英语写作手册
丁往道 英语写作手册 Part One Manuscript Form
Part One Manuscript FormAs you are learning to write, you should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. You should do everything —writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever you write something, work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in your essay or exercise, proofread it once or twice, because you may need to make some final corrections and changes. If you always work in this way, you are sure to make progress.I. ArrangementEither lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19×27 centimeters) may be used. To make your handwriting easy to read and provide room for corrections, you had better write on every other line, and write on only one side of the paper if it is thin.Leave a margin on each side of the paper—about two centimeters at the top and a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the paper. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.My First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People without a CountryRules to Abide ByDickens and David CopperfieldWhat Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a “Negro Literature”The English-Speaking People in QuebecNo period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline (or italicize if you use a computer) names of books.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.For paging use Arabic numerals without parentheses or periods in the upper right-hand corner of all pages. The first page need not be marked.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, aquestion mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.II. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.The first word of quoted speech (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun:He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”I asked, “ When do you usually go home?”She answered, “At weekends.”Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized:Common Nouns Proper Namesa famous university Peking Universitya broad street Chang’an Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabor, day Labor Daypeople, republic the People’s Republic of China Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize VietnamizeBut proper names or their derivatives may become common nouns, verbs or adjectives:mackintosh (after Charles Mackintosh, a Scottish chemist)chauvinistic (derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a devoted adherent of Napoleon)quixotic(after Don Quixote, hero of the novel of the same name)anglicize(from the Latin word Anglicus, meaning English)III. Word DivisionWhen you write near the edge of the paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. Pay attention to thefollowing:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a•line, trick•y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat•ed, cab•in.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi•na, Aus•tin.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea•cock, re•ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re•state•ment, u n•relent•ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug•gle, shat•ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionary.IV. PunctuationHow to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in detail in Part Ten. The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a tiny circle (。
英语写作手册part 1 manuscript form
Indentation
1.5 cm 1.5 cm
1. Arrangement (Exercise)
Title
1. where i lived, and what i lived for
2. are transgenic crops safe ?
3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty
Never end a page with a hyphen (7);
There is natural gap between affixes and double consonants (8,9);
If not sure, consult a dictionary or write the whole
Vietnam
2. Proper Names (Exercise 2)
Capitalize the personal pronoun:
Are the following correct? 1. 2. I went to visit uncle Ted and aunt Margaret. Grandma and grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
1. I went to visit my Uncle Ted and Aunt Margaret. 2. Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now.
3. I went with my mom and dad to visit my aunt and uncle.
2. Capitalization
Three Conditions:
Lecture 2 manuscript form 《英语写作手册》丁往道编 外研社
★ Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, etc.
★ Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses.
Summary—Arrangement
11.capitalize v. ['kæpɪtəlaɪz]
12.capital n.
13. lower v.
14. lowercase n. [,ləʊə'keɪs]
标点符号 并列连词
大写 大写字母
小写 小写字母
I. Arrangement
1.Margin 2.Indentation 3.Punctuation
II.Handwriting Principles of Handwriting
1. Write clearly, neatly and legibly. 2. Clearly distinguish between capitals
Excercise
Find out what is wrong in the manuscript form of the following paragraph.
For city dwellers, dragon lanterns can be seen only on grand ceremonies on TV. In my hometown, however , putting on a dragon latten show is a very popular per -formance. To celebrate the Spring Festival, many villages make preparations for the dragon lantern show( special food, religious sacrifice…).
新经典英语写作手册Part-One
III. Word Division
3.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line. eg. hat·ed, cab·in 4.Avoid separating proper names of people or places. eg. Chi·na, Aus·ten 5.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen. eg. father-in-law, empty-handed
I. Arrangement-Title
1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign language 6. criticisms on the ending of mark twain's adventure of huckleberry finn
a-live
set-ting
sister-in-law
han-dy
cor-rect-ness grat-i-tude
bo-nus
per-mis-sion so-cia-ble
thought
dic-ta-tor-ship far-reaching
4
Punctuation
IV. Punctuation
I. Arrangement-Passage
1. Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five litters. 2. Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark or an exclamation mark. 3. The hyphen is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.
英语写作手册 风格的要素
英语写作手册风格的要素
要写好英语作文，需要注意以下几个要素：
1.清晰简洁：使用简单明了的句子和词汇，避免冗长和晦涩的表达。
适当地使用简单的句式，结构清晰，让读者容易理解你的思想。
2.准确恰当：使用准确的词汇和语法结构，避免错误和模糊表达。
要正确运用时态、人称和主谓一致等基本语法规则，使文章更具可读性。
3.多样灵活：运用丰富多样的词汇和表达方式，使文章充满活力。
避免重复使用相同的词汇和表达方式，可以通过使用同义词、形容词、副词等来增加文采和表达的丰富度。
4.逻辑严谨：文章的思路要清晰，逻辑严密。
要合理安排文章的结构，包括开头、主体和结尾；采用线性或非线性结构，引导读者理解你的观点。
5.连贯流畅：避免句子之间的突兀转折，使用过渡词和连接词来使句子之间的关系更加紧密。
确保文章的段落之间有明显的过渡，使整篇文章流畅而连贯。
6.言之有物：要有足够的内容和论据来支持论点，并且要确保所提供的信息是准确可信的。
通过引用事实、统计数据、引用名人观点等方式来增强你的论据的可信度。
7.感情表达：运用适当的修辞手法和感情色彩来增强文章的感染力。
例如使用比喻、夸张、反问等修辞手法，或者通过情感描写和个人体验来使读者更加投入。
总而言之，在英语写作中风格的要素包括：清晰简洁、准确恰当、多样灵活、逻辑严谨、连贯流畅、言之有物和感情表达。
通过注意这些要素，你的英语写作能够更加出色。
英语写作手册第三章
词语应用WORD POWER DEVELPOMENT1. discount n.Will you please also indicate delivery times, your terms of payment, and details of discount for regular purchases and large orders?能否能交换时间，你的付款方式，以及对于经常订购和大批量订货所给的折扣的详细情况也告诉我们？However, we would be willing to allow\grant\offer you a special 2.5% discount if you could see your way to increasing your order to $50,000.尽管如此，如果能将订购增加到5万美元的话，我们将愿意给您一个2.5%的特殊折扣。
We stress, however, that this offer, because of the special discount and limited stocks remaining, is open for only 14 days from the date of this letter.然而，我们想强调一下，由于这是个特殊折扣、并且库存有限，因此本报盘的有效期仅为写信之日起14天。
The prices quoted are subjected to the usual trade discount.所报价格均享有通常的同业折扣。
The following items are offered at a discount of 10%.下列产品以九折报盘。
V.That original price was discounted by 10%.那个原价被打了10%的折扣。
They discount 10% from the original price.他们将原价打了10%的折扣。
简明英语写作手册
《简明英语写作手册》是一本实用的英语写作指南，旨在
帮助读者提高英语写作技巧和表达能力。
本书提供了许多有
用的写作技巧和策略，包括如何构思文章结构、编写提纲、
选择合适的词汇和语法、以及如何修改和校对文章等。
此外，本书还提供了一些常见的写作错误和陷阱，以帮助读者避免
常见的写作问题。
如果您正在寻找一本简明扼要的英语写作手册，以帮助您
快速掌握英语写作的基本知识和技能，那么《简明英语写作
手册》是一本不错的选择。
本书的章节结构清晰，内容易于
理解，而且提供了大量的实例和练习，使读者能够更好地理
解和应用所学知识。
此外，本书还提供了许多有用的参考信
息和资源，以帮助读者进一步扩展自己的英语写作技能。
总的来说，《简明英语写作手册》是一本非常实用的英语
写作指南，适用于所有希望提高英语写作技巧和表达能力的
读者。
如果您能够充分理解和应用本书所教授的技巧和策略，相信您的英语写作水平将得到显著提高。
英语写作手册课程教案
英语写作手册课程教案一、课程简介课程名称：英语写作手册课程目标：通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握英语写作的基本技巧和方法，提高学生的英语写作能力。
二、教学内容第1讲：英语写作基本原则1.1 写作的重要性1.2 写作的基本原则1.3 写作的步骤第2讲：句子结构与句子类型2.1 简单句2.2 并列句2.3 复合句2.4 句子类型第3讲：段落结构与写作技巧3.1 段落结构3.2 写作技巧3.3 过渡词语的使用第4讲：文章的构思与组织4.1 主题思想的确定4.2 提纲的制定4.3 文章的组织结构第5讲：常见文体的写作技巧5.1 叙述文的写作5.2 议论文的写作5.3 说明文的写作三、教学方法1. 讲解法：教师讲解课程内容，学生听讲并记录。
2. 案例分析法：通过分析典型病例，使学生掌握写作技巧。
3. 实践训练法：学生进行写作练习，教师进行点评和指导。
四、教学评价1. 课堂参与度：学生参与课堂讨论和练习的情况。
2. 作业完成情况：学生完成作业的数量和质量。
3. 期末考试：考察学生对课程内容的掌握程度。
五、教学资源1. 教材：英语写作手册。
2. 辅助材料：相关文章、案例、练习题等。
3. 教学工具：黑板、投影仪、计算机等。
六、教学安排第1周：课程简介与第1讲英语写作基本原则第2周：第2讲句子结构与句子类型第3周：第3讲段落结构与写作技巧第4周：第4讲文章的构思与组织第5周：第5讲常见文体的写作技巧七、教学活动1. 课堂讲解：教师对课程内容进行详细讲解。
2. 案例分析：分析典型病例，引导学生掌握写作技巧。
3. 写作练习：学生进行写作练习，教师进行点评和指导。
4. 小组讨论：学生分组讨论，分享写作心得。
八、课后作业1. 课后练习：完成教材和相关资料的课后练习。
2. 写作任务：每周完成一篇写作任务，题材不限。
3. 自主学习：学生自主学习相关资料，提高写作能力。
九、课程反馈1. 学生反馈：学生对课程内容、教学方法和教学资源的评价。
北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案
北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案第一章：写作基础1.1 教学目标了解英语写作的基本要求学习如何组织文章结构掌握基本写作技巧1.2 教学内容英语写作的基本要求文章结构的组织方法基本写作技巧的介绍1.3 教学方法讲解和示范练习和反馈1.4 教学评估学生写作练习的评估第二章：句子写作2.1 教学目标学习如何写出清晰、准确的句子学习如何使用不同的句型和句式学习如何使用恰当的词汇和语法2.2 教学内容清晰、准确的句子的写作技巧不同句型和句式的使用方法恰当的词汇和语法的选择2.3 教学方法讲解和示范练习和反馈2.4 教学评估学生句子写作练习的评估第三章：段落写作3.1 教学目标学习如何写出连贯、有逻辑的段落学习如何使用过渡词和连接词学习如何进行段落间的过渡3.2 教学内容连贯、有逻辑的段落的写作技巧过渡词和连接词的使用方法段落间的过渡的方法3.3 教学方法讲解和示范练习和反馈3.4 教学评估学生段落写作练习的评估第四章：文章写作学习如何写出完整、有逻辑的文章学习如何使用恰当的和副学习如何进行文章的总结和归纳4.2 教学内容完整、有逻辑的文章的写作技巧恰当的和副的使用方法文章的总结和归纳的方法4.3 教学方法讲解和示范练习和反馈4.4 教学评估学生文章写作练习的评估第五章：写作技巧提升5.1 教学目标学习如何提升写作技巧学习如何进行写作的修改和润色学习如何进行写作的自我评估5.2 教学内容提升写作技巧的方法写作的修改和润色的技巧写作的自我评估的方法讲解和示范练习和反馈5.4 教学评估学生写作技巧提升练习的评估第六章：写作风格与声音6.1 教学目标理解写作风格的重要性学习如何发展个人写作风格掌握不同写作风格的特点和应用6.2 教学内容写作风格的概念与重要性发展个人写作风格的策略正式、非正式、学术和创意写作风格的特点6.3 教学方法分析优秀写作样例角色扮演和情景模拟个人和小组讨论6.4 教学评估学生写作风格练习的评估学生写作样例的分析第七章：写作障碍与解决方案识别常见的写作障碍学习克服写作障碍的策略掌握时间管理和写作流程管理技巧7.2 教学内容写作障碍的类型与影响克服写作障碍的实用技巧时间管理和写作流程管理的最佳实践7.3 教学方法小组讨论和分享写作障碍的角色扮演时间管理和写作流程的案例研究7.4 教学评估学生克服写作障碍练习的评估学生时间管理和写作流程管理计划的评估第八章：学术写作8.1 教学目标理解学术写作的要求和特点学习如何进行学术研究和文献综述掌握学术写作的引用和参考格式8.2 教学内容学术写作的标准与要求学术研究的方法和技巧APA、MLA等引用和参考格式的规则8.3 教学方法学术写作的讲座和讨论研究和文献综述的练习引用和参考格式的案例分析8.4 教学评估学生学术写作练习的评估学生引用和参考格式的检查第九章：创意写作9.1 教学目标探索创意写作的流程和技巧学习如何开发创意和构建故事情节掌握创意写作的自我反馈和修改过程9.2 教学内容创意写作的基本原则和流程创意开发和故事情节构建的技巧创意写作作品的自我反馈和修改9.3 教学方法创意写作的工作坊和练习故事构思和情节发展的讨论创意写作作品的分享和反馈9.4 教学评估学生创意写作练习的评估学生创意写作作品的定性和定量分析第十章：写作辅导与工作坊10.1 教学目标学习如何提供有效的写作辅导掌握举办写作工作坊的技巧理解写作辅导和工作坊的重要性10.2 教学内容写作辅导的策略和技巧写作工作坊的设计和实施写作辅导和工作坊的有效性10.3 教学方法角色扮演和模拟辅导工作坊的组织和指导学生反馈和案例研究10.4 教学评估学生写作辅导练习的评估学生工作坊组织和实施的评估重点和难点解析1. 写作基础重点：文章结构的组织方法难点：如何掌握基本写作技巧2. 句子写作重点：不同句型和句式的使用方法难点：如何使用恰当的词汇和语法3. 段落写作重点：段落间的过渡的方法难点：如何写出连贯、有逻辑的段落4. 文章写作重点：如何进行文章的总结和归纳难点：如何写出完整、有逻辑的文章5. 写作技巧提升重点：写作的修改和润色的技巧难点：如何进行写作的自我评估6. 写作风格与声音重点：不同写作风格的特点和应用难点：如何发展个人写作风格7. 写作障碍与解决方案重点：克服写作障碍的策略难点：时间管理和写作流程管理技巧8. 学术写作重点：学术写作的引用和参考格式难点：如何进行学术研究和文献综述9. 创意写作重点：创意开发和故事情节构建的技巧难点：如何进行创意写作的自我反馈和修改10. 写作辅导与工作坊重点：写作辅导的策略和技巧难点：如何举办写作工作坊全文总结和概括：本文档详细解析了北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案中的十个章节。
英语写作手册对外汉语本科课程英语写作
Synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences
Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences
Transition words can be used to link ideas from different sentences
(1) There are three reasons why I want to learn English. (2) One reason is that English has become an international language. (3) It is now used by most international companies, including the company where I work, for business communication. (4) Another reason why I want to learn English is so that I can travel to Englishspeaking countries. (5) The United States, England, Australia and many other countries all use English as their primary language. (6) Finally, I want to learn English because I plan to move to the U.S. in the future. (7) I will become a manager for my company soon. (8) For all these reasons, I am very excited about learning English.
英语写作手册Part Four
I. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph-Unity
• Sample 1 •One of the central preoccupations of the arts and humanities is the observation of human beings. Painters and sculptors creat images of the human form; writers tell stories or compose poems about human experience; musical artists give melodic contours to the human spirit; historians and phiosophers ponder the essential qualities of human civilization and nature.
• Ultimately, the length of the para. depends on its topic, its position in the essay and its role in the development of the thesis statement.
• Paragraph in books are usually longer than those in newspaper.
I. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph-Unity
And in our own lives, in our own ways, we spend a great deal of our energy and attention on our fellow creatures, being in families and other kinds of relationship, observing people with curiosity and interest in the course of the day, thinking about and forming our own character— deciding what kind of person we wish to be—as we paragraph is a unit of thought; it is at once a unit in itself and part of a larger whole, the essay.
《英语写作手册》教学计划
《英语写作手册》教学计划英语写作手册教学计划目标本教学计划旨在帮助学生提升英语写作能力，通过系统性的讲解和练，培养学生的写作技巧和语言表达能力。
教学内容1. 写作基础知识- 英语写作的基本要素和结构- 常用写作技巧和表达方式- 语法和词汇的应用2. 写作类型和风格- 讨论不同类型的写作任务，包括议论文、说明文、应用文等- 研究各种写作风格的特点和应用方法3. 组织和结构- 教导学生如何组织写作思路和段落结构- 强调逻辑和连贯性在写作中的重要性4. 文章修订和润色- 指导学生如何审校和改进自己的文章- 培养学生的审美意识和语言表达技巧教学方法1. 讲解和示范- 结合实例和案例，讲解写作技巧和应用方法- 展示优秀范文，帮助学生理解和模仿2. 练和实践- 给学生布置写作任务，提供指导和反馈- 鼓励学生参与写作讨论和互相评价3. 分组合作- 组织学生进行合作写作，促进互动和研究交流- 通过小组活动和讨论，激发学生的创造力和合作精神教学评估1. 作业评分- 对学生的写作作业进行定期评估和打分- 鼓励学生互评和自评，提高写作意识和自我反思能力2. 口头表达评估- 定期组织口头表达比赛或演讲活动- 评估学生的语言流利度和表达能力教学资源1. 教材和参考书目- 选用权威教材和写作指南作为教学参考- 建议学生阅读相关英语写作著作和范文2. 多媒体和在线资源- 利用多媒体教具和互联网资源辅助教学- 提供在线写作练和研究工具教学安排1. 总课时：20课时（每节课45分钟）2. 教学周期：4周3. 教学进度安排：- 第1周：写作基础知识- 第2周：写作类型和风格- 第3周：组织和结构- 第4周：文章修订和润色参考评价标准1. 语言表达能力- 词汇和语法的正确应用- 句子结构的流畅和多样性2. 文章结构和组织- 内容的合理组织和分段结构- 逻辑和连贯性的体现3. 内容和观点- 观点的合理性和深度- 丰富的内容和恰当的论证4. 文章修辞和修饰- 修辞手法的运用和效果- 词语选择和修饰的准确性以上为《英语写作手册》教学计划的详细内容和安排，希望能够帮助学生们在英语写作方面取得提高。
英语写作手册课件ppt
English has a flexible syntax structure, allowing for the expression of a wide range of ideas and concepts
02
CHAPTER
English writing skills
Organization
Vocabulary
Write in the active voice to make the text more direct and mandatory
Active voice
Use parallel structure to emphasize ideas, lists, or comparisons
04
CHAPTER
Analysis of English Writing Ex
The student has a clear structure for the writing, including a beginning, middle, and end The paragraphs are clearly defined and follow a logical order
Grammar problem
It is recommended to learn grammar through formal courses or self-study, and to practice sentence structure, tense, voice, mood, etc. through writing, speaking, and reading It is also recommended to check grammar errors through online resources or writing software
英语写作手册-英文版-知识点(word文档物超所值)
Part OneManuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing.Ⅰ. Arrangement排版Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words(including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions(and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.Ⅱ. Word Division移行The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay attention to the following:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided. Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed. Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionaryⅢ. Capitalization大写Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Ⅳ. Punctuation标点V. Handwriting书法Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily.Part TwoDiction措词Ⅰ. Levels of Words词的类型The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, most of them are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing., they are called common words.There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record people's thoughts and dialogues. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin We may call them informal wordsSlang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funnyⅡ. The Meaning of Words词义The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.Ⅲ. General and Specific Words泛指词和特指词Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words.Ⅳ. Idioms习语An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one's language sound natural and idiomatic.Ⅴ. Figures of Speech修辞Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively.1. Simile明喻It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.2. Metaphor暗喻It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.3. Personification拟人It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:In prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.4. Metonymy转喻It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.5. Synecdoche提喻When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied6. Euphemism委婉语It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.7. Irony反语It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.8. Overstatement and understatement夸大和缩小In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.9. Transferred Epithet移位修饰An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.10. Oxymoron矛盾修辞法In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.11. Alliteration押头韵It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect - to join two or more related words.Part ThreeThe SentenceⅠ. Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement:A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.Ⅱ. Types of Sentences1. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement.An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure sentences are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A sentence with two or more subjects or predicate-verbsA compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses(or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinatingconjunction (and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate)clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordinate clauses.A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause - a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements, such as the first sentence of the first passage and the last two sentences of the second passage.Long complex sentences express complex ideas clearly and accurately.3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced SentencesFrom a rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions.Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.4. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle is that the structure should fit the idea being expressed. In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round.Ⅲ. Effective Sentences1. UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.3. ConcisenessA sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better.Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided. Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure.4. Emphasis(1) Emphatic SentencesSentences may be emphasized in the following ways:Short sentences.Sentence fragments. They are also called one-member sentences.Inverted sentences. They are emphatic because their unusual word order draws the reader's attention.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences.Periodic sentences. Their climactic word order makes them emphatic.Imperative and exclamatory sentences. They are naturally emphatic:Rhetorical questions.They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning.Negative-positive statements.They first point out what is not the truth, and then what is. The contrast makes them emphaticSentences with repeated words or phrases. The repetition gives emphasis to such sentences.(2) Emphasis within the SentenceVarious ways can be used to achieve emphasis within the sentence.Placing. The beginning and the end, especially the end, of a sentence are the two places that attract the reader's attention.Repetition. Unnecessary repetition adds nothing new to the meaning of a sentence; therefore it should be avoided. in a proper context repeating a word or an idea in different words may be a means of emphasis.The verb and the active voice.When describing actions, one had better use verbs instead of nouns denoting actions, for verbs are generally more vivid and emphatic than nouns.Subordination.This means putting a minor idea in a dependent element of the sentence so as to give the main idea a prominent position.Emphatic words and phrases.There are words and phrases that may be used to emphasize other words.Alliteration. It means the appearance of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words, like "busy as a bee".5. VarietyBut variety is not to be sought for its own sake. The structure and length of sentences are primarily determined by the ideas to be expressed.Part FourThe ParagraphA paragraph is a unit of thought. A long paragraph expresses a complex idea, and a short one makes a major transition, an emphatic statement, or a summary.Ⅰ. Effective ParagraphsA paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and well development.1. UnityUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, the topic sentence is not stated explicitly but is implied.2. CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form,or its organization.The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order,and the transitions should be smooth and natural.3. TransitionThe following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph:A. Using parallel structures;B. Repeating words or word groups;C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences;D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs.Ⅱ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a ParagraphParagraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Work out an outline to arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.2. Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.3. Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description.4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.5. Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand.There are two pattern of arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph: the general-to-specific or the specific-to-the generalDetails or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two things of the same thing, while a contrast, the differences between them. There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order. This method is called block comparison or block contrast. The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. This method is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast.Alternating contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect.Block comparison is suitable when the writer wants to treat points of similarity in depth. In this way each point is drawn out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of comparison is often used when the points of similarity discussed are not many but complex, and require much explanation.There is a special form of comparison -analogy.Analogy is tracing a striking likeness between unlike things.Analogies are especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas, for they relate ideas that cannot be experienced through the senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste, to a sense experience, thus making the ideas easy to understand.7. Development by Cause and EffectSound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. Essential to a good classification is parallelism.9. Development by DefinitionThere are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay.When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles.First, we should avoid circular definitions.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.Third, we should avoid loaded definitions. Loaded definitions do not explain terms but make an immediate appeal for emotional approval.10. Development by a Combination of MethodsWriters may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.Part FiveThe Whole CompositionLike a paragraph, a composition must have unity. All the facts and all the ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its thesis or central thought. Proportion is as important to an essay. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.A good composition should have something interesting and/or important, and if possible ,something new to say, and that this “something” is expressed clearly, accurately and appropriately.Ⅰ. Steps in Writing a Composition1. Planning a CompositionWhen a topic is assigned, first try to think of as many relevant facts .write them down on a piece of paper. At the same time, try to find a proper thesis or theme. The thesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition. After that, look at the list of facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2. Types of OutlinesThere are two commonly used types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper. A sentence outline, on the other hand, provides a more detailed plan of the paper. Compare the following two outlines for a paper on foreign trade.Rules for writing outlines:(1)Avoid single subdivisions.(2) Avoid mixing types.(3) Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.(4) Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.3. Writing the First Draft4. Revising the First DraftⅠ. Content: Look at the essay / composition as a whole.Ⅱ. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material.Ⅲ. Sentences:Ⅳ. Diction:Mistakes in grammar spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics, because students are generally mindful of such mistakes.5. Making the Final CopyⅡ. OrganizationMost, if not all, essays are made up of a beginning, a middle, and an end.1.The BeginningThe beginning (the introduction) rouses the reader's interest in and secures his attention to the subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.(1) A quotation(2) Figures or statistics(3) A question or several questions(4) The time and place of the event to be described(5) Relevant background material(6) An analogy(7) A definition2. The middleThe middle (the body) gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideas the writer intends to put forth.3. The EndThe end (the conclusion) winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forceful statement to influence the reader's final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial,and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed.Ⅲ. Types of Writing1. DescriptionDescription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.A description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one's senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave outthose irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the reader's attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.(1) Description of a personthe writer should not merely give details of his appearance. try to reveal the person's character, thoughts, and feelings, And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people. Those features that he shares with others can be omitted. Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person, if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and give life to the person described.(2) Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describing a person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the things that make it different from other places.(3) Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person's life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.(4) Description of a sceneA scene is sometimes the main part of an essay, and sometimes only an episode in a long narrative. It usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people, and the actions.Again, the writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene.2. NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When one tells a story, one describes its setting and characters. On the other hand, accounts of actions may be necessary to the description of a person or a scene.When planning a narrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose.(1) ContextWhen, where, and to whom the action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the narrative. This will provide the reader with a context, or circumstances, to help him understand the whole narrative.(2) Selection of detailsA narrative is made up of details. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main ideas of the narrative, are useful and effective. When selecting details, therefore, the writer should bear in mind his purpose in writing the narrative. (3) OrganizationEvents in a narrative are usually related in chronological order. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the reader's interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. A narrative generally has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The setting may be given in the beginning. The middle (the body) tells the story itself.When the story is clearly told, the narrative comes to a natural end. But sometimes it add one or two paragraphs about the significance of the story or about things that happen afterwards.(4) Point of viewA first-person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike, because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced. But the scope of the narrative may be limited, for it is difficult to recount events that happen in different places at the same time. A third-person narrative is free from this limitation, and it may seem more objective,but it is not easy to put in good order things that happen to different people in different places.(5) PurposeThere must be a purpose in telling a story. The writer may want to prove a theory, to illustrate a concept, to praise a virtue, to condemn a vice, etc, he has to choose details and design the plot of his story carefully.3. Expositionmost frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining.We have seen that description mainly deals with appearances and feelings, and narration with events and experiences. While exposition mainly deals with processes and relationships.Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast,causes and effects, or definition. That is to say, methods which are good for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. The difference lies in scope and proportion.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should: 1) Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay2) Prepare enough material (details or examples) to help his explanation3) Present his facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject;4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions;5) Make exposition interesting or moving(1) IllustrationIllustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. It is the most common, and often the most efficient pattern of exposition. Good examples help to clarify a writer's thought by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade or convince the reader.A successful illustration paper depends on1) A wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant2) An expert arrangement of these examples - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climactically.(2) Division and ClassificationDivision and classification are two different ways of sorting things out. Division is used to deal with one thing. Its purpose is to separate that thing into parts. Classification, is used to organize things which share certain qualities. Its purpose is to group these things systematically.Division stresses the distinction between things, whereas classification emphasizes the similarities. Division deals with the whole and classification, the parts.The whole is composed of parts, and parts make up the whole; the whole and the parts are closely related.Guidelines of using division or classification:1) Choose an appropriate principle of division / classification suited to your purpose. Things are divided or classified according to the writer's purpose or interests.Be sure that your principle of division / classification is interesting and significant. A division of people according to their weight may be absurd unless you intend to discuss how different categories respond to certain medicine the dosage of which depends on a person's weight.2) Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. Your categories should be divided according to one principle throughout. Remember one item can belong to only one category.(3) Comparison and ContrastA comparison explains how things are similar(similarities/comparisons), and a contrast, how they are different(differences/ contrasts).When you write a comparison / contrast paper, you explain or clarify for one of the three following purposes:1) To present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar;2) To show the superiority of one thing by comparing it with another; and3) To show the reader of the similarities and differences of two things to help the reader understand or evaluate them.When you write a comparison / contrast paper, keep in mind the following principles of selection and development:1) Only items (usually two) of the same general class can be compared / contrasted.2) A comparison / contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns: the subject-by-subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.In the subject-by-subject pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on to the other.In the point-by-point pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared / contrasted.。
英语写作手册参考答案
英语写作手册参考答案英语写作手册参考答案在学习英语写作过程中，一本好的写作手册是非常重要的参考资料。
它不仅可以帮助我们了解英语写作的基本规则和技巧，还可以提供一些范文和参考答案，帮助我们更好地理解和应用所学知识。
下面是一份关于英语写作手册的参考答案，供大家参考。
第一部分：写作基础1. 什么是写作？写作是通过文字表达思想、观点和感情的过程。
它是一种交流工具，可以帮助我们与他人进行有效的沟通。
2. 写作的目的是什么？写作的目的可以有很多种，比如说，表达观点、传递信息、娱乐读者、解决问题等。
不同的写作目的需要采用不同的写作风格和技巧。
3. 如何提高写作技巧？提高写作技巧需要不断练习和积累。
首先，我们需要学习一些基本的写作规则和技巧，比如说，如何组织文章结构、如何使用正确的语法和词汇等。
其次，我们需要多读多写，通过模仿和实践来提高自己的写作能力。
第二部分：写作结构1. 什么是写作结构？写作结构是指文章的组织方式和框架。
一个好的写作结构可以帮助读者更好地理解文章的内容，并且使文章更具逻辑性和连贯性。
2. 什么是引言段？引言段是文章的开头部分，用来引入话题并吸引读者的注意。
一个好的引言段应该简洁明了，同时能够概括文章的主要内容。
3. 什么是主体段落？主体段落是文章的核心部分，用来详细阐述和论证观点。
每个主体段落应该有一个清晰的主题句，并且包含支持和解释这个主题句的具体论据和例子。
4. 什么是结论段？结论段是文章的结尾部分，用来总结全文，并给读者一个深刻的印象。
一个好的结论段应该简明扼要，同时可以呼应引言段和主体段落的内容。
第三部分：写作技巧1. 如何使用恰当的语法和词汇？使用恰当的语法和词汇是写作的基础。
我们需要注意句子的结构和用词的准确性，避免语法错误和词汇不当的问题。
同时，我们还可以通过阅读和积累词汇来提高自己的语言表达能力。
2. 如何提高逻辑思维和表达能力？逻辑思维和表达能力对于写作非常重要。
我们需要学会清晰地组织思路，合理地安排文章结构，并且用恰当的论证方法来支持自己的观点。
英语写作手册第四章
词语应用WORD POWER DEVELOPMENT1.advantagea)Another advantage of our new model is reliability.新型号的另一个优点是其性能可靠。
There are many advantages in making computers as small as possible.把计算机造得尽可能地小会带来许多优点。
b)If you wish to take advantage of this offer, please use the enclosed order form.如果您接受这个报盘，请填写随函所附的订单。
We hope you will take full advantage of the exceptional opportunities nowopen in export.我们希望你们能充分利用当前在出口方面的特殊机会。
We are interested in handling a sole agency for you, which we think would beto our mutual advantage.我们很乐意为贵方办理独家代理业务，而且认为这将对我们双方都有利。
You will find it to the advantage of both the buyer and the seller to accept ourproposal.你会发现接受我方的建议买卖双方都有利。
AdvantageousThe new process would be particularly advantageous to small factories.2.demand v.The coming business negotiation will demand great patience.对即将展开的商务谈判需要有足够的耐心。
大学英语写作手册教案
课时：2课时教学目标：1. 学生能够了解大学英语写作手册的基本内容和作用。
2. 学生能够掌握使用写作手册进行写作的技巧和方法。
3. 学生能够提高英语写作水平，提升学术写作能力。
教学重点：1. 写作手册的基本内容。
2. 使用写作手册进行写作的技巧。
教学难点：1. 如何在写作过程中灵活运用写作手册。
2. 如何将写作手册的知识转化为实际的写作能力。
教学准备：1. 大学英语写作手册。
2. 课堂演示文稿。
3. 学生写作练习。
教学过程：第一课时一、导入1. 教师简要介绍大学英语写作手册的作用和重要性。
2. 学生分享自己之前使用写作手册的经验。
二、写作手册的基本内容1. 教师展示写作手册的目录，让学生了解手册的结构。
2. 逐一讲解手册中的各个部分，如：- 写作技巧：如何构思、组织文章结构、使用恰当的词汇和句型等。
- 格式规范：如何撰写论文、报告、邮件等不同类型的文体。
- 语法知识：常见的语法错误及其纠正方法。
- 词汇积累：常用词汇、短语及搭配。
三、使用写作手册进行写作的技巧1. 教师结合实际案例，讲解如何运用写作手册中的知识进行写作。
2. 学生分组讨论，分享自己在写作过程中遇到的问题，并寻求解决办法。
四、课堂练习1. 学生根据所学知识，完成一篇短文写作练习。
2. 教师对学生的写作进行点评，指出优点和不足。
第二课时一、复习1. 教师简要回顾上一节课的内容，强调写作手册的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己在写作过程中运用写作手册的经验。
二、深入讲解写作技巧1. 教师针对学生在写作练习中遇到的问题，深入讲解写作技巧。
2. 学生分组讨论，尝试运用所学技巧解决实际问题。
三、课堂练习1. 学生根据所学知识，完成一篇较长的写作练习。
2. 教师对学生的写作进行点评，指导学生如何改进。
四、总结1. 教师总结本节课的重点内容，强调写作手册在英语写作中的重要作用。
2. 学生分享自己在本节课中的收获，提出对今后学习的期望。
教学反思：1. 教师应关注学生在实际写作过程中遇到的问题，及时给予指导和帮助。