英语句子成分

一、英语句子成分
英语句子中的成分有主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语一、主语（subject）
是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。

The sun rises in the east. (名词)
He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Playing football is my hobby.（动名词）
To learn English is not an easy thing./ It is not an easy thing to learn English (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
二、谓语：
是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，放在主语的后面.
谓语是由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成. 谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语.
简单谓语：由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,就是简单谓语。

不管这些谓语动词是什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语. 例如：
1.We plant trees in spring every year. 我们每年春天都种许多树.
2.The plane took off at seven o'clock. 飞机已在7点起飞
复合谓语
1、是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：
What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思？
I won’t do it again. 我不会再做它（指这件事it one more time"）。

I’ll go and move away the bag 我会移走这个袋子的。

Tom should give the ticket to you yesterday. Tom昨天应该把票给你的。

You’d better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。

2、是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。

You look the same. 你们看起来很像.
We are all go home ，我们回家吧。

[=Let's go home]
My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。

I felt tired all the time. 我整天感到疲惫.
He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨晚看起来相当的累.
连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割。

三、宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。

宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。

当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.
补充现代汉语词典解释：
宾语是动词的一种连带成分，一般在动词后边，用来回答“谁？”或“什么？”例如“我找厂长”的“厂长”，“他开拖拉机”的“拖拉机”，“接受批评”的“批评”，“他说他不知道”的“他不知道”。

有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语，如“教我们化学”的“我们”和“化学”。

宾语分类
1)动作的承受者——动宾
I like China. (名词)
He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two. (数词)
I enjoy working with you. (动名词)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
He asked me what I was thinking about at that moment. (me作asked的宾语，[he asked me] 由what疑问代词引导的宾语从句作宾语)
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。

(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语)
Give the poor man some money.
宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。

即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为"双宾语"。

例：He gave me a book.(他给我一本书）
在这个句子中，me作间接宾语，a book作直接宾语。

如果一个句子中的某一个动词接了两个宾语，那么，指“人”的是间接宾语，指“物”的为直接宾语。

而且，这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系，如，你不能说I am a book. 如果一个动词后所接的两个宾语能够形成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是宾语和宾补的关系。

例：He asked us to do the work.
在这个句子中，he作主语，asked作谓语，us为宾格，作宾语，to do the work作宾语的补足语，而且，此句的宾语us可以和后面的不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We do the work.
四、宾语补足语
对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

英语中，有些及物动词后接宾语时，还需要加一个词或短语来补充说明宾语的情况，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。

可以作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式V-ed形式或V-ing形式等。

宾语补足语说明宾语所表示的人或物的属类、性质、状态等。

宾补在句中的位置是相对固定的，单个跟在名词前，多个放在句尾。

1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。

这类动词有：consider，think，believe，discover，find，imagine，judge，suppose，prove等。

这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think，consider，find 后的to be常可省略。

We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。

2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。

这类动词有：love，like，prefer，hate，want，wish，expect等。

I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。

3. 注意：hope，demand，suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。

I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。

例子：
We elected him monitor. (名词)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)
We will make them happy. (形容词)
We found nobody in. (副词)
Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
五、表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。

如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句
在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。

从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。

1、名词作表语
Africa is a big continent. 非洲是个大洲。

That remains a puzzle to me. 这对我还是个难题。

2、代词作表语
What’s your fax number? 你的传真号是多少？
3、形容词作表语
I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。

4、数词作表语
She was the first to learn about it. 她是第一个知道的人。

5、不定式或ing形式作表语
Her job is selling computers. 她的工作是销售电脑。

Our next step was to get raw materials ready. 我们下一步是把原料准备好。

6、介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger. 病人脱险了。

I don’t feel at ease. 我感到不自在。

7、副词作表语
The sun is up. 太阳升起来了。

I must be off now. 现在我得走了。

8、从句作表语
This is what he said. 这就是他所说的话。

六、定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。

与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是，英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。

独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语。

能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（’s 或of …）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。

例如：
１、冠词
Mr. Smith gave me a book..
２、形容词
The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.
３、代词
Our teacher is coming.(形容词性物主代词)
Which book is mine.(疑问代词)
４、数词
Mike has two brothers.(基数词)
Jim sits in the third row.(序数词)
５、名词
The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.
The women doctors are from Beijing.
Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.
We met some men workers in the factory.
６、名词所有格
Mary’s brother is an engineer.
These are some photos of my father.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸本人的片)
These are some photos of my father's.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸收藏的照片) ７、副词
The people there are very friendly.(地点副词作后置定语)
The newspaper today is sold out.(时间副词作后置定语)
Would you like anything else?（后置定语）
８、介词短语
The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语)
I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world.
Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.
Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.
９、分词
The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (过去分词)
I know a boy called Tom.（过去分词短语作后置定语）
The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (现在分词)
The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(现在分词短语作后置定语)
It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.
I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont.
１０、动词不定式
At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(动词不定式作后置定语) In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
She has two children to take care of.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)
They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.
１１、动名词
I often go to the reading room in the evening.(动名词)
The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(动名词短语作后置定语) １２、定语从句
I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定语从句)
△ 后置定语的使用情形：
1、短语作定语时应后置。

The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那个女孩。

The boy swimming in the river. 在河里游泳的那个男孩。

a city called Beijing . 一个叫北京的城市
２、副词作定语时应后置
（1）、表示时间或地点的副词作定语时应后置。

常见的有：
the newspaper yesterday 昨天的报纸
the people here 这里的人民
the food there 那里的食物
the words below 下面的单词
the room upstairs 楼上的那个房间
（2）、副词else 与不定代词、疑问代词连用作定语时应后置
what else , anything else ,somebody else 。

（3）不定代词的定语应后置。

例如：
something,anything,nothing。

something new 一些新的东西
anything to drink 一些（任何）喝的东西
nothing important 没有什么重要的东西
３、基数词、英文字母作定语表示排序时应后置
No. One 第一个 Book One 第一册
Section A A 部分 Picture C 第C 幅图
４、enough 作形容词修饰名词时，可放在名词前，也可放在其后
They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.
他们过去日夜劳作，却没有足够的食物。

５、定语从句放在被修饰的名词或代词后
I like to have friends who are different from me.
I don’t like those who are selfish
△ 动词不定式作定语时，与所修饰的词通常存在逻辑上的动宾关系。

例如：
Please give me something to eat. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to eat something;
There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to sit on the chair; 所以介词 on 不能省略；
△ 名词作定语时一般不需要与其所修饰的词在数上保持一致，但是man 和woman 作定语时应和其所的名词在数上保持一致。

例如：
An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ;
a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers .
△ 现在分词、过去分词以及动名词作定语时的区别：现在分词表示主动意义，表示所修饰的词正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，表示所修饰的名词所施加的被动动作已完成；动名词虽然在形式上与现在分词一样，但是不表示动作，而是表示所修饰的名词的内容或用途。

△ 相互之间意义独立的形容词修饰共同的名词时，一律放在前面。

例如：
a beautiful young American girl ; an English training school.
四、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句（状语从句），叫状语。

状语在句中可以表示：时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以
及伴随等情况。

能担任状语的有：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、名词以及if,whether，when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引导的状语从句。

例如：１、副词
He can play the guitar well. (程度)
Please read aloud!（方式）
I'm going to Beijing today.（时间）
It is raining hard.（方式）
Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.（方式）
We all went into the classroom excitedly.（方式）
Come in , please!（方向）
2 、介词短语
He stayed at home.（地点）
Thank you for your help.（原因）
Ann run to the door quickly.（方向）
My teacher went into his office with a smile.（方式）
Lily is taller than her sister. (比较)
I’m going to the hospital .（地点）
I like to go to school by bus.（方式）
I have been to Mount Huang with my parents.（方式）
People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far away mainly by letter or telegram. (方式)
We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. （地点）
But in order to help support their family, they had to work for the bosses.
３、动词不定式
The little boy is too young to look after himself.（结果）
I haven’t got money enough to buy the new bike.（结果）
４、名词
Wait a minute, please.（时间）
Come this way, please.（方向）
Come home earlier this evening.（时间）
Thanks a lot. (程度)
People's living conditions have improved a lot. (程度)
５、状语从句
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.（条件）
When we get there, we shall come to see you right away. （时间）
I'll not come to his party unless I get his invitation. （条件）
I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.
I'll write an E-mail to you as soon as I get to America.（时间）
Jack stays in bed because he is ill today. （原因）
I got up early this morning so that I could catch up the train. (目的)
The movie is so interesting that I have seen it twice. （结果）
Life was so hard that people had no time or money to enjoy leisure activities. （结果）
Father came back while I was cooking the supper. （时间）。