网页设计外文翻译
网页设计常用栏目中英文翻译
网页设计常用栏目中英文翻译网页设计常用栏目中英文翻译2010-04-17 14:23常识：公司名称和地址中每个单词的首字母大写，地址是从小到大。
按钮和标题每个单词的首字母最好也大写, 这些一般都是名词。
公司介绍类栏目的:公司简介：About Us/Introduction/Company Profile/The Company董事长致词：Chairman's Note 或Chairman's Message 或Message from Chairman总裁致词，总经理致词：President's Note 或President's Message 或Message from President或CEO's Note 或CEO's Message 或 Message from CEO公司/企业:Cooperate一般栏目:Home About Us Products purchase order eRing Contact Gbook公司简介： About Us组织结构： Corp. Structure 或 Corporate Structure如果是“公司简介”下一个子栏目，可直接用 Structure公司历史： History公司荣誉： Honors大事记： Milestones子公司，下属公司： Subsidiaries企业文化： Corp. Culture 或 Corporation Culture 或 Culture 企业精神，公司理念： Our Philosophy 或 Philosophy经营理念： Business Philosophy公司新闻，企业动态： Company News 或 News最新消息： What's New 或 Current Affair信息交流：Communication公司结构：Structure of the Company/Company Structure组织机构： Organization/Structure公司动态/信息发布：News总经理：General Manager总裁：President董事长：Board Chairman/Chairman董事长兼总经理：Chairman and General Manager董事会：Board of Directors监视会：Board of Supervisors企业文化：Our Culture/Company's Culture/Culture企业精神：Our Spirit/Company's Spirit/Spirit企业宗旨：Our Principle/Philosophy总裁致辞：President's Report/President's Speech董事长致辞：Board Chairman's Reprot/Board Chairman's Speech/Board Chairman's Address总经理致辞：General Manager's Reprot/General Manager's Speech/General Manager's Address厂长： Plant director公司理念：Our Philosophy荣誉认证：Honors & Certificates企业新闻: News市场前景：Prospect领导视察: Leader's visit领导关怀: Leader's care企业荣誉: Honor下属公司: Subcompany分支机构: Branch企业结构: Framework董事会： Board of Directors监事会： Board of Supervisors经理层： Managing Directors财务部： Dept. of Finance促销部： Dept. of Sales Promotion办公室：Company’s Office促销部： Sales Promotion Department海外公司： Overseas Companies财务部： Department of Finance储运部： Department of Storage and Transportation业务部： Business Department办公室：Company’s Office日韩部： Dept. for Japan and Korea东南亚部： Dept. for Southeast Asia南美部： Dept. for South America印巴部： Dept. for India and Pakistan北美部： Dept. for North America欧洲部： Dept. for Europe综贸部： Dept. for Miscellaneous Business产品及技术介绍类栏目:科研力量： R&D厂房设备： Facility 或 Equipment技术交流： Tech. Exchange公司产品，产品中心等：Products 或Product Center 或Product Catalog产品目录： Product Catalog 或 Catalog 或 Catalogue产品展厅，产品在线： Showroom 或 Online Store新品发布： New Products产品优势： Advantages特色产品： Specials重点推荐，特别推荐（的产品）：Featured Products 或Top Products产品搜索： Product Search 或 Search公司产品/产品目录/产品大全/：Products/Our Products/About our Products/Product List主要产品：Main Products/Primary Products质量保证：Quality Control招商引资/寻求合作：Business Opportunity产品供应：Supply/Offer to Buy产品求购：Demand/Offer to Buy招商引资：Call for Bid开发合作：Cooperation & Development技术指标：T echnique Index产品订购: Order解决方案： solutions行业优势： competitive edges产品优势： product adnantages业务咨询： Business consultation合作交流： cooperation交流动态： communication news技术研究： technology research合作伙伴： parteners核心竞争力： core competitiveness技术常识： Technical knowledge质量方针： Principle for Quality质量目标： Objective for Quality人力资源类栏目:人才信息，人才招聘，人力资源：Career 或Jobs 或Human Resource招聘：Job Opportunity/Want Ads.英才加盟： join us人才需求： recruitment在线简历： resume online销售及服务类栏目:销售网络： Sales Network技术支持： Support客户服务： Customer Service 或 Service售后服务： Aftersales Service 或 Service在线交易： Order Online 或 Order联系我们： Contact Us反馈表： Feedback链接： Links邮箱登陆：E-mail Entry销售网络：Distribution Network/Sales Network市场部：Marketing Department/Department of Marketing销售部:Marketing Department/Department of Marketing/Department of Sales/Sales Department (Department 缩写：Dept.)客户服务/支持：Customer Support/Customer Service市场网络: Marketing network市场营销: Marketing营销网络: Sales network网上订单: Order online信息反馈: Feedback在线交易: Trading/trade立即订购: Order Now!营销策略： marketing strategy营销团队： sell team服务宗旨： service aim英文版：English中文版：Chinese回首页：Home联系方法/联系方式：Contact Us/Contact 电话：TEL/Phone地址：ADD/Address邮编：Zip Code/Postal Code/Z.P./P.C.手机/移动电话：Mobile Phone/M.P.传真：Fax电报挂号：Cable Address电子邮件/信箱: E-mail总机: Telephone exchange网站地图： map进出口公司： Import & Export Company公司简介：Company brief产品展示 Product企业荣誉 Enterprise honor合作伙伴 Cooperation partner质量认证 Quality certificate企业文化 Enterprise Culture成长历程 Development history经营理念 Management ideas经营理念 Operation philosophy服务理念 Service philosophy营销理念 Marketing philosophy人才思略Talent policy质量方针 Quality policy以质求生存，以量求发展Quality for survival, and quantity for growth企业理念 Company philosophy企业宗旨 Company tenet销售网络 Selling network营销网络 Sales Network企业荣誉 Enterprise honor/Glories公司设备 Equipment企业文化 Enterprise Culture资质认证 Quality certification企业规模 Scale组织机构 organization合作加盟 Join in Cooperation技术力量 Technology经理致辞 Manager`s oration发展历程 Development history 工程案例 Engineering Projects 业务范围 Business Scope分支机构 Branches供求信息 Supply & Demand经营理念 Operation Principle产品销售 Product Sales联系我们 Contact Us信息发布 Information返回首页 Back Homepage在线订单 On-line order分类浏览 Browse by category电子商务 E-Business公司实力 Strength版权所有 Copyright友情连结 Hot link应用领域 Application Fields人力资源 Human Resource HR 领导致辞 Leader`s oration企业资质 Enterprise qualification 行业新闻 Trade news行业动态 Trends客户留言 Customer Message客户服务 Customer Service新闻动态 News & Trends公司名称 Company Name销售热线 Sales Hot-line联系人 Contact Person您的要求 Your requirements建设中 In construction下载中心 Download center会员登陆 Member Entrance意见反馈 Feedback常见问题 FAQ中心概况 General Profile教育培训 Education & Training产品展厅 Product gallery超越自我，追求卓越 Surpass selfhood,pursue excellence建议使用1024x768分辨率浏览Resolution of 1024*768 or higher is recommended.工具 Tools资源 Resources证书 Certificate地址 Add邮编 CODE Zip code电话 Tel传真 Fax分公司 Branch推荐产品 Recommend productsPrevious Page 上一页Category 分类网站导航 site map诚征代理 Agents wanted工程实例 Project cases分类范畴 Categories产品导航Products Guide招聘：Recruitment详细描述 Detail企业新闻 Enterprise news 行业新闻 Field news市场行情 Market流行时尚 Popular fashion其他新闻 Other news产品名称 Product Name产品说明 Description价格 Price品牌 Brand规格 Specification尺寸 Size生产厂家 Manufacturer型号 Model产品标号 Item No.技术指标 Technique Data产品描述 Description产地 Production Place销售信息 Sales Information 用途 Application论坛 Forum在线订购 On-line order招商 Enterprise-establishing 招标 Bid inviting综述 General业绩 Achievements招聘 Join Us求贤纳士 Join Us大事 Great Event动态 Trends服务 Service投资 Investment行业 Industry规划 Programming环境 Environment发送 Delivery提交 Submit重写 Reset登录 Login注册 Register全程无忧Worriless Whole-process产品铺贴指导Guide for Paving & Sticking of Products保养常识 Maintenance Common Sense产品介绍 Product Introduction工程目录 Project Content企业信息 Enterprise Information企业理念 Company philosophyCNSHUN技术支持 Powered by CNSHUN社区 Community业务介绍 Business introduction在线调查 Online inquiry Inquiry游乐园 amusement park在线交流 Online communication专题报道 Special report补丁：patch Previous给我们打电话或发邮件--Call or Write to Us Legal Information Forgotten your password? 忘记了你的密码？CNSHUN设计与技术支持：Designed and supported by CNSHUN技术支持：CNSHUN公司Technical Support: CNSHUN Co., Ltd. Foshan Branch网站地图-Site Map服务和支持 Service & Support如何购买How T o Buy工程实例：Engineering Projects实例：Projects祝贺,你现在可以从任何一页进入你的个人电脑使用的电子邮件地址和你的密码. 已发送电子邮件给你了,你的资料.Congratulations, you can now access your personalized page from any computer using your email address and password. An email has been sent to you with your information.User Profile 用户信息User register 用户注册Username: * Must between 2 to 24 chars 用户名必须是2到24个字节Password: * Must between 6 to 16 chars密码 Confirm Password重复密码: *Must match the password aboveGender 性别Unkown 不知道Male男的Female 女的Email: Hide my Email address :Security Code: 验证码Collapse all 收缩所有Expand all 展开所有Sign in 登入I lost my password 我的密码丢失了Existing User 已经存在的用于(已经注册的用户登录）Sign up now 现在就注册checking... 正在检验Save my information 保存我的信息页设计命名标准(美工)文件夹命名------------------文件夹主要建立以下文件夹：1、Images 存放一些网站常用的图片；2、Css 存放一些CSS文件；3、Flash 存放一些Flash文件；4、PSD 存放一些PSD源文件；5、Temp 存放所有临时图片和其它文件；6、copyright 版权信息（可选）7、readme 说明文件Css统一命名------------------注：本CSS命名规则只适合物table制作模式下1、 css文件统一放在css文件夹下；命名css.css2、主样式定义：body、table、td、tr、a3、链接样式定义：link_white（白色）；link_black (黑色)；link_blue (蓝色) 等等；说明:如有重复的后面加阿拉伯数字;如link_red01 有下划线的如:link_red_4、文字样式定义：font_red (红色)；font_red_14 (红色14号字)；font_red_14b (红色14号加粗)5、边框样式定义：border_red_tblr (红色四个边)；border_red_blr(红色底左右三边)；border_red_lr(红色左右两个边)；border_red_b (红色底一个边)等等；6、表单样式定义：text_100 (文本字段宽为100)；textarea_200_red (文本区域宽为200有红色边框)；select_100 (列表宽为100)；button_150 (按钮宽150)；说明：表单用宽度定义，在命名中最长写到：“text_100_red”7、线的样式定义：line_X (横线)；line_Y (竖线)；line_X_red (红色横线)；line_X_red2 (两个像素的红色横线)；说明：在line中只定义虚线，实线在border中定义8、其它样式定义：在这里主要定义一些个性化的样式；文件命名------------------head.asp 头文件foot.asp 底文件index.asp 首页文件sort.html 分类嵌套文件article_channel.asp 文章_频道页article_list.asp 文章_列表页article_detail.asp 文章_显示页注明：如果有多个文章频道,则用article01,article02,article03等等exhibit_channel.asp 展会信息_频道页exhibit_list.asp 展会信息_列表页exhibit_detail.asp 展会信息_显示页product_channel.asp 产品中心_频道页product_list.asp 产品中心_列表页prodect_detail.asp 产品中心_显示页corporation_channel.asp 会员_频道页corporation_list.asp 会员_列表页corporation_detail.asp 会员_显示页information_channel.asp 商机信息_频道页information_list.asp 商机信息_列表页information_detail.asp 商机信息_显示页job_channel.asp 招聘_频道页job_list.asp 招聘_列表页job_detail.asp 招聘_显示页hr_channel.asp 求职_频道页hr_list.asp 求职_列表页hr_detail.asp 求职_显示页job_hr_channel.asp 人才中心_频道页job_hr_lisr.asp 人才中心_列表页job_hr_detail.asp 人才中心_显示页copyright.asp 版权页图片命名------------------1、导航命名：menu_****.gif 如：menu_bg .gif(导航的背景图)2、会员登录：login_****.gif 如：login_bg.gif (会员登陆的背景图)3、搜索命名：search_****.gif 如：search_bg.gif (搜索的背景图)4、小图标：ico_数字.gif 如：ico_001.gif5、线的命名：line_X_颜色.gif 如：line_X_red.gif(红色横向虚线)说明：line只命名虚线line_Y_red.gif(红色纵向虚线)6、广告命名：ad_数字.gif 如：ad_001.gif7、其它栏目的图片：以栏目名的第一个字母_****.gif如：xwzx_bg.gif (新闻中心背景) cpzx_l.gif (产品中心的左边图)8、产品与栏目热点图片： pic_数字.gif 如：pic_001.gif说明：上、下、左、右可以缩写为T、B、L、R。
网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)H O L I S T I C W E B B R O W S I N G:T R E N D S O F T H E F U T U R EThe future of the Web is everywhere. The future of the Web is not at your desk. It’s not necessarily in your pocket, either. It’s everywhere. With each new technological innovation, we continue to become more and more immersed in the Web, connecting the ever-growing layer of information in the virtual world to the real one around us. But rather than get starry-eyed with utopian wonder about this bright future ahead, we should soberly anticipate the massive amount of planning and design work it will require of designers, developers and others.The gap between technological innovation and its integration in our daily lives is shrinking at a rate much faster than we can keep pace with—consider the number of unique Web applications you signed up for in the past year alone. T hishas resulted in a very fragmented experience of the Web. While running several different browsers, with all sorts of plug-ins, you might also be running multiple standalone applications to manage feeds, social media accounts and music playlists.Even though we may be adept at switching from one tab or window to another, we should be working towards a more holistic Web experience, one that seamlessly integrates all of the functionality we need in the simplest and most contextual way. With this in mind, l et’s review four trends that designers and developers would be wise to observe and integrate into their work so as to pave the way for a more holistic Web browsing experience:1.The browser as operating system,2.Functionally-limited mobile applications,3.Web-enhanced devices,4.Personalization.1. The Browser As Operating SystemThanks to the massive growth of Web productivity applications, creative tools and entertainment options, we are spending more time in the browser than ever before. The more time we spend there, the less we make use of the many tools in the larger operating system that actually runs the browser. As a result, we’re beginning to expect the same high level of reliability and sophistication in our Web experience that we get from our operating system.For the most part, our expectations have been met by such innovations as Google’s Gmail, Talk, Calendar and Docs applications, which all offer varying degrees of integration with one another, and online image editing tools like Picnik and Adobe’s on line version of Photoshop. And those expectations will continue to be met by upcoming releases, such as the Chrome operating system—we’re already thinking of our browsers as operating systems. Doing everything on the Web was once a pipe dream, but now it’s a reality.U B I Q U I T YThe one limitation of Web browsers that becomes more and more obvious as we make greater use of applications in the cloud is the lack of usable connections between open tabs. Most users have grown accustomed to keeping many tabs open, switching back and forth rapidly between Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and various social media tools. But this switching from tab to tab is indicative of broken connections between applications that really ought to be integrated.Mozilla is attempting to functionally connect tools that we use in the browser in a more intuitive and rich way with Ubiquity. While it’s definitely a step in the right direction, the command-line approach may be a barrier to entry for thoseunable to let go of the mouse. In the screenshot below, you can see how Ubiquity allows you to quickly map a location shown on a Web page without having to open Google Maps in another tab. This is one example of integrated functionality without which you would be required to copy and paste text from one tab to another. Ubiquity’s core capability, which is creating a holistic browsing experience by understanding basic commands and executing them using appropriate Web applications, is certainly the direction in which the browser is heading.This approach, wedded to voice-recognition software, may be how we all navigate the Web in the next decade, or sooner: hands-free.T R A C E M O N K E Y A N D O G GMeanwhile, smaller, quieter releases have been paving the way to holistic browsing. This past summer, Firefox released an update to its software that includes a brand new JavaScript engine called TraceMonkey. This engine delivers a significant boost in speed and image-editing functionality, as well as the ability to play videos without third-party software or codecs.Aside from the speed advances, which are always welcome, the image and video capabilities are perfect examples of how the browser is encroaching on the operating system’s territory. Being able to edit images in the browser could replace the need for local image-editing software on your machine, and potentially for separate applications such as Picnik. At this point, it’s not certain how sophisticated this functionality can be, and so designers and ordinary users will probably continue to run local copies of Photoshop for some time to come.The new video functionality, which relies on an open-source codeccalled Ogg, opens up many possibilities, the first one being for developers who do not want to license codecs. Currently, developers are required to license a codec if they want their videos to be playable in proprietary software such as Adobe Flash. Ogg allows video to be played back in Firefox itself.What excites many, though, is that the new version of Firefox enables interactivitybetween multiple applications on the same page. One potential application of this technology, as illustrated in the image above, is allowing users to click objects in a video to get additional information about them while the video is playing.2. Functionally-Limited Mobile ApplicationsSo far, our look at a holistic Web experience has been limited to the traditional br owser. But we’re also interacting with the Web more and more on mobile devices. Right now, casual surfing on a mobile device is not a very sophisticated experiences and therefore probably not the main draw for users. Thecombination of small screens, inconsistent input options, slow connections and lack of content optimized for mobile browsers makes this a pretty clumsy, unpredictable and frustrating experience, especially if you’re not on an iPhone.However, applications written specifically for mobile environments and that deal with particular, limited sets of data—such as Google’s mobile apps,device-specific applications for Twitter and Facebook and the millions of applications in the iPhone App Store—look more like the future of mobile Web use. Because the mobile browsing experience is in its infancy, here is some advice on designing mobile experiences: rather than squeezing full-sized Web applications (i.e. ones optimized for desktops and laptops) into the pocket, designers and developers should become proficient at identifying and executing limited functionality sets for mobile applications.A M A Z O N M OB I L EA great example of a functionally-limited mobile application is Amazon’s interface for the iPhone (screenshot above). Amazon has reduced the massive scale of its website to the most essential functions: search, shopping cart and lists. And it has optimized the layout specifically for the iPhone’s smaller screen.FA C E B O O K F O R I P H O N EFacebook continues to improve its mobile version. The latest version includes a simplified landing screen, with an icon for every major function of the website in order of priority of use. While information has been reduced and segmented, the scope of the website has not been significantly altered. Each new update brings the app closer to replicating the full experience in a way that feels quite natural.G M A I L F O R I P H O N EFinally,Gmail’s iPhone application is also impressive. Google has introduced a floating bar to the interface that allows users to batch process emails, so thatt hey don’t have to open each email in order to deal with it.3. Web-Enhanced DevicesMobile devices will proliferate faster than anything the computer industry has seen before, thereby exploding entry points to the Web. But the Web will vastly expand not solely through personal mobile devices but through completely new Web-enhanced interfaces in transportation vehicles, homes, clothing and other products.In some cases, Web enhancement may lend itself to marketing initiatives and advertising; in other cases, connecting certain devices to the Web will make them more useful and efficient. Here are three examples of Web-enhanced products or services that we may all be using in the coming years:W E B-E N H A N C E D G R O C E RY S H O P P I N GWeb-connected grocery store “VIP” card s may track customer spending as they do today: every time you scan your customer card, your purchases are added to a massive database that grocery stores use to guide their stocking choices. In exchange for your data, the stores offer you discounts on selected products. Soon with Web-enhanced shopping, stores will be able to offer you specific promotions based on your particular purchasing history, and in real time (as illustrated above). This will give shoppers more incentive to sign up for VIP programs and give retailers more flexibility and variety with discounts, sales and other promotions.W E B-E N H A N C E D U T I L I T I E SOne example of a Web-enhanced device we may all see in our homes soon enough is a smart thermostat (illustrated above), which will allow users not only to monitor their power usage using Google PowerMeter but to see their current charges when it matters to them (e.g. when they’re turning up the heater, not sitting in front of a computer).W E B-E N H A N C E D P E R S O N A L B A N K I N GAnother useful Web enhancement would be a display of your current bank account balance directly on your debit or credit card (as shown above). This data would, of course, be protected and displayed only after you clear a biometric security system that reads your fingerprint directly on the card. Admittedly, this idea is rife with privacy and security implications, but something like this will nevertheless likely exist in the not-too-distant future.4. PersonalizationThanks to the rapid adoption of social networking websites, people have become comfortable with more personalized experiences online. Being greeted by name and offered content or search results based on their browsing history not only is common now but makes the Web more appealing to many. The next step is to increase the user’s control of their personal information and to offer more tools that deliver new information tailored to them.C E N T R A L I Z ED P R O F I LE SIf you’re like most people, you probably maintain somewhere between two to six active profiles on various social networks. Each profile contains a set of information about you, and the overlap varies. You probably have unique usernames and passwords for each one, too, though using a single sign-on service to gain access to multiple accounts is becoming more common. But wh y shouldn’t the information you submit to these accounts follow the same approach? In the coming years, what you tell people about yourself online will be more and more under your control. This process starts with centralizing your data in one profile,which will then share bits of it with other profiles. This way, if your information changes, you’ll have to update your profile only once.D ATA O W NE R S H I PThe question of who owns the data that you share online is fuzzy. In many cases, it even remains unaddressed. However, as privacy settings on social networks become more and more complex, users are becoming increasingly concerned about data ownership. In particular, the question of who owns the images, video and messages created by users becomes significant when a user wants to remove their profile. To put it in perspective, Royal Pingdom, inits Internet 2009 in Numbers report, found that 2.5 billion photos were uploaded to Facebook each month in 2009! The more this number grows, the more users will be concerned about what happens to the content they transfer from their machines to servers in the cloud.While it may seem like a step backward, a movement to restore user data storage to personal machines, which would then intelligently share that data with various social networks and other websites, will likely spring up in response to growing privacy concerns. A system like this would allow individuals to assign meta data to files on their computers, such as video clips and photos; this meta data would specify the files’ availability to social network profiles and other websites. Rather than uploading a copy of an image from your computer to Flickr, you would give Flickr access to certain files that remain on your machine. Organizations such as the Data Portability Project are introducing this kind of thinking accross the Web today.R E C O M M E N D AT I O N E N G I N E SSearch engines—and the whole concept of search itself—will remain in flux as personalization becomes more commonplace. Currently, the major search engines are adapting to this by offering different takes on personalized search results, based on user-specific browsing history. If you are signed in to your Google account and search for a pizza parlor, you will more likely see local results. With its social search experiment, Google also hopes to leverage your social network connections to deliver results from people you already know. Rounding those out with real-time search results gives users a more personal search experience that is a much more realistic representation of the rapid proliferation of new information on the Web. And because the results are filtered based on your behavior and preferences, the search engine will continue to “learn” more about you in order to provide the most useful information.Another new search engine is attempting to get to the heart of personalized results. Hunch provides customized recommendations of information based onusers’ answers to a set of questions for each query. The more you use it, the better the engine gets at recommending information. As long as you maintain a profile with Hunch, you will get increasingly satisfactory answers to general questions like, “Where should I go on vacation?”The trend of personalization will have significant impact on the way individual websites and applications are designed. Today, consumer websites routinely alter their landing pages based on the location of the user. Tomorrow, websites might do similar interface customizations for individual users. Designers and developers will need to plan for such visual and structural versatility to stay on the cutting edge.整体网页浏览：对未来的发展趋势克里斯托弗·巴特勒未来的网页无处不在。
网页设计英文翻译
网页设计英文翻译郑州轻工业学院专科毕业设计,论文,英文翻译题目个人博客网站的设计与实现学生姓名吕俊涛专业班级计算机网络技术网页设计09级1班学号 620913510120院 (系) 软件职业技术学院指导教师(职称) 李辉(助教) 完成时间 2011年5月 20日翻译题目: 2.0 专业班级:计算机网络技术(网页设计)09级1班姓名:吕俊涛学号:620913510120英文原文 2.0 is a programming framework built on the common language runtime that can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications. The first version of offered several important advantages over previous Web development models. 2.0 improves upon that foundation by adding support for several new and exciting features in the areas of developer productivity, administration and management, extensibility, and performance:1. Developer Productivity 2.0 encapsulates common Web tasks into application services and controls that can be easily reused across web sites. With thesebasic building blocks, many scenarios can now be implemented with far less custom code than was required in previous versions. With 2.0 it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of code and concepts necessary to build common scenarios on the web.(1)New Server Controls. 2.0 introduces many new server controls that enable powerful declarative support for data access, login security, wizard navigation, menus, tree views, portals, and more. Many of these controls take advantage of core application services in for scenarios like data access, membership and roles, and personalization. Some of the new families of controls in 2.0 are described below.(2)Data Controls. Data access in 2.0 can be accomplished completely declaratively (no code) using the new data-bound and data source controls. There are new data source controls to representdifferent data backbends such as SQL database, business objects, and XML, and there are new data-bound controls for rendering common UI for data, such as grid view, details view, and form view...(3)Navigation Controls. The navigation controls provide common UIfor navigating between pages in your site, such as tree view, menu, and sitemap path. These controls use the site navigation service in 2.0 to retrieve the custom structure you have defined for your site.(4)Login Controls. The new login controls provide the buildingblocks to add authentication and authorization-based UI to your site, such as login forms, create user forms, password retrieval, and customUI for logged in users or roles. These controls use the built-in membership and role services in 2.0 to interact with the userand role information defined for your site.1翻译题目: 2.0 专业班级:计算机网络技术(网页设计)09级1班姓名:吕俊涛学号:620913510120(5)Web Part Controls. Web parts are an exciting new family ofcontrols that enable you to add rich, personalized content and layout to your site, as well as the ability to edit that content and layoutdirectly from your application pages. These controls rely on the personalization services in 2.0 to provide a unique experiencefor each user in your application.(6)Master Pages. This feature provides the ability to define common structure and interface elements for your site, such as a page header, footer, or navigation bar, in a common location called a "master page", to be shared by many pages in your site. In one simple place you can control the look, feel, and much of functionality for an entire Web site. This improves the maintainability of your site and avoids unnecessary duplication of code for shared site structure or behavior.(7)Themes and Skins. The themes and skins features in 2.0 allow for easy customization of your site's look-and-feel. You candefine style information in a common location called a "theme", andapply that style information globally to pages or controls in your site.Like Master Pages, this improves the maintainability of your site and avoids unnecessary duplication of code for shared styles.(8)Personalization. Using the new personalization services in 2.0 you can easily create customized experiences within Web applications. The Profile object enables developers to easily build strongly-typed, sticky data stores for user accounts and build highly customized, relationship based experiences. At the same time, a developer can leverage Web Parts and the personalization service to enable Web site visitors to completely control the layout and behavior of the site, with the knowledge that the site is completely customized for them. Personalization scenarios are now easier to build than ever before and require significantly less code and effort to implement.(9)Localization. Enabling globalization and localization in Websites today is difficult, requiring large amounts of custom code and resources. 2.0 and Visual Studio 2005 provide tools and infrastructure to easily build Localizable sites including the ability to auto-detect incoming locales and display the appropriate locale based UI. Visual Studio 2005 includes built-in tools to dynamically generate resource files and localization references. Together, building localized applications becomes a simple and integrated part of the development experience.2. Administration and Management 2.0 is designed with administration and manageability in mind. We recognize that while simplifying the development experience isimportant, deployment and maintenance in a production environment is also a key component of an application's lifetime. 2.0 introduces several new2翻译题目: 2.0 专业班级:计算机网络技术(网页设计)09级1班姓名:吕俊涛学号:620913510120features that further enhance the deployment, management, and operations of servers.(1)Configuration API. 2.0 contains new configurationmanagement APIs, enabling users to programmatically build programsor scripts that create, read, and update Web.config and machine.config configuration files.(2) MMC Admin Tool. 2.0 provides a newcomprehensive admin tool that plugs into the existing IIS Administration MMC, enabling an administrator to graphically read or change common settings within our XML configuration files.(3)Pre-compilation Tool. 2.0 delivers a new application deployment utility that enables both developers and administrators to precompiled a dynamic application prior to deployment. This recompilation automatically identifies any compilation issues anywhere within the site, as well as enables applications to be deployed without any source being stored on the server (one can optionally removethe content of .asp files as part of the compile phase), further protecting your intellectual property.(4)Health Monitoring and Tracing. 2.0 also provides newhealth-monitoring support to enable administrators to be automatically notified when an application on a server starts to experience problems. New tracing features will enable administrators to capture run-time and request data from a production server to better diagnose issues. 2.0 is delivering features that will enable developers andadministrators to simplify the day-to-day management and maintenance of their Web applications.3. Flexible Extensibility 2.0 is a well-factored and open system, where any component can be easily replaced with a custom implementation. Whether it isserver controls, page handlers, compilation, or core application services, you'll find that all are easily customizable and replaceableto tailor to your needs. Developers can plug in custom code anywhere in the page lifecycle to further customize 2.0 to their needs.(1)Provider-driven Application Services. 2.0 now includesbuilt-in support for membership (user name/password credential storage) and role management services out of the box. The new personalization service enables quick storage/retrieval of user settings and preferences, facilitating rich customization with minimal code. The new site navigation system enables developers to quickly build link structures consistently across a site. As all of these services are provider-driven,they can be easily swapped out and replaced with your own custom implementation. With this extensibility option, you have completecontrol over the data store and schema that drives these richapplication services.3翻译题目: 2.0 专业班级:计算机网络技术(网页设计)09级1班姓名:吕俊涛学号:620913510120(2)0Server Control Extensibility. 2.0 includes improved support for control extensibility, such as more base classes that encapsulate common behaviors, improved designer support, more APIs for interacting with client-side script, metadata-driven support for new features like themes and accessibility verification, better state management, and more.(3)Data Source Controls. Data access in 2.0 is now performed declaratively using data source controls on a page. In this model, support for new data backend storage providers can be easily added by implementing custom data source controls. Additionally, the SqlDataSource control that ships in the box has built-in support for any managed provider that implements the new provider factory model in .(4)Compilation Build Providers. Dynamic compilation in 2.0is now handled by extensible compilation build providers, which associate a particular file extension with a handler that knows how tocompile that extension dynamically at runtime. For example, .rest files can be dynamically compiled to resources, .wsdl files to web service proxies, and .sad files to typed Dataset objects. In addition to the built-in support, it is easy to add support for additional extensions by implementing a custom build provider and registering it in Web.config.(5)Expression Builders. 2.0 introduces a declarative new syntax for referencing code to substitute values into the page, called Expression Builders. 2.0 includes expression builders for referencing string resources for localization, connection strings, application settings, and profile values. You can also write your own expression builders to create your own custom syntax to substitute values in a page rendering.4. Performance and Scalability is built to perform, using a compiled execution model for handling page requests and running on the world's fastest web server, Internet Information Services. 2.0 also introduces key performance benefits over previous versions.(1)64-Bit Support. 2.0 is now 64-bit enabled, meaning it can take advantage of the full memory address space of new 64-bit processors and servers. Developers can simply copy existing 32-bit applications onto a 64-bit 2.0 server and have them automatically be JIT compiled and executed as native 64-bit applications (no source code changes or manual re-compile are required).(2)Caching Improvements. 2.0 also now includes automatic database server cache invalidation. This powerful and easy-to-use feature allows developers to aggressively output cache database-driven page and partial page content within a site and have automatically invalidate these cache4翻译题目: 2.0 专业班级:计算机网络技术(网页设计)09级1班姓名:吕俊涛学号:620913510120entries and refresh the content whenever the back-end database changes. Developers can now safely cache time-critical content for long periods without worrying about serving visitors stale data.The remainder of the Quick Start presents practical examples ofthese and other features in .. NET technologies available to developers to bring a new development framework, it has become an exciting, revolutionary and development of new technologies. . NET is the information technology industry made a thorough solution, regardless of Web developers, component developers, information developers, or any Windows-based developer platform,. NET is a new development model to enable developers better and more quickly to complete the work. SQL Server 2000 is a full support for Web-database product, is a new - generation of Web application development tools, the perfect combination of twodevelopment of the database has become the mainstream Web application direction.译文 2.0是一个编程框架，建立在公共语言运行库，可用于在服务器上建立强大的Web应用程式。
网页设计与制作外文翻译文献中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Computer Knowledge & Technology, 2013,12(1):31-41英文原文Web design and productionM SiegelAbstractThe paper will study and discuss methods and tools for personal web page design and production. Based on the introduction of web design and production language, we focused on using JavaScript as a tool language for actual web page design and production. We used object-based JavaScript language, the use of internal object systems, and WEB page information interaction—window and framework. Describe it in detail and use specific examples for verification.Keywords: web page production, web design, software, html1 IntroductionWith the advent of the 21st century, people feel more and more deeply that the role of computers in life and work is more and more important. More and more professions need computer application skills. Mastering the need for computers is a career, but also the need for career development. Web design and production is a concrete manifestation of computer capabilities. This chapter mainly introduces related knowledgeof web design.1.1 Web Design OverviewA website is a way for companies to provide information (including products and services) to users and netizens. It is an infrastructure and information platform for companies to develop e-commerce. It is impossible to leave e-commerce (or just use a third-party website) to talk about e-commerce. . The company's web site is called the “Internet Trademark” and is also part of the company's intangible assets. The website is an important window on the Internet to promote and reflect corporate image and culture.1.2 Elements of Web DesignThe two major elements of web design are: overall style and color matching. First, determine the overall style of the siteChapter 2 Application of HTML Web Design Technology2.1 HTML language introductionHTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) is a hypertext markup language or hypertext markup language. It is the most widely used language on the Internet and the main language constituting webpage documents.HTML text is descriptive text composed of HTML commands. HTML commands can describe text, graphics, animations, sounds, forms, links, and so on. The structure of HTML includes two parts: the head andthe body. The head describes the information needed by the browser, and the body contains the specific content to be explained.2.1.1 Features of HTML LanguageHTML document production is not very complicated and powerful. It supports the inlaying of files in different data formats. This is one of the reasons for the popularity of the WWW. The features of the HTML language are as follows:1. Simplicity: The HTML version upgrade adopts a superset method, which is more flexible and convenient.2. Extensibility: The extensive use of HTML language has brought about enhanced functions, increased identifiers, and other requirements. HTML takes the form of sub-elements to provide guarantees for system expansion.3, platform independence. Although PCs are popular, there are plenty of other machines using MAC and so on. HTML can be used on a wide range of platforms, which is another reason why WWW is prevalent.2.1.2 HTML language editing softwareWrite it, too. However, use .htm or .html as an extension when saving, so that the browser can interpret it.2. Semi-WYSIWYG software, this software can greatly improve the development efficiency, it can enable you to make Homepage in a veryshort time, and you can learn HTML, this type of software mainly has HOTDOG, as well as domestic Software webpage workshop.3, WYSIWYG software, using the most extensive editor, you can completely do not know HTML knowledge to make web pages.2.2.3 JavaScript Technology Used in Web DesignOne, JavaScript OverviewJavaScript is an object-based and event-driven scripting language with safe performance. The purpose of using it is to implement linking multiple objects in a Web page together with HTML hypertext markup language and Java scripting language (Java applets) to interact with Web clients. This allows you to develop client applications and more. It is implemented by embedding or loading in the standard HTML language. Its appearance has made up for the shortcomings of the HTML language. It is a compromise between Java and HTML. It has the following basic features:1, is a scripting languageJavaScript is a scripting language that uses small blocks to program. Like other scripting languages, JavaScript is also an interpreted language that provides an easy development process.Its basic structure is very similar to that of C, C++, VB, and Delphi. But unlike these languages, it needs to be compiled first, but it is interpreted line by line during the execution of the program. It iscombined with HTML tags to make it easier for users to use.2, based on the language of the object.JavaScript is an object-based language that can be viewed as an object-oriented one. This means it can use the objects that it has already created. Therefore, many functions can come from the interaction of methods and scripts in the script environment.3, simplicityThe essence of HTML is text, which requires the interpretation of the browser. The HTML editor can be roughly divided into three types: 1. The basic editing software, which can be written using WINDOWS's own notebook or writing, of course, if you use WPS The simplicity of compiling JavaScript is mainly reflected in: First, it is a simple and compact design based on Java basic statements and control flow, which is a very good transition for learning Java. Second, its variable types are weakly typed and do not use strict data types.4, securityJavaScript is a security language. It does not allow access to the local hard disk. It does not store data on the server. It does not allow the modification or deletion of web documents. Information browsing or dynamic interaction can only be achieved through the browser. This effectively prevents data loss.5, dynamicJavaScript is dynamic. It can respond directly to user or customer input without going through a Web service program. It responds to the user's response in an event-driven manner. The so-called event-driven refers to an action that is performed by performing an operation in a Home Page. It is called an "Event". For example, pressing a mouse, moving a window, selecting a menu, etc. can all be considered events. When an incident occurs, it may cause a corresponding event response.6, cross-platformJavaScript is dependent on the browser itself, regardless of the operating environment, as long as it can run the browser's computer, and the JavaScript browser can be executed correctly. In order to achieve the "write once, travel the world" dream. In fact, the most outstanding thing about JavaScript is that you can do a lot of things with very small programs. Without high-performance computers, the software requires only a word processing software and a browser. It does not require a WEB server channel and can do everything through its own computer.In short, JavaScript is a new description language that can be tethered to HTML documents. The JavaScript language can respond to user's demand events (such as form input) without using any network to transfer data back and forth, so when a user enters a data, it does not pass it to the server (server). ) Processing, and then returned to the process, and can be directly handled by the client's application.The third chapter WEB page information interaction - form and frameTo realize the dynamic interaction of web pages, you must master more complex knowledge about form objects and frame objects.3.1 Form BasicsThe form object allows the designer to interact with the client user using different elements in the form, but without having to first perform data input, the behavior of the Web document can be changed dynamically.3.1.1 Form objectForm: It forms the basic element of a Web page. Usually a Web page has a form or several windows, using the Forms[] array to access different forms.3.1.2 Form Object MethodsThere is only one --submit() method for the form object. The main function of this method is to submit the form information. 3.1.3 Form Object PropertiesThe attributes of the window object mainly include the following: elements name action target encoding method. In addition to Elements, several others reflect the state of the corresponding attribute in the identity of the form, which is usually a single form identifier; elements are often an array of values for multiple form elements.3.1.4 Accessing a Form ObjectAccessing a form object in JavaScript can be implemented in two ways: (1) by accessing the formIn the properties of the form object, you must first specify the name of the form, and then you can access the form with the following ID: document.Mytable().(2) access the form through an arrayIn addition to using the form name to access the form, you can use the array of form objects to access the form object. However, it should be noted that because the form object is provided by the browser environment, the array index provided by the browser environment is from 0 to n.3.1.5 Prerequisites for Reference FormsThe condition for reference to a form in JavaScript is that the form must be created on the page with an identifier and the defined form part is placed before the reference.3.2 The basic elements in the formThe basic elements in the form consist of buttons, radio buttons, check buttons, submit buttons, reset buttons, text boxes, and so on. To access these basic elements in JavaScript, you must implement an array subscript or window element name that corresponds to a specific form element. Each element is primarily referenced by its attributes ormethods.3.3 FrameworkThe main function of the Frames Frames is the "split" window, so that each "small window" can display different HTM L files. Different frames can interact with each other. This means that different frames can exchange messages and data. For example: Suppose you have opened two frames. The first frame shows the book's directory. The second frame shows the chapter's specific content.The framework can divide the screen into different areas. Each area has its own URL. Frames[] array objects can be used to access different frameworks. In fact, the frame object itself is also a kind of window, which inherits all the features of the window object and possesses all the attributes and methods. The use of the framework of the specific instructions3.4 Framework AccessEarlier we introduced using document.forms[] to access different elements in a single form. To access different elements of a multiframe in a frame, you must use the Frames property in the window object. The Frames property is also an array. It has one item for each sub-frame in the parent frameset.3.5 Summary of this chapterThis chapter mainly introduces the main functions and uses of thebasic elements in the framework. The use of JavaScript scripts can be very convenient and flexible to implement more complex information interaction of Web pages. This is not what the HTML markup language can provide. Y ou can see from it that JavaScript is a good tool for the Web to involve people.中文译文网页设计与制作作者M Siegel摘要本文将对个人网页设计与制作的方法、工具等展开研究和探讨。
网页制作外文文献及翻译
网页制作Dreamweaver外文文献及翻译Dreamweaver 3.0 is the newest version of Dreamweaver-a tool for compiling web pages, introduced by Macromedia Company. Its feature is "what you see is what you get"-this is really a blessing for novice. Also, it has functions for web site management, facilitating design and management of multiple web sites. Fig. 1 is the interface when Dreamweaver 3. 0 is activated.1. A Brief Introduction of Dream weaverCompared with its predecessor Dreamweaver 2.0, Dreamweaver3.0 is more friendly and practical for use in its operating interface, and its function has been further improved. Readers will see it is so easy to create web pages, without writing any page of code to rapidly create dynamic HTML web pages, for example, cartoon and layers; and by using its object browser, it is also possible to create web pages applicable to various platforms and browsers with very good compatibility; and it is also possible to make use of Roundtrip HTML technology provided by Dreamweaver to control the source code generated by Dreamweaver with high precision.More significantly, Dreamweaver provides you with individualized space. Your can create your own object and command, revise menu and quick keys, or even create you own JavaScript to expand Dreamweaver. It is not exaggerated at all that Dreamweaver brings in unlimited space for you to create your web pages.2. A General Description of Dreamweaver Functions(1) documents foundation and useThe documents operation is the homepage manufacture foundation. Dreamweaver not only may found the blank documents and based on the template documents, but also may edit the HTML document which in other procedures founds, for example FrontPage and so on. Dream weaver has also provided the history (History) the kneading board. The historical kneading board has recorded the reader the history which operates in the documents window, it may help you to abolish or the repetition step, and greatly simplified the homepage manufacture process. Chart 2 has demonstrated one demonstration history kneading board method.* Joins the picture and the super linkA homepage only has the text is unable to attract the person, must in the documents China and Canada person other elements. The picture certainly is inevitable, form and ultra link also essential, is abundant can suffice fascinatingly.Dream weaver provided two kinds to insert the person picture the way. The reader may choose the menu to order Insert/Image; Also may select The super link is in the documents the most important part. Had it to be allowed freely to jump from a position to another weaver formidable function has provided the many kinds of links way possibility. The mostcommon link is between the documents link, this regarding Dream weaver said certainly is a cinch. Also may found the special link using Dream weaver, for example uses the E-Mail linking the homepage, in order to promptly gains the outside each kind of feedback information, this regarding a good website said is extremely important. Also may found the script link, moves the corresponding JavaScript script, thus realizes the corresponding operation.*Website managementThe website management is the Dream weaver essence are partial. Using Dream weaver, may facilitate quickly establishes the local website and the far-end website. Dream weaver may help user's to duplicate far-end server on far-end website on the local computer, constitution local website; Also may duplicate the local website on the far-end server, constitution far-end website. Dream weaver can maintain between the local website and far-end website content synchronization, guaranteed the user carries on the renewal with wishes fulfilled to the far-end website. It also may carry on the test to in the website link, discovers break and the mistake, and carries on the repair, guarantees the website structure the accuracy.Dynamic homepage manufactureThe newest standard HTML 4.0 languages the original will expand some brand-new domains, turned the true abbreviation will be DHTML). But JavaScript and the CSS language is in function formidable DHTML the most main part. CSS and the JavaScript coordination use, may extremely simply realize the homepage dynamic effect.(2) Dream weaver 3.0 new functionsDream the weaver 3.0 new characteristics strengthened the function, improved the website management, the permission user increase navigation fence (Navigation Bar), the picture map (Images Maps) and so on the element, causes the work flow, the user and expands Dream weaver.(a) HTML edition functionFast label editorCauses the user not to need to leave Dream the weaver documents window to be allowed fast to revise, the increase, to move the HTML label.HTML styleIn 3.0 may use the standard HTML label in Dream weaver which the multi- browsers supports to found the style (for instance label and label), but in the before edition, only could use the level to fold the style list (CSS).(c) Founds and the edition object and the page elementThe user may be allowed with ease to obtain the commonly used object in the object kneading board. 1662。
网页制作过程外文翻译
Web production process1 IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2, the definition of websiteHow definition of websites 2.1Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) Attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.2.2 The contents of the website and functionContent of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation;(3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages.4. Construction on the site ExperienceAfter conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details havea clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve, the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to doa good job in the website release to the network, the web site for finalmodifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for various shortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needs all-round consideration, the Composite various factors.An alternative to using cloth simulators is to actually model the clothes you want your character to have, and create the wrinkles with a Blend Shape deformer. This technique gives you predictable control over your model and works well in most situations. In fact, it was used in the movie "The One"to get a controlled, slow-motion look to the clothing on the CG police officers in the fight scenes with Jet Li's "Yulaw" character. The workflow for this technique goes like this.Convert the geometry to polygons (it is much easier to create irregular wrinkles using polygons).IF you will be using a low-poly base shape connected to a smoothed high-resolution shape for animation purposes you may need to create some extra geometry for wrinkles Smooth-Bind the character and the clothing to your skeleton Paint skin weights to get the clothes and your character to deform correctly at the joints Create a Blend Shape node anda Morph Target for your clothing Pick a joint and create wrinkles in the MorphTarget Drive the Blend Shape slider with the rotation of the joint Repeat6 - 8 for all necessary joints ．In this tutorial, we will be starting atstep 5. However, we will not be going in depth on how to accomplish this step, because there is an excellent tutorial on Smooth Binding in the 'Instant Maya: Character Setup' section of the user guide (press 'F1' inside of Maya). Weare only going to discuss the desired results here.Before we start, I must explain the optional Step 3. A common workflow in animation is to have a low-resolution base shape that you use to animate.This drives a hidden high-resolution model that only gets unhidden at render time. This is usually accomplished with a wrap deformer, or with the connect poly shape plugin for Maya 3.x and 4.0, or with the new Smooth Proxy feature in Maya 4.5.If you are using this technique, you may not have enough geometry to create distinct wrinkles in your model. Take a look at the image to the left.You can imagine how hard it would be to create believable wrinkles with sucha small amount of geometry to work with. I used the 'Split Polygon' tool tocreate some extra edges where I thought my fabric would need to wrinkle.Compare the image here with this image. You'll see what I'm talking about.Step 5. Now it is time to bind your character and his or her clothes. Before you do so, create a copy of your clothing and translate it to the side of your model. Place it on its own layer so you can turn the visibility on and off. Creating a copy of your clothing now before you bind it is not necessary, but it will save you from headaches in Step 6.Use the Paint Skin Weights tool to get your bends looking correct, as in the image to the right. Try to imagine what you want your finished product to look like and start to really shape the way the fabric bends from there.Step 6. Now you need to create a Morph Target for the Blend Shape node. When the skeleton deforms your geometry as much as it does here, it is very important that the geometry is in the exact same position it was before you bound it when you go to create your morph targets. However, we got around this by creating a duplicate of our clothes before we bound our skin. The only other way to accomplish this is to return the skeleton to the bind pose by turning off the evaluation of constraints, expressions, IK handles and anything else that controls your skeleton first, then duplicating the clothing, unlocking all the attributes on the duplicated geometry and finally translating it to the side. Now aren't you glad you didn't have to go through all that?Now you need to make a duplicate of your duplicate to edit. The original duplicate (hmm... an oxymoron) will serve as our reference from here on out to create new morph targets, so move it somewhere where you won't accidentally edit it.Now it's time to link this new shape to the original clothing as a morphtarget by creating a new Blend Shape node. However, Maya has a bug in it that will not allow you to do this from the Deform pulldown menu in the Animate panel. Instead, we have to go ( Window > Animation Editors > Blend Shape ... ) This should bring up the Blend Shape Panel which should have nothing in it at this point.Select the duplicated shape, then shift-select the original clothing. Then, from the Blend Shape panel go ( Edit > Create Blend Shape ). This creates a new Blend Shape node and adds the duplicated geometry as the first morph target. To add additional targets later, you must first select the target, then the original geometry and go ( Deform > Edit Blend Shape > Add ).In some cases this doesn't work correctly, and you will have to go to the Add options and manually type in the name of the Blend Shape node as in the image to the left.Step 7. Now it's time to decide what joint you're going to work on first. Once you've decided, go ahead and bend the joint to it's tightest angle. I'm starting with the knee. Imagine that. Next, go ahead and push the slider all the way up to 1 in the Blend Shape panel as per the image on the right. This will allow you to immediately see the changes you make in the target shape reflected in the base shape (the original clothing).Now comes the fun part... start pushing and pulling faces, edges and vertices on the target shape until you like the look of the base shape. I also moved some of the vertices forward below the knee to give the appearance that the fabric is tightening and pulling against the calf.Step 8. When you are happy with your work, it's time for the final step. We're going to set a driven key on the rotation of the joint that will drive the envelope of the Blend Shape node. A driven key interpolates the values of the driven attribute through the specified range on the driver attribute, and is independent of time.Your joint should still be bent to the extreme angle, so go ( Animate > Set Driven Key > Set > ). This should bring up the Set Driven Key panel. Select the joint and click Load Driver. Then, in the Blend Shape panel, click the Select button under the slider. Back in the Set Driven Key panel, click Load Driven. Now, highlight the rotation value of the proper joint axis in the Driver section of the Set Driven Key panel. This should be the Z-Axis, but may be the Y-Axis depending on how you built your skeleton. Then select the name of the Blend Shape target under 'envelope' in the Driven section of the Set Driven Key panel. Remember to always select the Driver attributes first, modify them if necessary, and then select the Driven attributes and modify them. Once you have both attributes selected, click Key.Next, move the skeleton back to the fully extended position. Then in the Blend Shape panel, move the slider down to 0. Back in the Set Driven Key panel, click Key. You should now see that if you move the joint the wrinkles will slowly form as it approaches the extreme angle. You can now hide or delete the target shape (if you don't want to make any more modifications to it).That's it! Now you just have to repeat steps 6 - 8 for all joints that will cause wrinkles in the clothing. Finally, the finished effect (QuickTime, double-click to play):You can see how driven keys and Blend Shape nodes can really enhance your character setup. You could also use this technique to create other effects like bulging muscles. The possibilities are endless!网页制作过程1、引言网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
网页设计专业毕业设计外文翻译
Produce the design of the tool and realize automaticallyon the basis of JSP webpageIt is an important respect that Internet uses that Web develops technology, and JSP is the most advanced technology that Web is developed , it is present Web developer's first-selected technology. But because JSP has relatively high expectations for Web developer, a lot of general Web developers can not use this advanced technology . The discussion produces the design of the tool and realizes automatically on the basis of JSP webpage of the template and label storehouse, put forward concrete design philosophy and implementation method .With the popularization of WWW (World Wide Web ), the technology of the dynamic webpage is developed rapidly too. From original CGI (Common Gateway In-terface ) to ASP (Active Server Page ), have met the webpage developer to the demand for developing technology of the dynamic webpage to a certain extent. But no matter CGI or ASP have certain limitation, for instance, consuming to resources of the server of CGI, ASP can only be used etc. with Microsoft IIS, all these have limited scope of application of the technology, have hindered their popularization greatly. The vast page developers all look forward to a kind of unified page and develop technology earnestly, characteristic that this technology there should be：①Have nothing to do with the operating platform, can run on any Web or the application program server ;②Show the logic and page of application program that separates ; ③Offer codes to put in an position, simplify and develop the course based on interactive application program of Web.JSP (Java Server Page ) technology is designed and used for responding to the request that like this. JSP is developed technology by the new webpage that Sun MicroSystem Company put out in June of 1999, it is that Web based on Java Serv-let and the whole Java system develops technology, and Servlet2. Expansion of 1API. Utilize this technology, can set up advancedly , safely and stepping dynamic websites of the platform .Java is the future mainstream to develop technology , have a lot of advantages . JSP is Java important application technology on Internet/Intranet Web , get extensive support and admit, it can conbine with various kinds of Java technology together intactly , thus realize very complicated application.As a kind of technology of development based on text , taking showing as centre, JSP has offered all advantages of Java Servlet. Logic function in order to make sure and showing the function was separated , JSP can already work with JavaBeans , Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB ) and Servlet . The developer of JSP can finish the work that majority and website's logic are correlated with through using JavaBeans , EJB and Servlet , and only assign the work shown to JSP page to finish. Content and show advantage that logic separate lie in , upgrade person , page of appearanceneedn't understand Java code , the personnel upgrading Javas needn't be experts who design webpage either. This can define Web template in JSP page with Javas , in order to set up websites made up of a page with similar appearance. Java completion data offer, have Java code among template, this mean template these can write by one HTML person is it maintain to come.JSP develops technology as the webpage of the mainstream at present, has the following characteristics：(1) Separate the formulation and showing of the content : Using JSP technology, the page developer of Web can use HTML or XML identification to design and format the final page . Use JSP identification or bound foot turn into dynamic content of page actually (whether content according to is it come change to ask). Produce logic of content of the identification and JavaBeans package , truss up of the little script encapsulation, all scripts run in the end of the server. If key logic among identification and JavaBeans, then other people, such as Web administrative staff and page designer encapsulation, can edit and use JSP page , and does not influence the formulation of the content .(2) Emphasize the reusable package : Most JSP pages depend on the reusable one, the package stepping the platform finish more complicated treatment with required application program. Benefitting from the independence of operating platform of Java, the developer can be very convenient to share and exchange and carry out the ordinary package that operated, or make these packages used by more users. The method based on package has accelerated the total development course, the efficiency of improving the project and developing wholly greatly.Though JSP is powerful, it requires the webpage developer should be quite familiar with Java. There are still relatively few Java programmers now, for general webpage developer, the grammar of JSP is more difficult to grasp . So, need a kind of webpage developing instrument and offer commonly used JSP application to general webpage developer, is it understand general page develop developer of technology (HTML ) can use strong function of JSP too only to let.Systematic design object and main technology of use：(1)Design objectSystem this design object for understand but HTML understand general webpage developer of JSP offer a webpage developing instrument at all only, enable them to follow the systematic file, use the daily function of JSP through the label, produce one finally and only include static HTML and dynamic JSP webpage of JSP label.(2)Main technologyThis system is in the design, consider using the technology of the template and JSP label to realize mainly.1、Technology of the templateThe technology of the template is widely applied to various kinds of development and application system. It produces some commonly used frame structure in advance , uses the family to choose the template from the template storehouse conveniently according to the needs of one's own one, is it is it put up to go again by oneself to need , save construction period in user , facilitate use of user. In this system , classify the page according to the function type , sum up the commonly used page type, produce the template storehouse.2、Storehouse technology of the labelIn JSP, movements can create and visit the language target of the procedure and influence the element exported and flowed. JSP has defined six standard movements. Except six standard movement these, user can define own movement finish the specific function. These movements are known as the customer movement, they are the reusable procedure module . Through movement these, programmer can some encapsulation stand up too display function of page in JSP page, make the whole page more succinct and easier to maintain. In a JSP page, movements were transfered through the customer label in these customers. And the label storehouse (Tag Library ) is the set of the customer label.JSP label storehouse is that one kind produces the method based on script of XML through JavaBeans. It is one of the greatest characteristics of JSP. Through the label storehouse , can expand JSP application unrestrictedly , finish any complicated application demand.JSP label storehouse has the following characteristic：①Easy to use: The labels in JSP and general HTML marks are totally the same in appearance, it is as convenient as ordinary HTML mark to use.②The easy code is paid most attention to: Every label in the label storehouse can finish certain function . Define ready to eat one label storehouse , is it pack one Jar file the label storehouse to need only, then only need use this label storehouse in other systems afterwards, needn't develop codes again , has raised the system and developed efficiency greatly, have reduced the development cost.③The easy code is safeguarded: All application logic is encapsulated in label processor and JavaBeans, all labels concentrate on a label storehouse. If need to upgrade codes or need to revise the function on a webpage, only need to revise the corresponding label. Maintain way in unison through this kind , it is unnecessary in each webpage is it is it fix to act as to get onning, have reduce the work load safeguarded greatly, has economized the cost of safeguarding.④The easy system is expanded : If need to add the new function to the system , only need to define a new label to finish this function, do not need to do any change to other respects of thesystem. Can inherit JSP normal characteristics of various fields in the label storehouse. Can expand and increase the function of JSP unrestrictedly like this, and does not need to wait for the appearance of the next edition JSP .Systematic composition and realizing：(1)The system making upThis system is made up of four parts mainly：1、The database joins some: This system supports several daily databases , including Oracle, Sybase, MSSQLServer, MySQL and DB2, use JDBC and database to link to each other according to database type and database name , user name , password that users offer that users choose.2、The basic form of system produces some: After joining with the database , produce the basic form TC-Tables and TC-Columns of two systems according to the user name linking to each other with the database , TC-Tables form includes English name , Chinese name and some attribute of form belonging to this user in this database , for instance can revise , can inquire about ; The Chinese and English name of the row and some other attribute that TC-Columns form includes belonging to all forms of this user's in this database . For instance can show , can inquire about . Basic information of the database that these basic forms of two systems provide to user's institute for use in the course of development of the whole system.3、The template is chosen to produce some with the webpage: This part is a key part of a system. It includes two pieces of sub module .①The template is chosen some: The system offers the template to user and chooses the interface, let users choose the templates used from the template storehouse according to the need.②The template is dealt with some: According to template that user choose, system transfer designated template deal with module is it punish to go on to these template. When dealing with the label that the procedure meets in the template, offer the mutual interface to user, let user input parameter for designated label , prove system validity of label that user input. Finished the formulation of JSP page systematically finally.Webpage preview is with revising some: After the webpage was produced out, the system has offered a webpage preview window and code to user and looked over that revises the window. Through this preview window, users can look at the result of JSP page produced out in advance . If user static result of respect in page very satisfied, user can through code look over revise window revise HTML code of code. If users have further demands for the static result of the page, the system has also offered a piece of interface which transfers DreamWeaver editing machine to user, users can use it to carry on further modification and perfection to the static result of JSP page that is produced out .(2)Systematic realization1、Realization of the template storehouse and label storehouseThe planning and design of the label storehouse are essential in the whole system design, efficiency that the degree and system that are put in an position have operated that its relation has reached codes. Its planning should follow the following principle .(1) Should try one's best little including static HTML among label. To general user, the label is transparent. Users can not look over and revise labels . If include too many static HT-ML sentence in the label , will influence the modification and perfection of user's static result to the page, limit the use of the label.(2) Try one's best to raise the paying most attention to degree of the code. Is it is it is it is it is it is it get to JSP public JSP out to withdraw to use to try one's best to classify to go on to use, form labels. Do not use and realize this application repeatedly in each label . While revising and perfecting to using like this , only need to revise this label, maintenance of the easy code.(3) Facilitate users' use. While designing the label storehouse , should fully consider users' operating position , it can very easy and understanding and using labels conveniently to use the family.①Definition of the label storehouse: Define a label storehouse, must define a label storehouse and describe the file (TLD ) at first . This is a file of script based on XML, have defined the edition of XML in this file , codes used, the edition , name and definition and parameter of all labels included in this storehouse of the label storehouse of the edition of the label storehouse , JSP used describe, including the name of the label, corresponding Javas of label, description information of the label ,etc..②Realization of the label: One label first special Java type, this each must inherit TagSupports , this each is in javax. servlet. jsp. Define in tagext bag . In the labels, the parameter which includes this label initializes the subject treatment method (Handler ) of method (Set/Get ) , label and method available for making the first class label to adjust,etc..③Realization of the template : A template is that one contains JSP file that labels quoted . In order to quote the labels defined in the template , must introduce the label storehouse at first .＜％＠taglib uri＝“tag．tld”prefix＝“ctag”％＞Among them uri appoints the label storehouse to describe the route of the file ; Prefixes used when prefix appoints to quote labels.While quoting the designated label in the template , use the designated prefix while introducing the label storehouse, appoint the name of the label; It is the parameter assignment of the label.2、Systematic development environmentWhat this systematic subject procedure making is used is JBuilder 6 of Borland Company. 0, it is Front-Page2000 of Microsoft Company that the template is developed and used, what the label storehouse is developed and used is UltraEdit editing machine, what JDK is adopted is JDK1.4. The system testing environment is JRun3. 0.Java future mainstream to develop language, and Java using JSP will become major technology that Web will be developed in the future too mainly at Web. This system has adopted the label storehouse , one of the biggest characteristics of JSP, enable the general Web developer to use JSP strong dynamic page function conveniently too, develop JSP dynamic Web page of the modern techniques. Because this system adopts Java to develop, can run under the operating system of any support graphic interface , have realized complete having nothing to do with the platform. This system is easy to expand and perfect. Can consider offering the interface to user afterwards , will use the family to expand the template storehouse and label storehouse by oneself, strengthen the systematic function further.List of references：[1] Cay S. Horstmann,Gary Cornell. Java 2 key technology (CoreJava 2 ) [M ]. Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[2] Bruce Eckel. Java programming thought (Thinking in Java ) [M ]. Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[3] Joseph L. Weber. Java 2 programming is explained in detail (Using Java 2) [M ]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press.[4] Borland Company. Building Applications with JBuilder.基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Web开发技术是Internet应用的一个重要方面，而JSP又是Web开发的最先进的技术，是当前Web开发人员的首选技术。
网页设计课程网站外文文献翻
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译专业计算机科学与技术学生姓名王岩班级B计算机081学号0810704124指导教师唐拥政信息工程学院Network layered priority mapping theoryAbstract In the early days of the Internet layered design,the information between layers did not exchange in large amount frequently.With the rapid growth of the Internet,the emergence of many technologies such as service data partition,multi-connection and multi-path has made it possible to frequently exchange complex information between layers.With regard to these changes,this paper introduces“network layered priority mapping(NLPM)”for future Internet development.The NLPM aims to maximize the satisfaction of the Internet users.The NLPM is designed to differentiate priority of the information on different layers and integrate the information using priority mapping.With NLPM, network services can be delivered more efficiently;network utilization such as the utilization of connection,path and channel can also be improved.Model analysis,NS simulation and prototype implementation have proved the efficiency of NLPM.1IntroductionLayered structure is the basic design method of Internet.In the early days of Internet,the interaction between the layers was simple in view of the poor network infrastructure on low layer and the simple service on high layer.Besides,there was no unified form for the interaction between layers as the initial layering was ad hoc model.As new network services are constantly emerging and growing more and more complex,the simple layered design cannot meet the demand of future network development. Therefore there have emerged service partition,multi-connection,multi-path,and multi-channel on different Internet layers.For the application layer,the network services are growing diversified while the content of services is growing increasingly complex.As a result,one network service usually consists of a number of logically independent components.Partition of the complex service will improve service robustness and flexibility.For the transport layer,a service with multi-connection is needed as theservice can be partitioned into many different types of partitioned-services. Multi-connection can ensure the efficiency of the end-to-end transmission for different types of partitioned-services.Besides,it can flexibly support the service partition and improve the transmission throughput.For the network layer,many new technologies on network access are emerging with the explosive increase of Internet users.These technologies enable end-to-end multi-path communication and provide more options for high layer multi-connection.For the link layer,different network uses different physical channel.To support themulti-networks,terminals need to switch between differentchannels.The above-mentioned technologies show that significant changes have occurred on every layer of theInternet structure.Two of the most significant changes are multi-connection and end-to-end multi-path.Service partition relies on multi-connection;multi-channel is closely interconnected with multi-path.Plenty of studies have shown that the current TCP throughput is too low relative to available bandwidth provided by lower layer[1].The advent of multi-connection has greatly improved the throughput.There have been a lot of researches on multi-connection and these researches can be divided into three categories:design of multi-connection protocol[1,2],multi-connection applications[3,4]and theoretical analysis of multi-connection performance[5,6].End-to-end multi-path is an emerging research.At the time TCP was designed,multi-path of end hosts was beyond the ken of research in view of the expensive network interface devices.With rapid economic development,the increasing emphasis on end-to-end transfer efficiency has brought multi-path in the purview of transport layer [7–9].Multi-connection and end-to-end multi-path transfer have been widely researched as illustrated above.But these researches have their limitations because they did not fully consider the needs of users. For example,current multi-connection researches simply partition service data into blocks with fixed size[1,4];current multi-path researches only randomly choose one available path to send application data without consideration in how to partition the service data efficiently and how to optimize the path to maximize the satisfaction of users.Moreover,as far as we know,no research has yet combined multiconnect technology and multi-path technology.In response to the above-mentioned limitations of current researches,this paper introduces NLPM based on the current Internet layered design.NLPM uses satisfaction of users as evaluation criteria.Its key idea is to standardize the description of the Internet layer information(such as partitionedservice,connection and path)with matrix and to process the exchange of information between layers with mapping.With this new design,the network services can be delivered more efficiently and the utilization of network can be improved.Finally,it is worth mentioning that the new generation network research is the most popular topicnowadays,such as3G, 4G,NGN,NGI,source address validation architecture[10]and university network[11].As an interface technology research between network layers,the work of this paper can be applied to the current and other new generation network researches given its strong scalability.2Network layered priority mapping2.1Satisfaction of usersThe Internet is designed for users and hence the satisfaction of users should be the key criteria to evaluate the Internet technology.We can formulate such evaluative criteria in utility function[12].Let the vector s describe the service delivered to the i’th user si,containing all relevant measures of the delivered service.Then we make the utility function Ui map the service into the satisfaction of users. With this formulation,the goal of network design can be converted to maximizing the sum of the utilities.We call this quantity V the total utility of an architecture V= i Ui(si).Shenker[12]found that traditional Internet data services were elastic traffic.According to this traffic character,the utility of service is the monotonically increasing function of network capability,such as bandwidth.The marginal utility decreases as network capability increases.This is the character of concave function and we deem utility function as concave function in the paper.2.2Design thought of NLPMNLPM is the instantiation of“mapping”in Internet.Its core idea is to differentiate the priority of network information on different layers and combine the information by priority mapping so that the Internet service can be delivered more efficiently.Like a“mapping”,NLPM has three elements:image, inverse image and mapping function.Image and inverse image represent the network information. Mapping function includes mapping form and mapping mechanism.Mapping form gives the number of the image and inverse image,such as one-to-one,one-to-many,many-to-one and many-to-many. Mapping mechanism integrates the network information on different layers by optimizing the network connection and path.2.3Mapping form modelMapping function includes mapping form and mapping mechanism.In this section,we focus on mapping form and in subsection2.4we will analyze the mapping mechanism.The form of mapping function is based on the0-1mapping matrix.We will illustrate as follows the role and significance of the0-1mapping matrix in NLPM.Firstly,the position of 1 which is determined by its subscript,in the matrix represents the correspondence between image and inverse image.In the0-1mapping matrix,the column represents image and the row represents inverse image.Secondly,the0-1mapping matrix can represent mapping form.If there are more than one 1 s in some column vector,there exists a many-to-one mapping.If there are more than one 1 s in some row vector,there exists a one-to-many mapping.Take the two mapping matrixes in previous section as an example.All vectors in the rows and columns in matrix A have one 1 ,so the mapping is one-to-one.The first column and the second rowvector of matrix H have two 1 s,so the mapping is many-to-many.Finally,the weightα={1,2,3,...} for 1 represents the mapping priority.There are two 1 s in thesecond row of H,representing that there are two paths for one connection.2.4Mapping function modelAfter obtaining a mapping form according to a specific service,we turn to the analysis of the mapping mechanism.We apply the following six queueing models to analyze the mapping mechanism of current network and NLPM.M1is the current multi-connection single-path model,which can be consideredan M/M/1queue with multiple non-priority customers.M2is the priority multi-connection single-path model,which can be considered an M/M/1queue with multiple priority customers.M3is the non-priority multi-connection multi-path model,which can be considered an M/M/N queue with multiple non-priority customers.M4is the binding priority multi-connection multi-path model,which can be considered multiple independent M/M/1queues.Like M4,M5is used here only to show a different binding relationship.M6is the optimal priority multi-connection multi-path model,which can be considered an M/M/N queue with multiple priority customers.2.5Application of mapping functionThis section gives an application of the mapping function,an application in data retransmission for connection-oriented transport protocol.The mapping form is one-to-many and the mapping mechanism is based on the priority of retransmission time.In[13]we show another application of mapping function which deals with the path selection problem.2.6Image and inverse image modelWe have analyzed the mapping function in the above sections.Now we analyze the other two elements of NLPM,image and inverse image.New network information such as partitioned-service, multi-connection,and multi-path is used by NLPM as the image and inverse image for mapping.Based on optimization theory and traffic control theory,this section analyzes the value model of image and inverse image in NLPM.NLPM aims to maximize the utility of users while taking the limitation of the network capability into account.We demonstrate this by the example of how NLPM overcomes the limitation of path bandwidth.This section models the mapping from partitioned-service(inverse image) to multi-path(image),and the mapping is connected by multi-connection.The value of inverse image is the sending rate assigned to some service,and the value of image is the bandwidth assigned to some path which sends service data.Let sets P(S)and P(sn)represent the paths for service S andpartitioned-service sn∈S,respectively.Let S(p)and SN(p)represent the service and partitioned-service(both of which use the path p),respectively.Then we getP(S)={P(s1),P(s2),...,P(sn)},S(p)={S1(p),S2(p),...,SN(p)},where p∈P(sn)if and only if sn∈SN(p).That is,p is the path used by partitioned-service sn if and only if sn is the partitioned-service using path p.Based on the two mapping models in subsection2.2,the product of two0-1mapping matrixes A and H can represent the mapping from service to path,as shown in Figure2.3AnalysisofNLPMmodel3.1Analysis of queueing modelTo better demonstrate the merits of NLPM,we made a numerical comparison between different queueing models of subsection2.4.We letλ1=0.3,λ2=0.1,μ1=0.9andμ2=0.5.Table2shows the results.(For comprehensive analysis,we also made the comparison whenλ1<λ2[13].)From Table2, we can see that NLPM can decrease the mean service time for data packets with high priority.For example,models M2and M6are smaller than models M1and M3,respectively.The optimal model M6 has the least mean service time.However,the binding priority models M4and M5are inefficient due to their inflexible path using.3.2Combining optimization and queueingTo combine optimization model and queueing model for comprehensive analysis,we need a variable used in both optimization model and queueing model.We choose the transmission time of service data packet in optimization model,which is also the packet service time in queueing model.This is the intersection of optimization model and queueing model.So the utility function will be restricted by packets arrival rate.(Because the packet service time is restricted by packets arrival rate in queueing theory.)4Simulation and analysisWe present the following four simulation experiments to show how NLPM improves the utilization of network.The simulation was based on CMT-SCTP module of NS2-2.31which supports multi-path. The simulation topology included two terminals Host0and Host1.Between these two terminals there were twoindependent paths.Each path had0.5M bandwidth and200ms propagation delay.The multi-connection implementation was based on multi-stream of SCTP.The simulation applied prioritymapping like model.M6so that the subsequent data with high priority could occupy existing data with low priority.We allotted StreamID and StreamID Priority to different types of data;smaller StreamID Priority means higher priority.We used three streams in the experiments.Stream0had StreamID Priority0;stream1and stream2both had StreamID Priority1.The start time of streams0,1and2were 0.5,0.6and0.7s,respectively.Utility can be improved either by increasing physical bandwidth or by applying priority with fixed bandwidth.As shown in the first experiment,NLPM applies the latter to improve utility.Figure3shows the throughout with and without priority mapping.The throughout under both scenarios were almost the same in the first experiment.The second experiment shows that priority mapping can shorten the submitting time.Let the sending rate of stream0be50K and the other two streams both be2000K.Figure4shows the arrival time and the submitting time of stream0with and without priority mapping.With priority,stream0can be submitted faster.The third experiment shows that priority mapping can improve throughout with fixed sending rate.Let the sending rates of streams0,1and2be950,1000and1000K,respectively.Figures5and6show thethroughout with and without priority mapping.We can see that higher priority improves thethroughout of stream0.The fourth experiment shows the dynamic sending rate does not prevent priority mapping from improving the throughout.We kept the sending rates of streams1and2fixed and increased the sending rate of stream0from500to950K in steps of50K.Figures7and8show the throughout with and without priority mapping.Note that there are several inflections for all of the streams in Figures7and8, because the overall throughput of three streams depends on the size of all the sending windows on different paths.When the sending rate of one stream changes,the throughput of other streams will change too.5Implementation and analysisTo show the effect of NLPM on improving the satisfaction of users,we implemented a web browser which supports user preference by modifying Apache server and Firefox browser.The transport protocol of the new browser used SCTP,which was extended in our experiment by several functions such as logical multi-connection with priority,multi-path based on SCTP multi-home,path priority based on bandwidth estimate and multi-thread supported by SCTP.The topology included three network devices:Apache server(Apache2.0.55),Web browser client(Firefox1.6)and WAN simulator(Nistnet 2.0.12).The server and client both had two network interface cards which made up two paths.WAN simulator was used to connect the server and client,and configure the two paths between them.Thegood path was configured with50ms delay and3Mbps bandwidth while the bad one was configured with100ms delay and1Mbps bandwidth.In the following three experiments,the client requested from the server a web page,which included six pictures:52.4KB(p1),52.4KB(p2),303.9KB(p3),303.9 KB(p4),862B(p5)and862B(p6).If not specified,the default sending order is p1,p2,p3,p4,p5and p6 in the following experiments.The first experiment was based on model M3,in which no priority was assigned to different types of service data.Therefore the service data was sent through a randomly-selected path.Figure9shows the experiment results.The total transmission time was5.44s. It took longer time to send p4than p5though p4was sent earlier,because p4has larger size than p5.The second experiment was based on models M4/M5.For both models,important data was assigned higher priority so that it can be sent earlier through a better path than other data.But due to the inflexible path using,the overall utilization is lower than that in model M3.Figure10shows that the total transmission time is longer in the second experiment than in the first experiment because of inflexible path using.The third experiment was based on optimal model M6.The important data was assigned higher priority as in the second experiment but with three different priorities as follows.The first priority from high to low was p5,p6,p3,p4,p1and p2.The second was p5,p6,p1,p2,p3and p4.The third was p3,p4,p1,p2, p5and p6.Figures11–13show the results under different priorities.We can find that it took less time to send the pictures with higher priority and the total transmission time did not increase compared to model M3.Therefore the overall utility of users improved.In addition to the above findings,another finding worth mentioning is that the total efficiency will reach the highest when the picture with bigger size was assigned higher priority.Figure13shows the shortest overall transmission time.The reason is that sending the bigger-sized picture can increase the utilization of paths.6ConclusionsThe utility function describes users’satisfaction which is an important evaluative criteria for Internet design.The paper presents how NLPM can improve the satisfaction of users.The core design thought of NLPM is to introduce priority to some emerging internet techniques such as service data partition, multiconnectionand multi-path,and then combine these techniques with mapping.Analysis and experimentshave proved that NLPM could better serve the users with high priority while maintaining the overall efficiency of all users.网络分层优先级映射理论抽象的网络分层初期，信息层之间没有大量频繁的交流。
网页设计翻译
心之所向，所向披靡（ICA50105）UNIT OF STUDY DG509 –Web-database Connectivity ASSESSMENT TITLE End of Semester Assignment乱翻译,不负责ASSESSMENT TYPE AssignmentInstructions说明o Weighting This assessment is worth 80% of your final result for this unit of study占总成绩80%o Due Date This assignment consists of three tasks.包括三个任务o You must submit your Design in Week 13, the solution for Part A by Week 15 and Part B by Week 17.在13周交设计稿,15周前交PartA,17周前交PartB。
o Pages must be numbered and the report should contain a Table of Contents 网页要编号，报告应该包含一个表来列出内容o You must put your name and VU student ID on all items submitted forassessment提交作业时所有项目要包含你的名字和维大学号o You should include a standard IT cover sheet with your completed assignment 要有个封面o If you do not pass this assignment (ie if you do not achieve a mark of 40) you will be able to do it again and resubmit it, but you will only be able to achieve amark of 40% (a pass) for this second attempt40分通过,不通过的话可以再做一次,但是这一次最多只能拿40分o If your assignment is late it will be marked as a resubmission.最好别迟交Resources资源o opinionatedStudent (a MySQL database)一个叫“opinionatedStudent”的MySQL数据库Description of Tasks任务描述Read the following case study, outlining the client's requirements, then阅读下面的客户要求1.Design a website that meets these requirements and organises the information according to thecategories suggested and in the way specified below.设计一个网站，根据以下的分类和说明管理信息。
jsp技术网站设计外文翻译
Combining JSP and ServletsThe technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects.Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings,it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology.Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to the customer. And the CGI is different, Servlet not generate a new process, but with HTTP Server at the same process. It threads through the use of technology, reduce the server costs. Servlet handling of the request process is this: When received from the client's request, calling service methods, the method of Servlet arrival of the first judgement is what type of request (GET / POST / HEAD…), then calls the appropriate treatment (DoGet / doP ost / doHead…) and generate a response.Although such a complex, in fact, simply said to Servlet is a Java class. And the general category of the difference is that this type operating in a Servlet container, which can provide session management and targeted life-cycle management. So that when you use the Servlet, you can get all the benefits of the Java platform, including the safety of the management, use JDBC access the database and cross-platform capability. Moreover, Servlet using thread, and can develop more efficient Web applications.JSP technology is a key J2EE technology, it at a higher level of abstraction of a Servlet.It allows conventional static and dynamic HTML content generated by combining an HTML page looks like, but as a Servlet to run. There are many commercial application server support JSP technology, such as BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, JRun, and so on. JSP and Servlet use more than simple. If you have a JSP support for Web servers, and a JSP document, you can put it Fangdao any static HTML files can be placed, do not have to compile, do not have to pack, do not have to ClassPath settings, you can visit as ordinary Web It did visit, the server will automatically help you to do other work.JSP document looks like an ordinary static HTML document, but inside contains a number of Java code. It uses. Jsp the suffix, used to tell the server this document in need of special treatment. When we visit a JSP page, the document will first be translated into a JSP engine Java source files, is actually a Servlet, and compiler, and then, like other Servlet, from Servlet engine to handle. Servlet engine of this type loading, handling requests from customers, and the results returned to the customer, as shown below:Figure 1: Calling the process of JSP pagesAfter another visit this page to the customer, as long as the paper there have been no changes, JSP engine has been loaded directly call the Servlet. If you have already been modified, it will be once again the implementation of the above process, translate, compile and load. In fact, this is the so-called "first person to punishment." Because when the first visit to the implementation of a series of the above process, so will spend some time after such a visit would not.Java servlets offer a powerful API that provides access to all the information about the request, the session, and the application. combining JSP with servlets lets you clearly separate the application logic from the presentation of the application; in other words, it lets you use the most appropriate component type for the roles of Model, View and Controller.Servlets, Filters, and ListenersA servlet is a Java class that extends a server with functionality for processing a request and producing a response. It's implemented using the classes and interfaces defined by the Servlet API. The API consists of two packages: the javax.servlet package contains classes and interfaces that are protocol-independent, while the javax.servlet.http package provides HTTP-specific extensions and utility classes.What makes a servlet a servlet is that the class implements an interface named javax.servlet.Servlet, either directly or by extending one of the support classes. This interface defines the methods used by the web container to manage and interact with theservlet. A servlet for processing HTTP requests typically extends the javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet class. This class implements the Servlet interface and provides additional methods suitable for HTTP processing.Servlet LifecycleThe web container manages all aspects of the servlet's lifecycle. It creates an instance of the servlet class when needed, passes requests to the instance for processing, and eventually removes the instance. For an HttpServlet, the container calls the following methods at the appropriate times in the servlet lifecycle.Besides the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods, there are methods corresponding to the other HTTP methods: doDelete( ), doHead( ), doOptions( ), doPut( ), and doTrace( ). Typically you don't implement these methods; the HttpServlet class already takes care of HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE requests in a way that's suitable for most servlets, and the DELETE and PUT HTTP methods are rarely used in a web application.It's important to realize that the container creates only one instance of each servlet. This means that the servlet must be thread safe -- able to handle multiple requests at the same time, each executing as a separate thread through the servlet code. Without getting lost in details, you satisfy this requirement with regards to instance variables if you modify the referenced objects only in the init( ) and destroy( ) methods, and just read them in the request processing methods.Compiling and Installing a ServletTo compile a servlet, you must first ensure that you have the JAR all Servlet API classes in the CLASSPATH environment variable. The JAR distributed with all web containers. Tomcat includes it in a servlet.jar, located in the common/lib directory. On a Windows platform, you include the JAR the CLASSPATH.. Reading a RequestOne of the arguments passed to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods is an object that implements the HttpServletRequest interface. This interface defines methods that provide access to a wealth of information about the request.Generating a ResponseBesides the request object, the container passes an object that implements the HttpServletResponse interface as an argument to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods. This interface defines methods for getting a writer or stream for the response body. It also defines methods for setting the response status code and headers.Using Filters and ListenersThe servlet specification defines two component types beside servlets: filters and listeners. These two types were introduced in the Servlet 2.3 specification, so if you're using a container that doesn't yet support this version of the specification, I'm afraid you're out of luck.FiltersA filter is a component that can intercept a request targeted for a servlet, JSP page, or static page, as well as the response before it's sent to the client. This makes it easy to centralize tasks that apply to all requests, such as access control, logging, and charging for the content or the services offered by the application. A filter has full access to the body and headers of the request and response, so it can also perform various transformations. One example is compressing the response body if the Accept-Language request header indicates that the client can handle a compressed response.A filter can be applied to either a specific servlet or to all requests matching a URL pattern, such as URLs starting with the same path elements or having the same extension. ListenersListeners allow your application to react to certain events. Prior to Servlet 2.3, you could handle only session attribute binding events (triggered when an object was added or removed from a session). You could do this by letting the object saved as a sessionattribute(using the HttpSession.setAttribute() method)implement the HttpSessionBindingListener interface. With the new interfaces introduced in the 2.3 version of the specification, you can create listeners for servlet context and session lifecycle events as well as session activation and passivation events (used by a container that temporarily saves session state to disk or migrates a session to another server). A new session attribute event listener also makes it possible to deal with attribute binding eventsfor all sessions in one place, instead of placing individual listener objects in each session.The new types of listeners follow the standard Java event model. In other words, a listener is a class that implements one or more of the listener interfaces. The interfaces define methods that correspond to events. The listener class is registered with the container when the application starts, and the container then calls the event methods at the appropriate times.Initializing Shared Resources Using a ListenerBeans like this typically need to be initialized before they can be used. For instance, they may need a reference to a database or some other external data source and may create an initial information cache in memory to provide fast access even to the first request for data. You can include code for initialization of the shared resources in the servlet and JSP pages that need them, but a more modular approach is to place all this code in one place and let the other parts of the application work on the assumption that the resources are already initialized and available. An application lifecycle listener is a perfect tool for this type of resource initialization. This type of listener implements the javax.servlet.ServletContextListener interface, with methods called by the container when the application starts and when it shuts down.Picking the Right Component Type for Each TaskThe Project Billboard application introduced is a fairly complex application. Half the pages are pure controller and business logic processing, it accesses a database toauthenticate users, and most pages require access control. In real life, it would likely contain even more pages, for instance, pages for access to a shared document archive, time schedules, and a set of pages for administration. As the application evolves, it may become hard to maintain as a pure JSP application. It's easy to forget to include the access control code in new pages.This is clearly an application that can benefit from using a combination of JSP pages and the component types defined by the servlet specification for the MVC roles. Let's look at the main requirements and see how we can map them to appropriate component types:●Database access should be abstracted, to avoid knowledge of a specific dataschema or database engine in more than one part of the application: beans in therole of Model can be used to accomplish this.●The database access beans must be made available to all other parts of theapplication when it starts: an application lifecycle event listener is the perfectcomponent type for this task.●Only authenticated users must be allowed to use the application: a filter canperform access control to satisfy this requirement.●Request processing is best done with Java code: a servlet, acting as the Controller,fits the bill.●It must be easy to change the presentation: this is where JSP shines, acting as theView.Adding servlets, listeners, and filters to the mix minimizes the need for complex logic in the JSP pages. Placing all this code in Java classes instead makes it possible to use a regular Java compiler and debugger to fix potential problems.Centralized Request Processing Using a ServletWith a servlet as the common entry point for all application requests, you gain control over the page flow of the application. The servlet can decide which type of response to generate depending on the outcome of the requested action, such as returning a common error page for all requests that fail, or different responses depending on the type of client making the request. With the help from some utility classes, it can also provide services such as input validation, I18N preparations, and in general, encourage a more streamlined approach to request handling.When you use a servlet as a Controller, you must deal with the following basic requirements:●All requests for processing must be passed to the single Controller servlet.●The servlet must be able to distinguish requests for different types of processing.Here are other features you will want support for, even though they may not be requirements for all applications:● A strategy for extending the application to support new types of processingrequests in a flexible manner.● A mechanism for changing the page flow of the application without modifyingcode.Mapping Application Requests to the ServletThe first requirement for using a Controller servlet is that all requests must pass through it. This can be satisfied in many ways. If you have played around a bit with servlets previously, you're probably used to invoking a servlet with a URI that starts with /myApp/servlet. This is a convention introduced by Suns Java Web Server (JWS), the first product to support servlets before the API was standardized. Most servlet containers support this convention today, even though it's not formally defined in the servlet specification.将Servlet和JSP组合使用Servlet和JSP技术是用Java开发服务器端应用的主要技术，是开发商务应用表示端的标准。
网站毕业设计外文翻译
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
网页设计外文翻译
外文资料JavaServer Pages OverviewJavaServer Pages (JSP) technology enables Web developers and designers to rapidly develop and easily maintain， information—rich， dynamic Web pages that leverage existing business systems。
As part of the Java technology family, JSP technology enables rapid development of Web-based applications that are platform independent。
JSP technology separates the user interface from content generation，enabling designers to change the overall page layout without altering the underlying dynamic content。
Benefits for DevelopersIf you are a Web page developer or designer who is familiar with HTML， you can:Use JSP technology without having to learn the Java language: You can use JSP technology without learning how to write Java scriplets。
Although scriptlets are no longer required to generate dynamic content, they are still supported to provide backward compatibility。
网站毕业设计外文翻译
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
个人博客网站设计外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料收集：应用技术学院06计算机科学与技术（0616403057）傅晓燕（外文文件名：JSP Splitting for Improving ExecutionPerformance）AbstractSplitting a JSP (Java Server Pages) page into fragments can improve the execution performance of JSP pages when the Web application server can separately cache the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments. If a JSP page is split into fragments according to the update frequency of each portion of the Web page obtained by executing the JSP page, all of the split JSP fragments do not need to be executed again when only a single cached part of a Web page expires. In addition, the fragments of a JSP page can be reused by other JSP pages. In both cases, the execution results of all of the JSP fragments split from the JSP page must be the same as from the JSP page before it was split. In this paper, we propose JSP splitting, which is a method of splitting a JSP page into fragments maintaining the data and control dependences existing in the original JSP page. JSP splitting automatically detects the portions needed to maintain the data and control dependences of a JSP page for the portions that developers want to split from the JSP page. We implemented JSP splitting with a GUI tool, and confirmed that the split JSP fragments were executed in the same as the way as the JSP page before the split. Experimental results show that the response time to access a Web page can be reduced by splitting a JSP page into fragments and setting different caching periods for the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments.1. IntroductionSplitting a JSP (Java Server Pages) page into fragments can improve the execution performance of some JSP pages when the Web application server can separately cache the Web page fragments obtained by executing the fragments ofthe JSP page. The period of caching dynamic Web pages generated by a JSP engine is limited due to the dynamic nature of the content. When the cached content of a Web page generated by a JSP engine is updated, the entire JSP page must be executed again on the application server, even though the change of the Web page might be small. Since frequent updates of cached Web pages increase the load on an application server, it is reasonable to split a JSP page into fragments and set different caching periods for the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments. Of course, the Web page fragments must be merged into a final Web page correctly. The Dynacache technology of IBM WebSphere Application Server allows Web page fragments to have different caching periods. Cache tag libraries provided by the Apache Jakarta Project also support different caching periods for the JSP fragments. In addition, ESI (Edge Side Includes) technology provides a mechanism to cache Web page fragments with different caching periods, and to merge them into a final Web page on an edge server.The application offload technology of IBM WebSphere Edge Server is another approach to improve the execution performance of JSP pages. This technology allows one or more JSP fragments to be cached and executed on edge servers. The remaining JSP fragments are deployed on the application server and are called by the JSP fragments executed on the edge server. Thus, some of the execution of a JSP page is offloaded to the edge server.Splitting a JSP page facilitates the reuse of JSP fragments. When a Web application consists of many JSP pages, the same portions tend to exist in many JSP pages. Examples are the frames, the banners, the headers, and etc.When a JSP page is split into fragments, the total execution result of all of the fragments must be the same as the JSP page before it was split. In addition, when the fragments of a JSP page are executed in different servers, each fragment needs to be executed without the other fragments. In order to satisfy these conditions, we propose JSP splitting, which is the method of splitting a JSP page into fragments described in this paper. Since it is very difficult to automatically find the best way to split a JSP page into fragments for some particular purpose, we assume that the developers will select the portions that they want to split into fragments. In order to execute all of the divided JSP pages correctly, JSP splitting automatically detects any portions that must be moved or copied into a fragment with the selectedportions. The detection is done based on the analysis of the data and control dependences existing in a JSP page. JSP splitting is similar to the program slicing technique that slices a program based on the data and the control dependences. However, the program slicing technique does not take into account that the sliced programs are executed independently and that the total execution result of the sliced programs must be the same as the program before the division. In addition, since data is passed to the JSP engine during the execution of JSP pages, the source program of the JSP engine, such as Apache Tomcat, is required in order to analyze the data dependences correctly. This is impractical, because the source program of the JSP engine is very large and complex. JSP splitting avoids the analysis of the JSP engine by utilizing the characteristics of JSP.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains the difficulty of splitting a JSP page into fragments. Section 3 gives details of the algorithmto split a JSP page. Section 4 describes the JSP splitting tool that is an implementation of JSP splitting and demonstrates how a sample JSP page is split by the tool. Section 5 shows the experimental results obtained by executing the split JSP fragments with different caching periods on the IBM WebSphere Application Server. Section 6 discusses previous work in relation to our contributions. Our conclusions form the final section.2. Difficulty of Splitting a JSP PageIn this paper, splitting a JSP page means that some portions of the JSP page are cut from the JSP page and saved as new JSP pages. Such newly created JSP pages are included in the original JSP page by using some mechanism such as the jsp: include tag. We call the included JSP page the JSP fragment, and call the JSP page that invokes the JSP fragments the master JSP page. A master JSP page invokes JSP fragments and receives Web page fragments obtained by executing them. Then the master JSP page merges its own Web page fragment with the Web page fragments received from the JSP fragments, and creates a final Web page.JSP fragments are not always executed in the same server or at the same time. The application offload technology allows a master JSP page and JSP fragments to be executed in different servers. When the ESI mechanism is used, esi: include tagsare put into a Web page fragment obtained by executing a master JSP page and interpreted in an edge server that supports the ESI mechanism. In this case, the edge server checks whether or not the Web page fragments specified by esi:include tags exist in its cache. If the contents of Web page fragments are not cached or have expired, the JSP fragments are invoked from the edge server, and executed in one or more application servers. If different caching periods can be given to the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments, each JSP fragment is executed only when the cached content has expired. The Dynacache technology, the ESI mechanism, and the cache tag libraries can support different caching periods for Web page fragments.When a JSP page is split into fragments, the following two conditions must be satisfied even if the master JSP page and the JSP fragments are not executed in the same server or at the same time.Cond. 1 - 1The total execution result of a master JSP page and the JSP fragments is the same as the JSP page before it was split.Cond. 1 - 2Each JSP page, which is either a master JSP page or a JSP fragment, may be executed without other JSP pages.These conditions are satisfied by maintaining the data and control dependences existing in a JSP page after the JSP page has been split into fragments. However, it is hard work for developers to detect data and control dependent portions in a JSP page, because the data and control flow of a JSP page can be divided among the JSP page, the JSP engine that executes the JSP page, any Java beans used in the JSP page, and etc.. Thus, a natural solution calls for automatically detecting data-dependent and control-dependent portions linked to the portions that developers want to split.The program slicing technique detects a set of program statements that affect a program statement S by analyzing the data and control dependences existing in the program. One program slice consists of the detected set of program statements and the statement S. This technique is useful when debugging or maintaining large programs. Since JSP pages are compiled into servlet programs by using a JSP compiler such as the Apache Jasper compiler [4], JSP slices can be obtained by applying program slicing technique to a servlet program compiled from a JSP page. However, the program slicing technique is not sufficient to split a JSP page intofragments, because the technique does not take into account that program slices are executed independently.Figure 1 shows a part of a sample JSP page and a sample servlet program compiled from the JSP page. Figure 2 (a) shows the data dependence graph obtained from the servlet program. In a program, when a statement S1 assigns a value to a variable and a statement S2 following S1 uses that value, a true data dependence exists between S1 and S2. Such a data dependence is denoted as S1 →S2. In Figure 2 (a), due to the data dependences, the program slice for the statement S10 consists of S1, S9, and S10. If the program slice is cut from the servlet program, the remaining program statements have errors because the data dependences S1 →S2, S11, and S12 and S9 → S11 and S12 are not honored. Thus, the program slicing technique does not work well for splitting JSP pages.3. JSP SplittingIn this paper, we propose JSP splitting, a method of splitting a JSP page into fragments. The proposed method analyzes data and control dependences in the servlet program compiled from a JSP page. At the time of analysis, JSP splitting takes into account that split JSP pages will be executed independently, and may not be executed in the same server or at the same time. First, the portions that developers want to split into a JSP fragment are selected. For the selected portions, the portions needed to satisfy the conditions 1 - 1 and 1 - 2 are detected. The detected portions are categorized into moved and copied portions, and are minimized in order to match the intentions of the developers.3.1. Ignorable Data DependencesBasically, JSP splitting does not allow the dependent statements to be split apart. However, if this rule is applied too strictly, none of the statements shown in Figure 1 (b) can be split, because there are interlocking dependences starting from S1 and S9.Here, we consider how the variable out shown in Figure 1 (b) is used. The variable out is used to write the text data of any Web page. Note that the value of out can be retrieved from any JSP engine. When a master JSP page JM includes a JSP fragment JF by using a jsp:include tag and a JSP engine executes both of them, JM first retrieves the value of out from the JSP engine and writes its own text data to the value. Next, J M invokes J F. After being invoked, J F also retrieves the value of out and writes its own text data to the value. The text data written by J M is returned to out through the JSP engine and merged with the text data written by J M. This means that the value of out can be utilized by any JSP page and the text data written to the value is maintained by the JSP engines. In other words, when a JSP page is split into fragments, a statement that retrieves the value of out can exist both in a servlet program compiled from a master JSP page and in servlet programs compiled from JSP fragments. Therefore, the data dependences for the variable out can be ignored at the time of splitting a JSP page.As shown in Figure 2 (a), none of the statements can be split while maintaining the data dependences existing in the servlet program shown in Figure 1 (b).However, if the data dependences for the variable out are ignored, the data dependence graph is changed as shown in Figure 2 (b). Using the data dependence graph shown in Figure 2 (b) makes it possible to split S2 from the set of S9, S10, S11, and S12 which cannot be split due to the data dependences for the variable book.In servlet programs compiled by the Apache Jasper compiler, the data dependences for the variables shown in Table1 can be ignored for the same reason as for the variable out.Since the values of these variables are defined at the top of each servlet program and are frequently referred to, most statements cannot be split if the data dependences are to be maintained.In general, the out-of-order execution is allowed for the statements without data and control dependences. Ignoring the data dependences for the variables shown in Table 1 may introduce an incorrect execution order of statements. For example,if S10 and S12 shown in Figure 1 are split into a JSP fragment and the JSP fragment is included before S11, an incorrect Web page is generated. In order to avoid such incorrect execution, our algorithm does not allow changes in the order of the statements that have ignored data dependences.3.2. Analysis of Data Dependences for Java beansIn a JSP page, Java beans are frequently used to store and retrieve data as property values. Each Java bean is a Java object and developers can use Java beans by using three kinds of tags in a JSP page.● jsp:useBean: Declares a named Java bean with its scope. When an object for the Java bean does not exist within the declared scope, the bean is instantiated. Java beans can be declared with the scope of page, request,session or application.● jsp:getPrope rty: Calls the get method of a Java bean object and retrieves the property value.● jsp:setProperty: Calls the set method of a Java bean object and sets the property value.Java beans must be declared with the jsp:useBean tag before the other two operations. This means that a declaration of a Java bean and all of the other operations for the Java bean must be included in the same JSP page. This strongly limits the extent of a JSP fragment. In order to relax the limitation, JSP splitting allows declarations of Java beans to be copied to JSP fragments. The reason why declarations of Java beans can be copied is that the declarations do not have side effects. Each declaration merely instantiates a Java bean object when the Java bean object has not yet been instantiated within its scope. In other words, a Java bean object is not instantiated more than one time within its scope even if the declaration is copied to JSP fragments. Therefore, some of the operations for a Java bean can be split into fragments.When a property value is set for a Java bean by using a jsp:setProperty tag and retrieved from the JSP bean by using a jsp:getProperty tag, a true data dependence exists between the two operations.When the rule that data dependent statements cannot be split is applied, data dependent operations for a Java bean must be included in the same fragment. However, a data dependence between an operation that sets a property value for a JSP bean and another operation that retrieves the property value is maintained after the two operations are split if the following two conditions are satisfied.Cond. 2 - 1The scope of the Java bean is ”request”, ”session”, or ”application”. Cond. 2 - 2 The split JSP pages are executed in the same JSP engine.If these conditions are satisfied, JSP splitting allows the operations among which the data dependences exist to be split into different JSP pages, because the Java bean lives in the JSP engine during the execution of the split JSP pages. As a result, the portions split along with the portions selected by a developer can be reduced. However, the Web page fragments obtained by executing the split JSP pagessatisfying these conditions must have the same caching period. This is because the data dependence is not maintained if a JSP page was executed and a value is defined in the JSP page while another JSP page, in which the defined value is used, was not executed due to the valid cached content of the Web page.When a Java bean has the page scope, the dependent operations for the Java bean cannot be split. However, each operation that sets a property value for a Java bean with the page scope can be copied along with one or more operations that retrieve the same property value, because the operations that set property values for Java beans with the page scope do not have side effects.Figures 3 to 6 show the algorithms to split the operations for Java beans. These algorithms try to minimize the number of the operations that are moved or copied to a JSP fragment.4. JSP Splitting ToolWe implemented JSP splitting as a plug-in for Eclipse。
网页设计外文翻译
网页设计外文翻译外文原文Source: Web Page Design Using JavaScriptTHE BASICSJA V ASCRIPT uses a subset of the programming language JA V A to provide a high level of interactivity on a web page. JavaScripts are stored within an HTML document and are interpreted by the web browser.JavaScripts may be located within the HTML code at the point in the page where they are to appear on the screen or they may be written using functions. Functions are small subprograms that are stored between the head tags of an HTML document and are called on to be executed when a particular event occurs.Whether the script is stored between the head tags or within the body of the HTML document, it must be enclosed in script tags. Also, a set of HTML comment tags are typically used inside the script tags so that older browsers that do not support JavaScript will ignore the script and continue to process the page without errors.Following is an example of the script and comment tags:<script language="javascript"><!--Include JavaScript Code Here//--></script>Be aware that JavaScript is case sensitive...the difference between a working script and an error message can be one capital letter.ALERT BOXESTo pop up an alert box include the following line of code inside of script tags in the body of your HTML document. Please note that the processing of the page will stop until the viewer responds to the alert box.alert ("Place the text to be displayed in the alert box between these quotes.")Other types of pre-made dialog boxes are available such as the prompt and confirm boxes. In order to take full advantage of the features of these dialog boxes you must write more JavaScript code which can use the values that are returned by the dialog boxes.The following statements will pop up a dialog box that requires a yes or no answer (OK or Cancel). If the answer is OK then the variable named answer has a value of true and if the answer is Cancel then the variable named answer has a value of false. You canthen use an if statement in the JavaScript code to respond appropriately.var answer = confirm ("Are you sure you want to quit?")if (answer==true){window.close()}The following code will pop up a dialog box that asks the user to enter some sort of information. If the user clicks OK the information they entered is stored in the variable. The second set of quotation marks inside of the prompt statement make the contents of the text box blank when the dialog box is displayed.var response = prompt ("What is your name?" ,"")document.write ("<font size=7 color=red face=arial>Hello " + response + "!") Notice that in the last two examples the window and document objects were used. Window refers to the browser window and document refers to the page being displayed. The use of a dot after the name of the object allows actions to be performed on that object or properties of that object to be modified. In this next example, the navigator object is referenced in order to display the browser name and version.alert ("You are using " + navigator.appName + " version " + navigator.appVersion + ".")POP-UP WINDOWSAn additional browser window may be opened using a simple JavaScript. The open method contains three parts as in the following example: the name of the document or url of the web site to be displayed in the new window, the name that may be used to refer to the browser window (requires more code than is shown here), and the properties of the new window. Please note that the properties are all listed in one set of quotation marks and are separated by commas.open ("myfile.html", "mywin", "height=200, width=200, titlebar=false")The following properties may be used to control the appearance of the new window:WRITING FUNCTIONSFunctions are small subprograms that are located within script tags between the head tags of an HTML document. Functions are executed when they are called by name from an event handler within the body of an HTML document.The basic structure of a function is as follows:function NameOfFunction( ){Include JavaScript Code Here}EVENT HANDLERSThe following example demonstrates the use of event handler onclick as well as the use of styles to control the appearance of buttons. Note that instead of using type=submit for the button the code simply says type=button. Copy and paste this entire set of code in to a new document and test it out.<html><head><title>Sample</title><style type="text/css">#bigbutton {background-color : yellow; font-family : arial; color : blue;font-size :18px; height : 50px; border-width : 0.2cm; border-color : red} </style></head><body><form name=myform><input type=button name=mybutton id=bigbutton value="CLICK ME!"onclick="window.location=''"></form></body></html>Changing the code for the button to read onclick="myfunction( )" will result in exactly the same thing as the previous example if the following function is included in a script between the head tags. Typically, you would write a function only if the event required more than one thing to happen.function myfunction( ){window.location = ""}The following are some of the event handlers that exist in javascript:Table1-2 event handlers that exist in javascriptonfocus onblur onselect onchangeonsubmit onclick onmouseover onmouseoutonload onunload onabort onerroronreset onkeypress onkeyup onmousedownonmousemove onmouseup onmove onresize POP-UP MENUSPop-Up Menus can be quickly created by using the select tag as it was used in forms to create a drop down list. Set the value of each of the options in the select tag to the url of the new page to be displayed. Use the onchange event handler to set the location of the window to the selected value in the drop down list. For example, if the form is named myform, the select tag is named mychoices, and the value of each option is a url then the statement window.location = document.myform.mychoices.value will take you to the new page that was selected from the drop down list.By default only one item in a list is displayed by a select statement until the viewer clicks on the down arrow to expose the rest of the list. To display more that one item at atime (and create a text box with a vertical scrollbar) include the size attribute in the select tag. For example, size=5 will display the first five items in the list and add a vertical scroll bar to the box if there are more than 5 items in the list.MOUSEOVERSA mouseover refers to the effect that occurs when the properties of an object are changed if the mouse is positioned over the top of the object and then again if the mouse is removed from the object. The quickest way to generate a mouseover is to use the onmouseover and onmouseout event handlers in a form of in-line style.Visit the style section of the DHTML page of this web site to see an example of mouseovers used with text as an in-line style. Any style property that applies to a particular object can be changed as the result of a mouseover.Performing mouseovers with a graphic is not much different than with text. When the desired event occurs (onmouseover, onmouseout) change the source of the graphic as in the example that follows:<img src="pic1.jpg" onmouseover="src='pic2.jpg'" onmouseout="src='pic1.jpg'"> SCROLLING TEXTSince the marquee tag is only supported by Internet Explorer it is a good idea to avoid it as much as possible and use a JavaScript to generate scrolling text instead. With this JavaScript it is also quite easy to place the scrolling text on the status bar instead of in the document itself by using window.status as the destination for the message. The following function will generate a scrolling message in a text box named mymessagebox which is part of a form named myform. The event handler onload must also be used in the body tag to call the function when the page loads.var message = "This is a test... "var position = 0function mymessage( ){document.myform.mymessagebox.value=message.substring(position, message.length) +message.substring(0, position)position = position + 1if (position > message.length){position = 0}window.setTimeout("mymessage( )", 300)}DATES AND TIMESDates and times are often displayed on web pages to indicate when a page was last updated, when a page was loaded, or to display a countdown to a particular event. Displaying the date and time of the last update is a good practice to get in to for all of your pages because frequent updates are one sign of a quality site. The date/time stamp lets the viewer know how recent the information is and therefore provides one indication of validity. To display the date and time of the last update (the last time the document was saved) use the following one line inside of script tags:document.write ("This page last updated " + stModified)To display the current time and date on a web page you must declare a variable of type Date ( var now = new Date). The variable can then be used to access various parts of the date and time including day of the week, month, day of the month, year, hours (in military time), minutes, and seconds. Assuming that now is the variable declared of type Date the following table describes how to access the parts of the date and time. Each of the function calls may be used in a document.write statement to display the result.One way to convert the numbers for the month and day of week in to words is touse if statements. Using a lot of if statements is not the most efficient way to display the words, but it is the method that requires the least amount of programming knowledge. Examine the following example. Notice the condition that follows the word if is in parentheses and that a double equal sign is used for the comparison. A single equal sign will actually make the condition true no matter what so January would always be displayed.if (now.getMonth( ) == 0)document.write ("January")The following function would display a working clock if your page contained a form called myform which contained a text box named mybox and the function was called using the onload event handler in the body tag. More code would need to be added to assure that the minutes and seconds always used two digits.function myclock( ){var now = new Datedocument.myform.mybox.value=now.getHours( )+":"+now.getMinutes( )+":"+now.getSeconds( )window.setTimeout ("myclock( )",1000)}To display a countdown to a future date, you will need two variables of type new Date. One of them will need to be set to the date that you are targeting with your countdown. The declarations would look as follows if you were going to count down to New Year's Day.var now = new Datevar then = new Date("January 1, 2002")The variable now in the above example actually holds the number of milliseconds that have passed since the computer started counting until now. The variable then in the above example actually holds the number of milliseconds that will have passed between the time the computer started counting and January 1, 2002. By subracting the two amounts and storing the answer in a new variable you will know the number of milliseconds between now and your target date. With a little division, this number can be converted to the number of days between now and your target date. In order to display the result as an integer, you will need to use the Math.ceil function as in the following example which uses the variable numdays to hold the number of days to be displayed. Ceil is short for ceiling which implies that the number will be rounded up tothe nearest whole number.document.write("Only " + Math.ceil(numdays) + " days until New Year's!")INTERACTIVE FORMSForms can be used for a lot more than just submitting information through email. Forms can be made to perform all sorts of actions when buttons are clicked.中文翻译出处：使用JavaScript设计网页基础JavaScript使用编程语言Java的一个子集在网页上提供高层次的交互。
信息工程网站设计与制作中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Web design and productionSummaryPapers will expand the personal web design and production methods, tools and other research and discussion. Based on the introduction of web design and production of language, the emphasis on using the JavaScript language as a tool for the actual operation of web design and production of, respectively, based on the object of the JavaScript language, the use of internal object system and WEB pages of information exchange - windows and frameworks Detailed description of the use of specific examples and verified.1. IntroductionWith the advent of the 21st century, people are more and more important to feel the life and work of the computer's role in the increasingly professional needs to have a computer application skills deeply. Is required to master the computer profession, but also career development needs. Web design and production is a concrete manifestation of the ability of a computer, this chapter introduces the relevant knowledge of web design.1.1 Web Design OverviewWebsite is a way businesses and users to provide information (including products and services) to the user, is the enterprise e-commerce infrastructure and information platform, leave the site (or just use a third-party site) is not possible to talk about e-commerce . Corporate web site called "network brand", also part of intangible assets, and the site is an important window of publicity and reflect the corporate image and culture on the INTERNET.Web Design Elements 1.2Two elements of web design are: overall style and color matching. First, determine the overall style of the siteApplication chapter HTML web design technology2.1 HTML language descriptionHTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) ie, HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is currently the most widely used language network, but also constitute the primary language of the document pages.HTML text is composed by HTML commands descriptive text, HTML commands can explain text, graphics, animation, sound, tables, links, and so on. HTML structure includes a head (Head), the specific content of the body (Body) into two parts, of which the head of the description of the browser you want, and the body contains the desired note.Features 2.1.1 HTML languageHTML document production is not very complex and powerful, supporting different data file formats insert, which is one of the reasons for the prevalence of WWW, HTML language characteristics are as follows:1, simplicity, HTML version upgrade using a superset of the way, which is more flexible and convenient.2, scalability, widely used in HTML language brings to strengthen capabilities and increase identifiers and other requirements, HTML elements take the form of a subclass, bring assurance system expansion.3, platform independence. While the PC is popular, but the use of MAC and other machines out there, HTML can be used on a wide range of platforms, and this is another reason for theprevalence of WWW.2.1.2 HTML language editing softwareHTML is the essence of the text, you need to explain your browser, HTML editor can be roughly divided into three types: 1, the basic editing software, using WINDOWS notepad or write version can be written, of course, if you use WPS to write, you can. However, please use .htm or .html as the extension, so the browser can interpret save when executed.2, semi-WYSIWYG software, which can greatly improve development efficiency, it can make you make a Homepage in a very short period of time, and you can learn HTML, this type of software has HOTDOG, as well as domestic Software web workshop.3, WYSIWYG software, the most widely used editor, can understand a little HTML knowledge can make pages.Application chapter HTML web design technology2.2.3 JavaScript technology in web designOne, JavaScript OverviewJavaScript is an object-based (Object) and event-driven (Event Driven) and safety performance have scripting language. Its purpose is to use HTML and HTML, Java scripting language (Java applet) link together to achieve multiple objects in a Web page, the Web client interactions. Which can develop client applications. It is by embedding or transferred in standard HTML language implemented. It appears to make up for the shortcomings of HTML language, which is a compromise choice for Java and HTML, has the following basic characteristics:1, is a scripting languageJavaScript is a scripting language, which uses a small way to block implementation of programming. Like other scripting languages, JavaScript is an interpreted language is also, it provides an easy development process.Its basic structure with C, C ++, VB, Delphi is very similar. But it is not like these languages, you need to compile, but is interpreted line by line in the program is running. It is combined with HTML markup, so as to facilitate the user's operation.2, object-based language.JavaScript is an object-based language, but to be seen as an object-oriented. This means that itcan use objects that they have created. Therefore, many functions can be derived from the interaction of methods and scripts scripting environment object.3. SimplicitySimplicity is mainly reflected in JavaScript: First, it is a Java basic statements and control flow above the simple and compact design based on order for Java is a very good transition study. Secondly, it is the use of weakly typed variable type, did not use strict data types.4, securityJavaScript is a safe language, it does not allow access to the local hard disk, data can not be stored on the server, the network is not allowed to modify and delete documents, can only be achieved through a dynamic interactive information browsing or browser. Thus effectively prevent the loss of data.5, the dynamic nature ofJavaScript is dynamic, it can respond directly to the user or customer input, without going through the Web service program. It reflects the user's response, is the use of event-driven manner. The so-called event-driven, meaning the implementation of certain actions arising from the action on the home page (Home Page), and is called the "event" (Event). For example, pressing the mouse button, move the window, select the menu and so can be considered an event. When the event occurs, it may cause the appropriate incident response.6, cross-platformJavaScript is dependent on the browser itself, regardless of the operating environment, as long as the computer running the browser, and the browser supports JavaScript can be executed correctly. In order to achieve the "write once, everywhere" dream.In fact the most prominent place JavaScript program that can be used to do a lot of little things. No need to have a high-performance computers, software is only a word processing software and a browser without WEB server channels through their computer to complete everything.In short, JavaScript is a new description language, it can be among the clamp into the HTML file. JavaScript language can be done to respond to the needs of the user event (such as: form input) without any network transfer data back and forth, so that when a user enters a material, it does not pass through the servo end (server ) processing, and transmits it back to the process, and can be directly handled by the client (client) apps.Chapter III WEB page interaction information - Forms and FrameworkTo achieve a dynamic interactive web pages, you must master the form object (Form) and the frame object (Frames) more complex knowledge.3.1 Form BasicsForm object allows designers can form different elements interact with client users, and do not need to carry out before the first data entry, you can dynamically change the behavior of Web documents.3.1.1 Form objectForm (Form): It constitutes the basic element of a Web page. Usually a Web page has a form or several forms, using Forms [] array to achieve different forms of access.Methods 3.1.2 Form objectThe method of the form object is only one --submit () method, which main function is to achievea form of information submitted.3.1.3 Form object propertiesForm object properties include the following: elements name action target encoding method. In addition Elements addition, several other forms of state are reflected in the corresponding attribute identifier, which is usually a form of individual identification; and the array elements are often more than one form element values.3.1.4 Access form objectAccess form object in JavaScript by two methods: (1) the form by visitingFirst, you must specify the name of the form in the property of a form object, and after you can access the form by following identifies as: document.Mytable ().(2) to access the form by the arrayIn addition to using the form name to access the form, you can also use the form to access the form object array of objects. But note that, due to the form object is to provide a browser environment, and the array subscript browser environment provided is from 0 to n.3.1.5 references prerequisite formConditions in JavaScript want to form reference is: you must first create a form on the page to identify with, and forms part of the place before the reference definition.3.2 The basic elements of the formForm the basic elements of the buttons, radio buttons, check buttons, submit buttons, reset buttons, text boxes and other components.In JavaScript you want to access these basic elements must be achieved through a specific form elements corresponding array subscript or form element names. Each element is referenced by major property or method of the element.3.3 FrameworkFrame Frames main function is to "split" the window, so that each "small window" can show different HTM L files, interaction between different frameworks (interact), which means you can exchange messages and data between different frameworks. For example: Suppose you opened two frames, the first frame of the book catalog can be displayed, and the second frame displays specific content sections.Framework can be divided into different areas of the screen, each region has its own URL, through Frames [] array of objects to achieve access to different frameworks. Frame object itself is actually a class of window, it inherits all the characteristics of a window object, and has all the attributes and methods. Specific examples illustrate the use of the frameworkAccess Framework 3.4In front of us had to use document.forms [] to access the different elements to achieve a single form. In order to achieve access to the different elements of the framework of multi-form, you must use the window object Frames property. Frames property is also an array, he focused on the parent frame for each sub-frame is provided with one.网站设计与制作摘要论文将对个人网页设计与制作的方法、工具等展开研究和探讨。
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外文资料JavaServer Pages OverviewJavaServer Pages (JSP) technology enables Web developers and designers to rapidly develop and easily maintain, information-rich, dynamic Web pages that leverage existing business systems. As part of the Java technology family, JSP technology enables rapid development of Web-based applications that are platform independent. JSP technology separates the user interface from content generation, enabling designers to change the overall page layout without altering the underlying dynamic content.Benefits for DevelopersIf you are a Web page developer or designer who is familiar with HTML, you can: Use JSP technology without having to learn the Java language: You can use JSP technology without learning how to write Java scriplets. Although scriptlets are no longer required to generate dynamic content, they are still supported to provide backward compatibility.Extend the JSP language: Java tag library developers and designers can extend the JSP language with "simple tag handlers," which utilize a new, much simpler and cleaner, tag extension API. This spurs the growing number of pluggable, reusable tag libraries available, which in turn reduces the amount of code needed to write powerful Web applications.Easily write and maintain pages: The JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library (JSTL) expression language is now integrated into JSP technology and has been upgraded to support functions. The expression language can now be used instead of scriptlet expressions.JSP Technology and Java ServletsJSP technology uses XML-like tags that encapsulate the logic that generates the content for the page. The application logic can reside in server-based resources (such as JavaBeans component architecture) that the page accesses with these tags. Any and all formatting (HTML or XML) tags are passed directly back to the response page. By separating the page logic from its design and display and supporting a reusable component-based design, JSP technology makes it faster and easier than ever to build Web-based applications.JavaServer Pages technology is an extension of the Java Servlet technology. Servlets are platform-independent, server-side modules that fit seamlessly into a Web server framework and can be used to extend the capabilities of a Web server with minimal overhead, maintenance, and support. Unlike other scripting languages, servlets involve no platform-specific consideration or modifications; they are application components that are downloaded, on demand, to the part of the system that needs them. Together, JSP technology and servlets provide an attractive alternative to other types of dynamic Web scripting/programming by offering: platform independence; enhanced performance; separation of logic from display; ease of administration; extensibility into the enterprise; and, most importantly, ease of use.Today servlets are a popular choice for building interactive Web applications.Third-party servlet containers are available for Apache Web Server, Microsoft IIS, and others. Servlet containers are usually a component of Web and application servers, such as BEA WebLogic Application Server, IBM WebSphere, Sun Java System Web Server, Sun Java System Application Server, and others.Community BackgroundThe JSP specification is the product of industry-wide collaboration with industry leaders in the enterprise software and tools markets, led by Sun Microsystems. Sun has made the JSP specification freely available to the developer community, with the goal that every Web server and application server will support the JSP interface. JSP pages share the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" advantages of Java technology. JSP technology is a key component in the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition, Sun's highly scalable architecture for enterprise applications.JSP Technology in the Java EE 5 PlatformThe focus of Java EE 5 has been ease of development by making use of Java language annotations that were introduced by J2SE 5.0. JSP 2.1 supports this goal by defining annotations for dependency injection on JSP tag handlers and context listeners. Another key concern of the Java EE 5 specification has been the alignment of its webtier technologies, namely JavaServer Pages (JSP), JavaServer Faces (JSF), and JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library (JSTL).The outcome of this alignment effort has been the Unified Expression Language (EL), which integrates the expression languages defined by JSP 2.0 and JSF 1.1.The main key additions to the Unified EL that came out of tbe alignment work have been:A pluggable API for resolving variable references into Java objects and for resolving the properties applied to these Java objects,Support for deferred expressions, which may be evaluated by a tag handler when needed, unlike their regular expression counterparts, which get evaluated immediately when a page is executed and rendered, andSupport for lvalue expression, which appear on the left hand side of an assignment operation. When used as an lvalue, an EL expression represents a reference to a data structure, for example: a JavaBeans property, that is assigned some user input.The new Unified EL is defined in its own specification document, which is delivered along with the JSP 2.1 specification.Thanks to the Unified EL, JSTL tags, such as the JSTL iteration tags, can now be used with JSF components in an intuitive way.Java Servlet Technology OverviewServlets are the Java platform technology of choice for extending and enhancing Web servers. Servlets provide a component-based, platform-independent method for building Web-based applications, without the performance limitations of CGI programs. And unlike proprietary server extension mechanisms (such as the Netscape Server API or Apache modules), servlets are server- and platform-independent. This leaves you free to select a "best of breed" strategy for your servers, platforms, and tools.Servlets have access to the entire family of Java APIs, including the JDBC API to access enterprise databases. Servlets can also access a library of HTTP-specific calls and receive all the benefits of the mature Java language, including portability, performance, reusability, and crash protection.Today servlets are a popular choice for building interactive Web applications. Third-party servlet containers are available for Apache Web Server, Microsoft IIS, and others. Servlet containers are usually a component of Web and application servers, such as BEA WebLogic Application Server, IBM WebSphere, Sun Java System Web Server, Sun Java System Application Server, and others.You might want to check out the latest information on JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. JSP technology is an extension of the servlet technology created to support authoring of HTML and XML pages. It makes it easier to combine fixed or static template data with dynamic content. Even if you're comfortable writing servlets, there are several compelling reasons to investigate JSP technology as a complementto your existing work.JavaBeansJavaBeans technology is the component architecture for the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). Components (JavaBeans) are reusable software programs thatyou can develop and assemble easily to create sophisticated applications. JavaBeans technology is based on the JavaBeans specification.The Bean BuilderThe Bean Builder is a simple component assembler that demonstrates the visual construction of applications using component assembly mechanisms.JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF)JAF lets you take advantage of standard services to: determine the type of an arbitrary piece of data; encapsulate access to it; discover the operations availableon it; and instantiate the appropriate bean to perform the operation(s).The Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) is a standard that defines an environment forthe development and deployment of enterprise applications. It reduces the cost and complexity of developing multitier enterprise applications as it provides amultitier distributed application model. In other words, it is inherently distributed and therefore the various parts of an application can run on different devices.Web applications developed using JavaServer Pages (JSP) may require some interaction with J2EE services. For example, a web-based inventory control system may need to access J2EE's directory services to gain access to a database. Or you may want touse Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) in your application.This article presents a brief overview of J2EE, then it shows how to: Describe J2EE services in a Web Deployment Descriptor (web.xml)Reference J2EE servicesAccess and use J2EE services from JSPsOverview of J2EEThe J2EE is a standard platform for the development and deployment of enterprise applications. The architecture of J2EE, which is component-based, makes developingenterprise applications easy because business logic is organized into reusable components and the underlying service is provided by J2EE in the form of a container for every component type. Think of a container as the interface between the component and the low-level functionality that supports the component. Therefore, before an application client component can be executed, it must be configured as a J2EE service and deployed into its container.J2EE promotes the development of multitier applications in which the web container hosts web components that are dedicated to handling a given application's presentation logic, and responds to requests from the client (such as the web browser). The EJB container, on the other hand, hosts application components that respond to requests from the web tier as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1: Multitier ApplicationsApplications that use this architecture are implicitly scalable. This architecture decouples the accessing of data from end-user interactions, and encourages component-based code reusability. At the web tier, J2EE promotes the use of JSPs for the creation of dynamic content for Web clients.Custom Tags and J2EEJ2EE has a lot to offer to Web application developers and the JSP custom tag developer. As you can see from Table 1 above, it has a rich set of standard APIs for sending email, accessing databases, parsing XML documents, and so on. Your Web applications can benefit greatly from these APIs. For example, you can write a JSP custom tag for sending email that can be used easily by Web content developers who are not familiar with Java. If you are not familiar with JSP custom tags, their benefits, and how to create them, please refer to Developing JSP Custom Tags.外文资料译文Javaserverpages概况Javaserverpages(jsp)技术，使Web开发人员和设计师可以快速开发和易于维护，利用现有的业务系统的动态网页使信息丰富。