Century was Benjamin Franklin.
The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. Michael Faraday, a noted English experimentalist, proposed in 1846 that both light and radio waves are part of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, published his theory on electromagnetic fields and concluded that electric and magnetic energy travel in transverse waves that propagate at a speed equal to that of light. Soon after in 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist, confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves), which he showed are long transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, and polarized
like light. Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.
In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same. The radio waves of Hertz, Popov and Marconi were made by spark gap which were suited for telegraphy or dots and dashes.
20th Century
In 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement signals the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled.
In the early 20th century, approximately 1922, was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and was critical to the success of the Allies. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting and
locating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar's significance was quickly
understood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.
Since RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.
Genesis of an Idea
There is an old adage that success has many fathers but failure is an orphan. The development of technology is messy. The potential for an infinite number of things is present, yet the broader human choices determine how technology evolves. There's no clear, text book perfect, or logical progression, and often developments ahead of their time are not recognized until later, if ever. So it was with the development of RFID.
An early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, "Communication by Means of Reflected Power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204, October 1948. Stockman stated then that "Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."
Thirty years would pass before Harry's vision would begin to reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development of communication networks, changes in ways of doing business. No small task. Like many things, timing is everything, and the success of RFID would have to wait a while.
A lot has happened in the 53 years since Harry Stockman's work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long-range transponder systems of "identification, friend or foe" (IFF) for aircraft. Developments of the 1950s include such works as F. L. Vernon's, "Application of the mic rowave homodyne", and D.B. Harris’, "Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder". The wheels of RFID development were turning.
The 1960's through the 1980s: RFID Becomes Reality
The 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R. F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers "Field measurements using active scatterers" and "Theory of loaded scatterers" in 1963-1964. Inventors
were busy with RFID related inventions such as Robert Richardson's "Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices" in 1963, Otto Rittenback's "Communication by radar beams" in 1969, J. H. V ogelman's "Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar beams" in 1968 and J. P. Vinding's "Interrogator-responder identification system" in 1967.
Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft. These types of systems are often use ‘1-bit’ tags –only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective anti-theft measures. These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID.
In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden among others. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman
"Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter" in 1975.
Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon's "Raytag" in 1973. RCA and Fairchild were active in their pursuits with Richard Klensch of RCA developing an "Electronic identification system" in 1975 and F. Sterzer of RCA developing an "Electronic license plate for motor vehicles" in 1977. Thomas Meyers and Ashley Leigh of Fairchild also developed a "Passive encoding microwave transponder" in 1978.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready for prime time.
The 1970's were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. Alfa
Laval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.
Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 which concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy.
About this time new companies began to surface, such as
Identronix, a spin-off from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and others of the Los Alamos team, myself being one of them, founded Amtech (later acquired by Intermec and recently sold to TransCore) in the 80s. By now, the number of companies, individuals and institutions working on RFID began to multiply. A positive sign. The potential for RFID was becoming obvious.
The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and to a lesser extent, for animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals, industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID.
In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.
The 1990's
The 1990's were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world's first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles could
pass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The world's first combined toll collection and traffic
management system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County T oll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using a system based on the Title 21 standard with readers that could also operate with the tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. The Georgia 400 would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with the new Title 21 tags as well as the existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.
In the Northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways of several toll authorities.
Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both Microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.
A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The Tiris system (and others such as from Mikron - now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, vehicle access, and many other applications.
Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA,
Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spin-offs of Combitech, Baumer and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.
Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.
With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas - Ft. Worth metroplex, a world's first was achieved when a single TollTag? on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport (one of the world's
busiest airports), the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages, as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.
Research and development didn't slow down during the 1990s since new technological developments would expand the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively-coupled RFID transponders. Companies active in this pursuit were IBM (the technology later acquired by Intermec) Micron, and Single Chip
Systems (SCS).
With the growing interest of RFID into the item management work and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!
Back to the future: The 21st Century
Exciting times await those of us committed to the pursuit of advancements in RFID. Its impact is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telematics and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But, the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate more RFID advancements.
As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" (Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.
时间护罩
RFID的历史
介绍
许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。

我们过去的门可以打开我们的未来。

无论我们是否意识到，但RFID（射频识别）是我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。

RFID提高了生产效率和便利。

RFID在众多领域的应
用，如防止汽车盗窃、收过路费、管理流量、获得对建筑物的入口、停车场自动化、控制车辆门控社区、企业园区和机场的访问、分配货物、提供滑雪缆车访问、跟踪图书馆的书籍、买汉堡包以及越来越多的机会，在供应链管理中跟踪资产财富。

回到刚开始的时候，人们可以追寻着RFID的祖先。

科学和宗教的认同，在最初的几个时刻，创造有电磁能量。

“神说，要有光，就有了光”（创世记1）。

因此，在空虚混沌的前方产生了电磁能量。

科学思维总结产生于宇宙诞生于大爆炸的瞬间。

科学家推断世界上拥有四种基本力：引力，电磁力，强和弱核力，即四力统一存在于宇宙中的第一种形式是电磁能量。

在最初的几年秒左右的宇宙开始形成，质子，中子和电子，光子（电磁能量的量子元素）相撞时的能量转换成质量。

电磁宇宙大爆炸的残余在今天成为一个微波背景的嘶嘶声。

为什么这很重要，你可能想知道吗？这种能量的来源是RFID技术。

这将需要超过14亿年左右的时间，我们才刚开始，发现了如何利用电磁能量的无线电区域，并运用这些知识来发展RFID。

中国很可能是首先观察到并利用磁场天然磁石的国家，在公元前一世纪就开始使用，但是进展十分缓慢，直到17世纪的才有了科学的认识。

从17世纪到19世纪，伴随着越来越多的数学相关的观测基地对电磁和光学观测，导致这方面的知识爆炸。

而且，电力在18世纪初期和众所周知的先驱之一本杰明·富兰克林。

标志着19世纪的根本理解的电磁能量。

著名的英国实验者迈克尔·法拉第
于1846年提出的光波和无线电波是电磁能量的一部分。

1864年，苏格兰物理学家詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦电磁场上发表了他的理论，并得出结论，电场和磁场的能量横波传播的速度等于光速旅行。

海因里希·鲁道夫·赫兹，德国物理学家，在1887年后不久，证实了麦克斯韦的电磁理论，并生产和研究电磁波（无线电波）。

赫兹为第一个发送和接收无线电波的人，俄罗斯的亚历山大·波波夫紧随其后。

1896年，马可尼成功地展示了横跨大西洋的无线电报传输，改变
了世界。

赫兹，波波夫和马可尼的无线电波进行点和破折号的发送。

20世纪
1906年，恩斯特前锋亚历山德森展示了第一款连续波（CW）无线电的无线电信号的产生和传输。

此实现信号的开头的现代无线电通信，其中无线电波控制其中的各个方面。

在20世纪初，约1922年，被认为是雷达的诞生的时间。

雷达洛斯阿拉莫斯科学实验室作为曼哈顿计划在二战期间有了重大技术的发展，对盟军的成功是至关重要的。

雷达发出无线电波的检测和对物体位置的无线电波的反射。

这种反射可确定一个对象的位置和速度。

军事雷达的意义很快就被理解，所以很多早期的发展笼罩在秘密。

由于RFID是无线电广播技术和雷达的结合，它是衔接这两个单独的学科，但RFID的想法并不令人意外。

一个观念的起源
有一个古老的格言，成功有许多父亲，但失败是一个孤儿。

技术的发展是凌乱的。

拥有巨大的潜力，更广泛的让人确定技术演变方向。

人们一直不承认，直到后来，找到了明确的证据，人们才承认这一事实。

课本上的知识是完美或说是合乎逻辑发展，而且往往将技术发展的时间提前。

探索RFID是由哈里·斯托克曼，里程碑式的论文“利用反射功率的通信”开始的，他表示，“很明显，还有许多工作开发工作和大量的研究需要做，之前遗留在反射电力通信中的基本问题解决，并可以开始在应用领域的探索。

”
三十年之前，能通过哈里的研究达到修成正果。

其他方面的也需要发展，例如：晶体管，集成电路，微处理器，通信网络的发展和商业格局的变化。

这是一个不小的任务和许多事情一样，时机就是一切。

因此RFID的成功将不得不等待一段时间。

自哈里·斯托克曼的研究之后发生了很多事情。

20世纪50年代是探索RFID 技术就像在20世纪30年代和40年代的无线电和雷达技术发展的时代。

世界探讨一些RFID相关技术，如远程飞机“识别朋友或敌人”（IFF）转发器系统。

在
20世纪50年代的技术发展，包括佛罗里达州弗农的“应用微波
零差”和DB哈里斯的研究“无线传输系统的调制的无源应答器”。

导致RFID发展的车轮再次转动。

1960年到20世纪80年代：RFID成为现实。

20世纪60年代到20世纪70年代是RFID爆炸的前奏。

在963-1964年RF 哈灵顿研究RFID相关的论文“使用主动散射体”和“装散射理论”中的电磁理论在进行实地测量。

世界上出现了与许多RFID 技术相关的发明，如1963年罗伯特·理查森的“远程激活的无线电频率供电装置”，1969年奥托Rittenback的“通信雷达梁”，1968年JH V ogelman的“利用雷达波束被动式数据传输技术”和1967年JP Vinding的“读写器应答识别系统”。

接着商业活动在20世纪60年代开始。

Sensormatic和Checkpoint成立于20世纪60年代后期。

这些公司，开发的电子物品监控（EAS）设备反盗窃，其他如Knogo，。

这些类型的系统往往采用与'1位'标签- 只可检测到的标记的存在或不存在，而且可以作出标记，是廉价且有效的防盗措施。

这些类型的系统使用，也关系到微波或电感的技术。

EAS可以说是最普遍的商业使用RFID。

在20世纪70年代，发明家，企业，学术机构，和政府实验室工作积极开发RFID，因此此项技术有显着的进步。

特别是研究实验室和学术机构，如洛斯阿拉莫斯科学实验室，西北大学（Northwestern University），以及微波研究所基金会在瑞典的出现等等。

早期的重要发展是在1975年的洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室由阿尔弗雷德Koelle的，史蒂芬·德普和罗伯特Freyman提出的“遥测使用调制散射的短距离无线通信”的电子识别。

大公司也开始开发RFID技术，比如雷神公司在1973年开发的“Raytag”。

在1975 年RCA和飞兆半导体则活跃的在与理查德Klensch RCA开发的“电子识别系统”，在1977年F. Sterzer RCA开发的电子车牌。

托马斯·迈尔斯和阿什利·雷飞兆半导体还在1978年开发出“被动编码微波转发”。

纽约和新泽西港口管理局还测试由通用电气，西屋电气，飞利浦和Glenayre 公司的建造系统，结果证明是有利的。

但第一个成功的应
用RFID技术的商业运用是电子停车收费系统。

1970年的主要任务是技术继续发展。

主要用于动物跟踪，车辆跟踪和工厂自动化。

在洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室主要开发动物标记，微波系统和欧洲的感应系统。

阿法拉伐Nedap公司，和其他人开发的RFID系统用于运输工作包括在洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室，国际桥梁收费公路和隧道协会（IBTTA）和美国联邦公路管理局的主要工作。

后者在1973年主办会议的结论在制定标准的电子车辆识别方面国家是没有利益，。

这是一个重要的决定，因为RFID技术还处于起步阶。