词汇衔接手段同现

词汇衔接手段—同现
词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。

在语言实践中,有些在意义上相互联系的词语常常同时出现在同一语篇中,这些词语属于同一个词汇套,形成了词汇链,因而,当人们遇到其中的一个或一些词语时，便会联想到词汇套中的另一些词语。

例如,在看到natural disaster 时，人们通常会联想到damage、injure、ruin、trap、survivor等词语。

所以,当一个词汇套的词语出现在一个语篇中时,这些词语就能衔接句子,起着连句成篇的作用。

●例1
On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners peted in a crosscountry race in Minnesota.Melanie Bailey should have finished the course earlier than she did. Her delay came because she was carrying a petitor across the finish line.
(2023新课标I卷完形填空)这个例子的语篇话题是越野赛跑,所以就出现了runners、peted、crosscountry race、course、petitor、finish line 这样一个词汇套。

这些词语使句子之间的衔接十分自然。

●例2
We had a woman patient who was recovering from a knee replacement operation. One afternoon, while attempting to get into bed she collapsed(倒下)from what was eventually discovered to be a heart attack. The collapse was disastrous, requiring the emergency medical team and good teamwork. But she recovered, though slowly, and was ready for discharge (出院) after four weeks.
(2021全国乙卷完形填空)这个例子是关于一名住院病人的信息，其中patient、recovering,knee replacement operation、heart attack、emergency medical team、discharge属于同一词汇套。

这些词汇使语篇语义连贯。

除了意义上相互联系的词语可能同时出现外,有反义关系或互补关系的词也可能同时出现在同一个语篇中。

互补词的互补性指的是非彼即此或非此即彼。

互补词在意义上是相互排斥的，如:deadalive、husbandwife,manwoman等。

●例1
My mother keeps telling me to make new friends with my classmates. I know it must be interesting. But it is always so hard for me to chat with new classmates. I start worrying about my life here. I miss my old friends so much.
(北师大必修一Unit 1)在这个例子中,new和old是一对反义词,构成了反义同现关系。

●例2
The differences in the way men and women see the world are partly physical. On average, men are more likely to be colorblind, but their eyes sense movement better.Women are able to tell small differences in color better.
在这个例子中,两句之间的衔接主要依靠互补词man和woman之间的对照。

此外,语言中有些项目的排列是有一定规律的,比如星期一要排在星期二前面,一月份要排在二月份前面。

这些位于同一序列的词语也可以起到衔接句子的作用。

例
But the Spring never came, nor the Summer.The Autumn gave golden fruit to every garden, but to the Giant's garden she gave none.“He is too selfish," she said. So it was always Winter there, and the North Wind, and the Hail (冰雹), and the Frost, and the Snow danced about through the trees.
(The Selfish Giant )在这个例子中，Spring、Summer、Autumn、Winter属于同一个序列，构成同现关系,起到了衔接作用。

练一练
Ⅰ.选用方框内合适的内容并用其正确形式完成下列语篇，然后指出所填内容与哪个词构成同现关系。

1. People who live in the country say that city life is
stressful because of all the noise and traffic, but I like being in the middle of things. Besides, you can always find some
______ and calm because most cities have lovely, peaceful parks.
(北师大必修一Unit 1)
2.The Empire of Light is a series of paintings by Belgian artist René Magritte.Between 1953 and 1954, he painted the same scene 27 times. It shows a beautiful house lit by lights from inside, surrounded by the darkness of night. What is strange is that above the house and the tree, we see a daytime sky full of _______ and soft white clouds. It seems like quite a mysterious scene. (北师大必修三Unit 7)
3.We arrived at the park at 8 o' clock, only to find it was crowded with children. Some boys were playing a game on the grass. They ran after each other, screaming with laughter. Several ______ were singing by the lake and their singing got a loud cheer. II.写出下列语篇中属于同一词汇套的词汇。

A
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess,for three credits. I jumped at the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to save a few dollars? More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I weren't excited enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster,which meant I would be learning from one of the game's best. I could hardly wait to meet him.(2018全国I卷完形填空)
____________________________________________________________________
B
My husband and I avoid all products that e from animals. This means we don't eat meat, and any milk or cheese had better be dairyfree. We like cooking at home and make our meals from fresh, seasonal fruit and vegetables. Cooking together gives us a chance to relax and catch up on each other's days. If we have children, I want to bring them up just like us, but my husband says that everyone should be able to make their own lifestyle choices. (外研必修二Unit 1)
_____________________________________________________________________答案：
I.
1. peace;noise
2. brightness;darkness
3. girls;boys
II.
A college; education department; course; credits; class; learn; instructor
B eat; meat; milk; cheese; dairyfree; cooking; meals; fruit;vegetables。