VDR 船舶黑匣子

船载航行数据记录仪（VDR）介绍
船载航行数据记录仪（VOYAGE DATA RECORDER缩写VDR）是一种船舶安全监控产品，主要用于实时采集、记录船舶航行过程中各种静态、动态航行数据，并将最新一段时期的数据保存于最终存储器，该存储器在船舶失事后有较大的生存可能性，以便打捞出来后，在特定的VDR数据再现设备真实再现船舶发生重大海难或受损前后一段时间内船舶航行状态、驾控人员操作处理情况以作为事故调查，判断事故发生原因的重要依据和处理海事纠纷的重要证据。

其功能相当于飞机上的黑匣子，因而也有人将VDR 称为“船用黑匣子”。

它与飞机黑匣子、汽车黑匣子等同属于电子信息类的安全事件取证和证据保全类产品。

2000年12月国际海事组织（IMO）通过A.861(20)号决议案，要求国际航行及沿海航行船舶均应安装船载航行数据记录仪（VDR）。

国际海事组织第20次大会(1997年11月27日)通过了《船载航行资料记录仪(VDR)性能标准》A.861(20)号决议。

《船载航行资料记录仪(VDR)性能标准》的附件《船载航行资料记录仪(VDR)性能标准建议案》是建议船用黑匣子的最低标准，主要内容有：
1. 船用黑匣子是一个完整的系统，包括资料处理，编码，资料介面，记录介质，电源供应和专用备用电源(可充电式VDR辅助电池)和相关项目。

2. 应能连续记录在事故发生期间的有关活动，当船电中断时船舶的应急电源应能供电，当应急电源中断时专用备用电源应供电2 小时。

3. 能记录日期，时间，船位，速度，艏向，驾驶室声音，通信声音，雷达资料和显示后的选择，测深仪，主报警，操舵命令和回应，轮机命令和回应，船体破口状况，水密和防火门状况，横摇和船体应力，风速和风向等。

4. 要求在正常工作状态下应是完全自动的。

能在事故后保存记录资料并恢复和再现这些资料。

与船舶任何设备的连接，都不应妨碍该设备的正常工作，即使船用黑匣子系统出现故障时。

国际海事组织对安装船用黑匣子的建议时间
国际海事组织海上安全委员会第72次会议(2000年5月17-26日)，决定同意对国际间航行的滚装船和客运船上安装VDR的最后期限；第73次会议(2000年11月27日-12月6日)对各种船舶安装船用黑匣子的建议时间期限为：
2002年7月1日及以后建造的客轮；
2002年7月1日及以前建造的滚装客船在不晚于2002年7月1日以后的首次检时；
2002年7月1日及以后建造除滚装客船以外的客轮不晚于2004年1月1日；
2002年7月1日及以后建造的，除旅客轮船以外3000总吨及以上轮船.
Ships' “black boxes” and automatic identification systems – regulations enter into force on 1 July 2002
New regulations for certain size ships to carry voyage data recorders (VDRs) and automatic identification systems (AISs) enter into force today (1 July 2002).
The mandatory regulations are among a raft of amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) entering into force on 1 July 2002. In addition, under its second phase of implementation, the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (ISM Code) becomes mandatory for most ships trading internationally on 1 July 2002.
The revised SOLAS chapter V (Safety of Navigation), which was adopted in December 2000, includes a number of important new requirements for ships, including those relating to carriage of VDRs and AIS and acceptance of electronic charts as meeting the chart carriage requirements.
Voyage data recorders
Like the black boxes carried on aircraft, VDRs enable accident investigators to review procedures and instructions in the moments before an incident and help to identify the cause of any accident. Performance standards for VDRs were adopted by IMO in 1997 (IMO resolution A.861(20)) and IMO encourages all ships to carry VDRs.
In addition, IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in May 2002 approved MSC/Circ.1024 on Guidelines on Voyage Data Recorders (VDR) ownership to complement the VDR performance standards.
VDR requirements
The following ships are required to carry VDRs, under regulation 20 of the new SOLAS Chapter V:
passenger ships constructed on or after 1 July 2002;
ro-ro passenger ships constructed before 1 July 2002 not later than the first survey on or after 1 July 2002; passenger ships other than ro-ro passenger ships constructed before 1 July 2002 not later than 1 January 2004; and ships, other than passenger ships, of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2002.
VDRs are required to meet performance standards “not inferior to those adopted by the Organization”. Performance standards for VDRs were adopted in 1997 and give details on data to be recorded and VDR specifications. They state that the VDR should continuously maintain sequential records of preselected data items relating to status and output of the ship's equipment and command and control of the ship. The VDR should be installed in a protective capsule （太空舱） that is brightly coloured and fitted with an appropriate device to aid location. It should be entirely automatic in normal operation. Under the new regulation, the voyage data recorder system, including all sensors, shall be subjected to an annual performance test conducted by an approved testing or servicing facility to verify the accuracy, duration and recoverability of the recorded data.
Administrations may exempt ships, other than ro-ro passenger ships, constructed before 1 July 2002, from being fitted with a VDR where it can be demonstrated that interfacing a VDR with the existing equipment on the ship is unreasonable and impracticable.
VDRs for existing cargo ships
In December 2000, IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) adopted a resolution on the carriage of VDRs on existing cargo ships, which calls for a feasibility study （可行性研究）to be carried out to ascertain the need for mandatory carriage of VDRs on these ships. The feasibility study, being conducted by the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation (and other Sub-Committees as appropriate), takes into account such factors as practicability, technical problems relating to the retrofitting （花样翻新）of VDRs, adequacy of existing performance standards including the possible development of simplified standards, experience in the use of VDRs on ships already fitted with them, including data that could not have been obtained without VDRs, and relevant financial implications, including a cost-benefit analysis.
The aim is to finalize the study by 1 January 2004 so that, if the study demonstrates a compelling （强制的）need for mandatory carriage of VDRs on existing cargo ships, relevant amendments to SOLAS Chapter V and the associated performance standards can be drafted. In the meantime, the resolution invites Governments to
encourage shipowners to install VDRs on existing cargo ships voluntarily, so that wide experience of their use may be gained.
IMO GUIDELINES ON VOYAGE DATA RECORDERS (VDR) OWNERSHIP AND RECOVERY
1.) Ownership of VDR/data:
The ship owner will, in all circumstances and at all times, own the VDR and its data. however, in the event of an accident the following guidelines would apply.
2.) Recovery of VDR:
Recovery of the VDR is conditional on the accessibility of the VDR or the data contained therein.
a.) In the case of a non-catastrophic （灾难的）accident, recovery of the memory should be
straightforward. For example, in some VDRs it can be accomplished by removal of a hard disc
from the VDR unit. This action will have to be taken soon after the accident to best preserve the
relevant evidence for use by both the investigator and the ship owner. As the investigator is very
unlikely to be in a position to instigate this action soon enough after the accident, the owner must
be responsible, through its on-board standing orders, for ensuring the timely preservation of this
evidence in this circumstance.
b.) In the case of abandonment of a vessel during an emergency, masters should, where time and
other responsibilities permit, recover the memory and remove it to a place of safety and preserve
it until it can be passed to the investigator.
c.) In the case of a catastrophic accident, where the VDR is inaccessible and the data has not
been retrieved prior to abandonment, a decision will need to be taken by the Flag State in co-
operation with any other substantially （充分的）interested States on the viability （生存能
力）and cost of recovering the VDR balanced against the potential use of the information. If it is
decided to recover the VDR the investigator should be responsible for co-ordinating its recovery.
The possibility of the capsule having sustained damage must be considered and specialist
expertise will be required to ensure the best chance of recovering and preserving the evidence. In
addition the assistance and co-operation of the owners, insurers and the manufacturers of the
VDR and those of the protective capsule may be required.
3.) Custody （保管）of VDR/data:
In all circumstances, during the course of an investigation, the investigator should have custody of the original VDR data, perhaps in the form of the whole or part(s) of the VDR itself, in the same way as if he has custody of other records or evidence under the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents.
4.) Read-out of VDR/data:
In all circumstances the responsibility to arrange down loading and read-out of the data from the recovered memory in whatever form should, in the first instance, be undertaken by the investigator who should keep the ship
owner fully informed. Additionally, specially in the case of a catastrophic accident where the memory may have sustained damage, the assistance of specialist expertise may be required to ensure the best chance of success.
5.) Access to the data:
Although the investigator will have custody of the original VDR memory in whatever form for the duration of the investigation, a copy of the data must be provided to the ship owner at an early stage in all circumstances. Further access to the data will be governed by the applicable domestic legislation of the flag state, coastal state and the lead investigating state as appropriate and the guidelines given in the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents.
Data items to be recorded。