大三英语课件-Lesson 2(ppt模板)
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The Greek philosopher Theophrastus (377-
288 B.C.) published the first horticulture text book “Historia Plantarum”. In this text, plants are grouped together based on life span, growth habit, retention of leaves, and other traits
Roses
Chrysanthemum
Pansy
Limitations of these classification systems
Classifications are very subjective
Based on your perspective, a hazel (榛树) shrub can be regarded as a source of nuts, an ornamental landscape shrub, or a weed. What is grown as an annual in one region is classified as a perennial elsewhere Plants that are considered hardy in Florida or Georgia are considered tender in Indiana.
Limitations of these classification systems
These classifications are not understood
throughout the world, in different languages or across cultures Common names can be confusing
Industrial plants
Provide raw materials for industrial use
Oils from oil palm or jojoba Fibers from flax or hemp
Palm
Flax
Hemp
Jojoba
Classification based on usage
Classification based on usage
Other culinary uses include:
Nuts (hard seeded fruits) Herbs (fresh or dried vegetative tissue) Spices (dried fruit or bark) Beverages (tea and coffee)
Medicinal plants
Source of pharmaceuticals, e.g. digitalis (洋地 黄) from foxglove (毛地黄), taxol (紫杉酚) from a yew
Foxglove Yew
Classification based on usage
Deciduous plants
Shed leaves for part of the year
Evergreens
Never without leaves
They still shed leaves or needles after new organs are formed
Classification based on environmental adaptation
Lesson 2
The Classification of Horticultural Plants
Objectives of today’s lecture
Learn some common terms used to
group plants
Learn the scientific protocols used to
Ornamental uses
Ivy fruits
Nursery crops, e.g. trees and shrubs Ground covers, e.g. ivy and pachysandra Bedding plants, petunias and pansies Pachysandra terminalis Foliage plants, for indoor decoration Pot crops, e.g. poinsettia and chrysanthemum Floriculture crops, e.g. roses and carnations
Classification based on growth habit
Vines Climbing or trailing plants that require support, e.g. grapes, wisteria(柴藤), clematis(铁线莲)
Classification based on growth habit
Annuals
Plants that complete their life cycle (from seed to seed) in 1 year, e.g. (=exempli gratia) petunia, peas
Pea flower
petunia
Classification based on life cycle
Tomatoes and poinsettias are grown in the US as annuals, but in S. America they grow as perennials
Poinsettias
Classification based on growth habit
Normally applied to perennial plants Woody plants
Common universal designation Based on international convention Uses Latin, a “dead” language that will not change
All organisms are divided into a series of categories called “taxa”
Have persistent vegetative structure, e.g. trees and shrubs
Classification based on growth habit
Herbaceous perennials Do not have woody structure and vegetation does not persist, e.g. daylily, hosta
Same name used to describe different plants Different names to describe the same
Scientific classification system
Advantage of this system include:
Forsythia
Maple
Daylily
tulips
Classification based on life cycle
Note that many biennials and perennials are grown as
annuals
Root crops such as carrots and beets are grown and harvested in one season before they flower
Hollyhocks 蜀葵
Carrot
Classification based on life cycle
perennials
Plants that persist for more than two seasons and do not die after flowering, e.g. maple, forsythia, tulips, daylily
Classification based on environmental adaptation
Requirement foc plants, which live in water Xerophytes, which require very little water Halophytes are adapted to salty conditions Acidophytes require acid soils, e.g. rhododendrons Metallophytes require high levels of specific metals
name plants so they can be universally recognized
Learn about the terminology used to
distinguish plants within a species
Categorizing plants is an ancient practice
Convenient to group plants together based on
common characteristics
Life cycle Growth habit Environmental adaptation End use or function
Classification based on life cycle
temperature
Hardy, tolerant of low temperatures Tender, unable to survive low temperatures Warm season crops, e.g. corn, beans, melon Cool season crops, e.g. lettuce, peas, broccoli
Many of these characteristics are still used
to classify plants
Categorizing plants
Thousands of plants are used today in
various areas of horticulture
Soil conditions
Classification based on usage
Edible plants
Fruits (dessert or snack) Vegetables (savory) Note that this classification differs from the botanical definition of a fruit. The strict botanical definition of a fruit is a structure that develops from the ovary in a flower. Using this definition, a tomato is a fruit while a strawberry is not.
Biennials
Plants that require all or part of two growing seasons; vegetative growth in the first year, followed by overwintering (low temperature); biennials flower in the second growing season, e.g. hollyhocks, carrot
288 B.C.) published the first horticulture text book “Historia Plantarum”. In this text, plants are grouped together based on life span, growth habit, retention of leaves, and other traits
Roses
Chrysanthemum
Pansy
Limitations of these classification systems
Classifications are very subjective
Based on your perspective, a hazel (榛树) shrub can be regarded as a source of nuts, an ornamental landscape shrub, or a weed. What is grown as an annual in one region is classified as a perennial elsewhere Plants that are considered hardy in Florida or Georgia are considered tender in Indiana.
Limitations of these classification systems
These classifications are not understood
throughout the world, in different languages or across cultures Common names can be confusing
Industrial plants
Provide raw materials for industrial use
Oils from oil palm or jojoba Fibers from flax or hemp
Palm
Flax
Hemp
Jojoba
Classification based on usage
Classification based on usage
Other culinary uses include:
Nuts (hard seeded fruits) Herbs (fresh or dried vegetative tissue) Spices (dried fruit or bark) Beverages (tea and coffee)
Medicinal plants
Source of pharmaceuticals, e.g. digitalis (洋地 黄) from foxglove (毛地黄), taxol (紫杉酚) from a yew
Foxglove Yew
Classification based on usage
Deciduous plants
Shed leaves for part of the year
Evergreens
Never without leaves
They still shed leaves or needles after new organs are formed
Classification based on environmental adaptation
Lesson 2
The Classification of Horticultural Plants
Objectives of today’s lecture
Learn some common terms used to
group plants
Learn the scientific protocols used to
Ornamental uses
Ivy fruits
Nursery crops, e.g. trees and shrubs Ground covers, e.g. ivy and pachysandra Bedding plants, petunias and pansies Pachysandra terminalis Foliage plants, for indoor decoration Pot crops, e.g. poinsettia and chrysanthemum Floriculture crops, e.g. roses and carnations
Classification based on growth habit
Vines Climbing or trailing plants that require support, e.g. grapes, wisteria(柴藤), clematis(铁线莲)
Classification based on growth habit
Annuals
Plants that complete their life cycle (from seed to seed) in 1 year, e.g. (=exempli gratia) petunia, peas
Pea flower
petunia
Classification based on life cycle
Tomatoes and poinsettias are grown in the US as annuals, but in S. America they grow as perennials
Poinsettias
Classification based on growth habit
Normally applied to perennial plants Woody plants
Common universal designation Based on international convention Uses Latin, a “dead” language that will not change
All organisms are divided into a series of categories called “taxa”
Have persistent vegetative structure, e.g. trees and shrubs
Classification based on growth habit
Herbaceous perennials Do not have woody structure and vegetation does not persist, e.g. daylily, hosta
Same name used to describe different plants Different names to describe the same
Scientific classification system
Advantage of this system include:
Forsythia
Maple
Daylily
tulips
Classification based on life cycle
Note that many biennials and perennials are grown as
annuals
Root crops such as carrots and beets are grown and harvested in one season before they flower
Hollyhocks 蜀葵
Carrot
Classification based on life cycle
perennials
Plants that persist for more than two seasons and do not die after flowering, e.g. maple, forsythia, tulips, daylily
Classification based on environmental adaptation
Requirement foc plants, which live in water Xerophytes, which require very little water Halophytes are adapted to salty conditions Acidophytes require acid soils, e.g. rhododendrons Metallophytes require high levels of specific metals
name plants so they can be universally recognized
Learn about the terminology used to
distinguish plants within a species
Categorizing plants is an ancient practice
Convenient to group plants together based on
common characteristics
Life cycle Growth habit Environmental adaptation End use or function
Classification based on life cycle
temperature
Hardy, tolerant of low temperatures Tender, unable to survive low temperatures Warm season crops, e.g. corn, beans, melon Cool season crops, e.g. lettuce, peas, broccoli
Many of these characteristics are still used
to classify plants
Categorizing plants
Thousands of plants are used today in
various areas of horticulture
Soil conditions
Classification based on usage
Edible plants
Fruits (dessert or snack) Vegetables (savory) Note that this classification differs from the botanical definition of a fruit. The strict botanical definition of a fruit is a structure that develops from the ovary in a flower. Using this definition, a tomato is a fruit while a strawberry is not.
Biennials
Plants that require all or part of two growing seasons; vegetative growth in the first year, followed by overwintering (low temperature); biennials flower in the second growing season, e.g. hollyhocks, carrot