上海外语口译证书考试：2021英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试真题模拟及答案(2)

上海外语口译证书考试：2021英语高级口译
岗位资格证书考试真题模拟及答案(2)
1、《建设工程安全生产管理条例》规定，施工单位应当在安全生产方面做好如下几项工作（）。

（多选题）
A. 建立健全安全生产责任制度和安全生产教育培训制度
B. 制定安全生产规章制度和操作规程
C. 保证本*单位安全生产条件所需资金的投入
D. 对所承担的建设工程进行定期和专项安全检查，并做好安全检查记录
E. 提高管理者素质
试题答案：A,B,C,D
2、What can NOT be concluded from Brown’s visit to the US last month?（单选题）
A. Brown was not warmly welcomed.
B. Obama is coming to make up for the cold reception that Brown got.
C. There was no formal news conference.
D. Brown made a speech on the American Congress.
试题答案：D
3、施工现场用电工程中，PE线的重复接地点不应少于（）。

（单选题）
A. 一处
B. 二处
C. 三处
D. 四处
试题答案：C
4、We may infer from the second paragraph that ______.（单选题）
A. gas price has no influence on drivers.
B. Toyota Yaris is not welcome in Manhattan.
C. Nissan Versa has already been well selling for its six-speed transmission.
D. Honda Fit is more economical than Chevy Suburban SUV.
试题答案：D
5、Who might benefits most from “atmospherics” in the “sensory” marketing?（单选题）
A. Psychologists.
B. Customers.
C. Shop owners.
D. The research groups.
试题答案：C
6、When the author uses the automobile industry as an example, she argues that ______.（单选题）
A. Japan’s auto industry is exceeding America’s auto industry
B. the public schooling has stagnated because of competition
C. the current American education system is better than the Japanese one
D. competition must be introduced into the public education system
试题答案：D
7、The killing of the Sudanese student is to illustrate ______.（单选题）
A. the brutality of attacks on black people
B. the fallout affecting anyone in poverty
C. the traffic problems in south London
D. the unconcerned attitude of police
试题答案：A
8、The word “swamped” used in para. 1 can be replaced by which of the following?（单选题）
A. greatly heightened
B. much weakened
C. largely consolidated
D. totally counteracted
试题答案：B
9、Which group of mothers-to-be is recommend to labour at home?（单选题）
A. First-time mothers.
B. Those from an ethnic minority.
C. Those from far away.
D. Those who had no known complications.
试题答案：D
10、According to the passage, the British Library ______.（单选题）
A. is going to buy back Rushdie’s personal archive from Amory University
B. opposes the American universities’ acquisition of archives from British literary people
C. has discussed with Salman Rushdie about the acquisition of his personal archive
D. has expressed much concern over foreign buyers’ acquisition of Britain’s literary heritage
试题答案：D
11、What can NOT be concluded from the passage?（单选题）
A. More and more young people are volunteering to carry out suicide bombings since the conflict according to militant groups’ data.
B. Israel’s intensified blockade has brought Gaza a darker sky.
C. All the Palestinian militant groups are united against Israel.
D. Young Palestinian men are feeling depressed but sense a hopeful future.
试题答案：C
12、Which of the following is NOT included in the mission?（单选题）
A. Switch on gradiometer.
B. Develop delicate technologies so the very fragile mechanisms could also survive the intense shaking.
C. Fire up the T5 that will help maintain orbit.
D. Forecast climate change.
试题答案：D
13、Not being able to sleep can be dangerous if we ______.（单选题）
A. are feeling well
B. worry about it too much
C. repair our bodies by resting
D. plan our sleeping lives carefully
试题答案：B
14、The author quotes U. N. Secretary General’s remark in the last paragraph mainly to demonstrate that ______.（单选题）
A. telephone is more important to the poor than the Web
B. digital revolution will be welcomed by the poor
C. the gap between the rich and the poor can be wider in the information age
D. half the world’s population will benefit from knowledge explosion
试题答案：C
15、Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?（单选题）
A. The extra increase in benefit rates for families with young children is more important than other issues.
B. To reduce poverty, the most important thing is to lower unemployment.
C. To narrow the gap between rich and poor, the benefit rates should be raised higher than inflation rate.
D. The government’s welfare reform programme has met strong criticism and opposition.
试题答案：C
16、The third group of people steal things because they ______.（单选题）
A. are mentally ill
B. are quite absent-minded
C. cannot resist the temptation
D. cannot afford to pay for goods
试题答案：C
17、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the result of artificial selection by humanity?（单选题）
A. Many new kinds of plants and animals are produced.
B. Financial gain is increased considerably by producing better plants and animals.
C. Humans are able to control plant and animal reproduction for humans’pleasure.
D. It is necessary for humans to maintain the artificial environments.
试题答案：D
18、对小车变幅的塔式起重机，起重力矩限制器应分别由（）进行控制。

（单选题）
A. 起重量和起升速度
B. 起升速度和幅度
C. 起重量和起升高度
D. 起重量和幅度
试题答案：D
19、We can NOT conclude that the accelerometers ______.（单选题）
A. are bound into three pairs
B. are able to sense fantastically small disturbances
C. keep the satellite stable and prevent it from falling out of the sky
D. contain some very fragile mechanisms
试题答案：C
20、In the last paragraph the author points out that ______.（单选题）
A. sleeping less is good for human health
B. people ought to be persuaded to sleep less than before
C. it is incorrect to say that people sleep too little
D. those who can sleep less should be encouraged
试题答案：D
21、From the passage, it can be concluded that weekly newspapers and magazines are intended for ______.（单选题）
A. a general audience
B. a specific audience
C. people at the universities
D. an international audience
试题答案：B
22、Animal studies show that ______.（单选题）
A. monkey mothers know some knowledge on biology
B. mothers tend to show real love to their female babies
C. the offspring does not need so much caring from mother
D. monkey mothers give more care to their female kids by instinct
试题答案：D
23、Which of the following is lest important than the other three in the first-time-treatment of cardiac arrest?（单选题）
A. Tracking outcomes of the cases.
B. Well-organized EMS systems.
C. Readily accessible defibrillators.
D. Bystanders who will perform CPR.
试题答案：A
24、The sentence “Nature doesn’t do bailouts.” in para 2 means ______.（单选题）
A. governments should spend much more on environmental crisis
B. nature is fragile and, once shifts, hard to shift back
C. environmentalists encourage a larger share of the stimulus package
D. nature can give us more than banks
试题答案：B
25、Dr Iyaid Sarraj ______.（单选题）
A. believes only a small proportion of them are interested in militant activity
B. thinks the generation that saw their fathers beaten by Israeli troops would grow more violent
C. senses more Palestinians strengthen their view that only violence can fight back Israel
D. believes his rich experience will make treatment easier
试题答案：B
26、据图示，下列描述错误的是（）。

（单选题）
A. 乙炔瓶应该平放，避免倾倒
B. 电缆线搭设不符合要求
C. 工人未正确佩带安全帽
D. 该现场应该配备灭火器
试题答案：A
27、We can NOT conclude that the accelerometers ______.（单选题）
A. are bound into three pairs
B. are able to sense fantastically small disturbances
C. keep the satellite stable and prevent it from falling out of the sky
D. contain some very fragile mechanisms
试题答案：C
28、According to the author, seniority pay favors ______.（单选题）
A. good teachers’ with master’s degrees
B. young and effective teachers
C. experienced and effective teachers
D. mediocre teachers of average quality
试题答案：D
29、The sentence “Nature doesn’t do bailouts.” in para 2 means ______.（单选题）
A. governments should spend much more on environmental crisis
B. nature is fragile and, once shifts, hard to shift back
C. environmentalists encourage a larger share of the stimulus package
D. nature can give us more than banks
试题答案：B
30、To make your humor work, you should ______.（单选题）
A. take advantage of different kinds of audience
B. make fun of the disorganized people
C. address different problems to different people
D. show sympathy for your listeners
试题答案：C
31、The NIF process of nuclear fusion involves ______.（单选题）
A. high lab temperatures of about 10 million Celsius
B. ultra powerful lasers being used to produce huge gravitational pressure
C. deuterium and helium being fused together to form tritium
D. delivering ultraviolet energy to hit the target
试题答案：D
32、From Heilman’s remark, we can see that ______.（单选题）
A. full use has been made of the wisdom of older people
B. the wisdom of older people is not valued by American society
C. older people are no less intelligent than young people
D. the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society
试题答案：C
33、The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to ______.（单选题）
A. stress the importance of professional training
B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup
C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others
试题答案：C
34、Which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole?（单选题）
A. A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.
B. A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.
C. A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.
D. A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.
试题答案：A
35、According to the passage, airline travelers should keep their feet flat on the floor ______.（单选题）
A. throughout the flight
B. during takeoffs and s
C. especially during landings
D. in case of an accident
试题答案：B
36、In comparison with Voltaire, Sir Winston Churchill ______.（单选题）
A. was happier with three hours of sleep
B. would sleep more when stretched out
C. would enjoy a longer sleep if possible
D. was less happy when he was asleep
试题答案：C
37、What is NOT the result brought by this attack?（单选题）
A. It proves Pakistan’s vulnerability to militant attacks.
B. It shows some Pakistan officials’ indifference to strike the Taleban militant group.
C. It is another blow to the government’s credibility.
D. It has brought an end to South Asian cricket.
试题答案：D
38、The word “xenophobia” (para. 2) means “______.”（单选题）
A. partiality
B. arbitariness
C. discrimination
D. antipathy
试题答案：D
39、Why didn’t Felix go back to England when the war started?（单选题）
A. His parents wanted him to be with them.
B. His mother would not agree to his going.
C. His father intended to teach Felix himself.
D. He himself did not really want to go.
试题答案：B
40、According to the passage, the key factors for home birth exclude ______.（单选题）
A. well-trained midwives
B. rapid transportation
C. economy situation
D. no known complications
试题答案：C
41、The reason that it is easier to describe one’s personality in words than one’s face is that ______.（单选题）
A. many words are available to describe personality
B. a person’s personality is easily distinguished
C. people’s personalities are very much alike
D. a person’s face is more complex than his personality
试题答案：A
42、Which of the following is the correct relationship between train and movie according to the passage?（单选题）
A. From Russia With Love featured mainly within a train.
B. Movie industry started before the train was invented.
C. Mission: Impossible featured a brutal fight within a train.
D. Untouchables featured a gunfight in a station.
试题答案：A
43、According to the passage, why is the happiness of the general public a difficult subject for the government?（单选题）
A. It can not be adequately explained by statistical data.
B. It is not related to a culture of short-termism.
C. People need to cope with inflation and unemployment first.
D. People place too much value on happiness and well-being.
试题答案：A
44、Wherever you are in the U. S., the most important factor in surviving cardiac arrest is ______.（单选题）
A. to keep tracking outcomes of the cases.
B. to have very well-organized EMS system.
C. to make people well-informed before an emergency.
D. to have rapid treatment with as little delay as possible.
试题答案：D
45、What made the most negative impression on foreign visitors?（单选题）
A. The country’s vastness.
B. The informal friendliness of Americans.
C. The fact that the American accent is hard to understand.
D. The fact that not many Americans can speak a foreign language.
试题答案：D
46、In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT ______.（单选题）
A. make general statements without reference to specific examples
B. describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians
C. question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’ interpretation of events
D. point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’ application of their methods
试题答案：D
47、The author cites the example of Encyclopedia Britannica at the beginning of the passage mainly to show that ______.（单选题）
A. its Web site is the target of millions of hackers
B. the Web site can be repaired soon
C. it is one of the major signs of knowledge explosion
D. it is the symbol of the arrival of encyclopedic age
试题答案：C
48、The writer finds the study of gifts and prizes interesting because it ______.（单选题）
A. shows the power of the popular press
B. reveals social trends
C. confirms his view of human nature
D. exposes journalistic dishonesty
试题答案：B
49、某装修施工现场为了节省资金，施工企业把材料仓库兼做值班室，值班人员在库房内用煤炉做饭，不小心燃烧后的煤球掉在一边垃圾中，夜里煤球中的余火引燃了垃圾中的易燃物引起大火，仓库及材料全部烧光。

下列说法正确的有（）。

（多选题）
A. 值班室不得设在库房内
B. 库房内不能有火源
C. 值班人员无证上岗
D. 值班无严格的管理制度
试题答案：A,B,D
50、According to the passage, the key factors for home birth exclude ______.（单选题）
A. well-trained midwives
B. rapid transportation
C. economy situation
D. no known complications
试题答案：C
51、The author considers a new scientific theory to be the ______.（单选题）
A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation
B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience
C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular
D. result of highly creative scientific activity
试题答案：D
52、Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（单选题）
A. Plant Breeders’ dream will come true.
B. Converting sugars from crops is a threat to the food supply.
C. The research on the high energy plant is being done.
D. Cost-effective biofuels are very popular now.
试题答案：C
53、The function of the sentence “Don’t cut your ties to the local utility just yet.” in para. 2 is ______.（单选题）
A. to state the thesis of the passage
B. to serve as a summary of the passage
C. to play the role of transition
D. to lead to a counter-argument in the following paragraphs
试题答案：C
54、According to the passage, the income gap between rich and poor could widen again as ______.（单选题）
A. the unemployment rate is lowered
B. the increase of benefits is independent of price increase
C. the income tax rate is increasing
D. the increase of benefits is only based on prices
试题答案：D
55、What is in common between Sweden and Finland on alcohol issue?（单选题）
A. They have the same alcohol culture.
B. Both have a decline in alcohol consumption in recent years among the youth,
C. Increase in alcohol consumption is partly due to import from their neighboring countries.
D. There was once a tax cut on alcohol in both countries.
试题答案：C
56、Which of the following is true?（单选题）
A. All nicknames have a positive meaning.
B. All negatives have a negative meaning.
C. Nicknames are endearing.
D. All nicknames can be either positive or negative.
试题答案：D
57、The forum’s official theme this year “shaping the post-crisis world”______.（单选题）
A. will be handed over to the coming G20 summit
B. proves impractical
C. is supported by the achievement
D. proves encouraging
试题答案：B
58、What is in common between Sweden and Finland on alcohol issue?（单选题）
A. They have the same alcohol culture.
B. Both have a decline in alcohol consumption in recent years among the youth,
C. Increase in alcohol consumption is partly due to import from their neighboring countries.
D. There was once a tax cut on alcohol in both countries.
试题答案：C
59、The expression “fared best” in the sentence “During the 1960s and 1970s, and again after 1992, the poorest groups fared best.” in para. 8 can be paraphrased by which of the following?（单选题）
A. obtained higher income
B. lived a better life
C. enjoyed more equality
D. paid lower income tax
试题答案：B
60、It seems that the author of this passage ______.（单选题）
A. is one of Freud’s devotees
B. believes in both Animism and Zoroastrianism
C. thinks that Freudian theory is sound
D. thinks that the truth is not in the hand of Freud
试题答案：D
61、Dr Iyaid Sarraj ______.（单选题）
A. believes only a small proportion of them are interested in militant activity
B. thinks the generation that saw their fathers beaten by Israeli troops would grow more violent
C. senses more Palestinians strengthen their view that only violence can fight back Israel
D. believes his rich experience will make treatment easier
试题答案：B
62、What is implied in the first sentence?（单选题）
A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
试题答案：D
63、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about Andry Rajoelina?（单选题）
A. He represents Antananarivo’s poor urban residents.
B. He is not accepted by most countries.
C. He was mayor of Antananarivo.
D. He has been a famous orator throughout Madagascar.
试题答案：D
64、The word “sleazy” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.（单选题）
A. lacking moisture
B. lacking persistence
C. lacking substance
D. lacking confidence
试题答案：C
65、The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are ______.（单选题）
A. unjustifiably ignored by musicologists
B. not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value
C. among those great works in which popular historical themes were portrayed
D. often inappropriately cited as examples of great musical works
试题答案：B
66、Which of the following statements is NOT true?（单选题）
A. People may have different personalities.
B. People differ from each other in appearance.
C. People can learn to recognize human faces.
D. People can describe all human features of others.
试题答案：D
67、It can be inferred from the passage that the author is most probably ______.（单选题）
A. an American congressman
B. a British politician
C. an American journalist
D. a British environmentalist
试题答案：B
68、The expression “separate the wheat from the chaff in the teaching profession”is closest in meaning to ______.（单选题）
A. distinguish better teachers from less capable ones
B. differentiate young teachers from old ones
C. tell the essential qualities of good teaching
D. reevaluate the role of senior teachers
试题答案：A
69、Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（单选题）
A. Both Compton’s and World Book are encyclopedias.
B. Encarta Encyclopedia is giving way to Encyclopedia Britannica.
C. The sales of Encyclopedia Britannica have been going down dramatically over the past Decade.
D. Encyclopedia Britannica opens its Web site to attract more readers.
试题答案：B
70、In this passage about secondary schools, the author is mainly concerned about ______.（单选题）
A. academic standards
B. the role of specialist teachers
C. the training of the individual teachers
D. the personal development of pupils
试题答案：D
71、We may conclude from the passage that the four media luna departments ______.（单选题）
A. are mainly from western highlands
B. get united to fight against Mr. Morales’s presidency
C. want bigger share of gas export
D. have priority over the other three levels of autonomous organization
试题答案：C
72、You can get buffalo meat by the following ways EXCEPT ______?（单选题）
A. supermarket
B. mail order
C. Internet
D. Health Food store
试题答案：D
73、Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?（单选题）
A. What we don’t know about fever.
B. There are benefits to developing fevers.
C. Fevers inhibit bacterial growth.
D. Lizards can develop fevers.
试题答案：A
74、Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?（单选题）
A. Faith will move mountains.
B. One reaps what one sows.
C. Practice makes perfect.
D. Like father like son.
试题答案：C
75、What is the most important step toward tackling climate change?（单选题）
A. Urgently recalibrate our responses to enviromental crisis.
B. More government spending.
C. More research to demonstrate the link between economy and environment.
D. Give nature a bailout.
试题答案：A
76、Hiper is being planned ______.（单选题）
A. to compete with NIF
B. because NIF experiment, even successful, would not produce enough energy to run a nuclear fusion plant
C. to use the same laser technology but on a larger scale
D. to demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion
试题答案：B
77、Which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole?（单选题）
A. A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.
B. A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.
C. A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.
D. A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.
试题答案：A
78、According to the passage, which of the following should be considered sources of renewable energy?（单选题）
A. Petroleum, sunlight and wind power.
B. Gas, water and fossil fuels.
C. Coal, natural gas and hydropower.
D. Sunlight, water and wind power.
试题答案：D
79、Why switch grass and Miscanthus were taken as energy plant?（单选题）
A. Because they contain more cellulose.
B. Because genomes have been sequenced for clues to make other plants better energy crops.
C. Because some scientists are breeding a wide variety o[Candidate crops.
D. Because the spotlight is on this underdeveloped field.
试题答案：A
80、Which of the following is true about Mahmoud Abuqammar?（单选题）
A. He wants to join militant faction after he saw three children killed by an airstrike.
B. His ID paper was burned in the war, but he doesn’t want to join militant faction because no faction was helping him.
C. He wants to join militant faction now, but really wants to build a family; to live, like any normal person.
D. He really wants to build a family, to live, like any normal person, he is not willing to join militant faction.
试题答案：C
81、The word “transcends” (para.1) in the sentence “highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form…” is closest in meaning to which of the following?（单选题）
A. go beyond
B. fit into
C. subject to
D. set up
试题答案：A
82、China and Russia’s speeches ______.（单选题）
A. gave the attendants a chance to see the rise of emerging economies out of the crisis
B. proved that the economic crisis is truly global
C. brought hope to the plummeting world economy
D. gave the world a template of walking out of the crisis
试题答案：B
83、The best definition of “claustrophobia” in “One of the classic train fights took advantage of rail claustrophobia, when James Bond fought Red Grant in From Russia With Love” is ______.（单选题）
A. fear of close-in room
B. high speed
C. difficulty to stop
D. link with romance
试题答案：A
84、Borglum’s mixture for filling cracks was ______.（单选题）
A. very expensive
B. bought at the Black Hills mines
C. invented by the sculptor himself
D. uncovered during carving
试题答案：C
85、The reason that it is easier to describe one’s personality in words than one’s face is that ______.（单选题）
A. many words are available to describe personality
B. a person’s personality is easily distinguished
C. people’s personalities are very much alike
D. a person’s face is more complex than his personality
试题答案：A
86、The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are ______.（单选题）
A. unjustifiably ignored by musicologists
B. not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value
C. among those great works in which popular historical themes were portrayed
D. often inappropriately cited as examples of great musical works
试题答案：B
87、Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ______.（单选题）
A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success
B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked
D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture
试题答案：D
88、Which of the following is the mysterious area of music and brain facing scientists?（单选题）
A. The difference between people with musical ancestors and tin-eared people in evolution.
B. The working mechanics of music and musical instrument.
C. The function of music in the area of neurology and biology.
D. The difference between people with mental illness and people with deaf ear to music.
试题答案：A
89、The following aspects explain why Spaniards have a minor alcohol problem EXCEPT ______.（单选题）
A. small beer glass
B. family drinking
C. high social tolerance for alcohol consumption
D. early drinking years
试题答案：D
90、It can be concluded from the passage that ______.（单选题）
A. large families may be considered as a heavy burden by the rural poor
B. the actions of national and international power brokers have an important effect upon the decision made by the rural poor
C. the actions of those with the highest fertility, the rural poor, ultimately determine the rate of population growth
D. having large families had more advantages than disadvantages in those poor areas
试题答案：C
91、The expression “phasing-out” in the sentence “But the phasing-out of benefit premiums for lone parents is hitting one of the biggest groups of people relying on social security.” in para. 12 can best be replaced by ______.（单选题）
A. gradual withdrawal
B. slow continuation
C. large increase
D. sudden stoppage
试题答案：A
92、The expression “separate the wheat from the chaff in the teaching profession”is closest in meaning to ______.（单选题）
A. distinguish better teachers from less capable ones
B. differentiate young teachers from old ones
C. tell the essential qualities of good teaching
D. reevaluate the role of senior teachers
试题答案：A
93、当物料提升机安装条件受到限制不能使用附墙架时，可采用缆风绳，缆风绳与水
平面夹角宜在（）之间。

（单选题）
A. 30°~45°
B. 45°~60
C. 60°~75°
D. <30°
试题答案：B
94、In this passage about secondary schools, the author is mainly concerned about ______.（单选题）
A. academic standards
B. the role of specialist teachers
C. the training of the individual teachers
D. the personal development of pupils
试题答案：D
95、The author considers a new scientific theory to be the ______.（单选题）
A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation
B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience
C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular
D. result of highly creative scientific activity
试题答案：D
96、What does “this” in “Even expecting this... ” (para.2) refer to?（单选题）
A. The distance between San Francisco and New York.
B. The vastness of the country.
C. The size of the Mediterranean Sea.
D. The country’s borders.
试题答案：B
97、Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?（单选题）
A. Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.
B. Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.。