Public Art and Local Authorities
学生如何保护文化遗产的做法 英语作文
学生如何保护文化遗产的做法英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How Students Can Protect Cultural HeritageAs students, we have a unique opportunity and responsibility to help preserve the rich cultural heritage of our communities and the world around us. Cultural heritage encompasses the traditions, artifacts, monuments, and intangible expressions that have been passed down from generation to generation. It is a precious legacy that shapes our identities and connects us to our roots. Unfortunately, many of these priceless treasures are under threat from various factors such as urbanization, conflict, natural disasters, and neglect. It is up to us, the future stewards of our planet, to take action and ensure that these invaluable cultural assets are safeguarded for generations to come.One of the most effective ways for students to contribute to the protection of cultural heritage is through education and awareness. By learning about the significance and value of our cultural patrimony, we can develop a deep appreciation for itsimportance and a sense of responsibility for its preservation. Educational institutions play a crucial role in this regard, by incorporating cultural heritage studies into their curricula and encouraging critical thinking about the impact of losing these irreplaceable pieces of our shared history.Furthermore, students can actively participate in various initiatives and projects aimed at documenting and safeguarding cultural heritage. This could involve volunteering at local museums, participating in archaeological digs, or contributing to digital archiving efforts that aim to create comprehensive records of endangered cultural sites and artifacts. By engaging in these hands-on experiences, we not only gain valuable practical skills but also develop a deeper connection to our cultural roots.Another avenue for students to make a meaningful impact is through advocacy and activism. We can use our voices and platforms to raise awareness about the importance of cultural heritage preservation and to call for stronger policies and legislation that protect these invaluable assets. Social media and digital campaigns can be powerful tools for mobilizing support and galvanizing action on a global scale. Additionally, students can engage with local authorities and decision-makers,advocating for the allocation of resources and the implementation of sustainable conservation strategies.Furthermore, students can contribute to the protection of cultural heritage by embracing sustainable tourism practices. Many cultural sites and monuments are vulnerable to the negative impacts of unchecked tourism, such as overcrowding, pollution, and vandalism. By promoting responsible and respectful tourism, we can help mitigate these threats and ensure that these cultural treasures remain intact for future generations to appreciate and learn from.It is also important for students to recognize and celebrate the diversity of cultural expressions within their communities. By fostering an environment of cultural understanding and appreciation, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious society that values and protects the unique traditions and customs of all groups. This can be achieved through initiatives such as cultural festivals, language preservation programs, and intercultural exchange opportunities.In addition to these direct efforts, students can also contribute to the protection of cultural heritage by pursuing careers and fields of study that are directly related to this cause. Whether it's through archaeology, anthropology, art history, ormuseum studies, students can develop the specialized knowledge and skills necessary to preserve, interpret, and promote cultural heritage on a professional level.Ultimately, the responsibility of protecting cultural heritage falls on all of us, and students have a pivotal role to play in this endeavor. By embracing education, hands-on participation, advocacy, sustainable practices, and intercultural understanding, we can ensure that the rich tapestry of our shared heritage is not only preserved but also celebrated and passed on to future generations.As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, it is essential to remember that our cultural heritage is not merely a relic of the past but a living, breathing embodiment of our collective human experience. It is a testament to the creativity, resilience, and diversity of our species, and it serves as a guiding light that illuminates our path forward. By actively engaging in the protection of cultural heritage, we not only honor our ancestors but also forge a stronger connection to our shared humanity, bridging the divides that too often separate us.So let us, as students, embrace this noble cause with passion and determination. Let us be the torchbearers of our cultural legacies, ensuring that the stories, artifacts, and traditions thathave shaped our world are preserved for generations to come. In doing so, we not only safeguard our past but also build a more enriched and enlightened future for all.篇2How Students Can Help Preserve Cultural HeritageAs students, we often take for granted the rich cultural heritage that surrounds us. From ancient ruins and monuments to historic buildings and artworks, these sites and artifacts are precious reminders of our past. They tell the stories of our ancestors, their struggles, triumphs, and the civilizations they built. However, the sad reality is that many of these cultural treasures are at risk of being lost forever due to various factors such as urbanization, natural disasters, and even human negligence. It is our responsibility, as the future custodians of this planet, to take active steps in preserving and protecting our cultural heritage.One of the most effective ways for students to contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage is through education and awareness. By learning about the significance and histories of these sites, we can develop a deeper appreciation for their value and the importance of their conservation. This knowledge canthen be shared with our peers, families, and communities, creating a ripple effect that raises awareness and inspires others to join the cause.In our educational institutions, we can advocate for the inclusion of cultural heritage studies in the curriculum. This could involve courses that delve into the history, archaeology, and preservation techniques related to significant cultural sites. Field trips and hands-on experiences at these locations can further enhance our understanding and cultivate a sense of ownership and responsibility towards their protection.Furthermore, students can actively participate in various preservation initiatives and organizations. Many local and international groups organize volunteering opportunities, such as archaeological excavations, restoration projects, and community outreach programs. By dedicating our time and efforts to these endeavors, we can directly contribute to the preservation and maintenance of cultural heritage sites.In the digital age, students can also leverage technology to aid in the documentation and virtual preservation of cultural heritage. Through the use of 3D modeling, photogrammetry, and virtual reality, we can create detailed digital records of these sites, ensuring that their legacy is preserved even if the physicalstructures are damaged or lost. Additionally, online platforms and social media can be utilized to raise awareness, share information, and rally support for preservation efforts.One of the most significant threats to cultural heritage sites is the illegal trade of artifacts and antiquities. As students, we can play a crucial role in combating this issue by educating ourselves and others about the consequences of such practices. By raising awareness about the importance of preserving these artifacts in their original contexts, we can discourage the demand for illegally obtained cultural objects and contribute to the protection of our shared heritage.Moreover, students can engage in research and academic pursuits that shed light on the significance and value of cultural heritage sites. Through historical, archaeological, and anthropological studies, we can uncover new insights and perspectives that deepen our understanding of these sites and their importance to humanity. This knowledge can then be disseminated through academic publications, conferences, and public outreach initiatives, further contributing to the appreciation and preservation of our cultural legacy.Beyond direct action, students can also advocate for policies and legislation that prioritize the protection of cultural heritagesites. By engaging with local and national governments, we can push for the implementation of stricter laws and regulations that safeguard these sites from unauthorized development, vandalism, and other threats. Additionally, we can support initiatives that allocate funding and resources towards the preservation and maintenance of cultural heritage sites, ensuring their longevity for future generations.It is important to note that the preservation of cultural heritage is not solely the responsibility of government entities or specialized organizations. As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the future and leave a lasting impact on the world around us. By taking proactive steps to protect and celebrate our cultural heritage, we not only honor the accomplishments of our ancestors but also ensure that future generations can experience and appreciate the rich tapestry of human history.In conclusion, the preservation of cultural heritage is a collective responsibility that requires the active participation of all members of society, including students. Through education, awareness, volunteerism, research, advocacy, and responsible stewardship, we can play a vital role in safeguarding these irreplaceable treasures. By embracing this responsibility, we notonly honor our past but also contribute to the cultural enrichment of present and future generations. Let us be the ones who stand up and say, "We will not let our heritage fade into obscurity. We will protect and cherish it, for it is the foundation upon which we build our future."篇3How Students Can Protect Cultural HeritageAs young people growing up in an increasingly globalized world, we are the custodians of our cultural legacies. The places, practices, artifacts, and stories that define our diverse heritages are not just relics of the past – they are living traditions that connect us to our roots and shape our identities. However, these precious inheritances face countless threats, from urbanization and conflict to negligence and climate change. It is our collective responsibility as students to take action and ensure that the rich tapestry of human culture endures for generations to come.Cultural heritage encompasses both tangible and intangible elements. Tangible heritage includes monuments, buildings, archaeological sites, works of art, and other physical artifacts that have stood the test of time. The ancient pyramids of Giza, the Renaissance frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, and the intricatewooden temples of Japan are but a few examples of theawe-inspiring tangible heritage that has been bequeathed to us. Intangible heritage, on the other hand, refers to the living expressions inherited from our ancestors, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, and traditional craftsmanship. The vibrant festivals of Latin America, the haunting didgeridoo music of Aboriginal Australians, and the delicate art of Chinese calligraphy all constitute vibrant threads in the rich fabric of our intangible cultural heritage.Preserving this multifaceted heritage is not merely an academic exercise; it is a profound act of reverence for our predecessors and a solemn duty to our descendants. By safeguarding cultural legacies, we honor the struggles, triumphs, and ingenuity of those who came before us, and we pass on a precious inheritance to future generations, enabling them to understand their roots and forge their own paths.As students, we can play a vital role in this noble endeavor through various means. Firstly, we can educate ourselves about the diverse cultural treasures that surround us, both locally and globally. By cultivating an appreciation for heritage from an early age, we develop a deep respect for its value and a burning desire to protect it. School curricula should place greater emphasis oncultural education, fostering cross-cultural understanding and instilling a sense of stewardship in young minds.Secondly, we can actively participate in the preservation and promotion of our cultural heritage. This can take many forms, such as volunteering at museums, historical sites, or community cultural centers, attending traditional festivals and events, or learning and practicing endangered crafts or art forms. By immersing ourselves in these cultural experiences, we not only deepen our connection to our roots but also ensure their continuation by becoming living embodiments of our heritage.Furthermore, we can leverage the power of technology and social media to raise awareness about the importance of cultural preservation. By creating digital archives, virtual tours, and online exhibitions, we can make our heritage accessible to people around the world, fostering cross-cultural appreciation and understanding. Social media platforms can also be powerful tools for mobilizing support and advocating for the protection of endangered cultural sites or practices.Another crucial role for students is to advocate for policies and legislation that prioritize cultural heritage conservation. We can engage with local and national authorities, participate in public forums, and lend our voices to campaigns aimed atprotecting cultural sites, safeguarding indigenous rights, and promoting sustainable tourism practices that respect local traditions.Moreover, as future leaders and decision-makers, we have the power to shape the discourse around cultural heritage and influence the allocation of resources for its preservation. By pursuing careers in fields such as archaeology, anthropology, heritage management, or cultural diplomacy, we can directly contribute to the study, documentation, and conservation of our shared human legacy.It is also imperative that we recognize the interconnectedness of cultural heritage and environmental sustainability. Many indigenous communities have developed intricate systems of knowledge and practices that harmonize with their natural surroundings, fostering biodiversity and ecological balance. By preserving these traditional ways of life, we not only safeguard invaluable cultural treasures but also protect the delicate ecosystems upon which all life depends.Lastly, we must acknowledge that cultural heritage is not static; it is a living, evolving entity that adapts and transforms over time. As custodians of this legacy, our role is not merely to freeze traditions in time but to facilitate their organic evolution,allowing them to remain relevant and meaningful in a rapidly changing world. This requires a delicate balance between preservation and adaptation, respecting the essence of our heritage while embracing innovation and cross-cultural exchange.In conclusion, the protection of cultural heritage is a profound responsibility that falls upon us as students and future stewards of our shared human story. By educating ourselves, actively participating in cultural preservation efforts, harnessing technology and advocacy, pursuing careers in heritage-related fields, recognizing the link between culture and environment, and allowing our traditions to evolve organically, we can ensure that the rich tapestry of human culture endures for generations to come. It is a noble calling that transcends borders and unites us in our shared humanity, for in preserving our diverse heritages, we celebrate the remarkable journey of our species and honor the universal human spirit that binds us all.。
英文关于禁止公共场所涂鸦倡议书范文
英文关于禁止公共场所涂鸦倡议书范文Ban on Graffiti in Public Places Campaign ProposalIntroductionGraffiti, while sometimes seen as a form of artistic expression, has become a significant issue in public spaces. Public property is often defaced by graffiti, leading to a degraded urban environment and increased costs for public authorities to clean up these unwanted markings. In response to this problem, we propose a ban on graffiti in public places to preserve the beauty and cleanliness of our cities.Reasons for a BanThere are several reasons why graffiti should be banned in public places. Firstly, graffiti contributes to a sense of disorder and blight in urban areas. Buildings, bridges, and other structures become eyesores when covered in graffiti, giving the impression of neglect and decay. This can negatively impact property values and deter both residents and visitors from frequenting these areas.Secondly, graffiti often carries negative messages or symbols that can be offensive or intimidating to people passing by. Hate speech, gang symbols, and other forms of inappropriatecontent can be found in graffiti, creating a hostile environment for those in the vicinity. By banning graffiti, we can promote a more welcoming and inclusive atmosphere in public spaces.Lastly, cleaning up graffiti comes at a cost to taxpayers. Public authorities must allocate resources to remove graffiti from public property, diverting funds away from other essential services such as education and healthcare. By implementing a ban on graffiti, we can reduce these unnecessary expenditures and allocate resources more efficiently.Campaign StrategyTo advocate for a ban on graffiti in public places, we propose the following campaign strategy:1. Raise Awareness: Launch a public awareness campaign to highlight the negative impacts of graffiti on our communities. Utilize social media, posters, and community events to educate the public about the importance of preserving our urban environment.2. Mobilize Support: Collaborate with local businesses, community organizations, and government agencies to garner support for the ban on graffiti. Encourage these stakeholders tojoin the campaign and help spread the message to a wider audience.3. Enact Legislation: Work with policymakers to draft and pass legislation that prohibits graffiti in public places. Advocate for stricter enforcement measures and penalties for those who violate the ban.4. Promote Alternative Outlets: Provide opportunities for aspiring graffiti artists to showcase their talents in sanctioned spaces, such as public art projects and community murals. Encourage creativity in a way that respects private property and public spaces.5. Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously monitor the impact of the ban on graffiti in public places. Collect data on the reduction of graffiti incidents, cost savings, and public perception to gauge the effectiveness of the campaign.ConclusionBy implementing a ban on graffiti in public places, we can improve the quality of our urban environment, promote a sense of safety and security, and save taxpayer money on cleanup efforts. This campaign proposal outlines a comprehensive strategy for advocating for the ban on graffiti and offers apathway towards a cleaner, more vibrant community. Join us in our efforts to preserve the beauty of our cities and support the ban on graffiti in public places.。
2023届辽宁省抚顺市(一模)普通高中第一次模拟考试英语试题及答案
2023年抚顺市普通高中高三模拟考试英语注意事项：l.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2.答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）昕下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.轨电at programs does the woman prefer?A.Cooking programs.B.Sports programs.C. Talk shows.2.轨电at are th巳speakers mainly talking about?A.Saving money.B.Painting th巳house.C.D巳aling with old furniture.3.Where was the man just now?A. At the bus stop.B.By the fountain.C. At the bookshop.4.How does th巳woman find her vacation?A. D isappointing.B. Exciting.C.Tiring.5.Why does the woman ask for help?A. She is not organized.B.She has too much work to do alone.C.She needs to make a delivery in an how-.英语试题册第1页（共IO页）第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分〉听下面5段对话或她白。
雅思高分作文：政府投资艺术家
雅思高分作文：政府投资艺术家雅思大作文题目：You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Some people think that the government should provide assistance to all kinds of artists including painters, musicians, poets. However, other people think that is a waste of money.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.【话题分类】政府类【题目解析】题目大意：有些人认为政府应该资助各种类型的艺术家，其他人认为这是浪费金钱。
讨论两种观点并且提出你自己的想法。
题型特点：明确表明对观点的态度并提出切题的原因。
本文论文推进：开头段引入讨论，表明立场。
让步段先说明有人认为政府资助艺术家无法带来实质性的回报，而后立论段强调政府资助有利于满足大众艺术追求，也同时能够推动艺术产业的发展进步。
结尾重申观点。
【写作思路】开头段：政府预算分配一直是大众关心的话题。
有些人认为政府应该提供财政援助给艺术家，也有人认为这是一种浪费。
我认为前者更加合理。
让步段：诚然，政府资助艺术家被普遍认为是浪费金钱，因为大众很难因此获得实质回报。
对比于其他基础性的重要领域，比如教育医疗等，政府对于艺术家的经济支持很难实质性地解决民生问题。
考虑到政府财政有限，提供给艺术家经济援助，而不投入足够资金到其他重要领域，不可避免地会引发大众不满。
2020年考研英语一真题
绝密★启用前2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1a cold winter’s day,few culinary pleasures can 2it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined that this3should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has5a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked6high temperatures.This means that people should7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no10evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof12the precautionary principle,it could be argued that it is13to follow the FSA advice.14,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be16up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?17,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18,but to reduce their lifetime intake.However,their19risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just20with one listening.1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]cancelled6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12.[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief[D]In general18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end upSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text 1A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new y ear with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that itshould sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held b y Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in位20m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain's towns, it is true, are not prevented from appl y ing, but the y generall y lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boob y prize for the fact that Britain 1s no longer able to appl y for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged b y Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A c y nic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badl y run "y ear of culture" washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The reall y successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a y ear. The y transform the aspirations of the people who live there; the y nudge the self-image of the cit y into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, communit y groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's y ear as European capital of culture can certainl y be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the cit y into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains toda y.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jerem y Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could[A] consolidate the town-cit y ties in Britain.[BJ promote cooperation-among Britain's towns.[CJ increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[DJ focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded b y some as[A] a sensible compromise.[BJ a self-deceiving attempt.[CJ an e y e-catching bonus.[DJ an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful onl y if it[A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspiration of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[DJ commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present[A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C] a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical.[B] Objective.[C] Favourable.[D] Critical.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print mone y. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so the y will suppl y the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs onl y find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinel y report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than砂OOm last y ear, while UK universities alone spent more than£210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicl y funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppabl y despite increasingl y desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, an thoroughl y illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies the y have themselves legall y accessed, shows the legal ecos y stem has lost legitimac y among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven b y funding bodies. In some wa y s it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freel y available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a y ear or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new s y stem has not y et worked out an y cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that the y make their product free to readers b y charging their w门ters fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range from around眨00to $5,000, and apparentl y the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last y ear pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadil y rising at a rate above inflation.In some wa y s the scientific publishing model resembles the econom y of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made b y a few big伍ms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms[A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C] Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.Text3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a wa y to level the pla y ing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits onl y the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored b y Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, the y have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women b y 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recentl y adopted in Califomia, which last y ear became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressl y classifies people on the basis of sex, is probabl y unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless the y are designed to address an "important" polic y interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likel y to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards ma y not currentl y mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadil y increasing without government interference. According to a study b y Catal y st, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased b y 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitabl y lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactl y what happened when Norwa y adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebod y pushes corporate quotas as a wa y to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largel y self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31. T he author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will[A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the i mp ortance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text4Last Thursda y, the French Senate passed a di g ital services tax, which would impose an entirel y new tax on lar g e multinationals that provide di g ital services to consumers or users in France. Di g ital services include everythin g from providin g a platform for sellin g g oods and services online to tar g etin g advertisin g based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Man y French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a " GAF A tax," meanin g that it is desi g n ed to appl y primaril y to companies such as Goo g le, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The di g ital services tax now awaits the si g n ature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could g o into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked si g n ificant controvers y, with the United States trade representative openin g an investi g ation into whether the tax discriminates a g ainst American companies, which in tum could lead to trade sanctions a g ainst France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move b y one countr y in need of revenue. Instead, the di g ital services tax is part of a much lar g er trend, with countries over the past few y ears proposin g or puttin g in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. The y have included Britain's DPT. (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multmat1onal anti-avoidance law), and India's SEP (si g n ificant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriousl y contemplated di g ital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but the y are all desi g n ed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe the y should have a ri g ht to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that ri g ht. In other words, the y all share a view that the international tax s y stem has failed to keep up with the current econom y.In response to these man y unilateral measures, the Or g anization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currentl y workin g with 131 countries to reach a consensus b y the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the or g anization's work, but France's di g ital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax s y stem.France's planned tax is a clear warnin g: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reformin g the international tax s y stem, other nations are likel y to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costl y.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies" interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.aims to ease mtemat10nal trade tensions.[C][D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that[A] redistribution of tech giants'revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals'monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the O ECD's current work[A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says" NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions b y choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] E y e fixations are brief[B] Too much e y e contact is instinctivel y felt to be rude[C] E y e contact can be a friendl y social signal[D] Personalit y can affect how a person reacts to e y e contact[E] Biological factors behind e y e contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding e y e contact with strangers[G] E y e contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, e y e contact with another person can show that y ou are pa y ing attention in a friendl y wa y. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes e y e contact that signals hostilit y.Here's what hard science reveals about e y e contact: 巳We know that a typical infant will instinctivel y gaze into its mother's e y es, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant wa y can be a complimentary sign of pa y ing attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "E y e contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies b y ps y chologist Monica Moore.尸Neuroscientist Bonnie Au y eung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of e y e contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who ma y tend to avoid e y e contact. Specificbrain re g ions that respond durin g direct g aze are bein g explored b y other researches, usin g advanced methods of brain scannin g.巳With the use of e y e-trackin g technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kenned y School of Government concluded that e y e contact can signal very different kinds of messa g es, dependin g on the situation. While e y e contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendl y situations, it's more likel y to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether y ou're a politician or a parent, it mi g ht be helpful to keep in mind that tryin g to maintain e y e contact ma y backfire if ou're tryin g to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than y ou,"said yMinson.巳When we look at a face or a picture, our e y es pause on one spot at a time, often on the e y es or mouth. These pauses typicall y occur at about three per second, and the e y es then jump to another spot, until several important points in the ima g e are re g istered like a series of snapshots. How the whole ima g e is then assembled and perceived is still a m y stery althou g h it is the subject of current research.巳In people who score hi g h in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, e y e contact tri gg ered more activity associated with avoidance,accordin g to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findin g s indicate that people do not onl y feel different when the y are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct findin g is that people who scored hi g hl y for ne g ative emotions like anxiet y looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelin g s when others did not look directl y at them.Part C Directions:Read the following text carefull y and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Following the explosion of creativit y in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinaril y among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachin s and wa s of thinkin ecli sed b the Renaissance the a between the Medieval and modern eriods had been brid ed leadin to new and unex lored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.(4 7) Before each of their revelations man thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient wa s of thinkin includin the eocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of o ur universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of t he planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a s y stem that was later upheld b y Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heres y and an y such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished b y imprisonment or even death. (48) Des ite attem ts b the Church to su ress. this new eneration of lo icians and rationalists more ex lanations for how the universe functioned were bein made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosoph y founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This ver y fact embodied the new wa y s of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17th centur y. (49) As many took on the duty of t·n to inte ate reasonin and scientific hiloso hies into the world the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era -the A e of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosit y, Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we alread knew were ca tured b the Latin hrase'sa ere aude'or'dare to know'after Immanuel Kant used it in his essa y An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which the y believed to be founded in knowledge.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:The Students Union of y our university has assi gn ed y ou to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)PartB52. Directions:Write an essa y of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In y our essa y , y ou should1) describe the picture briefl y ,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give y our comments.You should write neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)I .I 习惯。
2019年11月CATTI二、三笔真题译文汇总
2019.11.17 三笔真题译文In today’s interconnected world, culture’s power to transform societies is clear. Its diverse manifestations - from our cherished historic monuments and museums to traditional practices and contemporary art forms - enrich our everyday lives in countless ways. Heritage constitutes a source of identity and cohesion for communities disrupted by bewildering change and economic instability. Creativity contributes to building open, inclusive and pluralistic societies. Both heritage and creativity lay the foundations for vibrant, innovative and prosperous knowledge societies.在如今这个彼此紧密联系的世界，文化对社会的塑造能力显而易见。
从宝贵的历史遗迹和博物馆，到形形色色的传统习俗和现代艺术形式，文化的表现形式丰富多样，以各种方式将我们的日常生活装扮得缤纷多彩。
文化传承构成了身份认同与社区凝聚力的来源，但同时又受到种种令人困惑的变化与经济动荡的冲击。
创意有助于构建兼容并蓄，丰富多元的社会。
文化传承与创意一道，为充满活力、不断创新、繁荣昌盛的知识社会打下坚实基础。
Culture is who we are and what shapes our identity. In September 2015 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the sustainable goals. UNESCO ensures that the role of culture is recognized through a majority of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those focusing on quality education, sustainable cities, the environment, economic growth, sustainable consumption and production patterns, peaceful and inclusive societies, gender equality and food security.文化决定了我们是谁，赋予了我们身份。
公共管理英语第八章翻译-The Economic Perspective for the People’s Republic of China
公共管理英语第八章翻译The Economic Perspective for the People’s Republic of China中国经济前景With a strong performance in the trade sector after World Trade Organization accession, record inflow of foreign direct investment, and large fixed investment, th e country continued its rapid economic expansion in 2002, recording one of its fast est rates in 5 years. Strong economic performance is expected to continue, though g rowth will slow slightly in 2003-2004. however, many challenges remain, including slow growth in rural incomes, the need to create jobs and an enabling environment for the private sector, growing disparities between the coastal and interior provinces, and financial sector weaknesses.随着加入WTO后贸易部门的强劲表现，创纪录的外国直接投资的流入，以及大量的固定资产投资，2002年，我国经济继续高速扩张，创下5年来最快的速度。
强劲的经济表现可以期望继续下去，尽管2003-2004年增长速度将会稍慢。
然而同时，许多挑战还存在，包括：农村收入增长缓慢，增加就业的需求，私营企业的需要更宽松的环境，沿海与内地省份的发展差距，以及金融部门的发展落后。
公共图书馆宣言(中英文版)
联合国教科文组织公共图书馆宣言19941991年, 国际国书馆联盟(International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, IFLA)于莫斯科召开年会, 要求公共图书馆常务委员会修订联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Unesco), 它的目标, 1994年十月29日PGI Council Meeting 批准由IFLA公共图书馆组提出的草案; 早先, 1949年该宣言首度问世, 1972年修订一次。
自由、繁荣以及社会与个人的发展是人类根本价值的体现。
人类根本价值的实现取决于智者在社会中行使民主权利和发挥积极作用能力的提高。
人们对社会以及民主发展的建设性参与，取决于人们所受良好教育和存取知识、思想、文化和信息的自由开放程度。
公共图书馆，作为人们寻求知识的重要渠道，为个人和社会群体进行终身教育、自主决策和文化发展提供了基本条件。
本宣言宣告，联合国教科文组织坚信公共图书馆是传播教育、文化和信息的一支有生力量，是促使人们寻找和平和精神幸福的基本资源。
联合国教科文组织因此建议各国和各地政府支持并积极参与公共图书馆的建设。
公共图书馆公共图书馆是地区的信息中心，它向用户迅速提供各种知识和信息。
每一个人都有平等享受公共图书馆服务的权利，而不受年龄、种族、性别、宗教信仰、国籍、语言或社会地位的限制。
对因故不能享用常规服务和资料的用户，例如少数民族用户、残疾用户、医院病人或监狱囚犯，必须向其提供特殊服务和资料。
各年龄群体的图书馆用户必须能够找到与其需求相关的资料。
公共图书馆必须藏有并提供包括各种合适的载体和现代技术以及传统的书刊资料。
重要的是馆藏和图书馆服务是否具有高质量，是否确实满足地方需求、适合地方条件。
馆藏资料必须反映当前趋势和社会发展过程，以及记载人类活动和想象的历史。
联合国教科文组织公共图书馆宣言 1994
联合国教科文组织公共图书馆宣言1994Unesco Public Library Manifesto 1994毛庆祯辅仁大学图书信息学系2001/10/06--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991年, 国际国书馆联盟(International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, IFLA)于莫斯科召开年会, 要求公共图书馆常务委员会修订联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Unesco), 它的目标, 1994年十月29日PGI Council Meeting 批准由IFLA公共图书馆组提出的草案; 早先, 1949年该宣言首度问世, 1972年修订一次。
社会及个人的自由、繁荣及发展, 是基本人权之一。
被充份告知的公民, 行使他们的民主权利, 并在社会上扮演积极的角色, 才可能发挥前述的人权。
民主能够有建设性的参与及发展, 它的前题是满意的教育及无限制的自由接触所有知识、思想、文化及信息。
公共图书馆是地方的知识门户, 提供个人及社团终生学习、独立判断、文化发展的环境。
联合国教科文组织借着本宣言, 表示对公共图书馆的看法, 认定公共图书馆是一个教育、文化、及信息的单位, 也是孕育和平及心灵福祉的场所。
因此, 联合国教科文组织鼓励各国政府支持并参与公共图书馆的发展。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------公共图书馆公共图书馆是地方的信息中心, 备有各种知识及信息供读者取用。
公共图书馆提供无私的服务, 不因年龄、种族、性别、信仰、国籍、语文及社会地位而有差异。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 美国政治制度、教育
2.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber since1950—_______.A.the SenateB.the House of LordsC.the House of RepresentativesD.the House of Commons【答案】C【解析】新西兰由选举产生的议院进行管理，从1950年开始只有一个议院，即众议院。
2.Which of the following is not a function of Parliament?A.passing lawsB.supervising the government’s administrationC.receiving petitions from citizensD.forming a government【答案】D【解析】议会的职能包括：通过法律、监督政府以及接收公民的申诉状，不包括组成政府。
D为正确选项。
3.Which of the following is true about the correspondence schools in NewZealand?A.They provide distance education.B.The tuition is free.C.They are often not co-educational.D.They mainly teach religion courses.【答案】A【解析】函授学校是新西兰最大的学校，为学生提供远程教育，每天上课的内容都按照新西兰的教学大纲。
A为正确选项。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.The Head of State of New Zealand is_______,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.【答案】the British monarch【解析】新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
公共艺术设计英语
公共艺术设计英语Public Art DesignArt has always been an integral part of human civilization, serving as a means of expression, communication, and cultural preservation. One particularly fascinating aspect of art is public art, which encompasses various forms of artistic creations that are accessible to the general public. Public art design plays a crucial role in shaping the urban landscape, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of public spaces, and fostering a sense of community among citizens.One of the primary objectives of public art design is to create visually captivating and thought-provoking works that can be enjoyed by people from all walks of life. This can be achieved through the incorporation of diverse artistic mediums, ranging from sculptures and murals to interactive installations and digital projections. By strategically placing these artistic elements in public spaces, designers can transform the environment, evoking emotions, stimulating the senses, and encouraging public engagement.The design of public art often reflects the unique character and history of a specific location. Artists and designers may drawinspiration from the cultural heritage, architectural styles, or natural features of a community to create works that resonate with the local population. This approach not only enhances the visual appeal of the public space but also fosters a sense of pride and belonging among the residents, as they see their own narratives and identities reflected in the art.Moreover, public art design can serve as a powerful tool for social and community development. By incorporating themes of inclusivity, diversity, and social justice, designers can create works that promote understanding, empathy, and dialogue among diverse groups within a community. This can be particularly impactful in areas that have historically been underrepresented or marginalized, where public art can serve as a platform for amplifying voices and fostering meaningful conversations.One notable example of successful public art design is the "Cloud Gate" sculpture in Chicago's Millennium Park, designed by the renowned artist Anish Kapoor. This iconic stainless-steel structure, affectionately known as "The Bean," has become a beloved landmark and a popular destination for both locals and tourists. The sculpture's reflective surface creates a mesmerizing optical illusion, inviting visitors to interact with the work and capture unique and captivating photographs.Another exemplary case of public art design is the "Painted Stairs" project in San Francisco's Mission District. Initiated by local community members, the project transformed a set of public stairs into a vibrant and colorful canvas, featuring vibrant murals that celebrate the district's rich cultural heritage and diversity. This collaborative effort not only beautified the public space but also fostered a sense of community ownership and pride among the residents.In addition to the visual impact, public art design can also have a profound influence on the economic and social well-being of a community. By attracting visitors and enhancing the overall appeal of a public space, public art can contribute to the revitalization of urban areas, boosting local businesses and generating economic opportunities. Furthermore, the presence of public art can improve the quality of life for residents by providing opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and cultural engagement.However, the design and implementation of public art is not without its challenges. Factors such as budget constraints, regulatory requirements, and the need to balance diverse stakeholder interests can all pose significant obstacles. Effective public art design requires a collaborative approach, involving artists, designers, urban planners, community members, and local authorities to ensure that the final product aligns with the needs and aspirations of the community.Despite these challenges, the potential of public art design to transform and enrich our urban environments is immense. By creating visually captivating and socially meaningful works, designers can foster a sense of community, promote cultural exchange, and contribute to the overall well-being of the public. As we continue to explore the boundaries of public art, the possibilities for creating vibrant, inclusive, and transformative public spaces are endless.。
保护古迹英语作文
保护古迹英语作文Protecting Historical SitesHistorical sites are important cultural and historical landmarks that hold great significance for a nation and its people. They are a reflection of our past, our traditions, and our heritage. Therefore, it is crucial to protect and preserve these ancient relics for future generations to appreciate and learn from.There are several reasons why it is important to protect historical sites. Firstly, these sites provide a tangible link to our past and serve as a reminder of where we come from, our roots, and our history. They are physical evidence of the achievements and advancements of our ancestors and can provide valuable insights into their way of life, culture, and beliefs. By preserving these sites, we are ensuring that these insights and connections to our past are not lost.Additionally, historical sites are often major tourist attractions and can contribute significantly to the local economy through tourism. They attract visitors from allover the world who are interested in learning about the history and culture of a particular region. This, in turn, can create job opportunities and stimulate economic growth in the surrounding areas.Furthermore, protecting historical sites is essentialfor their educational value. Schools often organize field trips to these sites to provide students with a hands-on learning experience. By visiting these historical sites, students can gain a deeper understanding of history, architecture, and art, and develop a greater appreciation for their cultural heritage.In order to protect historical sites, several measures can be taken. Governments and local authorities should enact and enforce strict laws and regulations to prevent the destruction, vandalism, or unauthorized excavation of these sites. Adequate funding should be allocated for the maintenance and conservation of historical sites, including regular inspections, repairs, and restoration work. Additionally, public awareness and education campaigns can be implemented to promote the importance of preserving these sites and to encourage responsible tourism.In conclusion, historical sites are invaluable treasures that need to be protected and preserved for the benefit of future generations. By safeguarding these sites, we are not only preserving our cultural heritage but also providing opportunities for education, tourism, and economic growth.It is our collective responsibility to ensure that these historical sites are passed on to the next generation in their original glory.保护古迹古迹是重要的文化和历史地标，对一个国家和其人民具有重要意义。
如何让社区更美丽英语作文,初二
如何让社区更美丽英语作文,初二Making a community more beautiful is a worthy goal that can benefit both the residents and the environment. There are several key steps that can be taken to achieve this objective. First, it is important to encourage community involvement and participation. When residents take pride in their local area and work together to improve it, the results can be truly transformative. This might involve organizing regular neighborhood clean-up days, where volunteers come together to pick up litter, plant flowers and trees, and generally spruce up public spaces. Such events not only make the community look more visually appealing, but they also foster a sense of camaraderie and shared responsibility among the residents.Another crucial element in beautifying a community is ensuring that public spaces are well-maintained and aesthetically pleasing. This could involve investing in high-quality landscaping, such as well-manicured gardens, lush greenery, and strategically placed benches or fountains. Additionally, ensuring that buildings, sidewalks, and other infrastructure are kept in good repair can significantly improve the overall appearance of a neighborhood. Local authorities andcommunity organizations can work together to identify areas in need of improvement and allocate resources accordingly.Promoting the use of sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices can also contribute to a more beautiful community. This might include encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, as well as the implementation of water-saving measures, like drought-resistant landscaping or rainwater harvesting systems. By reducing the community's carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly initiatives, residents can take pride in their efforts to protect the local environment and create a more sustainable future.In addition to physical improvements, fostering a sense of community pride and identity can also play a crucial role in enhancing the beauty of a neighborhood. This can be achieved through various means, such as organizing community events, festivals, or art projects that celebrate the unique character and history of the area. These activities not only bring residents together but also help to cultivate a stronger sense of belonging and appreciation for the local environment.Furthermore, incorporating public art and murals into the community can add visual interest and vibrancy to the landscape. Commissioning local artists to create large-scale murals or installingsculptures in public spaces can transform drab, uninviting areas into vibrant, eye-catching attractions. These artistic elements can also serve to reflect the cultural diversity and values of the community, further strengthening the sense of local identity and pride.Finally, effective communication and collaboration between residents, local authorities, and community organizations are essential for achieving long-lasting improvements in a community's appearance. By working together to identify priorities, share resources, and coordinate efforts, the community can ensure that its beautification initiatives are well-planned, efficiently executed, and sustainable over time.In conclusion, making a community more beautiful requires a multifaceted approach that involves community engagement, public space management, sustainable practices, fostering a sense of community identity, and effective collaboration among stakeholders. By implementing these strategies, residents can transform their local environment into a more visually appealing, environmentally responsible, and socially cohesive place to live.。
保护莫高窟的英语四级作文
保护莫高窟的英语四级作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Protecting the Mogao GrottoesThe Mogao Grottoes, also known as the Thousand Buddha Caves, are a UNESCO World Heritage Site located near the oasis town of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China. They are famous for their intricate murals and sculptures, which date back over a thousand years. However, the Mogao Grottoes are facing numerous threats to their preservation, including environmental degradation, tourism pressures, and vandalism. It is essential to take action to protect these cultural treasures for future generations.One of the most significant threats to the Mogao Grottoes is environmental degradation. The desert environment of Dunhuang is extremely dry and prone to sandstorms, which can erode the fragile murals and sculptures in the caves. Additionally, rising temperatures and shifting weather patterns due to climate change pose a threat to the preservation of the site. To combat these threats, measures such as installing climate controlsystems in the caves and planting trees to stabilize the surrounding sand dunes must be taken.Tourism pressures are another major threat to the Mogao Grottoes. The site has become increasingly popular with tourists in recent years, leading to overcrowding in the caves and damage to the delicate artworks. It is crucial to limit the number of visitors allowed in the caves at any given time and to implement educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of preserving the site.Vandalism is also a significant concern for the preservation of the Mogao Grottoes. In recent years, there have been several incidents of visitors defacing the murals and sculptures in the caves. It is essential to enhance security measures at the site and to prosecute individuals caught vandalizing the artworks. Additionally, increased public education about the cultural significance of the Mogao Grottoes can help to prevent future acts of vandalism.In conclusion, the protection of the Mogao Grottoes is of utmost importance to preserve these unique cultural treasures for future generations. By implementing measures to combat environmental degradation, tourism pressures, and vandalism, we can ensure that the site remains intact and accessible tovisitors for years to come. It is essential for the Chinese government, UNESCO, and local authorities to work together to safeguard the Mogao Grottoes and ensure their continued preservation. Only through collective effort can we protect this invaluable piece of China's cultural heritage.篇2Protecting the Mogao GrottoesThe Mogao Grottoes, also known as the Thousand Buddha Caves, are a series of caves located near the city of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China. These caves are home to one of the most important collections of Buddhist art in the world, with thousands of murals, sculptures, and manuscripts dating back to the 4th century AD. The Mogao Grottoes have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and are considered a national treasure by the Chinese government.However, despite their cultural significance, the Mogao Grottoes face a number of threats that put them at risk of being damaged or destroyed. One of the biggest threats to the grottoes is environmental degradation. The region around Dunhuang is arid and prone to sandstorms, which can erode the fragile rock walls of the caves and damage the priceless artworksinside. Climate change is also exacerbating these issues, with rising temperatures and changing weather patterns further destabilizing the caves.Another major threat to the Mogao Grottoes is tourism. The site attracts millions of visitors each year, many of whom are not aware of the importance of preserving the grottoes. Tourists touching the murals, using flash photography, and leaving behind litter can all cause damage to the delicate artworks. In addition, the increased foot traffic in the caves can lead to structural damage and erosion of the rock walls.To protect the Mogao Grottoes for future generations, it is important to take action to address these threats. One key step is to implement conservation measures to prevent further damage to the caves. This could include installing climate control systems to regulate temperature and humidity, as well as barriers to limit visitor access to certain areas. Education is also key, as raising awareness about the importance of preserving the grottoes can help to reduce the impact of tourism.In addition to conservation efforts, it is crucial to work with local communities and government agencies to develop sustainable tourism practices that minimize harm to the grottoes. This could involve limiting the number of visitors allowed in thecaves at any given time, as well as providing training to tour guides and implementing stricter rules for visitor behavior. By working together, we can ensure that the Mogao Grottoes remain a symbol of China's rich cultural heritage for generations to come.篇3Protecting Mogao GrottoesThe Mogao Grottoes, also known as the Thousand Buddha Caves, is a renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site located near the oasis city of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China. The site boasts a collection of Buddhist cave temples and frescoes dating back over a thousand years, making it an invaluable cultural and historical treasure.However, with the influx of tourists and the passage of time, the Mogao Grottoes are facing various threats to their preservation. Environmental factors such as wind erosion, sandstorms, and fluctuations in temperature and humidity have caused significant damage to the intricate sculptures and delicate frescoes inside the caves. In addition, the increasing number of visitors has raised concerns about the impact ofhuman activities on the site, including vandalism, graffiti, and wear and tear from foot traffic.To protect the Mogao Grottoes and ensure their long-term preservation, several measures can be taken. Firstly, it is essential to implement strict conservation guidelines and regulations to limit the number of visitors allowed inside the caves at any given time. This will help reduce the physical impact of tourism on the fragile artworks and structures. Additionally, the installation of technology such as air filtration systems and climate control devices can help regulate the interior environment of the caves and prevent further deterioration of the artifacts.Furthermore, raising awareness about the significance of the Mogao Grottoes and promoting responsible tourism practices are key to safeguarding the site for future generations. Educational programs, guided tours, and informational signage can help visitors understand the historical and cultural importance of the grottoes and encourage them to respect and protect the site. Collaboration with local communities, conservation organizations, and government agencies is also crucial for developing sustainable strategies for the preservation of the Mogao Grottoes.In conclusion, the protection of the Mogao Grottoes is a shared responsibility that requires the cooperation and commitment of all stakeholders. By implementing proactive conservation measures, raising awareness among visitors, and fostering partnerships with relevant organizations, we can ensure the long-term preservation of this priceless cultural heritage site for generations to come. Let us all work together to safeguard the legacy of the Mogao Grottoes and preserve their beauty and significance for the future.。
街头艺术的利弊英语作文
街头艺术的利弊英语作文The advantages and disadvantages of street art can be summarized as follows:Advantages:1. Creative expression: Street art provides a platform for artists to showcase their creativity and express themselves in a public space.2. Beautification of urban areas: Well-executed street art can transform dull and empty spaces into vibrant and visually appealing areas, enhancing the overall aesthetic of a city.3. Cultural preservation: Street art often reflects the local culture, history, and social issues. It can serve as a form of cultural preservation, capturing moments in time and conveying messages to the public.4. Tourism attraction: Unique and striking street art can attract tourists and contribute to the local economy through increased foot traffic and spending.Disadvantages:1. Illegal activity: In many cases, street art is considered vandalism as it is often created without permission on public or private property. This can lead to damage and defacement of buildings, which can be costly to repair.2. Public safety concerns: Poorly executed street art or unauthorized installations may pose safety hazards to pedestrians, such as obstructing sidewalks or creating visual distractions for drivers.3. Lack of control and maintenance: Once street art is created, it is difficult to control or maintain its original condition. Over time, weathering, vandalism, or other factors may degrade the artwork, diminishing its initial impact.4. Controversial content: Some street art may contain controversial or offensive content that can generate public debate or criticism. This can create tensions within communities and potentially cause social unrest.Overall, while street art has its merits in terms of artistic expression and cultural enrichment, its illegality and potential negative impact on public spaces should also be taken into consideration. Proper regulations and collaboration between artists, communities, and local authorities are necessary to balance these factors and ensure responsible and sustainable street art practices.。
地方法规英文版
地方法规英文版English:The local regulations refer to the rules and laws that are established at the city or county level to govern the behavior and activities of residents and businesses within a specific geographic area. These regulations are typically created to address unique issues and concerns that are specific to a particular locality, and often work in conjunction with state and federal laws to provide a comprehensive framework for governance. Local regulations can cover a wide range of topics, including zoning, building codes, noise ordinances, business licenses, and public health standards. They are enforced by local authorities, such as city councils or county commissions, through various means such as fines, citations, and legal action. It is important for residents and businesses to be aware of and comply with local regulations to ensure the safety, well-being, and orderly function of the community as a whole.中文翻译:地方法规是指在城市或县一级制定的规则和法律，用于管理特定地理区域内居民和企业的行为和活动。
如何让我们的城市变得干净英语作文
如何让我们的城市变得干净英语作文How to Make Our City CleanA clean city is not only visually appealing but also contributes to the overall well-being of its residents. However, keeping a city clean requires effort from everyone - residents, businesses, and local government. In this article, we will discuss some practical ways to make our city clean and beautiful.1. Proper Waste DisposalOne of the quickest ways to make a city dirty is improper waste disposal. Residents should be encouraged to properly segregate their waste into recyclable and non-recyclable categories. Furthermore, everyone should ensure that their garbage is dumped in designated areas and not on the streets or in public spaces. Local authorities should also provide adequate waste collection services and ensure that garbage bins are regularly emptied and well-maintained.2. Reduce, Reuse, RecycleThe mantra of reduce, reuse, recycle is essential for keeping our city clean. Residents should aim to reduce their waste by using reusable items instead of single-use products. They should also make an effort to recycle items such as paper, plastic, glass,and metal. Local authorities should implement recycling programs and provide easy access to recycling facilities to make it convenient for residents to recycle.3. Beautification ProjectsBeautification projects can go a long way in making our city clean and attractive. Residents can participate in tree planting initiatives, community clean-up days, and graffiti removal projects. Local authorities can invest in landscaping, public art installations, and street furniture to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the city. By working together on beautification projects, we can create a cleaner and more welcoming environment for everyone.4. Street CleaningRegular street cleaning is crucial for maintaining the cleanliness of our city. Local authorities should deploy street sweeping machines, garbage trucks, and cleaning crews to ensure that our streets are free of debris, litter, and waste. Residents can also contribute by cleaning up after themselves, picking up litter, and reporting any instances of illegal dumping or littering.5. Public Awareness CampaignsEducation and awareness are key components of making our city clean. Local authorities should conduct public awareness campaigns on the importance of waste management, recycling, and cleanliness. Residents should be informed about the proper disposal of waste, the benefits of recycling, and the impact of littering on the environment. By raising awareness and educating the community, we can foster a culture of cleanliness and responsibility.In conclusion, making our city clean requires a collaborative effort from residents, businesses, and local government. By following proper waste disposal practices, reducing, reusing, and recycling, participating in beautification projects, implementing street cleaning initiatives, and conducting public awareness campaigns, we can create a cleaner and more livable city for everyone. Let's do our part to keep our city clean and beautiful!。
保持社区干净整洁英语作文
保持社区干净整洁英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!It is essential to keep our community clean and tidy. A clean community not only improves the overall appearance but also promotes a healthy and pleasant living environment for everyone. We should all take responsibility and contribute to maintaining the cleanliness of our community.Littering is a common issue in many communities. People often throw trash on the streets or in public spaces without considering the consequences. This not only creates an eyesore but also poses a threat to the environment and wildlife. We should make a conscious effort to dispose of our waste properly and use trash bins provided in the community.Another aspect of keeping our community clean is to maintain the cleanliness of public facilities. Public restrooms, parks, and playgrounds are often used by many people, and it is our responsibility to keep them clean for the next person to use. We should avoid vandalizing ordamaging public property and report any issues to the relevant authorities.Dog owners also play a crucial role in keeping our community clean. It is important to clean up after our pets when they relieve themselves in public areas. Dog wasteleft on the streets or in parks not only creates an unpleasant smell but also poses health risks. Always carry a bag and dispose of the waste properly in designated bins.Graffiti is another problem that can make our community look untidy. While some may consider it a form of art, unauthorized graffiti can deface public property and give a negative impression of the community. If you see any graffiti, report it to the local authorities or community organizations for removal.We should also be mindful of our own actions and their impact on the cleanliness of our community. Avoid spitting, littering, or smoking in public areas. These actions not only contribute to a dirty environment but also show a lack of respect for others. Let's be considerate and make aneffort to keep our community clean and enjoyable for everyone.In conclusion, maintaining a clean and tidy community requires the collective effort of all residents. By being responsible for our own actions and respecting public spaces, we can create a clean and pleasant environment for everyone to enjoy. Let's work together to keep our community clean and make it a place we are proud to call home.。
你家周围环境的作文英语
The environment surrounding my home is a blend of urban convenience and natural beauty,creating a harmonious living space that I find both comfortable and inspiring.Proximity to Nature:My home is nestled in a neighborhood that is in close proximity to a lush park.The park is a haven for local wildlife and offers a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of city life.I often find myself taking early morning walks or evening strolls along the winding paths,surrounded by the calming sounds of rustling leaves and chirping birds.Urban Amenities:Despite its natural charm,my home is not far from the conveniences of urban living. There are several supermarkets,restaurants,and cafes within walking distance,providing a variety of options for daily needs and leisure activities.The local community center also hosts events and classes,fostering a sense of community and engagement among residents.Transportation:The area is wellserved by public transportation,with a nearby bus stop and subway station.This makes commuting to work or exploring other parts of the city a breeze.The accessibility of these services also encourages a more ecofriendly lifestyle by reducing the reliance on personal vehicles.Educational Institutions:In the vicinity,there are reputable schools and educational institutions that cater to children of all ages.This is particularly important for families living in the area,as it ensures that their children have access to quality education without having to travel long distances.Cultural Attractions:The neighborhood is also home to a variety of cultural attractions,including art galleries, theaters,and museums.These venues enrich the community by offering opportunities for learning and cultural enrichment,and they often host events that bring residents together. Safety and Cleanliness:One of the most appealing aspects of living in this area is the sense of safety and cleanliness.The local authorities maintain the streets and public spaces well,and there is a strong community effort to keep the area tidy and safe.Police patrols and community watch programs contribute to a secure living environment.Green Spaces:In addition to the park,there are several smaller green spaces,such as community gardens and pocket parks,that provide additional areas for relaxation and recreation. These spaces are often used for outdoor activities like picnics,sports,and social gatherings.Diversity:The neighborhood boasts a diverse population,which contributes to a rich cultural tapestry.Residents from various backgrounds and walks of life live in harmony,and this diversity is celebrated through community events and local businesses that reflect the areas multiculturalism.Living in this environment has been a rewarding experience.It offers a balance between the tranquility of nature and the vibrancy of city life,making it an ideal place to call home.。
了解垃圾分类生活作文英语
了解垃圾分类生活作文英语Title: Embracing Waste Sorting: A Path to Sustainable Living。
In the contemporary context of environmental concerns, waste management has become a paramount issue globally. Among various strategies, waste sorting has emerged as a pivotal approach in mitigating environmental degradationand fostering sustainable living. This essay explores the significance of waste sorting in daily life, its benefits, challenges, and strategies to promote its adoption.Firstly, waste sorting entails the systematic segregation of different types of waste materials at the source. It involves categorizing waste into recyclables, organics, hazardous waste, and non-recyclables. By doing so, individuals can streamline the recycling process, reduce landfill burdens, conserve resources, and minimize environmental pollution. In essence, waste sorting embodies the principle of "reduce, reuse, recycle," which forms thecornerstone of sustainable waste management practices.One of the primary benefits of waste sorting is its contribution to environmental conservation. By diverting recyclable materials from landfills, waste sorting conserves natural resources, reduces energy consumption, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste incineration. Moreover, recycling materials such as paper, glass, plastics, and metals reduces the need for raw material extraction, thereby preserving natural habitats and biodiversity.Furthermore, waste sorting promotes economic sustainability by creating opportunities for resource recovery and recycling industries. Recyclable materials collected through sorting processes can be transformed into new products, fostering a circular economy that minimizes waste generation and maximizes resource efficiency. This, in turn, generates employment opportunities, stimulates innovation, and enhances the competitiveness of green industries in the global market.However, despite its numerous benefits, waste sorting faces several challenges in implementation. One of the major obstacles is the lack of awareness and public participation. Many individuals are unaware of the importance of waste sorting or lack the motivation to actively engage in sorting practices. Moreover,inconsistent waste management policies, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to recycling facilities hinder the effective implementation of waste sorting initiatives in many communities.To address these challenges and promote waste sorting in daily life, several strategies can be adopted. Firstly, education and awareness campaigns play a crucial role in informing the public about the environmental impacts of improper waste disposal and the benefits of waste sorting. Schools, community organizations, and local authorities can organize workshops, seminars, and outreach programs to educate individuals about waste management practices and encourage behavioral change.Secondly, governments and municipalities should investin infrastructure development to support waste sorting and recycling initiatives. This includes establishing comprehensive waste collection systems, implementing curbside recycling programs, and constructing recycling facilities equipped with state-of-the-art technology for processing recyclable materials efficiently. Additionally, incentives such as tax credits, subsidies, or rebates can be provided to households and businesses that actively participate in waste sorting and recycling programs.Moreover, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector entities,civil society organizations, and the public, is essential for the successful implementation of waste sorting initiatives. By working together, stakeholders can leverage their respective resources, expertise, and networks to address the multifaceted challenges of waste management and promote sustainable practices at the local, national, and global levels.In conclusion, waste sorting is a fundamental aspect of sustainable living that offers numerous environmental,economic, and social benefits. By embracing waste sorting in daily life, individuals can contribute to resource conservation, pollution prevention, and the transition towards a circular economy. However, realizing the full potential of waste sorting requires concerted efforts from governments, communities, businesses, and individuals to overcome existing challenges and foster a culture of waste reduction and recycling. Through collective action and commitment, we can create a more sustainable future for generations to come.。
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Public Art and Local AuthoritiesThis advice sheet is intended to be a brief introduction to public art and how it can be implemented within a local authority context, particularly in the light of adopted Local Plan policy, supporting the provision of Public Art. However, the general principles can apply to any organisation or public body wishing to incorporate public art activity as part of their key aims and objectives.Public Art - What is it?The term public art refers to artists and craftspeople working within the built, natural, urban or rural environment. It aims to integrate artists' and craftspeople's skills, vision and creative abilities into the whole process of creating new spaces and regenerating old ones, in order to imbue the development with an unique quality and to enliven and animate the space by creating a visually stimulating environment.Public Art is not an artform. It's a principle, a principle of improving the changing environment through the arts and is a term given to the practice of involving artists in the conception, development and transformation of a public space. It is specifically commissioned for a known site and its audience is the public or community, be it social or working, who occupy that space.Successful public art is work that resonates with the site and context, creates an opportunity for the range of people using the site to engage with it and which meets the clients, communities and artists' intentions. It can contribute to urban regeneration and can benefit adjacent buildings from both a localcharacter/image perspective. In terms of added value, it can bring benefits both financially and in a more general community and environmental sense.Working with artists and craftspeople offers an opportunity to design unique schemes, which go beyond the purely functional and create places that reflect the life and aspirations of the district, county or region. Public Art is about collaboration and the integration of ideas, often between artists, architects, landscape architects, urban designers, engineers, planners and other professionals and the public as well as with the commissioners.Public Art is often viewed as permanent, but temporary works or interventions have an important role to play as they can provide a test bed for a programme of work that occupants may decide to pursue as part of the animation of their surroundings. It can also introduce innovation and help inform and influence long term planning and decision-making, as well as being a very useful consultative tool.There is no simple definition of public art:∙It may be incorporated within a building's structure or result in the creation of new architectural spaces, new public spaces, landscaping (hard and soft), fencing, brickwork,glasswork, gates, grilles, windows, lighting treatments, seating, play areas/structures, carvedlettering and plaques.∙It may take the form of tapestries, carpets, weaving, textiles, hangings, banners, use of colour, mobiles, ceramics, tiling, interior lighting, signage, and flooring.∙It could be sculpture, landmarks, environmental land works, photography, prints, paintings, projection, moving images, computer generated images, performance, events, musiccommissions etc.∙It can introduce narrative or text, be issued based, decorative, humorous, challenging, beautiful, subtle or contentious.∙It may refer to our heritage or celebrate the future, highlight specific areas and issues or be conceptual. Work can be permanent or temporary, internal or external, integral or free standing, monumental or domestic, large or small scale, design or ornament.∙It does not have to be publicly funded to be public art! Many think this is the case but the truth is that the majority of public art commissions arise from private sector development andinvestment, or are supported by charitable institutions. Relatively few are commissionedentirely from the public purse.Whatever the outcome, it has one consistent quality; it is specific to the site and relates to the context of that site.What are the BenefitsA well constructed public art strategy can result in benefits by:∙attracting investment from the local authority and private sector∙making the district or town a more appealing place for businesses to locate∙stimulating the local economy through creating employment and seeding and developing skills∙encouraging tourism by giving an area a competitive edge in relation to competing visitor destinations∙contributing to local distinctiveness by giving a voice to artists and craftspeople and enabling them to utilise their creative skills and vision∙increasing the use of open spaces, reclaiming areas and helping reduce levels of crime and vandalism by creating a sense of ownership∙humanising environments, involving the community and creating a cultural legacy for the future∙introducing innovation and experimentation into the process of how we develop spaces and places and create environments which meet the needs of the inhabitants and visitors.Public art is about good design. And good design makes good sense. Quality environments send out positive messages. Good quality, attractive buildings and public spaces play a key role in urban and rural regeneration and, in particular, attracting residential and commercial occupiers. To implement this principle does not necessarily mean more expense and, where it does, the real costs tend to be very modest. It is much more about working creatively with what you've got rather than putting the 'icing on the cake'.How Does it Happen?∙While a wide range of public and private sector agencies and organisations deliver public art voluntarily, local planning authorities can also encourage property developers to includeartworks in schemes requiring planning permission. Empowerment, however, requires anappropriate policy to be included in the adopted Local or Unitary Development Plan (and theforthcoming Local Development Frameworks). Many of the objectives, contained within thesedocuments on the environment, community development, employment and so on, relate toquality of life issues; public art has a strong role to play within the delivery of these. Public Artpolicies can be further developed in Community Plans and in Supplementary PlanningGuidance such as Planning Briefs for individual sites.∙It is important to have a public art strategy, which places public art within the planning and development process and which is complementary to good urban and building design andwhich clearly identifies how artists can engage with the environment. In order to start theprocess rolling, an audit should be undertaken to establish what has already taken place andwhat is planned and, where possible, an evaluation of the impact of the projects in relation tothe effectiveness or otherwise of the development.∙Alongside this, a series of advocacy or awareness-raising seminars for key elected members and staff should be organised, in order to establish how public art can contribute tothe aims and objectives of the Local Authority in delivering its services. Public art policies work best if they are viewed as a corporate policy; they may be integrated with a public realmstrategy and should be always be a component of a cultural strategy. Therefore, it is important that all departments within the authority are involved and feel a sense of ownership not only for the strategy but also in terms of its delivery.∙In order to do this, a steering group should be convened which represents the various departments. The remit of this group will be to identify what work needs to be carried out toconstruct the brief and to monitor its progress and outcomes. This group will also be vital inensuring that the recommendations put forward are capable of being implemented effectivelyby all the departments affected. It is also important to identify a Ôchampion', someone who willhelp steer the aims and ambitions of the group through the process of getting the policyadopted.∙In addition to officers, the steering group should include some elected members who will be able to offer guidance and support. The group should have sufficient status to ensure that theappropriate committees take on board the recommendation it makes. It is also essential thatopportunities for public comment or involvement are built into the discussions and subsequentrecommendations.∙Unless the expertise can be identified in-house, the drafting of the policy will necessitate the appointment of a specialist public art consultant or agency. The brief for this consultancy needs to be carefully considered and, once appointed, the consultant should be fully supported by the steering group in terms of access to information, key officers, contacts andconsultation/discussion groups. The consultant should also be given an opportunity to presentthe final document in person, in order to contextualise the findings and recommendations and to be able to debate any issues which arise.∙Once the public art policy has been agreed, there needs to be someone responsible for implementing it. It may be feasible to extend the remit of an existing member of staff or a newpost may have to be established. Alternatively, an external specialist or public art agency could be used or an independent agency or trust could be created.∙Raising awareness about the policy will be a key aim in implementing it. In order to do this, a further series of training or seminars may be necessary to ensure that officers responsible fordelivering the policy, working on design briefs and Supplementary Planning Guidance andnegotiating the Percent for Art policy feel confident and able to do so. It will also be necessaryto establish a 'public art group' who will be responsible for overseeing its implementation,advising on opportunities and briefs and advising on applications which are submitted.∙Monitoring and evaluation is a key component of any policy. This should be done on an annual basis and consideration should also be given to reviewing the policy every five years.The above information is just a very brief summary of what to consider. For detailed advice on how to go about developing a public art strategy please contact us and visit the Current Practice section of this website, which contains many examples of public art strategies and policies from around the country.Percent for ArtThis term refers to a widely used funding mechanism for public art projects. Percent for Art means setting aside a proportion of the capital cost of building and environmental schemes for the inclusion of work by artists and craftspeople. Normal practice is to encourage the public or private sector developer to set aside 1% of the budget, but this amount can increase or decrease depending upon the size, nature and scale of the project.Percent for Art schemes encourage the artist or craftsperson to be involved at the very beginning of the design process. This ensures a cohesive and fully integrated scheme. It can also be cost effective as the artist can work within existing capital budgets. Requirements with regard to initial preparation and installation can be specified in advance to the main contractor.It's important to remember that Percent for Art is only a mechanism for funding visual arts and craft activity. So, in order to use it effectively, it should be employed in the context of a wider public art strategy adopted by an authority. It should not be viewed as the only way of encouraging commissions.Local authorities can adopt a Percent for Art policy for their own capital schemes and where the sale of its own property or land is involved. In order to encourage private developers, an authority has to be seen to lead by example.Suitable policy wording is important. The following wording has been advised by Robert Carnwath QC on behalf of the Arts Council of England and has been adopted by many local authorities as a way of encouraging voluntary participation:"The local planning authority will, in appropriate cases, encourage the provision of new works of art as part of schemes of development and, in determining an application for planning permission, will have regard to the contribution made by any such works to the appearance of the scheme and to the amenities of the area."It is also helpful to produce a guidance note for developers about public art and Percent for Art and how it benefits them and how to go about developing a public art commissioning plan for their development.Once the principle has been established and accepted, you should make assistance available to those who wish to commission work. One way of doing this is to set up a resource which can give advice on every aspect of commissioning: budgets, contracts, examples of projects and how to identify artists. The need for access to professional expertise in the form of a public art consultant or project manager should also be recognised and information made available as to who can undertake this sort of work.The overall benefits to the community and the environment of including public art provision in development projects are widely recognised and, by raising a development's profile and increasing its attractiveness to occupiers, may also enhance its investment value too.。