高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)试题类型及其解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)试题类型及其解题技巧
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

While every dog owner knows their dogs can read their moods perfectly, scientists have always been a little doubtful. Now thanks to some researchers at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, Austria, we finally have some convincing evidence.
For their study, biologist Corson Miller and his team exposes eleven selected dogs to digital images of women that were either angry or happy. Half the dogs were rewarded for touching the screen when shown a happy face, while the other half got their treat for selecting those that appeared angry.
Interestingly, the dogs were not provided with the entire face. Some dogs were shown only upper halves while the others observed lower halves. That's because the scientists believe humans show their emotions on their entire face.
After some training like how to recognize small differences like the wrinkles between the eyes or the changes in their shape that accompany the happy or angry expressions, the dogs were mostly able to identify the correct expression not only on a familiar face but on a strange face. The researchers concluded the dogs were smart enough to read human emotions.
They also found those being trained to read angry expressions took a longer time to learn. They guess it may be because dogs find angry faces disgusting, causing them to withdraw quickly. However, once the smart dogs realized they were getting rewarded, the trepidation seemed to disappear. In fact, the dogs had such a good time playing the computer "game" That scientists had a hard time keeping them away from the touch screens after the study was completed.
The researchers also noticed only dogs with a male owner had a harder time understanding the expressions correctly. Since the touch-screen models were all females, this confirmed what has been observed in previous studies dogs are more efficient at reading facial expressions of people that are the same gender as their owner.
（1）How did the scientists conduct the experiment?
A.By leaving dogs to women who are either happy or angry.
B.By mixing the selected dogs together.
C.By rewarding only half of the dogs touching the screen
D.By showing digital pictures of women's happy or angry faces.
（2）The underlined word "trepidation" in Paragraph 5 probably means ________.
A.fear and hesitation
B.curiosity and eagerness
C.excitement and happiness
D.doubt and sadness
（3）According to the last paragraph, dogs with female owners ________.
A.are fond of the male faces
B.are uninterested in telling the emotions on the entire faces
C.have difficulty telling the moods on the faces of males
D.can only recognize emotions of females
（4）What is the best title for this passage?
A.Mood Changes Influence Dogs
B.Dogs Identify the Moods
C.dogs and Their Owners
D.Dog's Mood Research
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最新的实验发现，即狗能够识别人的面部表情的变化。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的"For their study biologist Corson Miller and his team exposed eleven selected dogs to digital images of women that were either angry or happy."可知，实验人员通过屏幕向这些狗展示了一组女性面部表情的照片，这些表情中既有快乐的，也有愤怒的。

故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。

根据第五段中的"They guess it may be because dogs find angry faces disgusting, causing them to withdraw quickly"以及"However"可知，与前面意思相反，以及划线词后的"disappear"可知"once the smart dogs realized they were getting rewarded, the trepidation seemed to disappear.…"此句为，狗看到生气的表情后会感到厌恶，并由此退缩，但是一旦聪明的狗意识到会有奖励之后，它们的恐惧以及退缩就会消失。

由此可判断出A 符合题意，故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的"......this confirmed what had been observed in previous studies―dogs are more efficient at reading facial expressions of people that are the same gender as their owner"可知，狗擅长辨别与自己主人性别相同的人的表情，由此推断，让主人是女性的狗来辨别男性面部表情的图片是比较困难的。

故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。

第一段提出文章的主旨即“每个狗的主人都知道他们的狗狗能很好地读懂他们的情绪，但科学家们一直有点怀疑。

现在，有证据表明这是正确的”，接着在下文用硬实证明了这一点。

因此本文的最好的题目就是“狗能识别人的情绪”。

故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

When you think back to the blackboard from your school days, what color is it? Chances are that it's green. So what's up with the name? Originally, blackboards were really black. Before wall-sized blackboards existed, late 18th-century students used their own mini boards made of slate (石板) or painted wood, according to Concordia University, Those first boards were, in fact, black, and they paved the way for the larger ones.
In 1800 when a Scottish headmaster named James Pillans wanted his students to draw maps, the students couldn't draw the maps their teacher wanted on their tiny boards, so Pillans put
several slates together to create a large board. Problem solved! From there, the idea spread quickly as teachers could finally show a concept to the whole class at one time. By 1815, the massive writing spaces were common enough to earn their own name: blackboard.
The color change came in the 1960s when companies sold, steel plates, coated with green enamel (漆) instead of the traditional dark slate. The new material was lighter and less fragile than the first blackboards, so they were cheaper to ship and more likely to survive the journey. Teachers weren't complaining either. After all, the new "greenboards" made the chalk powder easier to erase. Plus, the enamel left less of a glare and the color was nicer to look at. At that point, people started using the word "chalkboard "as a more accurate descriptor, but "blackboard" still stuck around.
（1）What did the late 18th-century students use in class?
A. Blackboard.
B. Chalkboard.
C. Greenboard.
D. Mini board.（2）Why did the headmaster ask the students to put their mini boards together?
A. To make a comparison.
B. To make enough space.
C. To draw students' attention.
D. To arouse students' interest.
（3）Which of the following is NOT the advantage of the "greenboard"?
A. They're lighter in weight.
B. They're more convenient to transport.
C. They're easier to erase the powder.
D. They're more useful than the traditional ones.
（4）What's the main idea of the text?
A. Introduction of the blackboard.
B. Origin of the blackboard.
C. Color of the blackboard.
D. Function of the blackboard.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过描述黑板发展历程向读者介绍了黑板最早的时候确实是黑色的，随后慢慢发展变成了绿色。

回答了"黑板为什么是绿色的？"这个问题。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的，"te 18th-century students used their own mini boards made of slate (石板) or painted wood..."可知，18世纪的学生用的是“迷你板”。

故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“ In 1800 when a Scottish headmaster named James Pillans wanted his students to draw maps, the students couldn't draw the maps their teacher wanted on their tiny boards, so Pillans put several slates together to create a large board.
”在1800年，一名英格兰校长James Pillans想让他的学生们画地图，但是学生们在他们的迷你板上无法画出地图，因此校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起来制造一个大的板。

可知，校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起是为了创造一个大的空间来画地图。

故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的"The new material was lighter and... more likely to survive the Journey."可知A项和B项正确；以及"After all, ... made the chalk powder easier to erase."可知C项正确；D项文章未提及。

故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。

文章第一段前四句话点明了文章中心：我们看到的黑板大多是绿色的，为什么叫黑板？通读全文也可知文章主要讲述了黑板发展过程中颜色从黑色变成绿色的过程和原因。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解
According to a recent study, a new genetically modified rice can prevent infections of HIV, the virus responsible for the disease AIDS.
The study reports the newly-developed rice produces proteins that attach directly to the HIV virus. This process prevents the virus from mixing with human cells. The scientists say it can remove the effect of the virus and block its spreading.
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS reports that worldwide, nearly 37 million people were living with HIV in 2017. The organization says the largest number of those are in developing countries. Nearly two-thirds of HIV cases are in Africa. Now there is no cure for HIV/AIDS though there have been developments in oral drug treatments to slow the progression of the disease.
The new study predicts the rice-based method will lead to long-term use of the anti-HIV treatment across the developing world. Researchers said the "groundbreaking" discovery is "realistically the only way" that anti-HIV combination treatments can be produced at a cost low enough for the developing world.
They say the easiest and most cost-effective way to use the rice will be to make it into a cream to be put on the skin. The HIV-fighting proteins can then enter the body through the skin. People all over the world could grow the rice and make the cream themselves. This would prevent the cost and travel required for many patients to receive treatments and medicine.
The process of changing the genetic structure of food crops has been debated for some time. Critics of genetically engineered crops believe they can harm people. The scientific team says further testing is needed to ensure that the genetic engineering process does not produce any additional chemicals that could be dangerous to people.
（1）What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3?
A. Stress the urgency of HIV treatments.
B. Provide some data about HIV.
C. Remind readers of HIV prevention.
D. Introduce HIV to the public.
（2）In which way will the rice be used at the lowest cost?
A. By transforming it into proteins.
B. By adding it to an oral drug.
C. By attaching it to the HIV virus.
D. By processing it into a cream.
（3）What can we infer about the genetic engineering process?
A. It can prevent infections of HIV.
B. It can produce dangerous chemicals.
C. It still requires perfecting.
D. It applies to the developed world.
（4）From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook.
B. A health magazine.
C. A social webpage.
D. A first aid brochure.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家培育出可预防艾滋病病毒感染的转基因水稻。

研究人员表示，这一“突破性”的发现是“现在唯一的”以低成本为发展中国家生产抗艾滋病毒联合治疗的方法，但还有待于进一步的完善。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的“nearly 37 million people were living with HIV in 2017.... Now there is no cure for HIV/AIDS though there have been developments in oral drug treatments to slow the progression of the disease” 可知，“2017年全世界有近3700万人感染艾滋病毒。

尽管口服药物治疗已经有了进展减缓了疾病的发展，但现在还没有治愈艾滋病毒/艾滋病的方法”。

由此可推断出对于艾滋病的治疗迫在眉睫，非常紧迫。

分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第五段中的“They say the easiest and most cost-effective way to use the rice will be to make it into a cream to be put on the skin.”可知，最简单、最划算的使用方法是将大米制成面霜涂在皮肤上。

“the most cost-effective”与“the lowest cost”是同义词，“make it into a cream”与“process it into a cream”是同义的。

故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“The scientific team says further testing is needed to ensure that the genetic engineering process does not produce any additional chemicals that could be dangerous to people.”可知，科学研究小组认为要进一步的测试，以确保基因工程过程不会产生任何可能对人类有害的额外化学物质。

由此可推断这种基因工程的过程还需要进一步的完善。

故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。

纵观全文可知，本文介绍了最近的一项研究，一种新的转基因水稻可以预防艾滋病病毒的感染。

因此与人类的健康有关，所以本文可能是出现在健康杂志上，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解
Scientists have found what they believe are pieces of a meteor(流星)that fell to the earth last year. The objects were discovered off the coast of the United States in the Pacific Ocean.
The crew of the Nautilus, a private research ship, recovered the rock particles(颗粒).The Nautilus is operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust. The group says its aim at present is to examine areas of the ocean that have never been explored before.
The search was launched after US government weather stations observed a large meteorite exploding some months ago. The explosion lit up the sky and sent the rock particles to the earth. The meteorite fall was the largest recorded over the United States in at least 20years. The team includes scientists from NASA, the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and the University of Washington. The scientists examined what they believe were two small meteorite fragments. Further testing is needed before they can confirm that the material came from the explosion.
The Nautilus is equipped with two remotely operated vehicles(ROVs), called Hercules and Argus. These robotic submarines help researchers find and collect materials from the seafloor. The fact that the particles landed in the ocean, instead of on land, means larger pieces may have survived and can be studied. For this reason, scientists decided to launch the first intentional search for meteorites from the ocean. Until the latest research, scientists had only accidentally discovered a small number of meteorites from drilling operations.
The objects recovered from the bottom of the sea likely came from the recent explosion for two main reasons. First, meteorite particles are basically made of glassy materials that do not tend to last long in seawater. Secondly, they came from what looked like a small hole on the seafloor. Some evidence shows that they came from something that fell.
（1）What is the current goal of the crew of the Ocean Exploration Trust?
A. To recover the rock particles.
B. To observe movements of the universe.
C. To study unexplored places of the ocean.
D. To examine creatures of the explored ocean.（2）What mainly caused the start of the search in the sea?
A. A huge meteor shower.
B. Business value of meteors.
C. Plenty of natural resources.
D. The brainstorm of researchers.
（3）Why do the scientists prefer to search for meteors in the ocean?
A. They can find meteors more easily.
B. They may find bigger rock particles.
C. They like to explore strange sea areas.
D. They have better submarine equipment.
（4）What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph?
A. Offer clues for the search.
B. Give reasons to support a guess.
C. Stress the importance of the event.
D. Describe the process of the search.
【答案】（1）C
（2）A
（3）B
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家们发现了他们认为是去年坠落地球的流星碎片。

这些物体是在美国太平洋沿岸发现的。

一场巨大的流星雨导致了在海中搜索的开始。

科学家更喜欢在海洋中寻找流星是因为他们可能会发现更大的岩石颗粒。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“The group says its aim at present is to examine areas of the ocean that have never been explored before.”可知，the Ocean Exploration Trust的船员目前的目标是研究海洋中未被探索的地方。

故选C。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“Scientists have found what they believe are pieces of a meteor(流星)that fell to the earth last year.”可知，一场巨大的流星雨导致了在海中搜索的开始。

故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据第四段中的“The fact that the particles landed in the ocean, instead of on land, means larger pieces may have survived and can be studied.”可知，科学家更喜欢在海洋中寻找流星是因为他们可能会发现更大的岩石颗粒。

故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“The objects recovered from the bottom of the sea li kely came from the recent explosion for two main reasons.”可知，作者在最后一段是想给出支持猜测的理由。

故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解
A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia (痴呆) and other limitations live independently in their own homes.
The Robot Activity Support System or RAS, uses sensors installed in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owner to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.
"RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected," said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Currently, an estimated 50 percent of adults over the age of 85 need assistance with every day activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial strain on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone.
RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to incorporate into their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that demonstrates how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.
"While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising," Minor said. "The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what prompts, video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot."
（1）How does RAS serve elderly people?
A. Through sensors.
B. Through objects.
C. Through a mobile robot.
D. Through their daily activities.
（2）What can we know about RAS?
A. It is the first robot used in daily life.
B. Its function remains to be tested.
C. It can locate people and do any task.
D. It can cook for owners on its own.
（3）What's Minor's attitude toward the future of RAS?
A. Doubtful.
B. Negative.
C. Optimistic.
D. Uncertain.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Elderly people leave the nursing home.
B. Smart Home Tests first elder-Care robot.
C. RAS, the first robot to make home smart.
D. Older adults have benefited from RAS.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人，可以帮助那些痴呆或有身体缺陷的老年人在家里过上自立的生活。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据章第二段中的“ Th e Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors （传感器）equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities”可知机器人活动支持系统（RAS）使用WSU智能家居中配备的传感器（传感器）来确定其居民在哪里，他们在做什么以及何时需要日常活动的帮助，说明传感器起到了重大的作用，故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance…”可知，这台机器人的表现还要经过进一步的测，说明正在测试阶段，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“ While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have b een promising”可知，Minor对这款机器人的未来发展充满信心、非常乐观，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。

纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人。

再根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance ”可知，机器人目前还在华盛顿州立大学的智能屋里进行测试，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解
City trees grow faster and die younger than trees in rural forestry, a new study finds. Over their lifetimes, then, urban trees will likely absorb less CO2 from the air than forest trees.
As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2. However, CO2is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as/heat. That makes temperatures near
the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning-of fossil(化石)fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases into the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.
Studies had shown forests readily absorb CO2, but there hadn't been much data on whether city trees grow, die and absorb CO2at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out.
To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree's diameter increases as it grows, just as a person's waist size increases as they gain weight. About half the weight of a tree is carbon, research has shown. Most of the rest is water. Over the nine years' tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon from the air as forest trees. However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more CO2.
City trees grew faster because they had less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest，trees tend to grow close together，shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮)in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak.
（1）What can he known about CO2 from paragraph 2?
A. It is one of the side effects of greenhouses.
B. It greatly accelerates the process of global warming.
C. It results from the widespread burning of fossil fuels.
D. It prevents the earth from becoming unsuitable to live on.
（2）Why did researchers track the diameters of trees?
A. To know about their growth rates.
B. To find out how much they weigh.
C. To check whether they were healthy.
D. To assess the carbon amounts in them.
（3）What advantage do city trees have over forest trees?
A. They are more likely to access growth promoters.
B. They can enjoy more water coming from the air.
C. They can enjoy more shade from neighbors.
D. They are better at competing for light.
（4）What will probably be talked about if the passage is continued?
A. How urban trees can live longer.
B. Why city living makes trees die young.
C. How trees respond to dry soil conditions.
D. Why faster-growing trees absorb more C02.【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）A
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。

一项新的研究发现：与长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快，但死得更早。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“the earth would be freezing or burning hot without
CO2.”可知，如果没有二氧化碳，地球将会极冷或极热。

可以推断，二氧化碳可以防止地球变得不适合居住。

故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第四段中的“To figure on how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters.”可知，研究人员监测树木的直径是为了了解树木的生长速度。

故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮）in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground.”可知，与生长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快是因为它们无需与邻近的树木争夺光照，也能得到更多的氮量，还更容易得到水。

光、氮和水都可以促进树木的生长。

由此可以推断，城市里的树木比森林中的树木更可能获得生长促进剂。

故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。

首句就提到了一项新的研究结果：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章第三段说到“以前有研究表明森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是城市里的树木的生长、死亡和吸收二氧化碳的速度是否跟森林中的树木一样，这方面的数据不多。

因此一些研究人员决定弄清楚”；文章第四段再次介绍了他们的研究发现：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章最后一段介绍了城市里的树木比森林中的树木生长得更快的几个原因。

由此可以推断，文章接下来很可能就要介绍城市里的树木死得更早的原因。

故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解
What a Messy Desk Says About You
For some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and health-related choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices.
What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren't necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two office spaces, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess.
A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other
objects were neatly arranged.
The results were something of a surprise, says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.
But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health "boost" to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either "new" or "classic." The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one; those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version. "Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition," Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, "which can produce fresh insights."
The implications of these findings are also practical. "My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project", Dr. Vohs says, "then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious."（1）The underlined word "immaculate" in paragraph 1 probably means .
A. messy
B. tidy
C. terrible
D. comfortable
（2）Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory?
A. Chaos begets chaos.
B. Misfortune may be an actual blessing.
C. Bad news has wings.
D. When a door shuts, a window opens.
（3）Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with?
A. More virtue exists in organized people.
B. Creativity results from tidiness and discipline.
C. Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas.
D. Workers' good habits guarantee the success of a project.
（4）What can we conclude from the study results?
A. The naturally neat people tend to be very creative.
B. A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency.
C. Environments can affect people's way of thinking and behavior.
D. People's personalities are determined by their working environments.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项研究人类行为与环境相关的实验，实验结果表明无序混乱的环境可能更容易激发人们打破传统，产生新的见解。

同时研究人员建议如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。

但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。

（1）考查词义猜测。

根据第一段中的“Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have…”不出所料，他们发现，天生有自觉性的人，也就是有条理、可预测的人，通常比那些不守规矩的人吃得更
好，活得更久。

可推知天生有自觉性有条理的人，他们也更有倾向于拥有整洁的办公室。

故划线单词意思为"整洁的"。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第四段中的“The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.”几十年前提出的"破窗理论"认为，即使是轻微的混乱和忽视也会助长冷漠和缺乏纪律。

可推知混乱产生混乱最能解释破窗理论。

故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据倒数第二段中的"Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition," Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, "which can produce fresh insights.""无序的环境似乎激发了人们打破传统，"沃斯博士和她的合著者在研究中总结道，"这可以产生新的见解。

"可推知沃斯博士可能会同意杂乱的环境有助于创造新想法。

故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的"’My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project‘, Dr. Vohs says,’then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.‘"沃斯博士说:"我的建议是，如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。

"但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。

通过这样做，天生邋遢的人可以获得一些自觉的纪律。

"可推知我们能从研究结果中得出结论，环境可以影响人们的思维方式和行为方式。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Throughout our daily lives, we have known plenty of people and will know more. But how can we tell if someone is trustworthy? In a paper published recently in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researcher gave us the answer.
The researchers asked 401 adults from the United States to fill out a questionnaire measuring their guilt-proneness (内疚倾向) in different situations as well as several other qualities, and then play a short online game. In this game, Player 1 is given $1, which they can choose to give to Player2. Any money given to Player 2 is then automatically increased to $2.50. Player 2 can then decide whether to keep all of the money or behave in a trustworthy way by returning a portion of the money to Player 1. The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. Actually, in follow-up studies, guilt-proneness predicted trustworthiness better than other personality qualities the researchers measured.
Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling an obligation to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. People who are guilt-prone tend to avoid engaging in behavior that might harm or disappoint others. If they do something bad, guilt encourages them to try to make things right again.
Then, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? "One way to。