高频issue提纲

高频issue提纲
50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."
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50 同意
1、教师可以根据社会需要设计课程，使教学内容更贴近工作需要
Journalism
2、学生可以进一步明确所学内容在社会生活与工作中如何发挥作用，明确学习目标和方法Instructional Design
3、但过分强调兼职会阻碍学术的前瞻性
Atificial Intelligence
ISSUE50
为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。

1 首先这样会使教员分心，有可能面外的工作占用很多精力，而忽略了教学任务，这样反而会降低教学质量。

比如，现在计算机行业很热门，有很多计算机系的老师在外面的公司兼职做项目，导致上课质量下降，很多只是应付任务。

（可以举自己身边的例子）
2 有些学科发展很快，确实需要多了解外面的发展，但也不一定非要让教员出去工作，因为还有很多渠道的，比如参加学术讨论会议、通过网络了解最新动态等等。

3 此外，有些学科，比如基础研究学科数学、物理的发展是需要在实验室里的，不需要到外面工作，且短期内这些都不会有太大变化，这些老师更不需要必须花时间去外面工作。

50. "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions
relevant to the courses they teach." [27]
50. 为了提高大学的教学质量，（学校）应该要求所有的教员花一定时间到（学校）这个学术世界之外，在与他们教授的课程相关的职位工作。

1、让应用学科的人参与实际工作好：首先，能够激发研究人员的兴趣，并扩宽他们的视野，了
解到最前沿的发展趋势。

其次，可以帮助学生更了解书本知识实际的应用，让学生对书本知识产生兴趣，并为一部分学生未来参加到实际工作中做准备；
2、最后让教授和其他研究人员的理论成果更快和更好的转化成实际的产品，并促进各个学术和
应用领域的公司还有学校的合作，不光有利于学生了解最前沿的科技，还可以为学校带来足够的资金
3、另一方面，对于纯学术领域的工作人员没有必要强迫他们到应用领域工作。

首先，没有实际
的位置适合他们；其次，这些学科需要的是学术成果，而不是实际成果，因此应当让这些人专注学术
50. 大学教员应该出去工作
一、不同意。

学校focus on academic research而不是initiate working experience，除去工作会使老师分心，即使在应用学科也只需保持perceptive
二、大学职能University is a place for its faculties to explore the unknown academic
world heart and soul.
1．During the 19th century..
2. 学生到大学是为了理论知识theoretical knowledge& edification，工作经验踏入社会就可以学到
三、work outside also distracts faculties from academic research, the principal field of honor in college and university.
1．研究的难处。

2．出去工作只能带来venality in business and so-called practicality H．Davy
3．有人说出去工作得到newest的信息，其实正好相反，学术界是最前沿的，外界的应用都使学术的成熟fruits
四、It is also specious that in more applied fields, where interaction with outside world is required, faculties should go out to acquire inspiration.
1．尽管像经济、管理combine with ever changing circumstance outside
2．但跟出去工作是两码事，通过电视、网络，只要教授positive, perceptive
50T "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." 50．为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作Though I fundamentally agree that most of the faculty in the universities should have the experience to participate the employment or real works outside the academic world, it is unwarranted to expand this broad assertion to embrace the all faculty in the college. Therefore, my contention toward this opinion is that it is necessary to inspire the researchers concerning the practical discipline to spend time outside the academic world, while, for those who work in the pure theoretical field, it is meaningless to compel them to gain the experience in the practical work. 从老师和学生两个角度谈
①开阔视野、了解前沿发展趋势；研究成果更快(by leaps and bounds)转化为科技产品。

如：IT
②提高学生学习兴趣；help students who are serious about
pursuing a career in that
field to make more informed career decisions如：管理学management
To some academic area such as engineering, faculty members should be encouraged to work outside for some time in order to better orient instruction to students for future career
③有的并没有合适岗位，in certain academic areas, there is no profession to speak of
outside academia(学术界、学术环境)如pure theoretical field including mathematics, philosophy；有时会浪费时间distracting them from the research and instruction work they should concentrate on如：public administration
130"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
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130 同意孩子的社会交往能力培养对未来社会发展有深远影响
learning to be part of society: the process involved when young children are becoming aware of society and learning how they are expected to behave
1、全球化趋势下，人际交往在社会发展中越来越占有重要地位，学生交往能力的培养影响今后发展
合作科学研究、合作保护环境、合作研究public health；经济贸易合作；对合作能力有高要求如果学生达不到，会影响社会发展速度与方向
2、教育确实有待改进；学校教育对交往能力培养（包括技能、态度、方法）不够重视，过于看重reasoning logical thinking grades 学生合作交流意识与能力不强，家庭教育也有问题，只关注和鼓励自己的孩子获胜，不强调互助合作交流
3、光有社会化不足以带来better society，还要强调个性培养，
有strong conviction and belief
不仅仅根据社会的要求behave,还要有创新精神与坚定信念Mahatma Gandhi Martin Luther King
用于提出社会应有而还没有的东西
130. 今天的孩子社会化的方式决定了社会的明天。

遗憾的是，我们还不知道如何去培养这些能有助于带来一个更好社会的孩子们。

a) 儿童的社会化对于社会的未来很重要，儿童的社会化培养了儿童生活自理能力，基本
的知识与技能，为价值观，道德的形成奠定了基础。

比如孩子在游戏总表现出来的勇
敢，领导，协作，诚实，与通过。

如果人们由于不当的社会化导致了antisocial，未
来对社会只会造成危害
b) 但是社会的未来不仅仅决定与儿童的社会化，还有许多其他因素，卓越的领导人改变
了社会的命运，Mahatma Gandhi改变了印度社会的命运，但是他的成功源自内心对
自由的信仰，而不是来自出身印度上流社会的社会化。

罗斯福Roosevelt虽然从小受
残疾的影响没有很好的socially developed，性格也古怪。

但是依靠New Deal给美
国社会注入了强大的动力。

c) 现实的证据证明我们也掌握了很多进行儿童社会化的手段和方法，否则今天社会那些
取得的卓越成就从哪里来。

今天社会greater tolerance of differing viewpoints
and people who are different from ourselves, 尊重和保护individual rights,
and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, 都是由the
most recent half-century创造的.今天的社会更加尊重妇女的权利，对黑人的歧视
越来越少。

社会对处在失业的，helpless的人给予更多的帮助。

ISSUE130
孩子的社会化；我们还没有学会教育孩子建设社会
1 孩子的社会化与未来息息相关
2 我们没有必要过分强调孩子的社会化。

一方面，孩子的社会化是迟早的事情，何况我们的孩子现在都做的很好，学校的操场就是他们socialization的很好场所，社区提供很多机会让孩子们交流和合作；另一方面，过早的让他们了解社会使他们知道了社会的阴暗面，会产生不好的情绪，社会化还可能让孩子们过早的失去individuality 而变成boring和pragmatic的adult。

3 并不是社会化决定我们社会的未来，决定未来的是我们的孩子健康、博学而且有创造性。

除
了社会化，我们应该关注孩子其他方面我们不应该过分悲观，我认为我们现在的教育做的很好。

职业教育者负责孩子们的基础知识和道德培养；家长负责心里健康和生活知识；社区给孩子们提供社会化的机会，这使得孩子们能够接受到全面的教育。

130 孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。

遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。

这个自己写了：
不同意
什么是socialized, 他和destiny society 的关系是什么。

2，社会化并不是社会未来进步的唯一标准。

主要是法律的健全等3，什么样的标准是better society 也学我们已经做到了，只是没发
130 儿童的社会化对于社会的未来很重要，儿童的社会化培养了儿童生活自理能力，基本的知识与技能，为价值观，道德的形成奠定了基础。

比如孩子在游戏总表现出来的勇敢，领导，协作，诚实，与通过。

如果人们由于不当的社会化导致了antisocial，未来对社会只会
造成危害
但是社会的未来不仅仅决定与儿童的社会化，还有许多其他因素，卓越的领导人改变了社会的命运，Mahatma Gandhi改变了印度社会的命运，但是他的成功源自内心对自由的信仰，而不是来自出身印度上流社会的社会化。

罗斯福Roosevelt虽然从小受残疾的影响没有很好的socially developed，性格也古怪。

但是依靠New Deal给美国社会注入了强大的动力。

现实的证据证明我们也掌握了很多进行儿童社会化的手段和方法，否则今天社会那些取得的卓越成就从哪里来。

今天社会greater tolerance of differing viewpoints and people who are different from ourselves, 尊重和保护individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, 都是由the most recent half-century创造的.今天的社会更加尊重妇女的权利，对黑人的歧视越来越少。

社会对处在失业的，helpless的人给予更多的帮助。

130 【题目】
How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.
【翻译】现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。

可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。

【提纲】观点：孩子的社会化对于整个社会来说的确很重要，但是显然还有其他因素，所幸人们已经学会了怎样去培养孩子去更好的建设未来社会。

1. 社会化的含义及其对于社会的重要性
2. 除了社会化之外还有许多因素决定着社会未来的命运，比如人们的创新，科学技术水平等等（Roosevelt and his New Deal, no Bill Gates and his Microsoft and no Picasso and his impressionism）
3. 从社会的发展与进步来看，人们已经学会教育孩子区建设一个更好的社会。

当然也不可否认，教育中的确也存在着一些问题，但总
的来说这并不影响总的趋势。

（inoculations to cure diseases，exploring the space，Internet）
130．孩子社会化
一、owing to the complexity...同意社会化很重要，但同时另外的virtue也很重要。

而且
我们已经知道怎么建设好更好的社会
二、社会化重要It is true that socialization is essential in constructing a person's personality
1．社会化定义
2．孩子学会learn obligation when they are organized to protect the environment, learn sharing when they exchange their toys, and learn compromise when their thoughts conflict 3．Isolation, unilateral and incompatible with the society, thereby inducing cynical, even criminal
4. 社会化的程度决定了个人和社会的interaction，从而决定了社会命运
三、除了社会化还有其他virtue对社会命运有重大作用not only socialization determines the destiny of society, but also other virtues as specialization, innovation and persistence do.
1．是specialized 科学家使得科技发展到现在水平
2．研究的困难性，居里，Mendel
3．政治家像邓小平
四、claim的第二部分有问题，我们已经学会建设更好的社会
1．人类社会自从存在起keeps developing，along with riots...但都是为了建设更好的社会2．great respect for individual rights, for our nature mother, for races different from us, and has a better medical care, better public education, better living quality 130T "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." 130．孩
子们的成长决定着社会的命运。

不幸的是，我们还不知道怎样抚养孩子才能使他们对将来的社会有用。

①How children are socialized is indeed crucial for the future society. cooperative,
accommodating, political。

②Upon the question of how to raise children that can help bring about a better
society, neither do we have learnt enough, nor do we have done well. A learn B do。

③How children are socialized should never be the only determinant in developing
a better society. Roosevelt 小时候身体差，孤立，但最后靠其毅力，成长为总统。

④Although insufficient, we have already learnt something about how to raise the
salt of the society. (北美范文P146)If we define a “better”society as one characterized by greater tolerance of differing viewpoint and people who are different from ourselves, greater respect for individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, then the children of the most recent half-century are creating a better society.
Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends on how children are socialized. Socialization is only one factor influencing the extent to which an individual will ultimately contribute to a better society. And it is not the most important one.
103"The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
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103 学习历史的作用不仅仅在于日常生活
1、历史研究和日常生活的直接关系不大
2、对个人来说，历史人物可以激励
3、对社会来说，历史研究的经验教训可以避免犯错
103. 只有在历史研究与我们的日常生活相关的前提下，历史研究才有价值。

1、不可否认一些历史的价值已经不能够适应现代的高科技时代了(the rapid change of
technological advance have made many historical events and lessons have little values in modern society)
2、但是，大部分的历史事实能够帮助人们认识社会的发展历程，并总结出发展的规律，在社会
发展中提供指导。

3、从前辈们的教训中，现代人能够吸取他们的教训，并避免发展中出现失误。

比如环境问题
4、正确对待历史的态度应当是有选择的吸收，换句话说就是吸取其中有用的，把没用过时的去
掉
103 研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。

Insofar as possible 尽可能
不同意
The speaker alleges。

only insofar as。

I find this allegation to be specious。

It wrongly suggests。

To the contrary,。

studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life
历史让个人明白社会变化：
History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur.
Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to
identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion.
A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about …
History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about he human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.
比如：high-art 艺术家，知道了Van Gogh后就明白坚持艺术要孤独要艰辛
Require strong belief, persistence, and the ability to bear loneliness and misunderstanding.
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.
Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences.
错过的不要再错：to avoid repeating those mistakes.
比如：二战世界混乱，经济depression, 人们苦难suffer，进步停滞impede development 知道和平的珍贵，stability and peace，treasure
范文例子：
The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans
and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere.
All of these examples of studying history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.
宝贵遗产，至今适用：precious historical heritage
History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation.
比如：孔子的话“two heads are better than one” “know is know…”
Socrates : Genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is drawing out of what is in the mind.
孙子兵法From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.
对国家忠诚：histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.
比如：美国独立战争
总结：不仅明白，而且提高修养
Helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may
emerge and what causes are involved Lift spirits.
In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard-pressed to imagine a worthier end.
另一开头：T o state … is to ignore the value …It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies … only …rather than …
103 在现代社会，科技的进步导致传统观念和过去人类积累的经验都面临挑战moral euthanasia Homosexuality；world issue nuclear warfare。

医学上，AIDS, SARS.有些
情况没有出现过，有些可能用不上
但更多是有用的。

At the individual level, 从历史中得到鼓舞,吸取经验教训。

如：Edison; perpetual motion machine。

Community level，了解GE100年来发展的历史有借鉴意义。

了解一个国家，一个民族的历史得到归属感。

，中国人对自己5000年历史的了解更使他民族自豪感和爱国。

At the nation level, only seek into history can we learn how events cone into being.如：苏联解体，冷战后的世界格局。

研究世界大战的起因，能够避免今后发生同样的战争
有些看似回顾历史没有用处，但是确很有用，比如犯罪，社会运动。

都是人本性的作用，了解历史能把握这些，更好的制定政策。

但是不能简单的照搬历史，毕竟当今和过去有着千差万别，很多客观调价都变了，学要我们根据今天的具体情况来调整，得出符合实际的解决问题的方法。

比如教育制度，就不能只按照过去的内容来教育学生，科技的进步，要求我们加入新的知识。

103历史与日常生活
一、不同意,far more than，通过历史，对于个人来说人们establish our value system, refine our personality, and define
ourselves，对于社会，经验和教训
二、Studying history, for an individual, is useful.
1．Children come to the world...学习历史人物
2．To upper degree，牛顿巨人，framework and basic ideas, 找到灵感
三、resorting to history, individuals define themselves, and have a sense of who they are.
1．每个社会有独特的祖先形成的belief，shared by its members
2．Socialization is the process...
3. history teaching people what the environment around them is, and what beliefs are valued.
4．日本武士精神，美国民主—the ways Americans behave
四、the society can learn much from history.
1．Avoid tragedies 非典，原子弹, Prohibition
2．学习经验，发展中国家
103T "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." 103．只有当历史和我们的生活相关时，对它的研究才有扩展性和价值
要侧重讨论那些看起来和现在无关的历史的有用性。

①在现代社会，科技的进步导致传统观念和过去人类积累的经验都面临挑战euthanasia；
nuclear warfare。

有些情况没有出现过，有些可能用不上
②与日常生活有关的。

At the individual level, 从历史中得到鼓舞,吸取经验教训。

如：Edison;
perpetual motion machine
③与日常生活无关的，但与国家决策有关的。

At the nation level, only seek into history can
we learn how events cone into being.如：苏联解体，冷战后的世界格局。

④有些历史事件表面上看来与现代社会无关，但是本质上，都是人类社会发展中的各个台阶，
应当符合历史发展的客观规律。

First of all, to study history is to look at a road map of human behavior that has led us to where we are today in the world. For example, the lessons learned during all of the past wars can make for more effective wartime leadership by avoiding
mistakes made by past commanders. From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.
Another example is that by studying history, parents can help to improve the lives of their children in the future.
Additionally, the study of medical advances made throughout history can be the foundation to build upon to make the medical advances of today and tomorrow to make people live longer and healthier lives.
A further example of the value of the study of history beyond its effect on daily life is the treatment of the environment and the earth as a whole
40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
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40 部分同意
1、在科学研究结束以前，研究成果对社会的贡献是不确定的，所以不需要太关心
The discovery of electricity is a case in point. When the
scientist first found the phenomena of electricity, some reporters asked him to predict the potential use of it. The scientist replied like this: could you predict the contribution of a man when he was just a baby? As time passes, electricity becomes one of the fundamental factors in people's everyday life in modern world.
2、许多科学家凭自己的兴趣研究，最后成果仍然对社会有益
兴趣激发的研究更有动力，且容易成功
Einstein Albert who simply put his effort in the theoretical physics eventually promoted the advances in natural science. Watt James who just interested in the mechanism of the steam engine eventually propelled the Industrial Revolution in the eighteen century.
3、当然科学家也要考虑到研究对社会可能的影响
纳税人的钱；对社会有危害的研究
And their research should not cause serious problems in society. Clone of Human is an example. Although some scientists have strong interests in cloning human beings, they should not do that, because such research will cause many problems in ethics and morality.
*40. 学者和研究人员不应该关注他们的工做是否对社会有所贡献；他们追求自己个人的兴趣更为重要，无论那些兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊。

Précis & Syllabus:
许多人认为科学和研究应当为整个社会服务，并根据这个原因得出研究者和学者都应当尽可能的从事相对来说更有利于社会的研究。

尽管这个观点表面上看似乎正确，但是争论却因为对于
contribute的这个词的不同看法而引起了，因为在人类社会中并没有统一的标准用来衡量什么学科要比另一些学科contributes more to the human society. 因此，让科学家们根据自己的兴趣进行研究最最好的解决上述问题的方法。

Many people argue that scholars and researchers should make their contribution to the issues that may contribute most to the human society rather than to select the research fields by their own interest. This statement seems rational at first glance; however, an precarious situation has been appeared from the different identifications of the term "contribution" because different people have different comprehension toward the standards of this term. In order to preclude the confusions of the above argument, many people states that providing the scholars and researchers with the opportunity to select their research fields should benefit the evolution of human world in the long run.
1、首先，不可否认，确实有一些学科能够对当时社会发展起显著的推动作用。

甚至一些学科就
是为了解决社会问题而出现的，这些学科能够在短期内让整个社会受益，因此许多的政府和国际机构都投入了足够的资源和政策帮助科学家们从事这类的科学研究。

比如，许多科学家们正在研究解决大气污染问题的方法，为了尽可能的减少大气污染对于人类生活的影响但在一段很长的时间里，判断什么样的研究最有利于社会的长远发展几乎不可能。

2、正如经常被提到的，科学研究的主要目的是帮助人类认识他们所未知的事物，从这个观点出
发，几乎所有的研究都是有利于社会的人们认识世界并能够帮助人们利用探索得到的知识改造世界的。

比如，当年伽利略的自由落体定律，似乎并没有解决当时社会的任何问题，但是却成为后人发展物理学的基础并对人类社会的发展发挥了重要的作用。

3、对于许多的科学家们来说，兴趣可能是他们选择研究课题的重要因素。

首先，个人兴趣能够
让科学家们更热衷于所从事的研究，相比之下，如果他们被迫选择一些他们并不感兴趣的fields研究不光会在短期内耗尽他们的积极
性，而且还会很容易造成研究中的失误和疏忽。

其次，科学家们很据自己兴趣选择研究领域能够让富有创新性和远见的科学家从事有利于人类社会长远发展的课题，并能够保持社会长期稳定的发展。

相反，如果让所有的科学家从事几个有限数量的学科，虽然可能很快的解决社会问题，但是对未来的发展是有不利影响的。

总之，任何科学家和学者都有选择喜欢研究的领域的权力，就像任何人都有选择穿自己喜欢衣服的权力一样。

所有的科学研究从长远看都是有用的，不光包括那些新兴的用于解决短期社会问题的学科，同样也包含unusual or idiosyncratic fields of research.
40．不管科学家兴趣
一、确实不该限制，列举理由，但需要引导
二、科学是智慧的结晶Science is the result of intellect, which acts best when left unfettered.
1．人的nature是追求自由，若限制自由，在physically, spiritedly confined,less creative 2. 研究是个艰难的过程3．科学家讨厌被干涉
4．the advance of knowledge would be fastest,如果不是受unitary conception决定的话
5．文革
三、我们通常不知道结果one of the characteristics of research involves uncertainty that renders the results unforeseeable.
1．我们认为contributable的不见得，但科学家的却可能greatness
2．Cold War，科学家被强制研究武器
四、限于当代人水平，可能不能被认同history informs us that a lot of greatness, beyond people’s ken, cannot be recognized by its contemporary society, stemming from limitation of traditions and conventional wisdom.
1．Mendel，Keynes
五、但是需要被引导we have to assign priority to the most
profitable research on the basis of the scant resources 1．为了利用我们不具备的知识，Talents should be guided, but not by what people think they ought to do, but by the value others attach on the results which scientists aim 2. 诺贝尔奖就是个好例子，没有regulate interest，但guide, social needs 40T "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem." 40．对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。

而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊
①从现实来看，能够立马apply to reality 的学科确实能得到更多的资助。

如：法学、商学
②但从长期来看，谁能说清楚什么是有贡献的？Who is to decide which areas of
academic inquiry are worthwhile? Scholars cannot be left to decide; nor can regulators and legislators. 现在看起来没什么用将来可能有大用处。

如：Einstein 发展了the principle relativity, the quantum theory, 当时没用，现在奠定了当代物理学的基础。

以及发端自数学的game theory
③在自己感兴趣的领域做事，科学家们更容易出成果。

By human nature we are motivated
to pursue those activities in which we excel. A enthusiasm B excel
Not for Edison’s sustained work, we wouldn’t have benefited so much from his marvelous inventions.
208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its。