Lesson19BilgeWaterTreatmentSystem

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物理化学水处理英文讲义

Physical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 1●Course descriptionPrinciples of treatment for removing contaminants from drinking water and municipal wastewater ;includes air stripping, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, air flotation, filtration, disinfection, oxidation, membrane processes, water softening, and carbon adsorption.●Water quality regulation●Water characteristicsMicrobiological contaminants:a)Coliform bacteriab)More resistant microbesc)Protozoad)VirusesSynthetic organic chemicals(SOCs):a)Disinfection by-products(DBPs): THMs, HAAsb)Industrial contaminants: VOCsc)Agricultural contaminantsInorganic chemicals(IOCs):a)Ground water contaminants: Heavy metal, radioactive wastesb)Plumbing systems: Pb, Cuc)Disinfectant residuals●Processes selectionConsiderations:1)Contaminants removal2)Utility capability3)Source water quality4)Costs5)Reliability6)Environmental capability7)Existing conditions8)Distribution system water quality9)Process flexibility●Fundamental principles1)Mass balance2)Reaction kinetics3)Reactor design4)Aquatic chemistry: Acid-base chemistry/Precipitation/Oxidation-reductionAim at:a)Facilitating separations (转移)b)Achieving destruction (转化)●Material Balance●Reactor Theorya)Mixed Batch Reactor(MBR) –混合式反应器b)Continuously (Completely) Stirred Tank Reactor(CSTR) –连续搅拌式反应器c)Plug Flow Reactor(PFR) –推流式反应器●MBRa)Well-mixedb)Uniform composition in all substances and conditionsc)Constant volumed)No flow in or out●CSTRa)Well-mixedb)Uniform composition in all substances and conditionsc)With same flow in or out●PFRa)Uniform longitudinal velocity profileb)Transverse well-mixingc)No longitudinal mixingd)With same flow in or out●Fundamental of reaction kineticsGlossaryUnit operations-单元操作(physical forces) ; Unit processes-单元过程(chemical reactions); Acidity-酸度; Alkalinity-碱度; Bases Coefficient- ; Equilibrium constant-平衡常数; ppm-百万分率; ppb-十亿分率;Physical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 2 Basics of Water and Wastewater●WaterLake/ river/ reservoir/ groundwater●Wastewatera)Sanitary wastewater（生活废水）b)Non-sanitary wastewater（非生活废水）c)Storm sewage（暴雨污水）●Constituents in water and wastewatera)Physical characteristicsTurbidity(NTU)/ Color(CU)/ Taste(TTN)/ Odor(TON)/ Temperatureb)Chemical characteristicsOrganicBOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)/COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)/TOC (Total Organic Carbon)/Surfactants: Detergents/VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)/Fat/ Oils/ Waxes/ GreaseInorganicAnion: Choloride (Cl-)/ Fluoride(F-)/ Nitrate(NO3-)/ Sulfate(S2-)Cation: Sodium(Na)/ Iron(Fe)/ Manganese(Mn)/ Lead(Pb) /Copper(Cu)/ Zinc(Zn)OthersPhAcidity and alkalinityNitrogenPhosphorousPriority pollutants(优先控制污染物)Toxic metal and nonmetal ions●Constituer 构成TS (total solids)/TFS (total fixed solids)/ TVS (total volatile solids)/FSS (fixed suspended solids)----TSS(total suspended solids)----- VSS(volatile suspended solids) FDS (fixed dissolved solids)-------TDS(total dissolves solids)------VDS(volatile dissolves solids)●Other Important Terms1)BOD/COD/TOC/TN/TP/TSS2)Solubility Product(溶度积)3)Chemical Equilibrium(化学平衡)4)Henry’s Law Constant(亨利常数)5)DO●Indicator MicroorganismServing as a surrogate to indicate the water quality with respect to the fecal contamination or relative quantities of all forms of pathogens.a)Fecal Pollutant Originb)Indicator OrganismsEscherichia coli/ Fecal coliform/ Total coliformc)Numeration(计数方法):Membrane Filtration Technique●Measurement…●CalculationHardnessAlkalinityPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 3 Typical Processes for Water Treatment●Water EngineeringTasks:a)Removal of particlesb)Removal of pathogen to prevent waterborne diseasesc)Removal of chemical cotaminantsd)Control of taste and odorGoals:a)BOD51-5mg/Lb)TN <1mg N/Lc)TP <0.5mg P/L●Management of Water ResourcesSource selectionsMajor Sources: River/ Lake/ reservoir/ Groundwater/ Sea water●River WaterQuality:a)Fluctuates in time and location;b)Usually has a high turbidity, large number of bacteria, and a low hardness;c)May have overgrowth of algae generating unpleasant flavors (smells & tastes) andcolor.●EutrophicationEutrophication often occurs in closed water bodies such as shallow tidal rivers, lakes, reservoirs, sea bays because of limited dilution capacity resulting in nutrients accumulation in the mud.Cause:a)Death of fishes due to release of toxicants from a algae;b)Shortage of dissolved oxygen during night-time as algae consume a great deal ofoxygen by algal respiration;c)Unpleasant flavors such as bad taste and smell and high tubidity.Deal with: below 1mg N/L & 0.5mg P/L●Water Treatment & Supply Systems for River WaterMajor impurities:large & small sized debris, fine particles, ammonia, algae, dissolved organic matter…System:River →Pumping →Plain sedimentation →coagulation →Flocculation →Sedimentation →Filtration →Disinfection →Pumping →Storage →Neighborhood●Lake/ Reservoir Water TreatmentMajor impurities:SS & TDS lower than river waterQuality:Clear than river water because of the sedimentation effect.Quantity:It also varies in seasons.System:Lake →Pumping →Aeration/ Prechlorination/ Preoxidation →coagulation →Flocculation →Sedimentation →Filtration →Disinfection →Pumping →Storage →Neighborhood●Ground Water/ Well Water TreatmentMajor impurities:Heavy metal, chemical & biological pollutants.Hardness：Ca & MgSystem:Well →Aeration →Softening →Filtration →Disinfection →Add Fluoride →Storage →Neighborhood●Other Water Treatment Processesa)Softeningb)Ion Exchangec)Reverse Osmosis 反渗透d)Activated Carbon AdsorptionPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 4 Overview of Sewage Treatment●Terminology◆Composition-构成; Constituents-成分; Contaminants-污染物;Pollutants-污染物；Impurities-杂质; Nutrient-营养物;◆Point sources-点源; Non-point sources-非点源; Effluent-流出; Influent-流入;◆Reclamation-再生; Recycling-回收利用; Repurification-再净化;Reuse-重新使用◆Sludge-污泥; Solids-固体; Biosolid-生物固体;●Parameters of wastewaterBOD5/DO/COD/TDS/TP/TN/Fecal coliform●Effluent Standardsa)Established from a stand view of “best available technology”b)Consider environmental or purification capacity of a water receiving bodyc)Depend on usage of a receiving body and types of treatment methods●Treatment levela)Preliminaryb)Primaryc)Advanced primaryd)Secondarye)Secondary with nutrient removalf)Consider environmental or purification capacity of a water receiving bodyg)Advanced●Typical Sewage Treatment SystemRaw Waste →Bar Screen →Grit Chamber →Primary Sedimentation →Biological Treatment →Secondary Sedimentation →Advanced Treatment →Disinfection →Receiving Water Body●Types of sewage treatment processesa)Mechanical treatmentb)Biological treatmentc)Advanced treatment●Removal of constituentsa)Suspended solidsScreening/ Grit removal/ Sedimentation/ High-rate clarification/ Flotation/Chemical precipitation/ Depth filtration/ Surface filtrationb)Biodegradable organics (可生物降解的有机物)Aerobic suspended growth variations/ Aerobic attached growth variations/Anaerobic suspended growth variations/Anaerobic attached growth variations/Lagoon variations/ Physical-chemical systems/ Chemical oxidation/Advanced oxidation/ Membrane filtrationc)NutrientsNitrogen: Chemical oxidation/Suspended-growth nitrification(硝化) and denitrification(反硝化) /Fixed-film nitrification and denitrification variations/Air stripping/ Ion exchangePhosphorus: Chemical treatment/ Biological phosphorus removalNitrogen & phosphorus: Biological nutrient removal variationsd)PathogenChlorine compounds/ Chlorine dioxide/ Ozone/ Ultraviolet(UV) radiatione)Colloidal and dissolved solidsMembrane/ Chemical treatment/ Carbon adsorption/ Ion exchangef)Volatile organic compoundsAir stripping/ Carbon adsorption/ Advanced oxidation/g)OdorsChemical scrubbers/ Carbon adsorption/ Biofilters/ Compost filters●Primary Treatmenta)Preliminary treatment: Bar screen/ Grit chamber/ Comminuterb)Primary Sedimentation●Biological Treatment (secondary)a)Activated Sludgeb)Trickling Filterc)Rotating Biological Contactor●Disinfection●Oil and Grease Control●Advanced Treatmenta)Nitrogen removal: Ammonia stripping/ Nitrification/ Denitrificationb)Phosphorus removal: Chemical precipitation/ Biological Processesc)For water reused)Depend on usage: filtration/ GACWordsNitrosomonas - 亚硝化单胞菌; Nitrobacter –硝化菌; Denitrifer –脱氮菌Physical-chemical treatment of water and wastewaterTopic 5 Preliminary Unit Operations●Unit operations and processesUnit operationsa)Flow meters流量计b)Pumpingc)Screeningd)Mixinge)Flocculationf)Setting and flotationg)Filtrationh)Adsorptioni)Aeration and stripping j)Membrane Unit processesa)Softeningb)Neutralization中和c)Stabilizationd)Chemical precipitatione)Phosphorus removalf)Iron and manganese removalg)Coagulationh)Ion exchangei)Disinfectionj)Oxidation-reduction●Flow Metersa)Coriolis flowmetersb)Turbine flowmeters 涡轮流量计c)Differential pressure flowmeters 压差流量计d)Variable area flowmeters 转子流量计●WeirsWeir is an obstruction that is used to back up a flowing stream of liquid.●ScreeningA unit operation that separates materials into different sizes .Coarse screens(6-150mm)/ Micro screens(<0.5um)/ Fine screens(<6mm)a)Screenings retained on the coarse (>12mm)Debris, rocks, branches, pieces of lumbers, leaves, paper, plastics, rags, organics…b)Screenings retained on the fine(>6mm)Small rags, razor blades, grid, feces…●Coarse solids reductiona)Comminutor 磨碎机b)Macerator 碎渣机c)Grinder 研磨机●Flow equalizationA method used to overcome the operational problems caused by flowrate variations, toimprove the performance of the downstream processes, to reduce the size and cost of downstream treatment facilities.●Grit removalGrit chambers are designed to remove grit, consisting of sand, gravel, cinders, or other heavy solid materials that have subsiding velocities or specific gravities substantially greater than those of the organic putrescible solid in wastewater.Horizontal-flow grit chambers/ Aerated grit chambers/ Vortex-type grit chambers●PumpingA unit operation that is used to move fluid from one point to another.●Mixingwater and wastewaterTopic 6 Aeration ( Air Stripping )●MechanismExchange of gases from air phase to water phase (absorption) or from water phase to air phase (stripping) due to the displacement of the system from equilibrium partitioning.Unsaturation/absorption Saturation/equilibrium Supersaturation/desorption●Two-Film TheoryIt states that gas transfer is governed by the resistance of the gas and liquid films surrounding the interface.●Gas Transfer TheoryTherefore, the extent of displacement of the system from equilibrium provides the driving force that governs the gas (mass) transfer.●Major Types of Aeration MeansDiffused (or bubble) aerationSurface (mechanical) aerationGravity aerators: Cascade/ Inclined/ Tower/ Stack Tray/ Cascade Tower/ Spray Aeratorwater and wastewater Topic 7 Coagulation/ Flocculation●Colloidal StabilityRepulsion force: Electrostatic potentialAttraction force: Van der Waals force●Coagulation Theorya)Iron layer compressionb)Adsorption and charge neutralizationc)Sweep coagulation●Hydrolyzed Trivalent Alum Ions●Action of hydrolyzed metal ions1)Ionic layer compression2)Adsorption and charge neutralization3)Adsorption and interparticle bridging4)Enmeshment in sweep flocwater and wastewaterTopic 8 Settling (or Sedimentation, clarification)●BasicsPhysical removal of dense/heavy suspended solids from water by exposing the water to relatively quiescent conditions to allow settleable solids to be removed by the action of the force of gravity.settling tank (basin) / sedimentation tank (basin) / clarifier●Factors affecting particle settling——Particle density——Particle concentrationDilute suspension / Concentrated suspension——Surface flocculent natureDiscrete particles / Flocculating particles● 4 typesDiscrete Settling / Flocculating SettlingZone Settling / Compression Settling●Discrete SettlingType I settling is characterized by settling of individual particles without interaction with adjacent particles.The shape, size and density of the particles remain unchanged during settling.Examples of Type I Settlings : Settling of sand, grit etc.Application : Design of primary settling tank, grit chamber●Flocculating SettlingSettling flocculating particles in dilute suspension:——Dilute suspension --- no interference of the velocity field between particles. ——Flocculating particles --- aggregation of particles causing continually changing in size and shape of particles for settling.——The flocs will increase their size --- speed up settling●Variations of the types of sedimentation tank——Horizontal-flow settling tank——Upflow clarifier——High rate (inclined plate) settlers——Reactor (solid contact) clarifierPhysical-chemical treatment ofwater and wastewaterTopic 15 MembraneFeedwater (f)Q f=feedwater flowrate C f=feedwater concentration P f=feedwater pressurePermeate (f)Q P=permeate flowrateC P=permeateconcentrationP P=permeate pressureConcentrate (f)Q C=concentrate flowrateC C=concentrate concentration P C=concentrate pressure ClassificationMicrofiltration (MF)--------微滤Ultrafiltration (UF)----------超滤Nanofiltration (NF)----------纳滤Reverse osmosis (RO)----反渗透Dialysis--------------------------渗析Electrodialysis (ED)-------电渗析Membrane foulingHow to control：☐Pretreatment of the feed water——To reduce TSS and bacterial content☐Membrane backflushing——To eliminate the accumulated material☐Chemical cleaning of the membrane——To remove the constituents that can not be removed by backflushing。

提高节水意识英语

提高节水意识英语Water is the most precious resource on our planet, essential for sustaining life and supporting the thriving ecosystems that we depend on. However, the global water crisis is a pressing issue that affects communities around the world, with many regions facing water scarcity, pollution, and unsustainable water management practices. As the world's population continues to grow and the impacts of climate change become more severe, it is crucial that we take action to raise awareness of the importance of water conservation and implement strategies to use this vital resource more responsibly.One of the primary reasons why water conservation is so crucial is the simple fact that freshwater resources are finite. While the Earth's surface is covered in water, the vast majority of it is saltwater found in the oceans, which is not suitable for human consumption or agricultural use. Only a small fraction of the world's water supply is freshwater, and much of this is locked away in glaciers, ice caps, and deep underground aquifers. As demand for water continues to rise, driven by factors such as population growth, industrialization, andexpanding agricultural needs, the strain on these limited freshwater resources is becoming increasingly unsustainable.Moreover, the uneven distribution of water resources around the world exacerbates the challenges of water scarcity. Some regions, such as the Middle East and parts of Africa, are naturally arid and have limited access to reliable sources of freshwater. In contrast, other areas may experience seasonal fluctuations in water availability, with periods of abundance followed by prolonged droughts. This imbalance in water distribution can lead to conflicts over access to this essential resource, as communities and nations compete for dwindling supplies.In addition to the physical constraints on water availability, water quality is also a major concern. Pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and inadequate sanitation systems can contaminate water sources, rendering them unfit for human consumption or agricultural use. This problem is particularly acute in developing countries, where access to clean water and proper wastewater treatment infrastructure is often limited. The consequences of water pollution can be severe, leading to the spread of waterborne diseases, environmental degradation, and economic disruption.To address these pressing challenges, it is essential that we raiseawareness of the importance of water conservation and promote sustainable water management practices. This can be achieved through a multi-pronged approach that involves education, policy reforms, technological innovations, and individual behavioral changes.One key aspect of raising awareness is educating the public, especially young people, about the value of water and the need to use it responsibly. This can be done through school curricula, public awareness campaigns, and community-based initiatives that highlight the importance of water conservation and provide practical tips for reducing water usage in daily life. By fostering a deeper understanding of the water crisis and the individual's role in addressing it, we can empower people to make more conscious choices about their water consumption and become advocates for sustainable water management.In addition to public education, policy reforms and government-led initiatives can also play a crucial role in promoting water conservation. This may include the implementation of water-pricing schemes that incentivize efficient water use, the development of stricter regulations on water pollution and wastewater treatment, and the investment in infrastructure projects that improve water storage, distribution, and recycling. Governments can also provide financial incentives and support for the adoption of water-efficienttechnologies, such as low-flow plumbing fixtures, drought-resistant landscaping, and advanced irrigation systems.Furthermore, the private sector and technological innovations can contribute significantly to water conservation efforts. Businesses can adopt water-saving practices in their operations, invest in water-efficient technologies, and promote water conservation among their employees and customers. Researchers and engineers can develop innovative solutions, such as desalination plants, water-recycling systems, and advanced irrigation methods, that can help communities and industries use water more efficiently and sustainably.Ultimately, the success of water conservation efforts will depend on the collective action of individuals, communities, businesses, and governments. By raising awareness of the water crisis and empowering people to make meaningful changes in their water usage, we can work towards a more sustainable future where water is valued, protected, and used responsibly. Only through a concerted and multifaceted approach can we ensure that this precious resource is available for generations to come.。

Biological Treatment System中英对照

Biological Treatment SystemBiological processing is the most efficient way of removing organic matter from municipal waste waters. 生物处理法是去除城市废水中有机物的最有效途径。

These living systems rely on mixed microbial cultures to decompose, and to remove colloidal and dissolved organic substances from solutions.这些生物系统依赖混合微生物培养物质进行分解，并从溶液中去除胶体和溶解有机物质。

The treatment chamber holding the microorganisms provides a controlled environment; for example, activated s ludge is supplied with sufficient oxygen to maintain an aerobic condition. 接受微生物的处理室可提供一可控环境；例如，给活性污泥提供充足的氧气以维持好氧状态。

Waste water contains the biological food, growth nutrients, and inoculum of microorganisms. 废水包含生物食料，生长营养物质和微生物的培菌液。

Persons who are not familiar with waste-water operations often ask where the “special” biolog ical cultures are obtained.不熟悉废水处理的人经常问这些“专门的”生物培养物质来自何处？ The answer is that the wide variety of bacteria and protozoa present in domestic wastes seed the treatment units. 其答案是，用生活污水中各种各样的细菌和原生动物向各处理单元接种。

Lesson_19__Bilge_Water_Treatment_System

这些混合物收集在舱底水收集舱，其通常维持在高温。
动力工程系 Power Engineering Department This mixture is collected in the bilge water
This high temperature facilitates（使容易, 促进） primary gravity separation（初级重力分离）, preferably（更适宜，最好） of the two - or three-stage type, in the bilge water tank（舱底水柜）.
在这里，油上升到顶部，颗粒沉淀到柜底。通常将柜中的舱底水分为三个明显的分层：
Top layers.
上层
This contains most of the oil and organic solvents（有机溶剂） and constitutes（构成） a small portion of the total tank volume. Skimming （撇去） this top layer for separate treatment is recommended.
因此，舱底水由水，清洁剂和其他化学品，机械杂质，燃油，润滑油，液压油，淤泥，油品添加剂，烟灰和污垢等混合物组成。
（舱底水） holding tank tank（收集舱）, which generally is maintained at an elevated temperature（高温）. temperature
例如，在美国和波罗的海及北海，处理过的舱底水只有在远离海岸12公里以上才允许排放。
The International Maritime Organization （IMO）（国际海事组织） resolution（决议） MEPC （Maritime Environment Protection Committee海洋环境保护委员会）107（49） specifies how to type approve equipment used on board ships. IMO决议MEPC 107（49）明确了如何审核船用设备。 The resolution complies with（遵照，照做） the European Marine Equipment Directive（欧洲海运设备指令）, MED 96/98/EC （Table 19-1）. 该决议遵照欧洲海运设备指令（MED 96/98/EC）。

大学专业英语(给水排水与环境工程)单词总结

part I Water resource and regislationunit 1 The Hydrologic Cycle 1、hydrology 水文学、水文地理学2、hydrologic=hydrological3、hydrologic cycle 水文循环4、freshwater 淡水的、河水的5、fresh water 淡水、湖水6、precipitate 沉降、下沉7、evaporate 使蒸发、消失8、dewpoint 结露点9、droplet 小滴10、Ideal Gas Law 理想气体定律11、orographic 山岳的、山形的12、terrane 岩层13、convective 传送的、对流的14、schematic 示意的15、diagram 图表、图解16、hydraulic 水力的、水力学的17、precipitation 降水、降雨量、沉淀18、transpiration 蒸发（物）、植物蒸腾作用19、depict 描述、描写20、diagrammatically 用图解法地21、physical works 实际构筑物22、meterologist 气象学者23、hydrologist 水文学者24、hail （下）冰雹25、sleet 冰雪、雨加雪26、snowpack 积雪场27、thaw 解冻28、discard 丢弃、放弃29、environmental 环境的、周围的30、marketable 时宜销售的31、isolated 隔离的、孤立的32、Madison avenue 纽约麦迪逊大街u nit 2 The World Fresh Water Resource 33、integral 整体的、构成整体所需要的34、ecological 生态学的35、harbor 隐匿、庇护36、aquatic 水的、水生的、水憩的37、ecosystem 生态系统38、species 物种、式样39、aqueduct 沟渠、导水管40、desalinate 去处盐分、海水淡化41、arid 干旱的、贫瘠的42、iceberg 冰山、冷冰冰的人43、reverse 相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的44、aquifer （土壤）含水层、蓄水层45、rudimentary 根本的、未发展的46、malaria 疟疾、瘴气47、typhoid 伤寒症、伤寒的48、cholera 霍乱49、wetland 湿地、沼泽地50、habitat （动植物）的生活环境。

Lesson 19 Fresh Water Generator

Lesson 19 Fresh Water Generator第19课造水机1. Fresh water is generated on ship by a fresh water generator，also known as evaporator. The process by which fresh water is generated is known as distillation process. Sea water is converted into fresh water by evaporating and condensing the sea water. Evaporation of the sea water is either done by boiling or by flash process. Fresh water generators can be shell-and-tube type or plate type.船上的淡水由造水机(也称蒸发器)生产。

淡水产生的过程也叫蒸馏过程。

通过蒸发和冷凝海水，海水转化为淡水。

海水的蒸发是通过沸腾或闪发过程完成。

造水机可以是壳管式或板式。

2. A fresh water generator consists of mainly two parts. A condenser and an evaporator. The boiling process is done either by a heating coil or by using the high temperature main engine jacket water. Generally water is boiled at 100℃, but in a fresh water generator it is done at around 60—70℃ or even lower for some modern types. For this purpose, eductors or air ejectors are used. Ejectors reduce the chamber’s pressure to such a point that water starts boiling at a lower temperature.造水机主要由冷凝器和蒸发器两部分组成。

Lesson-19-Fresh-Water-Generator

淡水产生的过程也叫蒸馏过程。

通过蒸发和冷凝海水，海水转化为淡水。

海水的蒸发是通过沸腾或闪发过程完成。

造水机可以是壳管式或板式。

2. A fresh water generator consists of mainly two parts. A condenser and an evaporator. The boiling process is done either by a heating coil or by using the high temperature main engine jacket water. Generally water is boiled at 100℃, but in a fresh water generator it is done at around 60—70℃or even lower for some modern types. For this purpose, eductors or air ejectors are used. Ejectors reduce the chamber’s pressure to such a point that water starts boiling at a lower temperature.造水机主要由冷凝器和蒸发器两部分组成。

Water treatment system and method

专利名称：Water treatment system and method发明人：Frederick Wilkins,Evgeniya Freydina,AytacSezgi,Reshma Madhusudan,Anil D. Jha申请号：US10712163申请日：20031113公开号：US20050103644A1公开日：20050519专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A water treatment system provides treated or softened water to a point of use by removing a portion of any hardness-causing species contained in water from a point-of-entry coming from a water source, such as municipal water, well water, brackish waterand water containing foulants. The water treatment system typically treats the water containing at least some undesirable species before delivering the treated water to a point of use. The water treatment system has a controller for adjusting or regulating at least one operating parameter of the treatment system or a component of the water treatment system to optimize the operation and performance of the system or components of the system. A flow regulator regulates a waste stream flow to drain and can be operated to recirculate fluid through electrode or concentrating compartments of an electrochemical device and can opened and closed intermittently according to a predetermined schedule or based on an operating parameter of the water treatment system. The flow regulator can also be charged so that ionic species can be generated in the surrounding fluid, which, in turn, can lower the pH of the surrounding fluid.申请人：Frederick Wilkins,Evgeniya Freydina,Aytac Sezgi,Reshma Madhusudan,Anil D. Jha地址：Pepperell MA US,Acton MA US,Bedford NH US,Arlington Heights IL US,Lincoln MA US国籍：US,US,US,US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

锅炉汽水系统范围及流程

锅炉汽水系统范围及流程英文回答：Boiler feedwater systems are an essential part of a boiler plant, ensuring that the boiler receives a steady supply of water for steam generation. The scope of a boiler feedwater system includes all the equipment and processes involved in treating and supplying water to the boiler.The process begins with raw water intake, where water is sourced from a natural source such as a river, lake, or well. This raw water may contain impurities such as suspended solids, dissolved minerals, and organic matter. To remove these impurities, the water undergoes various treatment processes.The first step in the treatment process is usually filtration, where suspended solids are removed usingfilters or screens. This helps to prevent the build-up of solids in the boiler, which can lead to scaling andcorrosion.Next, the water may undergo chemical treatment to remove dissolved minerals and prevent scale formation. This can involve the addition of chemicals such as lime or soda ash to precipitate and remove hardness-causing minerals. pH adjustment may also be necessary to ensure the water is within the desired range for boiler operation.After filtration and chemical treatment, the water is typically stored in a feedwater tank. This tank acts as a reservoir, ensuring a constant supply of water to the boiler. It also allows for any remaining impurities to settle out before the water is fed into the boiler.From the feedwater tank, the water is pumped into the boiler through a series of pipes and valves. The boiler uses heat from a fuel source, such as natural gas or coal, to convert the water into steam. The steam is then used for various applications, such as heating, power generation, or industrial processes.Throughout the process, various control and monitoring systems are in place to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the boiler feedwater system. These systems may include level sensors, pressure gauges, temperature sensors, and flow meters. They provide real-time information about the system's performance and allow for adjustments to be made as needed.In summary, a boiler feedwater system encompasses the equipment and processes involved in treating and supplying water to a boiler. It includes raw water intake, filtration, chemical treatment, storage, and pumping. The systemensures a steady supply of water for steam generation, allowing the boiler to operate efficiently and safely.中文回答：锅炉汽水系统是锅炉厂的重要组成部分，确保锅炉能够持续供应水来产生蒸汽。

给水排水专业英语单词音标课文翻译(1~9,15,19课)..

《给水排水专业英语》Lesson 1（第一课）specific yield [spə'sifik] [ji:ld] 单位产水量mass curve 累积曲线capital investment 投资recurring natural event ['nætʃərəl] 重现历史事件subterranean [sʌbtə'reiniən] 地下的groundwater 地下水surface water 地表水tap [tæp]开关、龙头；在…上开空（导出液体）swampland ['swɔmplænd] n. 沼泽地；沼泽地带capillary [kə'piləri] n. 毛细管adj. 毛状的,毛细管的hygro- [词头] 湿（气），液体hygroscopic [,haigrəu'skɔpik] adj. 易湿的，吸湿的hygroscopic moisture 吸湿水stratum ['streitəm] n. [地质学]地层，[生物学]（组织的）层aquifer ['ækwəfə] ['ækwifə] n.含水层，地下蓄水层saturation [,sætʃə'reiʃən] n.饱和(状态)，浸润，浸透，饱和度hydrostatic [,haidrəu'stætik] adj. 静水力学的, 流体静力学的hydrostatic pressure 静水压力water table 1. 地下水位，地下水面，潜水面2. 【建筑学】泻水台；承雨线脚；飞檐；马路边沟[亦作water-table]Phreatic surface [fri(:)'ætik]地下水（静止）水位，浅层地下水面Superficial [sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. 表面的,表观的，浅薄的Porosity [pɔ:'rɔsiti] n. 多孔性,有孔性,孔隙率Unconfined ['ʌnkən'faind] adj. 无约束的，无限制的Permeability [,pə:miə'biliti] n. 弥漫, 渗透, 渗透性Permeameter [pə:mi'æmitə] n.渗透仪,渗透性试验仪)Clay [klei] n. 粘土，泥土gravel ['ɡrævəl]n.[总称]砾，沙砾，小石；砾石cone of depression [kəun] 下降漏斗, [水文学]下降锥体drawdown ['drɔ:daun] n. 水位下降(降落,消耗,减少)integrate ['intigreit] 【数学】作积分运算；求积分observation well [,əbzə:'veiʃən] 观测井，观测孔extraction [ik'strækʃən] n. 抽出，取出，提取（法），萃取（法）derivation [deri'veiʃən] n. 1. 导出，引(伸)出，来历，出处，得出，得到；诱导，推论，推理；溯源【数学】1) (定理的)求导，推导2) 微商，微分，导数【语言】词源，衍生deplete [di'pli:t] v. 耗尽, 使...衰竭refuse [ri'fju:z] n. 废物,垃圾vt. 拒绝，谢绝dump [dʌmp] n. 垃圾场，垃圾堆，堆存处vt. 倾卸，倾倒(垃圾)unconfined aquifer 潜水含水层，非承压含水层，无压含水层confined aquifer 自流含水层，承压含水层homogeneous [,hɔməu'dʒi:njəs] adj. 同类的,相似的，均匀的，均相的；同种类的，同性质的；相同特征的Aquaclude 不透水层，难渗透水的地层Offset ['ɔ:fset] n.偏移量抵销，弥补，分支，胶印，平版印刷，支管，乙字管Vt. 弥补,抵销,用平版印刷vi. 偏移，形成分支sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj. 复杂的，需要专门技术的；诡辩的,久经世故的equilibrium [,i:kwi'libriəm] n. 平衡,均衡给水工程我们知道，水的供应对生命的生存至关重要。

bilgewatertreatmentsystem

bilgewatertreatmentsystembilge water treatment systemWhat is bilge water?Bilge water collects in a ship’s bilge wells, which are located in the lowermost part of the vessel just above the hull.The wells receive water and mechanical fluids from operational sources, such as technical rooms, propulsion systems and different machinery.Bilge water also contains fluids from machinery spaces, internal drainage systems（, sludge tanks and various other sources、The definition of bilge water is thus much wider in scope than merely the contents of a ship’s bilge, the enclosed area between the frames where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom.In simple terms, bilge water contains two types of substreams：(1) flows that are reasonably continuous and predictable,(2) flows that are intermittent in nature and difficult to foresee.The first category includes water from the separator sludge tank and water from cleaning activitie s in the ship’s engine room.The second category may include soot water, leakage and incident spills from tanks and machinery spaces.Bilge water is thus composed of a mixture of water, detergents and other chemicals, fuel oil, lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, cat fines, oil additives, soot and dirt.This mixture is collected in the bilge water holding tank,which generally is maintained at an elevated temperature.This high temperature facilitates primary gravity separation, preferably of the two – or three-stage type, in the bilge water tank.Here, oil rises to the top and pariticles settle on the tank bottom, generally dividing bilge water into three distinct layers in the tank:Top layerThis contains most of the oil and organic solvents and constitutes a small portion of the total tank volume.Skimming this top layer for separate treatment is recommended.Middle, or main, layerThis aqueous phase contains water polluted by oil, chemicals and particles in emulsified form. This is fed to the bilge water treatment system.Bottom layerThis contains solids and heavy sludge, which should also be removed for separate treatment.Bilge water legislationBilge water treatment is an environmental application that must meet stringent requirements of international legislation.Disposal of untreated bilge water into oceans is strictly prohibited by international law and subject to heavy fines, especially in sensitive waters.Current MARPOL legislation stipulates that separated bilge water containing 15 ppm or below oil in water can be disposed into international waters.Some national, regional and local authorities, especially those governing sensitive waters, have more stringentregulations. In the United States and in the Baltic and North Seas, for instance, disposal of separated bilge water is only permitted at least 12 nautical miles from shore.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) resolution MEPC 107(49) specifies how to type approve equipment used on board ships.The resolution complies with the European Marine Equipment Directive, MED 96/98/EC (Table19-1).Many manufacturers have succeeded in meeting the specified requirements for equipment certification, but much of this equipment falls short of delivering the high separation efficiency required under real operating conditions for bilge water discharge.Meaning of bilge water treatmentBilge water generated on board ships is a major environmental concern for the shipping industryRegardless of its source, bilge water must be treated to reduce the oil content to levels that meet international regulations for release into the environment. This is critical to keeping the world’s oceans and their vast marine ecosyste ms healthy and productive.Efficient bilge water treatment minimizes the impact of ship propulsion on the marine environment as well as the heavy fines that ship operators can face for pumping oily bilge water overboard.舱底水处理系统什么是舱底水？舱底水收集在船舶的舱底水井中，其位于船体以上的最低处。

Biological Treatment of Wastewater

Biological Treatment of WastewaterWastewater treatment is an important aspect of environmental conservation. It is the process of removing pollutants and contaminants from water before it is released back into the environment. One of the most effective methods of wastewater treatment is biological treatment. This method involves the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants and contaminants in the water. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and limitations of biological treatment of wastewater from multiple perspectives.From an environmental perspective, biological treatment of wastewater is highly beneficial. It is a natural process that uses microorganisms to break down pollutants and contaminants in the water. This means that it does not require the use of harmful chemicals or other artificial methods, which can have negative environmental impacts. Additionally, biological treatment produces a high-quality effluent that can be safely released back into the environment without causing harm to aquatic life or other ecosystems.From a social perspective, biological treatment of wastewater is also highly beneficial. It helps to protect public health by reducing the amount of pollutants and contaminants in the water. This means that people who use the water for drinking, bathing, or other purposes are less likely to be exposed to harmful substances. Additionally, biological treatment can help to reduce the risk of waterborne diseases, which can be particularly harmful in developing countries where access to clean water is limited.From an economic perspective, biological treatment of wastewater can be both beneficial and challenging. On the one hand, it can be a cost-effective method of wastewater treatment, particularly for small-scale systems. This is because it does not require expensive equipment or chemicals, and the microorganisms used in the process can be easily grown and maintained. However, biological treatment can also be challenging from an economic perspective, particularly for large-scale systems. This is because it requires a significant amount of space and resources, and the process can be slow and inefficient.From a technological perspective, biological treatment of wastewater is a complex process that involves a range of technologies and techniques. These include aerobic andanaerobic digestion, trickling filters, and activated sludge systems, among others. Each of these methods has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of method will depend on a range of factors, including the type and concentration of pollutants in the water, the available resources, and the desired effluent quality.From a regulatory perspective, biological treatment of wastewater is subject to a range of regulations and guidelines. In many countries, wastewater treatment is regulated by environmental agencies, which set standards for effluent quality and monitor compliance with these standards. Additionally, there may be regulations governing the use of specific technologies or techniques, or requirements for the treatment of specific types of pollutants. Compliance with these regulations can be challenging, particularly for small-scale systems that may not have the resources to invest in expensive equipment or hire specialized personnel.In conclusion, biological treatment of wastewater is an effective method of removing pollutants and contaminants from water. It has a range of benefits from environmental, social, and economic perspectives, but also presents challenges from a technological and regulatory perspective. Overall, the benefits of biological treatment outweigh the challenges, and it is a valuable tool for protecting public health and the environment.。

企业培训-GMPWaterSystemcGMP培训系列1 精品

activated carbon filter
spray ball
break tank
To water softener & DI plant
air break to drain centrifugal pump « S” trap to sewer
cartridge filter
5 micrometers
Treatment depends on water’s chemistry and contaminants, influenced by: 1. Rainfall 2. Erosion 3. Pollution 4. Dissolution 5. Evaporation 6. Sedimentation 7. Decomposition 雨水，腐蚀，污染，水溶物，蒸发物，沉淀物及分解物
水源处理程序处理设备水测试记录监督
18
Pre-treatment steps
1. Primary filtration and multi-media filter 2. Coagulation or flocculation 3. Desalination 4. Softening
• 预处理程序 • 预过滤，多媒质过滤 • 凝结 • 去盐 • 软化
• It must be “potable” and comply with WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality
原则 1 必须符合GMP对原料的基本要求必须至少是饮用水标准
7
Principles (2)
1. Potential for microbial growth 2. Systems must be properly validated 3. Water for parenteral use could be contaminated with

重庆大学给排水专业外语课程上交作业

Lesson 1Coagulation and FlocculationNew words:in the zone of aerati on capillary waterhygroscopic moisturg gravity water water table hydrostatic pressure illustrated confined aquifer unconfined aquifer en ergy lose permeameter drawdow n coefficie nt ofpermeability cross-secti onalDarcy equati on multiplewells Historical storage Dry periods Wetter periods 饱气带毛细水结合水重力水水位静水压力图示说明承压含水层潜水含水层能量损失渗透仪，渗透性试验仪水位下降（降落，消耗，减少）渗透系数过流断面达西公式井群历史库存枯水期丰水期ExpressionsIn an unconfined aquifer ，the drop in the elevation of the water table with distance is the slope of the water table in the direct ion of flow.在非承压含水层，沿流动距离下降的水头是一个沿水流方向的水位斜坡•Lesson 2drain age ditch ['dreii nid?] 排水沟 sole purpose 唯一的目的discard [dis'ki a d; 'disk a d] 丢弃，抛弃，放弃 excreme nt ['ekskrim ?nt] n.排泄物，粪便 storm sewer 雨水管water closet ['kl ? zit]盥洗室，厕所 sanitary waste ['s?nit?iri]生活废水 comb ined sewer 合流制下水道 separated sewer 分流制下水道 sanitary sewer 生活污水管道establishment [is't?bli ? m?nt] n.建立，确立；企业，机构；当权派,当局 anticipate [?n ?t ? s?? pet] vt.预期,期望;预料peak [pi:k]n.山峰，山顶；有尖峰的高山；尖端；最高点，最高水平；高峰 outage ['a? t? d? ]n.（尤指电力的）断供期；断供A typical system for a residential area is shown in figure 1. 对于一个住宅的一个典型的系统在图 1被显示[ei?'rei?? n][k?'pil?ri, 'k? pi-] ['il?streitid] [,k?ui'fi? ?nt]['kr? s'sek ? ?n?l] ['m ? ltipl]['wet?]shown in figure 1 如图一所示Lesson 3单词短语Colloidal: [k?'l?id?l]胶体的；胶状的Be performed on 被操作，履行为…. By definition被下定义，解释为…. In turn反过来Water quality dema nd 水质指标Be expressed as 被表述为Alkalinity [,? lk?'lin?ti]碱度transmit [tr? nz'mit, tr? ns-, tr a n-]透射，传输，转送，传达microfiltration [,maikr ?ufil'trei ? ?n]微滤Bufferi ng capacity 缓冲能力The partial pressure of the gas 气体分压Suspe nded solids 悬浮固体Treatment processes 水处理工艺Microorganism [,maikr ?u'?:虫niz?m] 微生物Reduced state 还原态翻译4.The PH is determined by comparing the color of the paper or solution to a series of color sta ndards 通过试纸和溶液与标准色系的颜色进行对照以测定PH值Lesson 4schematic diagram[ski:'m? tik]示意图overla nd flow 地表径流，地面水流effluent adj.流出的n.流出物，废水，污水，排水渠discharge n.流量，排放物，排出，排放preliminary treatment [pri'limin ?ri]预处理primary treatment ['praim ?ri] 初级处理sec on dary treatme nt ['sek ? nd?ri]二级处理tertiary treatment ['t?: ? ?ri] 三级处理an aerobic [,?n &??ubik] adj.厌氧的membrane filtration ['membrein] [fil'trei ? ?n] 膜滤ion excha nge 离子交换colloidal [k?'l? id?l] adj.【化学】胶质的；胶态的；胶体的membrane bioreactor[,bai?uri:'? kt?]膜生物反应器n.超滤 n.反渗透Lesson 5General words:Fillet ['filit] n. 圆角，凸起，缘边Reciprocating [ri'sipr ?keiti?] adj.往复的，来回的 Ragged ['r? gjd] adj.粗糙的 Jam n&vi.拥堵，阻塞 Cogwheel ['k? g wi ：i] n.齿轮Carryover [,k? ri'?uv?r] n.携带，带出，遗留物 Eddy ['edi] n.旋转，漩涡Grind [ g ai nd] v.磨碎，碾碎，折磨 ---------- grin der n.Pneumatic [nju:'m? tik] adj.气压的，装满空气的，气动的； Fabric ['f? brik] n.织品，织物，结构，建筑物Putrescible [pju ：'tresibl] adj.容易腐烂的； n.会腐烂的物质Specialized wordsFine screen [skri:n]细格栅 Coarse screen [k? :s] 粗格栅Microscree n 微格栅Perforated plate ['p?：f?reitid]穿孔板，多孔板 Bypass ['baip a s,-p? s]旁路，旁通管Approach velocity [?'pr?ut? ] [vi'l? s?ti]行近流速 Headloss 水头损失Grit chamber [ g it] ['t? eimb ?]沉砂池 Sluice [slu:s] 水闸，泄水管 Wetwell 湿井，吸水井 Trickling filter ['trikli?]滴滤池Useful ExpressionIn lieu of [lju:] 代替Consist of 由…•组成•…Be parallel to ['p? r?lel]与•…平行，和•…一样 At the base of 在• • •底部 Be divided into 被分为•…Lesson 6energy barrier ['b? ri?]能量屏障 neutralize ['nju ：tr ?laiz]中和 coagulation [k?u'? gju'lei ? ?n]混凝 flocculation [fl? kju'lei ? ?n]絮凝 assist in 有助于 settling tank [t??k]沉淀池 syntheticultrafiltration [,? ltr?fil'trei ? ?n] reverse osmosiq ? z'm ?usis, ? s-]研磨机，磨碎机n.气胎[sin' 9 eti合成的overtake 赶上filtration [fil'trei ? ?n]过滤Solid lines 实线Surface charge 表面电荷Anionic [,? nai'? nik]阴离子Cationic [,k? tai' ? nik]阳离子Nonionic [,n? nai'? nik]中性离子Slurry ['sl?：ri, 'si?-]泥浆，悬浮液Steps must be take n to reduce particle charge or to overcome the effect of this charge 必须采纳一些措施来降低颗粒电荷或克服电荷间的作用。

化水设备名称中英文对照

2
英文简称
编中文名称
号 2.1.1 高速混床 2.1.2 再循环泵 2.1.3 树脂捕捉器 2.1.4 阴树脂再生塔 2.1.5 阳再生兼树脂贮存塔 2.1.6 电热水箱 2.1.7 树脂分离塔 2.1.8 罗茨风机 2.1.9 冲洗水泵 2.1.10 废液泵 2.2 主要材料 2.2.1 电动阀
3 化学加药系统 3.1 主要设备 3.1.1 氨加药装置 3.1。2 氨溶液箱 3。1。3 氨计量泵 3.1。4 联氨加药装置 3。1。5 联氨溶液箱 3。1.6 联氨计量泵 3.1.7 磷酸盐加药装置 3.1。8 磷酸盐溶液箱
英文名称
High Velocity Mixed Bed Recirculation Pump Resin Trap Anion Resin Regeneration Vessel Cation Resin Regeneration & Storage Vessel Electric Heating Water Tank Resin Separating Vessel Roots Blower Backwashing Pump Wastewater Pump Main Material Electric Valve Chemical Dosing System Main Equipment Ammonia Injecting Skid Ammonia Solution Tank Ammonia Metering Pump Hydrazine Injecting Skid Hydrazine Solution Tank Hydrazine Metering Pump Phosphate Injecting Skid Phosphate Solution Tank
5.1.1 次氯酸钠发生装置

给排水专业英语汇总

.UNIT 1给水工程water supply engineering 排水工程sewage engineering市政工程civil engineering市政工程师civil engineer环境工程environmental engineering 水文学hydrology水力学hydranlies水环境natural aquatic environment 流域watershed水体waterbody地表水surface water淡水freshwater地下水groundwater含水层aquifer天然含水层natural aquifer地下含水层underground aquifer水文循环natural hydrologic cycle 渗滤infiltration降水precipitation渗入precolation蒸发evaporation蒸腾transpiration城市水文循环urban hydrologic cycle 水源water source水资源water resource取水water withdrawal水处理water treatment配水water distribution用水water use污水sewage废水wastewater废水收集wastewater collection废水处理wastewater disposal受纳水体receiving waters污染pollution pollute污染物pollutant玷污、污染contamination致污物contaminant未污染uncontaminated水污染water pollution水污染控制water pollution control水污染防治water pollution prevention污水回用wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺water scarcity地表水资源surface water resource管网Pipe Network供水系统water supply system市政配水系统municipal distribution system建筑给水系统house water supply system分区供水系统dual distribution system小区micro district小社区small community冷水供水系统cold water supply system热水供水系统hot water supply system消防系统fire protection system喷淋系统fire protection sprinkler system自动水幕系统automatic drencher system半自动水幕系统semi automatic drencher system消火栓hydrant排水系统drainage system生活排水系统sanitary system工业排水系统industrial system雨水排水系统stormwater system合流制combined sewers分流制separate sewers建筑排水系统building drainage system卫生洁具plumbing fixtures卫浴设备bathroom fixtures输水系统water transmission system漏水率leakage rate配水系统water distribution system环状管网grid (looped)system支状管网branching(branched) system下水管道sanitary sewer污水节流管intercepting(中间截取) sewer污水节流系统intercepting sewer system污水节流井sewage intercepting well支管collection (目的：收集)sewer collector sewer生活污水sanitary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水industrial wastewater工业污水/液/物industrial wastes农业用水agricultural wastewater/wastes雨水rainwater stormwater水位waterlevel海拔、标高elevation.坡度grade倾斜度slope明渠Open channel开挖ex cava tion深度excavation depth水力分析hydraulic analysis水头pressure head总水头total headUnit 3 水头损失Head loss速度头动压头Velocity head静压Static head摩擦水头Friction head水力坡度线Hydranlic grade line 重力流Gravity flow水塔Water castle贮水箱Cistern泵站Pump station给水泵站Water pump station污水泵站Sewage station提升泵站Lift pumping plant增压泵Booster pump离心泵Centrifugal pump潜水泵Submer sible pump潜水艇Submerine深井泵Well pump虹吸虹吸管Siphon人孔Manhole法兰Flange阀门Valve 闸阀Gate valve泵送系统Pumping system流量Flow rate流速Fluid velocity层流Laminar flow滞流粘性流viscous flow过渡流Transitional flow湍流Turbulent flow紊流Turbulence flow涡流Eddying flow雷诺数Teynolds number水质Water guality水源Water sources供水水源Water supples原水Raw water未处理水Untreated water出水Finished water原水水质Raw-water quality水质标准Water quality standards水质要求Water quality requirements饮用水Drink water\potable water自来水Tap water纯水Pure water饮用水标准Drinking water standards饮用水一级标Primary drinking water standards最大允许浓度Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels最大污染物浓度Maxmum contaminant levels主要污染物Primary contaminants有机化合物Organic chemicals合成有机化合物Synthetic organic chemicals挥发性有机化合物V olatile organic ohemicals无机化合物Inorganic chemical微生物Micro organisms\microbes微生物污染Microbial contaminants病原微生物Pathogenic micro organisms病原体Pathogenic病毒Pathogenic bacterin细菌Bacteria大肠杆菌Coliform bacteria病毒Viruses藻类Algae浊度Turbidity放射性Radionuclide感官性状Esthetic qualities审美Esthetic味Taste嗅Odo色Colour变色Discolouration变色Discolor水质物理参数Physical parameters of water quality水的物理性质Physical quality of water浊度值Turbidity values浊度单位Turdidity unit浑浊单位Turdid嗅阈值Threshold odor number化学性质Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of water quality溶解氧Dissolved oxygen (DO).溶解氧浓度Do level溶解氧平衡Do balance氧损Oxygen depletion有机污染物Organic pollutant生化需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 总氮Total nitrogen (TN)总凯式氮Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)悬浮固体Suspended solids (SS)总悬浮固体Total suspended solids (TSS)溶解Dissolved (DS)总溶解Total dissolved (TDS)Unit 4溶解的铁和锰Dissolved iron and manganese硬度Hardness碱度Alkalinity盐度Salinity有害物质Toxic and hazardous materials氰化物Cyanides急性毒性Acute toxity慢性毒性Chronic toxity基因毒性Genetic toxicity基因Gene难降解有机化合物Refractory organic chemicals 永久性有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 致癌化学性Carcinogenic chemicals三卤甲烷Trihalo methanes卤素Halogen甲基Methyl氯仿Trichloromethane三氯甲烷Chloroform 杀虫剂农药Pesticide害虫Pest杀虫剂Insecticide除草剂Herbicide杀菌剂Germicide细菌Germ防腐剂Preservative保证Preserve清洗剂Cleaning agent洗涤剂Detergent发泡剂Foaming agent泡沫Foam化肥Fertilizer肥沃的Fertile富营养化Eutrophication营养的Trophic营养水平Trophic level生态位NicheUnit 5原污水Raw sewage原废水Raw wastes处理水Treated wastes回用水Redaimed water水处理过程Water processing收集Collect处置Dispose处理方法Treatment method处理费用Treatment costs处理单元Treatment process运行模式Operational mode间歇处理方式Batch treatment approach均匀均化Equalization均匀Equalize调蓄水池Equalization storage调节池Equalization tank蓄水池Storage tank降解Degrade分解Decompose分离Separate隔离Separation物理法Physical process物理处理Physical treatment物理处理过程Physical treatment process一级处理Primary treatment初步处理Preliminary treatment格栅筛滤Screening格栅Screen格栅Bar screen栅条Bars钢栅条Steel bars渣耙Cleaning rakes圆形破碎机Circular grinder破碎Grind除砂Degritting砂Grit沙Sand除砂Grit removal沉砂池Grit chamber沉淀Settling沉淀池Settling tank.澄清池Clarifier初澄清池Primary clarifier初沉池Primary settling tank一级出水Primary effluent二级处理Secondary treatment二级处理工艺Secondary treatment process 生物处理Biological treatment二澄清池Secondary clarifier二沉池Secondary settling tank最终澄清池Final clarifier最终沉淀池Final settling tank二级出水Secondary effluent三级处理Tertiary treatment深度处理Advanced treatment废水消毒Waste disinfection出流出水Effluent flow允许浓度Allowable levels优异出水High-quality polished effluent废水处理厂Wastewater treatment plant污水处理厂Sewage treatment plant二级处理厂Secondary treatment plant城市污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment市政工程Municipal engineering土木工程Civil engineering城市污水处理厂Municipal wastewater treatment plant 污水处理能力Sewage treatment capacity电容Capacitance污水处理设施Municipal treatment facilities 多反应器设施Multi-reactor facility处理池Treatment tank负荷Load负荷Loadings水力负荷Hydrautic loading污染负荷Pollutant load有机负荷Organic load无机负荷Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的Unorganic周期性负荷Periodic(intermitlent) loading第五部分：物化处理1．混凝n. coagulation混凝过程coagulation process化学混凝chemical coagulation凝聚n. aggregation絮凝n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝perikinetic flocculation同向絮凝orthokinetic flocculation混凝剂n. coagulant混凝剂投量coagulant dosage烧杯实验jar test最佳混凝剂投量optimum coagulant dosage助凝剂coagulant aid助凝剂flocculation aid聚电解质n. polyelectrolytes快速混合flash-mix ,rapid-mix快速混合器flash mixer ,rapid mixer混合池mixer tank快速混合池flash-mix tank絮凝器n. flocculator絮凝池flocculation tank固体接触池solids-contact tank澄清n. clarificationv. clarify澄清池n. clarifier高负荷澄清池high rate clarifier澄清水clarifying water2．沉淀n. sedimentation沉降n. sedimentation自由沉降plain settling拥挤沉降hindered settling重力沉降gravity settling沉淀池settling tank沉淀池，沉降池sedimentation tank矩形沉淀池rectangular settling tank圆形沉淀池circular settling tank管式沉淀池tube settler斜管沉淀池steeply inclined tube settler板式沉淀池parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池plate separator气浮n. floatation泡沫分离foam separation溶气气浮dissolved-air floatation气浮池floatation tank表面撇渣装置surface-skimming device.撇去v. skim浮渣n. scum浮渣槽scum trough刮泥机sludge scraper排泥sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀n. presedimentation预沉淀池presedimentation basin3．过滤n. filtration滤池n. filter慢滤池slow filter快滤池rapid filter高速（负荷）滤池high rate filter 砂滤池sand filter慢砂滤池slow sand filter快砂滤池rapid sand filter重力滤池gravity filter压力滤池pressure filter过滤介质，滤料filter medium石英砂silica sand无烟煤n. anthracite硅藻土diatomaceous earth煤—砂滤床coal-sand beds多层滤料multilayered media混合滤料mixed media双层滤料滤池dual media filter双层滤池two-layer filter粗滤料coarse media细滤料fine media助滤剂filter aid滤后水，滤出水filtered water滤后水，滤池出水filter effluent滤前水，滤池进水filter influent浊度穿透turbidity breakthrough过滤周期filter cycle清洗周期cleaning cycle刮砂法scraping method表面刮砂surface scraping反冲洗backwashing水力反冲洗hydraulic backwashing水力反冲洗hydraulic backwash水力分级hydraulic grading4．消毒n. disinfectionv. disinfect消毒剂n. disinfectantdisinfection agent杀菌剂n. germicide消毒过程disinfection process消毒副产物disinfection by-products氯化n. chlorinationv. chlorinate氯化水chlorinated water预氯化n. prechlorination氯化消毒副产物by-products of chlorination化学消毒剂chemical disinfectants液氯liquid chlorine ,liquefied chlorine氯胺n. chloramines次氯酸盐hypochlorites次氯酸钠sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯chlorine dioxide臭氧n. ozone臭氧化，臭氧消毒n. ozonation臭氧化v. ozonate紫外线(UV) ultraviolet radiation (UV)伽马射线gamma radiation灭活n. inactivationv. inactivate接触时间contact time需氯量chlorine demand加氯量，投氯量chlorine dosage ,applied chlorine自由氯，游离氯free chlorine ,free available chlorine化合氯combined chlorine剩余保护residual protection余氯residual chlorine余氯量chlorine residual自由余氯free residual chlorine自由氯余量free chlorine residual化合余氯combined residual chlorine化合氯余量combined chlorine residuals折点氯化（法）breakpoint chlorination折点氯化曲线breakpoint chlorination curve折点加氯量breakpoint dosage氯折点chlorine breakpoint压力钢瓶pressured steel cylinder臭氧发生器ozone generator.需臭氧量ozone demand剩余臭氧量ozone residual剩余臭氧residual ozone致病微生物，病源微生物pathogenic microorganisms病原体n. pathogens致病细菌或病毒pathogenic bacteria or viruses 细菌n. bacteria大肠杆菌coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌amoebic cysts孢子，芽孢n. spores病毒n. viruses藻类n. algae原生动物n. protozoa5．氧化n. oxidation还原n. reduction氧化剂n. oxidant强氧化剂strong oxidizing agent高级氧化法(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化工艺(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化过程(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化技术(AOT)advanced oxidation technology6．吸附n. adsorption活性炭(AC) activated carbon粉末炭(PAC) powdered activated carbon粒状炭(GAC) granular activated carbon颗粒活性炭(GAC) granular activated carbon活性炭纤维(ACF) activated carbon fiber再生n. regenerationv. regenerate吸附剂n. adsorbent吸附质n. adsorbate吸附塔，吸附柱adsorption column吸附床adsorption bed空床接触时间empty bed contact time吸附带mass transfer zone快速小柱试验rapid small scale column test生物活性炭(BAC) biological activated carbon7．离子交换n. ion exchange离子交换树脂ion exchange resin离子交换器ion exchanger离子交换柱ion exchange column硬度n. hardness除硬hardness removal软化n. softeningv. soften化学软化chemical softening沉淀软化precipitation softening除盐，脱盐n. desaltinationv. desalt去矿化n. demineralizationv. demineralize离子交换软化法ion exchange softening process离子交换除盐法ion exchange desalting process复床combined bed混合床mixed bed8．膜分离membrane separation微滤n. microfiltration超滤n. hyperfiltration纳滤n. nanofiltration反渗透reverse osmosis渗透n. osmosis半透膜semipermeable membrane电渗析n. electrodialysis渗析n. dialysis9．其它处理方法中和n. neutralizationv. neutralize酸性废水acidic wastes化学沉淀chemical precipitation沉淀软化precipitation softening电解n. electrolysis电除盐(EDI) n. electrodeionization吹脱、汽提法n. stripping冷却n. cooling冷却水cooling water冷却塔cooling tower第六部分生物处理生物反应器n. bioreactor微生物n.microorganismsn.microbes微生物种群microbial population.混合群落mixed communities细菌n. bacteria原生动物n. protozoa真菌n. fungi轮虫n. rotifers生长n. growth繁殖n. reproduction世代时间generation time生长速率growth rates环境因子environmental factors生态因子ecological factors微生物生长动力学microbial growth kinetics1.迟滞期lag phase2.对数生长期exponential-growth phase3.减速生长期decling growth phase稳定期stationary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段endogenous stage内源生长期endogenous growth phase内源呼吸endogenous respiration底物，基质n. substrate底物（基质）利用substrate utilization生物量n. biomass生物反应biological reaction生物氧化biological oxidation生物降解n. biodegradation生物降解性n. biodegradability生物可降解的，可生物降解的 a. biodegradable 不可生物降解的 a. nonbiodegradable生物处理biological treatment废水生物处理biological wastewater treatment废水生物处理系统biological wastewater treatmentsystem污水生物处理系统biological sewage treatmentsystem生物处理法biological treatment process生物处理装置biological treatment unit串联in series悬浮生长处理法suspended-growth treatment processes生物固体biological solids活性污泥activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatment processes附着的微生物attached microbes微生物附着生长attached microbial growth生物膜n. biofilm代谢n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定，稳定化n. stabilizationv. stabilize生物代谢biological metabolism微生物代谢microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌aerobic bacteria好氧微生物aerobic microorganisms好氧氧化aerobic oxidation厌氧的 a. anaerobic厌氧菌anaerobic bacteria厌氧氧化anaerobic oxidation兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌facultative bacteria好氧环境aerobic environment厌氧环境anaerobic environment营养物n. nutrients无机营养物inorganic nutrients营养物去除nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物硝化biological nitrification硝化菌nitrifying bacteria生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification生物除磷biological phosphorus removal1．活性污泥法activated sludge process微生物n. microorganisms n. microbes细菌n. bacteria生物絮体biological floc微生物絮体microbial floc活性污泥activated sludge絮状活性污泥flocculate-bacterial sludge回流活性污泥(RAS)returned activated sludge回流污泥returned sludge回流污泥recycled sludge剩余污泥excess sludge废活性污泥(W AS)waste activated sludge废污泥waste sludge曝气池aeration tank曝气池aeration basin曝气池aeration chamber完全混合曝气池completely mixed aeration basin.活性污泥池activated sludge tank曝气n. aeration混合n. mixing曝气系统aeration system曝气器n. aerator压缩空气compressed air空气压缩机，空压机air compressor鼓风机，风机n. blower循环/切换n. cycling/switchover扩散装置，扩散器n. diffuser空气扩散装置，空气扩散器air diffuser鼓泡空气扩散装置（扩散器）bubble air diffuser 微气泡扩散装置（扩散器）fine-bubble diffuser 扩散板plate diffuser扩散管tube diffuser扩散罩dome diffuser微气泡扩散曝气fine-bubble diffused aeration 微气泡fine-bubble大气泡coarse-bubble静态混合器static mixer机械曝气系统mechanical aeration systems机械曝气mechanical aeration表面曝气surface aeration表面曝气器surface aerator需氧量oxygen demand供气量air supply氧转移效率oxygen tansfer efficiency可沉降固体settleable solids挥发性固体volatile solids非挥发性固体nonvolatile solids挥发性悬浮固体(VSS) volatile suspended solids混合液mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体(MLSS) mixed liquor suspendedsolids混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS) mixed liquor volatilesuspended solids污泥沉降比(SV) settling velocity污泥容积指数(SVI) sludge volume index比耗氧速率(SOUR) specific oxygen uptake rate污泥龄sludge age曝气池容积aeration tank volume曝气时间aeration period曝气时间aeration time水力停留时间(HRT) hydraulic residence time水力负荷hydraulic loadingBOD负荷BOD loading普通活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process传统活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process标准活性污泥法standard activated sludge process传统活性污泥厂conventional activated sludge plant阶段曝气活性污泥step aeration activated sludge process分段v. step进水负荷influent load分段进水step loading渐减v. taper渐减曝气tapered aeration接触稳定活性污泥法contact stabilization activated sludge process再曝气n. reaeration曝气—沉淀—再曝气aeration-sedimentation-reaeration完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatment process高负荷（完全混合）活性污泥法high-rate (completely mixed) activated sludge process延时曝气活性污泥法extended aeration activated sludge process延时曝气法extended aeration process延时曝气extended aeration氧化沟oxidation ditch水平转刷horizontal rotor转刷曝气rotor aeration笼型转刷caged rotor吸附—生物降解工艺(AB法)adsorption-biodegradation process序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequencing batch reactor(SBR) process、序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequential batch reactor(SBR) processSBR法SBR process序批式反应器(SBR) sequencing batch reactor (SBR)序批式反应器(SBR) sequential batch reactor初沉primary clarification曝气n. aeration二沉secondary clarification初沉池primary clarifier二沉池secondary clarifier.泵送系统pumping system活性污泥法activated sludge process变体n. variantSBR运行周期SBR cycle处理周期process cycle进水阶段fill phase进水阀influent valve反应阶段react phase沉淀阶段settle phase清水，上清液clear water上清液n. supernatant排水阶段draw phase滗水阶段decant phase滗水装置decant mechanism闲置阶段，待机阶段idle phase营养物去除nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal碳源carbon source硝化n. nitrificationv. nitrify硝化菌nitrifying bacteria反硝化n. denitrificationv. denitrify脱氮n. denitrification生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification缺氧—好氧脱氮工艺(A/O法)anoxic-oxic process厌氧—缺氧—好氧法(A2/O法)anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)anaerobic ammonium oxidation生物除磷biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器(MBR)membrane biological reactor2．生物膜法生物膜n. biofilm生物膜反应器biofilm reactor生物滤池n. biofilter生物过滤n. biofiltration旋转布水器rotary sprinkler填料n. packings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料plastic tubular orhoneycomb-shaped packings滴滤池trickling filter普通生物滤池trickling filter高负荷生物滤池high-rate filter塔式生物滤池tower biofilter曝气生物滤池(BAF) biological aerated filter生物转盘法biodisc process生物转盘rotating biological contactor生物转盘n. biodisc塑料盘片plastic discs轻质盘片lightweight discs水平轴horizontal shaft生物粘液biological slime粘液层slime layer生物流化床biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器fluidized-bed bioreactor移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)moving-bed biofilm reactor3．厌氧生物处理发酵n. fermentationv. fermentate产酸细菌n. acidogens产甲烷细菌n. methanogens产酸阶段acidogenic phase产甲烷阶段methanogenic phase水解n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵acidogenic fermentation产氢产乙酸H2-producing acetogenesis产甲烷methanogenesis产酸菌acid formers产甲烷菌methane formers ,methane-forming bacteria有机酸organic acids挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs) volatile fatty acids.硫酸盐还原sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌sulfate-reducing bacteria上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)upflow anaerobic sludge blanket上升流速upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)anaerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage anaerobic biotreatment两相厌氧生物处理two-phase anaerobic biotreatment产酸相acidogenic phase产甲烷相methanogenic phase消化n. digestionv. digest消化池n. digestor厌氧消化anaerobic digestion污泥消化sludge digestion厌氧消化池anaerobic digestor厌氧接触法anaerobic contact process厌氧膨胀床反应器anaerobic expanded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor厌氧生物转盘anaerobic rotating biological contactor 4．自然生物处理系统自然净化系统natural purification system稳定塘stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘oxidation ponds土地处理系统land treatment systems废水土地处理land treatment of wastewater净化过程purification process自然净化natural purification污水塘sewage lagoon稳定塘stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘oxidation ponds好氧塘aerobic pond兼性塘facultative pond好氧生化反应aerobic biochemical reaction厌氧生化反应anaerobic biochemical reaction厌氧分解anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解decompose anaerobically好氧稳定aerobic stabilization细菌n. bacteria藻类n. algae微型植物microscopic plants出流，出水effluent flow光合作用n. photosynthesis厌氧塘anaerobic pond曝气塘aerated pond修饰塘polishing pond熟化塘maturation lagoon深度处理塘advanced treatment pond三级处理塘tertiary treatment pond土地处理工艺（过程）land treatment processes关键因素critical factors土壤类型soil type气候n. climate土地处理系统land treatment systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatment system低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system三级处理水平tertiary treatment level灌溉n. irrigationv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质natural filtration and adsorption properties of soil投配的废水applied wastewater垄—沟表面布水ridge-and-furrow surface spreading喷洒布水系统，喷灌布水系统sprinkler systems快速渗滤土地处理系统rapid infiltration landtreatment system渗滤—渗透土地处理infiltration-percolation landtreatment快速渗滤rapid infiltration快速渗滤法rapid infiltration method过滤作用filtering action.吸附作用adsorption action地表漫流土地处理系统overland flow land treatment system 地表漫流overland flow径流集水沟runoff collection ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical , chemical , and biological processes 湿地n. wetland天然湿地natural wetland人工湿地constructed wetlandman-made wetland第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥n. sludge生活污水污泥sewage sludge污泥体积，污泥量sludge volume原污泥，生污泥raw sludge新鲜污泥，生污泥fresh sludge消化污泥，熟污泥digested sludge混合污泥mixed sludge污泥处理sludge treatment污泥处置sludge disposal最终处置ultimate disposal填埋n. landfill污泥减量sludge volume reduction污泥稳定化sludge stabilization（污泥）浓缩n. thickening污泥浓缩sludge thickening稳定，稳定化n. stabilizationv. stabilize稳定了的污泥stabilized sludge调理（调节）n. conditioningv. condition脱水n. dewateringv. dewater干化n. drying污泥干化场sludge drying bed污泥干燥heat drying干燥器n. dryer污泥焚烧，污泥焚化n. incineration焚烧炉，焚化炉n. incinerator污泥浓缩sludge thickening物理过程physical process含水过多的污泥watery sludge稀污泥thin sludge处理装置treatment unit浓缩池n. thickener重力浓缩gravity thickening重力浓缩池gravity thickener圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedimentation tank刮泥机sludge scraper搅拌作用stirring action底流n. underflow浓缩的底流thickened underflow浓缩污泥thickened sludge出水n. effluent上清液n. supernatant溢流v. overflow堰n. weir气浮浓缩floatation thickening溶气气浮dissolved-air floatation气浮池floatation tank入流污泥influent sludge污泥絮体sludge flocs撇去v. skim漂浮污泥层floating sludge layer污泥消化sludge digestion消化池n. digester消化池装置digester unit消化n. digestionv. digest有机固体organic solids生化分解biochemical decomposition好氧消化aerobic digestion好氧污泥消化aerobic sludge digestion好氧消化过程aerobic digestion process活性污泥池activated sludge tank预制的（成套）活性污泥处理系统prefabricated (package) activated sludge treatmentsystems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated contact stabilization or延时曝气处理系统extended aeration treatment systemsBOD负荷BOD loading.细胞物质cellular mass内源衰亡endogenous decay厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧污泥消化anaerobic sludge digestion有盖的圆形池covered circular tank消化过程digestion process厌氧消化过程anaerobic digestion process 生化反应biochemical reactions有机酸organic acids挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs) volatile fatty acids 甲烷气methane gas末端产物end product指示剂n. indicator污泥消化池气体sludge digester gas污泥沉淀sludge settling污泥储存sludge storage消化污泥digested sludge充分消化的污泥well-digested sludge消化池上清液digester supernatant中温消化mesophilic digestion高温消化thermophilic degestion污泥脱水sludge dewatering混合堆肥co-composting污泥处理总成本overall sludge-handling costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源surface water resource 地下水资源groundwater resource水短缺water scarcity回用n. , v. reuse废水回用wastewater reuse直接回用direct reuse直接废水回用direct wastewater reuse间接回用indirect reuse间接废水回用indirect wastewater reuse出水处理effluent treatment回用水reclaimed water排放n. , v. discharge保留n. retention循环n. recyclingv. recycle部分处理n. partial treatment最终用途end use城市污水回用municipal wastewater reuse灌溉n. irrigation景观灌溉landscape irrigation地下水回灌groundwater recharge市政回用municipal reuse直接市政回用direct municipal reuse深度处理，高级处理advanced treatment分质供水系统dual-distribution system间接市政回用indirect municipal reuse供水系统，给水系统water supply system取水口n. intake天然同化能力natural assimilative capacity人工回灌artificial recharge深井注射deep-well injection浅表布水shallow surface spreading渗透n. percolation工业回用industrial reuse工艺废水，过程废水process wastewaters工艺补充水，过程补充水plant process makeup water冷却塔水cooling tower water选择性处理optional treatment水费water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed municipal wastewater工业过程industrial processes冷却水cooling water锅炉给水boiler feedwater灌溉回用irrigation reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation with wastewater低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system间接灌溉回用indirect reuse for irrigation废水排放wastewater discharge雨水回用storm water reuse可回用水reusable waterPartⅨ:第九部分：投资成本，投资费（用）capital costs建设成本，建设费（用）construction costs运行成本，运行费（用）operating costs能耗成本energy costs运行维护operation and maintenance运行控制operational control控制系统control system仪表/控制系统. instrumentation/control system自动控制系统，自控系统automatic control system。