A Computer Based System for Space Allocation Optimisation
机械英文词典
中文词汇英文翻译曲线图abac(坐标图)简写abbreviate(缩写)简写abbreviation杂音abnormal noise磨损abrade磨损abrasion砂布abrasive cloth砂纸abrasive paper油石abrasive stick砂带磨削abrasive-belt grinding并联abreast(并肩的)绝对精度absolute accuracy绝对地址absolute address绝对坐标absolute coordinate绝对坐标系absolute coordinate system绝对误差absolute error绝对点absolute point绝对程序设计absolute programming绝对系统absolute system绝对零度absolute zero point减震器absorber简介abstract(摘要)大量的abundant紧靠abuting firmly对接接头abuting joint对接接头abutment joint(对接缝)交流/直流变换器AC/DC converter (alternating/direct current)交流/直流整流器AC/DC rectifier交流/直流电源代用器AC/DC substitute power supply增速accelerated speed (加速度)加速时间accelerating time加速度acceleration接收acceptance验收acceptance check合格条件acceptance condition验收试验acceptance test验收公差acceptance tolerance存取时间access time (访问时间)附件accessories机床附件accessories of machine故障accident 调节器accommodator(调解人)计算accounting累积误差accumulative error周节积累误差accumulative pitch error 精度accuracy测量精度accuracy of measurement精密的(灵敏的)accurate精调accurate adjustment精密螺纹accurate thread符合加工尺寸accurate to dimension耐酸度acid fastness激活activation效率activity实际误差actual error实际螺距actual pitch实际尺寸actual size伺服电机actuating motor非周期的acyclic适应性adaptability附件adapter支架adapter转接器adapter适应控制机床adaptive controlled machine加数addend齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle工件顶圆直径(用于圆柱齿轮磨齿机)addendum circle diameter of work ( for cylindrical gear grinder )杂质addition杂物addition添加剂addition agent(代理商)附加进给additional feed地址转换address conversion地址过滤address filtering地址格式address format地址空间address space地址转换address translation寻址系统addressing system粘性adhesiveness相邻调节误差adjacent pitch error附件adjuncts调整adjust可调接杆adjustable adaptor(编剧者改编者)可调多轴台式钻床adjustable center multi-spindle bench drilling machine可调多轴立式钻床adjustable center multi-spindle vertical drilling machine可调节丝锥adjustable compound tap可调整装置adjustable device活动扳手adjustable spanner可调主轴头adjustable spindle unit调整adjusting行程调整装置adjusting device for travel 调整垫adjusting pad调整螺丝adjusting screw校正adjustment调整adjustment装配adjustment调到最小adjustment to a minimum调到最大adjustment to maximum进气阀admission valve杂质admixture采用adopt天线aerial天线旋转aerial rotation老化aging老化裂纹aging crazing鼓风机air blower风扇air fan通风机air impeller进气阀air inlet valve液压箱空气压力指示器air pressure indicator for hydraulic reservoir气动卡盘air-acting chuck抽气系统air-extracting system砂眼airhole不透气的air-proof气密air-seal供气系统air-supply system空气开关air-switch气密airtight不透气的air-tight定中心align定位align调整align 定中心aligning定位aligning调整aligning同轴度(成直线)alignment对准alignment调整alignment定中心aline定位aline调整alinement耐碱度alkali fasteness垂直运动法(用于锥齿论加工)allcone method ( for cone gear machining )合金钢刀具alligating tool合金钢刀具alligation tool分配器allotter异型allotype间隙allowance合金钢刀具alloy cutter多用途的(多种目的)all-purpose万能车床all-use lathe一层隔一层alternate layers交流电alternating current ( AC )测高计altimeter减震器amortisseur安培计(电流表)amperemeter放大系数amplification coefficient放大系数amplification factor放大器amplifier模拟analogue模拟计算analogue computation模拟analogy两主轴线间夹角angle between two spindles角度校准angle calibration端面外圆磨床angle head cylindrical grinding machine展开角度angle of spread角面接触滚珠轴承angular contact ball bearing径向推力滚珠轴承angular contact ball bearing退火annealing抑制…杂波anti…-clutter缓冲器antifluctuator防雾anti-fogging抗磨轴承antifriction减磨滚珠轴承anti-friction bearing 稳定的antihunt防锈antirust防滑antiskid防滑机构anti-skid device外观检验appearance test适应性appliance附件appliance操作application采用apply趋近approach验收试验approval test近似值approximate quantity近似值approximation溜板箱apron溜板apron任意的arbitrary任意给定的arbitrary assigned刀杆支架arbor support圆弧arc电弧焊arc welding弧形锯削arc-form sawing投影面积area of contour液体比重计areometer计算arithmetic摇臂arm力臂arm of force摇臂行程arm travel悬臂分度头arm type dividing head 电枢armature布置图arrangement plan箭头arrow head工艺美术art and crafts人工时效artificial ageing人工时效artificial aging石棉纸asbest paper询问ask about装配assemblage装配assemble装配好的assembled装配assembling 组装assembling总装车间assembling plant装配车间(装配厂)assembling plant装配车间(装配厂)assembling workshop 总装车间assembling workshop装配assembly附件assembly装配图assembly drawing装配机器人assembly robot估计损失assess给定值assigned value相关性associativity种类assortment异步的asynchronous异步方式asynchronous mode大气干扰atmospherics附属部件(附件)attachment附件attachment吸合电流attacting current温度控制器attemperator操作禁止attendant exclusion衰减器attenuator音频audio被加数augend增压器augmentor异型auotrope编辑语言author language自动送料auto-feeding自动的automatic自动补偿装置automatic compensator自动控制系统automatic control system 自动调压阀automatic cut-off value自动循环automatic cycle自动进给automatic feed自动频率控制automatic frequency control自动换箱组合机床automatic head changing modular machine tool自动车床automatic lathe自动机床automatic machine tool自动检测技术automatic measurement technology自动测量装置automatic measuring device自动绘图automatic plotting自动生产线automatic production line自动调节automatic regulating自动调节器automatic regulator定程装置automatic sizing device自动变速automatic speed changing自动起动automatic starting自动转换automatic switching自动节流阀automatic throttle自动换刀组合机床automatic tool changing modular machine tool自动抬刀装置automatic tool pick-up自动退刀装置automatic tool retracting unit自动六角车床automatic turret lathe自动砂轮整器automatic wheel truer自动补偿automatical compensator自动循环automatical cycle自动送料(自动进给)automatical feeding自动给油automatical oiling自动变速automatical speed changing自动化程度automaticity自动化automation自动化automatization辅助设备auxiliary apparatus辅助油缸auxiliary cylinder辅助运动auxiliary motion辅助滑板auxiliary slide辅助工位auxiliary station可用性availability有效的available通用的(适用的)available马鞍有效宽度available width in gap一般的(普通的)average平均值average简单的average平均速度average speed平均值average value轴向间隙axial clearance轴向进给axial feed轴线axial line轴向剃齿法axial shaving轴向窜刀量axial shifting range 主轴轴向窜动axial slip of spindle轴向止推轴承axial thrust bearing轴线axis轴线不重合度axis misalignment坐标轴axis of coordinate轴颈车床axle journal lathe轴颈车床axle-neck lathe氮化azotize小型baby微型baby反向电流back current反向进给back feed倍齿轮轴back gear shaft返回back motion齿背back of tooth延交定货back order倒锥back taper后视图back view底色background后台处理background processing齿隙backlash消除间隙装置backlash compensator消除间隙装置backlash eliminator反向进刀backward feed挡板baffle止动销baffle pin挡环(挡圈)baffling ring电木bakelite平衡(均衡)balance平衡装置balance device对称balance symmetry配重balance weight平衡装置balancer平衡块balancing block砂轮平衡轴balancing shaft for grinding wheel滚珠-滚柱轴承ball and roller bearing球窝接头ball and socket joint滚珠轴承座圈ball bearing race球状手柄ball grip球状手柄ball handle滚珠丝杠ball screw滚珠丝杠副ball screw pair缓冲器bamper带锯床band sawing machine带通滤波器band-pass filter可调中心频率的带通滤波器band-pass filter with variable centre frequency可调带宽的带通滤波器,选择性控制"band-pass filter with variable pass-band , selectivity control"带阻滤波器band-stop filter带宽bandwidth两脚车床bar lathe棒料车床bar lathe棒料转塔车床bar turret lathe阻塞barrage重心barycentre底座base座体base基圆base circle底座base plate基座平板base plate基本参数basic parameters低音控制bass control间歇式加工batch间歇加工(成批处理)batch process成批生产batch production间歇机构batch set成批batch-bulk批量生产batch-type production槽bath电池组battery电池检测battery check限速装置(关闭)beam limiting device ( shut )托架bearer轴承套(轴承衬)bearing bush轴承罩bearing cage轴承盖bearing cap轴承间隙bearing clearance同心度量轨bearing gauge轴承磨床bearing grinding machine方位标记bearing marker轴承盖bearing over轴承座圈bearing race轴承滚道珩磨机bearing raceway honing machine 轴承护圈bearing retainer轴承护圈bearing retaining ring方位尺定位bearing ruler setting摆动beat床身bed床身式铣床bed type milling machine壳体bedstead钟形卡盘bell chuck碟形弹簧(贝氏弹簧)Belleville spring 台式排钻床bench gang drilling machine台式砂轮机bench grinder台式铣床bench milling machine小型bench scale台式攻丝机bench tapping machine台式坐标镗钻床bench-type coordinate boring and drilling machine台式钻床bench-type drilling machine台式铣钻床bench-type milling and drilling machine弯柄精车刀bend finishing tool抗弯强度bending strength弯端向车刀bent facing tool弯柄精车刀bent light turning tool弯柄精车刀bent round nose turning tool弯柄车刀bent turning tool伞齿轮传动bevel drive锥齿轮(伞齿轮)bevel gear锥齿轮倒角机bevel gear chamfering machine锥齿轮加工机床bevel gear cutting machine锥齿轮研齿机bevel gear lapping machine萤光屏bezel二进制编码信号bianary coded signal斜向让刀量bidirectional cutter back-off amount双向传声器bidirectional microphone粘接材料(粘接剂)binding material接线柱binding post钝角birdmouth灯火管制blackout立式叶片仿形铣床blades vertical copying milling machine标志blip块规block gauge批号block number阻塞blockage堵塞blockage砂眼blow hole钝角blunt angle锭子油bobbin oil铣头体body of milling head手册book增压器booster弹簧夹头孔位bore diameter of spring collet主轴孔径bore of spindle套孔borer镗床borer镗孔车端面boring and facing镗铣头boring and milling head卧式铣镗床boring and milling machine with horizontal spindle镗削头boring head镗床boring machine管接头锥孔镗床boring machine for pipe fitting taper hole镗轴boring spindle镗轴直径boring spindle diameter镗轴行程boring spindle travel镗止口boring to predetermined accurate depth交直流通用both DC & AC交直流通用both direct and alternating current最低价bottom price下滑板bottom slide底视图bottom view振动bounce套筒扳手box spanner套筒扳手box spanner方立柱(用于钻床)box type column ( for drilling machine )箱形工作台box type working table套筒扳手box wrench方柱立式钻床box-type vertical drilling machine 支架bracket托架bracket支架bracket刹车brake刹车带brake band制动鼓镗床brake drum boring machine刹车braking刹车带braking band托架bray间隔breach齿宽breadth of tooth故障breakdown断路器breaker连接梁bridge辉度brightness亮度brightness辉度brilliance亮度brilliance布式硬度brinell hardness易碎的brittle脆度brittleness拉刀盖板broach cover刀夹头(用于拉床)broach holder ( for broaching machine )拉刀退回速度broach return speed拉刀刃磨床broach sharpening machine拉刀支承架broach support拉床broacher拉削broaching拉床broaching machine拉削速度broaching speed虚线broken line虚线broken line电压降bucking箍圈buckle抖振buffect减震器buffer缓冲器buffer颤振buffering抖动buffeting抖振buffeting抖动延时buffeting delay抛光砂轮buffing wheel故障bug制造者(生产厂)builder标准部件building block积木式系统building-block system嵌入built-in积屑瘤built-up edge灯泡bulb大宗贷物bulk cargo主滑板bull block粗切车刀(拉荒车刀)bull nose tool缓冲器bumper丁腈橡胶buna-N成束锯断bundled cutting盖bung毛刺burr去毛刺burring总线(母线汇流条)bus衬套bush衬套bushing商业道德business ethics梯形螺纹buttness thread圆头螺钉button head screw锯齿螺纹buttress thread支管路bye pass支管路bye path支管路by-pass壳体cage计算calculate计算calculation计算calculus检查calibration卡尺caliper rule卡尺calipers凸轮鼓cam drum倒角式凸轮cam for gear tooth chamfering 车丝凸轮cam for threading凸轮锁紧cam lock凸轮铣床cam milling machine凸轮轴磨床cam shaft grinding machine主轴端面跳动(顶尖径向跳动)camming of spindle endface ( run-out of spindle center )凸轮轴颈车床camshaft journal lathe凸轮轴车床camshaft lathe槽canal 盖cap圆顶螺帽cap nut可能性capabilityP-N结电容capacitance of P-N junction电容电阻的capacitance-resistance电容器capacitor额定功率capacity扁尖凿cape chisel刀盘capstan转塔车床(转塔式六角车床)capstan lathe滑枕转塔车床capstan lathe硬质合金carbide alloy硬质合金carbide blade硬质合金刀片carbide chip硬质合金刀头carbide cutter bit硬质合金镶刀具carbide tipped tool硬质合金刀具carbide tool镶硬质合金顶尖carbide-tipped center硬质合金顶尖carbide-tipped center渗碳carburization渗碳carburizing壳体carcase床鞍(大滑板)carriage刀架carriage溜板carriage拖板carriage刀架:包括大小、中心溜板carriage滑鞍carriage回车carriage return鸡心夹头carrier工作台单位长度承载量carrying capacity in a unit of length of working table工作台承载量carrying capacity of working table车式摇臂钻床car-wheel radial drilling machine表层硬化casehardening套casing壳体casing铸件cast铸件casting故障casualty抓住catch捕捉器catcher拖链(坦克链)catenary故障原因cause of failure故障原因cause of malfunction故障原因cause of trouble最高限额ceiling水泥cement硬质合金cemented carbide硬质合金刀头cemented carbide tip顶尖center中间底座center base中央立柱式组合机床center column type modular machine tool中心高center height中心孔磨床center hole grinder卧式车床center lathe重心center of gravity钻中心孔centering定中心插销centering pin无心磨床centerless grinder圆锥滚子无心磨床centerless grinder for taper roller无心磨削centerless grinding无心磨床centerless grinding machine无心超精机centerless superfinishing machine中心线centerline百分度centigrate中央传动装置central transmission device定心装置centralizer顶尖centre普通车床centre lathe光束定心装置centring device using light beams陶瓷合金刀具ceramic tool擦伤chafe磨损chafing张紧链轮chain tensioner链轮chain wheel询问challenge enquiry沟槽chamfer倒角chamfering倒角刀架chamfering tool rest 变速齿轮change gear挂轮change gear交换齿轮change gear变速箱change gear box挂轮箱change gear box传动齿轮速比change gear ratio交换齿轮装置change gear unit转换开关change valve转换开关change-over转换change-over转换开关change-over switch沟槽channel特性说明characterization充电charge充电charging曲线图chart沟槽chase车螺纹指示盘(乱扣盘)chasing dial乱扣盘(螺纹指示盘)chasing dial indicator车螺纹指示盘(乱扣盘)chasing indicator检查check锁紧螺帽check nut单向节流阀check restrictor单向阀(止回阀)check valve校正checkout调整checkout检查checkout丁腈橡胶chemigum人字齿轮chevron分屑沟(断屑槽)chip breaker断屑器chip breaker排屑装置chip conveyor倒屑工位chip dumping station挡屑屏chip guard shield排屑装置chip removal device屑痕chip scratch切屑段chip segments切屑盘chip tray刮屑板chip-scraping plate断路器chopper斩波器chopper盘体chuck body卡盘直径chuck diameter短圆柱卡盘chuck with short cylinder adaptor短圆锥卡盘chuck with sort taper adapter卡盘仿形车床chucking copying lathe卡盘车床chucking lathe沟槽chute计算cipher圆周circle外接圆半径circle-radius弹性挡圈circlip弹簧环圈circlip闭路器circuit closer电路图circuit diagrams断路器circuit-breaker电路图circuitry圆盘的circular圆弧铣床circular arc milling machine圆度circular degree圆刻线机circular dividing machine圆周进给量circular feed圆周进给circular feed圆周进给机构circular feed mechanism 圆形吸盘circular magnetic chuck圆周铣削circular milling锯夹circular saw blade holder圆锯片刃磨床circular saw blade sharpening machine圆锯床circular sawing machine有色金属圆锯床circular sawing machine for non-ferrous metals圆形工作台circular table圆螺纹成形刀circular threading form tool圆形工作台circular working table圆周circum圆周circumference圆周cirularity夹紧螺钉clamp screw夹料装置clamping device夹紧力clamping force箍圈clamping ring固定螺钉clamping screw颤振(颤动)clap 种类class按使用性质分类classification according to the quality of applications无噪声接地clean earth无噪声接地clean grounding吸尘器cleaner洗净剂clear rinsing agent游隙clearance间隙clearance间隙调整clearance adjustment刀后角clearance angle间隙配合clearance fit无噪声接地clearn earthing棘爪簧click spring顺滚climb hobbing顺铣climb milling卡箍clip接线柱clip钟clock顺时针方向clockwise关闭close闭环(闭循环)closed loop闭合环路closed loop闭式中心架closed steady rest闭环电路closed-loop circuit杂波(用于雷达)clutter ( for radar )加大螺距coarse pitch涂腻子coat with putty共轴的coaxial货到付款COD. Cash on delivery编码coding摩擦系数coefficient of friction盘簧coil spring冷錾cold chisel故障collapse套筒(卡圈)collar箍圈collar弹簧夹头孔位collet capacity夹头collet chuck色饱合度colour saturation彩色电视监视器colour television monitor 彩色电视接收机colour television receiver 重放彩色图像colour video playback立柱column床柱行程(用于镗铣床)column travel ( for boring and milling machine )复合卡盘combination chuck组合夹具combination clamp复合钻扩combined drilling and counterboring复合钻铰combined drilling and reaming 复合进给combined feed组合机床combined machine tool组合机床combined machine tools复合切削combined machining可燃性combustibility成比例的commensurable通用设备common equipment转换commutation转换开关commutator比较器comparator比较器compare补偿compensate校正compensate校正compensating补偿compensation调整compensation校正compensation补偿compensation编译compilation编译compile编译程序compiler编译语言(编译程序语言)compiler language编译程序编写系统compiler writing system编译程序compiling program编译程序compiling routine补码(补数)complement全套冷却设备complete cooling equipment全套冷却设备complete cooling system 全套照明设备complete set of illuminating device全套照明设备complete set of illumination复式仿形刀架complex copying tool post 部件component 零件装配component assembly零件号component number部件component part成分composition复合式转位装置compound turn device压板compressed plate压缩弹簧compression spring抗压强度compressive strength计算computation计算compute计算computing中凹度concavity at central section对准concentricity同轴度(成直线)concentricity调节器conditioner传导性conductance传导率conductance传导系数conductance确定confirmation锥形销conical pin圆锥角conicity圆锥度conicity锥面车削coning圆锥角coning圆锥度coning连接梁connecting arm连杆connecting bar连接梁connecting beam连接销connecting pin连接管connecting pipe连杆connecting rod连接杆connecting rod连杆瓦镗床connecting rods bushing boring machine连接轴connecting shaft连接套销connecting sleeve pin接线柱connecting terminal控制台(控制站)console托架console操纵台console panel整体的consolidated恒压力磨削constant pressure grinding恒温车间constant temperature workshop 成分constituent结构图constructional diagram消耗功率consumed power接点contact接触contact接触器contactor接触器contacts槽container杂质contaminant污染contamination连续拉床continuous broaching machine 连续拉床continuous chain type broaching machine连续切削continuous cutting连续循环(连续周期)continuous cycle 连续分度continuous division连续进给continuous feed连续输出功率continuous output连续切削continuous turning连续工作时间continuously working time外形圆contour平面仿形铣床contour copying milling machine平面刻模铣床contour engraving machine轮廓锯削contour sawing仿形的contouring对比度(反差)contrast操纵control操纵杆control arm控制盘control board控制按钮control button控制鼓轮(控制凸轮)control cam操纵台control console操纵台control desk控制回路control loops操纵台control panel操纵杆control rod控制台(控制站)control station控制变压器control transformer定量珩磨controllable increment honing 传统的(常规的)conventional逆滚conventional hobbing逆铣conventional milling 会话语言(对话语言)conversational language会话方式(对话方式)conversational mode转换conversion转换conversion转换convert变频技术converter technique有稳定输出电流的变换器converter with stabilized output current有稳定输出电压的变换器converter with stabilized output voltage变频器convertor中凸度convexity at central section传送带conveying belt输送链conveyor chains冷却液coolant冷却剂coolant冷却器cooler冷却剂cooling agent冷却器cooling apparatus冷却剂cooling medium冷却系统cooling system滑臂坐标镗钻床coordinate boring and drilling machine坐标镗床coordinate boring machine坐标定位装置coordinate location device 坐标定位装置coordinate positioning device坐标回转工作台coordinate rotary table坐标工作台coordinate table坐标工作台coordinate working table仿形车床copy machine lathe仿形copying仿形的copying仿形刀架copying attachment仿形装置copying attachment仿形装置copying device仿形龙门刨床copying double column planing machine仿形修整器copying dresser仿形磨削copying grinding仿形头copying head仿形车床copying lathe仿形车刀copying lathe tool仿形机床copying machine tool仿形铣削copying milling仿形铣床copying milling machine仿形悬臂刨床copying openside planing machine仿形刨削copying planing仿形牛头刨床copying shaping machine 仿形板copying template仿形刀架copying tool post校正correct修整补偿correcting compensation校正correction校正尺(校正杆)correction bar波纹corrugation开口销cotter pin开口销cotter-pin计算count计数补偿count compensation计数器counter扩孔counter boring反向电流counter current平底锪钻counterboring逆时针转动counter-clock wise ( CCW ) rotation顺时针转动counterclockwise rotating干扰countermeasures沉孔countersink沉孔countersink hole尖底锪钻countersinking计算counting operation力偶couple热电偶couple力偶couple of forces联轴节coupling盖cover盖板cover plate可达范围coverage套covering盖covering摇台鼓轮cradle drum曲柄crank曲轴连杆轴颈车床crank connecting rod journal lathe 曲轴主轴颈车床crank journal lathe动轮曲拐销车床crank pin lathe for driving-wheel弯端向车刀cranked facing tool弯柄精车刀cranked finishing tool弯柄精车刀cranked round nose turning tool弯柄车刀cranked turning tool曲柄销crankpin曲轴连杆轴颈车床crankpin lathe曲轴销车床crank-pin turning lathe曲轴磨床crankshaft grinding machine曲轴主轴颈磨床crankshaft journal grinding machine曲轴车床crankshaft lathe曲轴铣床crankshaft milling machine曲轴销crankshaft pin蠕动(蠕变)creep蠕动(爬行)creep蠕动(蠕变)creeping图像轮廓加重器crispener临界点critical point细砂布crocus cloth横向进给cross feed横向进给量是纵向进给量的一半cross feed is equal to 1/2 of longitudinal feed十字滑台cross feed station十字滑台cross feed unit十字头扁栓cross gib交叉阴影线面积cross hatched region十字头铆钉cross head rivet螺旋齿轮cross helical gear十字头链cross key交叉滚花cross knurling横梁cross rail十字拖板(用于磨床)cross saddle (for grinder )左右交叉螺纹cross screw十字套筒cross sleeve横滑板cross slide横刀架cross slide横向滑板回转工作台cross slide circular table横向滑板回转工作台cross slide rotarytable十字工作台cross slide table十字工作台cross slide working table横向进刀装置cross transverse feed gear 水平主轴座横向行程cross travel of horizontal spindle box横移转塔车床cross travel turret lathe三通阀(转换阀)cross valve十字交叉线cross wire轴交角crossed-axes angle横移转塔车床cross-feeding turret lathe 横截面cross-section横断面视图cross-sectional view鼓形齿机构crowned tooth mechanism冷却液cryogen冷却剂cryogen盖cup槽cup杯形砂轮cup grinding wheel耗电量current consumption曲线图curve弧齿端齿盘curved-tooth end toothed disc 缓冲器cushion缓冲器cushioning剖视图cut-away view切断车刀cut-off tool切断刀架cut-off tool rest断流阀(截流阀)cut-off valve关闭cut-out插齿刀自动止停机构cutter autostopper at upper position让刀(抬刀)cutter back off让刀量(用于插齿机)cutter back off amount ( for gear shaping machine )刀盘直径cutter diameter ( for bevel gear lapping machine )成套刀具cutter kit抬刀装置cutter lifting device让刀(抬刀)cutter lift-off提拉机构(用于插齿机)cutter raiser ( for gear shaving machine )让刀(抬刀)cutter relieving让刀量(用于插齿机)cutter relieving amount (for gear shaping machine ) 成套刀具cutter set刀具主轴箱(用于大齿轮机床)cutter spindle housing ( for larger gear machining machine )刨刀冲程数cutter stroke per minute切削加工cutting剪辑(用于纸带、磁带、胶卷等)"cutting ( for paper tape , tape , film , etc )"切削深度cutting depth切削刃cutting edge让刀(抬刀)cutting lifting主运动cutting movement切断cutting off切削刃cutting point滑枕切屑速度(无级、米/分)cutting speed of ram (stepless 、m/min )定长锯断cutting to length顺时针方向CW圆周cycle循环时间cycle time每齿切削时间(秒、用于锥齿加工机床)cycle tine seconds/tooth ( for bevel gear lapping machine )摆线齿轮磨齿机cycloid gear grinder摆线齿轮滚齿机cycloidal gear hobbing machines汽缸体平面拉床cylinder block surface broaching machine汽缸镗床cylinder boring machine缸体轴瓦镗床cylinder bushing boring machine汽缸珩磨机cylinder honing machine柱面电解刻印机cylindrical electrolytic marking machine圆柱齿轮磨齿机cylindrical gear grinding machine外圆磨床cylindrical grinder宽砂轮外圆磨床cylindrical grinder with wide grinding wheel圆柱形导轨cylindrical guideway圆柱形销cylindrical pin圆柱形导轨cylindrical slideway圆柱螺纹cylindrical thread圆柱度(柱面性)cylindricity阻塞dam减震器damper阻尼装置damping device防潮damp-proof虚线框dash box减震器dashpot数据data数据datum基准面datum plane直流电DC直流/交流变换器DC/AC converter死顶尖dead center死点dead center重油dead oil死点dead point惰轮dead pulley空转轮dead pulley中间轮dead pulley光锉(油锉)dead smooth cut file静轴dead spindle死挡铁dead stop自重dead weight消声器deafener调试偏差debugging deviation去毛刺deburring去毛刺器deburring device除碳法decarbonization除碳剂decarbonizer除碳法de-carbonizing除碳法decarburization减速器decelerator减速计decelerometer确定decide偏差declination齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle深滚道滚珠轴承deep groove bearing深孔镗床deep-hole boring machine深孔钻削deep-hole drilling深孔钻镗床deep-hole drilling and boring machine深孔钻床deep-hole drilling machine除油defatting 故障defect探伤仪defectoscope故障deficiency确定define确定definition偏转(挠曲)deflection变形(弯曲)deformation除霜器defroster可降解的废料(可降解的废物)degradable waste去油脂degreasing自由度degree of freedom自由度degree of freedom自由度degree of freedom延时delay延迟时间delay time延迟触发器delay trigger精密的(灵敏的)delicate精调delicate adjustment解调器demodulator可拆卸的demountable比重density可靠性dependability沉淀物(沉积物)deposition氮气层深度depth of nitriding layer改型derivative干燥剂desaturator干燥剂desiccant设计方案design plan设计人员designer盖desk可拆卸的detachable细部(细节)detail设计样图detail drawing of plan详细设计detailing探测器detector检波二极管detector diode探伤仪detector of defects洗涤剂detergent老化deteriorate磨损deterioration确定determination确定determine展开图developed view偏差deviation对角滚齿diagonal hobbling对角剃齿法diagonal shaving刻度盘(标度盘)dial千分表dial indicator径向间隙diameter clearance卡盘直径diameter of chuck主轴孔径diameter of spindle thru hole刀盘直径diameter of tool disc工作台面直径diameter of working surface of table车轴直径范围(最大长度)diameter rang of turning axle ( maximum length of turning axle )工件主轴通孔直径diameter thru hore of work spindle金刚石砂轮修整刀diamond dressing tool for grinding wheel模具刨床die planing machine刻模铣床die sinking milling machine套丝diehead threading套丝机diehead threading machine狄赛尔发动机diesel engine差别difference差动交换齿轮differential change gear差压限动阀differential limiting valve差动机构differential mechanism差压调节阀differential pressure regulator 扩散系数diffusion coefficient数字组合器digital combiner数控digital control数控数显精密机床digital control and digital display precision machine数显分度头digital display dividing head数显工作台digital display rotary table数字分离器digital separator数字化机床digitalized machine tool涤纶带dilon belt尺寸检查dimensional inspection定尺寸(定尺度)dimensioning偶极子天线dipole直流电direct current等分分度头direct dividing head等分盘direct dividing plate 定向作用directional action成正比的directly proportional不平行disalignment不同轴disalignment拆卸disassembling废品discard报废(报废件)discard不协调disconformity拆卸disconnect断路器disconnector间断discontinuous不协调discord差别discrepancy脱开(分离)disengagement断路器disjunctor碟状弹簧disk-shaped spring拆卸dismantle拆卸dismount可拆卸的dismountable位移displacement指示器display差别dissimilarity砂轮跨距distance between grinding wheels跨距(用于钻床)distance between spindle axis and column guideway ( for driller )花键端面间最大距离(用于曲轴销车床)distance between the surfaces of faceplates ( for crankpin lathe )两顶尖间的距离(中心距)distance between two centers两立柱间距离distance between two colums两主轴端面间距离distance between two spindle noses刀具主轴线至工作台轴线距离distance from axis of shaping cutter to axis of table工件主轴线至刀具主轴轴线距离distance from axis of work spindle to axis of cutter spindle插齿刀支承面至工作台面距离distance from bearing surface of shaping cutter to work table surf.滚刀轴线至工件主轴轴线距离distance from hob axis to axis of work spindle滚刀主轴轴线至工作台面距离distance from hob axis to working surface of table工件主轴至机床中心距离distance from nose of work spindle to machine center砂轮主轴轴线至工作台面距离distance from spindle axis of grinding wheel to work table surface主轴轴线至立柱导轨面距离distance from spindle axis to column guideways主轴跨距(用于磨床)distance from spindle axis to column slideway surface主轴轴线至床柱垂直导轨面距离distance from spindle axis to column vertical guideways主轴轴线至仿形指轴线距离distance from spindle axis to copy finger axis主轴轴线至悬梁底面距离distance from spindle axis to overarm bottom主轴轴线至工作台面距离distance from spindle axis to table working surface主轴轴线至工作台面距离distance from spindle axis to working surface of table砂轮主轴端面至工作台面距离distance from spindle nose of grinding wheel to working surface of table主轴端至工作添中心线距离distance from spindle nose to central line of table主轴端面工作台至侧面距离distance from spindle nose to table side主轴端面至工作台面距离distance from spindle nose to table working surface主轴端面至工作台面距离distance from spindle nose to working table working surface 工作台后侧面至床柱垂直导轨面(用于铣床)distance from table rear side to column vertical guideways ( for milling machine )垂直主轴轴线至水平主轴座端面距离distance from vertical spindle axis to horizontal spindle box工作台面至外支架顶尖(或端面)距离distance from working surface of table to tailstock center悬臂升降距离distance of vertical travelling of cross arm差别distinction失真校正器distorsion corrector变形(弯曲)distortion扭曲distortion接线板distribution block分配轴distribution shaft分配器distributor砂眼dit偏差divagation差别diversity被除数dividend分配器divider刻线dividing分度头dividing head刻线机dividing machine分度运动dividing movement除数divisor泄露divulge操作dominate虚线dotted line虚线dotted line龙门刨铣床double column milling and planing machine龙门铣磨刨床double column milling、grinding and planing machine龙门刨床double column planing machine定梁龙门刨床double column planing machine with a fixed cross rail双柱平面铣床double column surface milling machine双柱立式车床double column vertical lathe卧轴双端面磨床double disc surface grinding machine with vertical spindle双分度double division双头扳手double end spanner双面珩齿法double flank honing双头扳手double head wrench梅花扳手double offset ring spanner双头扳手double open end wrench。
戴尔PowerEdge 1300系统EIDE硬盘驱动器更新说明书
EIDE HARD-DISK DRIVEUPDATENotes, Cautions, and WarningsThroughout this guide, blocks of text may be accompanied by an icon and printed in bold type or in italic type. These blocks are notes, cautions, and warnings, and they are used as follows:NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use ofyour computer system.CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates either potential damage to hardware or loss of data and tells you how to avoid the problem.WARNING: A WARNING indicates the potential for bodily harm and tells you how to avoid the problem.____________________Information in this document is subject to change without notice.© 1998-1999 Dell Computer Corporation. All rights reserved.Trademarks used in this text: Dell, the DELL logo, and PowerEdge are trademarks of Dell Computer Corporation; Microsoft and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Cor-poration. Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entities claiming the marks and names or their products. Dell Computer Corporation disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.January 1999 P/N 0130PDell PowerEdge 1300 Systems EIDE Hard-Disk Drive Update 1Dell™ PowerEdge™ 1300 Systems EIDE Hard-Disk Drive UpdateThis document updates information contained in your Dell PowerEdge 1300 Systems Installation and Troubleshooting Guide . It describes how to install and use the enhanced integrated drive electronics (EIDE) hard-disk drives supported by your sys-tem and provides an EIDE-related update to your System Setup program information.The integrated EIDE controller in the PowerEdge 1300 supports up to two optional 1-inch or 1.6-inch EIDE hard-disk drives. These drives can be installed vertically in the removable hard-disk drive cage located below the external drive bays at the front of the computer.NOTE: Alternatively, the drive cage provides space for up to four 1-inch small com-puter system interface (SCSI) drives or a mix of up to two 1.6-inch and up to two 1-inch SCSI drives. Y our Installation and Troubleshooting Guide describes how to install and use SCSI devices.EIDE hard-disk drives attach to the integrated EIDE controller through the 40-pin IDE1 connector on the system board.Installing an EIDE DriveThis section includes information on addressing, installing, partitioning, and formatting EIDE hard-disk drives.EIDE Drive AddressingAll EIDE devices should be configured for the cable select jumper position, which assigns master and slave status to devices by their position on the EIDE cable. When two EIDE devices are connected to a single EIDE cable and are configured for the cable select jumper position, the device attached to the last connector on the inter-face cable is the master or boot device (drive 0) and the device attached to the middle connector on the interface cable is the slave device (drive 1). Refer to the drive docu-mentation in your upgrade kit for information on setting devices to the cable selectjumper position.2Dell PowerEdge 1300 Systems EIDE Hard-Disk Drive UpdateWith the two EIDE interface connectors on the system board, your system can sup-port up to four EIDE devices. EIDE hard-disk drives should be connected to the EIDE interface connector labeled “IDE1.” (EIDE tape drives and CD-ROM drives should be connected to the EIDE interface connector labeled “IDE2.”)Installing a DriveTo install an EIDE hard-disk drive, perform the following steps:1.Complete the steps in “Installing a Hard-Disk Drive in the Internal Hard-Disk Drive Cage” in your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide .2.Connect a DC power cable to the power input connector on the back of the drive(see the following illustration).Check all connectors to be certain that they are properly cabled and firmly seated.3.Connect one of the device connectors on the EIDE cable to the 40-pin interfaceconnector on the back of the hard-disk drive (see the following illustration).CAUTION: You must match the colored strip on the EIDE cable with pin 1 on the interface connector to avoid possible damage to your system.Attaching Hard-Disk Drive Cables4.If the other end of the EIDE cable is not already connected, connect it to the IDE1connector on the system board.CAUTION: You must match the colored strip on the EIDE cable with pin 1 on the IDE1 connector to avoid possible damage to your system.interface connector on EIDE drivevertically; hiddenbehind side panel)Dell PowerEdge 1300 Systems EIDE Hard-Disk Drive Update 3To locate the IDE1 connector, see the “System Board Features” illustration in your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide.5.Replace the front bezel according to the instructions in “Removing and Replacing the Front Bezel” in your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide .6.Replace the computer cover. Then reconnect your computer and peripherals totheir power sources, and turn them on.NOTE: After you remove and replace the cover, the chassis intrusion detector will cause the following message to be displayed at the next system start-up:ALERT! Cover was previously removed.7.Insert a bootable diskette (such as the Dell Diagnostics Diskette ) into drive A.NOTES: For more information on performing steps 8 and 9, see the appropriate cate-gories in “Using the System Setup Program” in your Dell PowerEdge 1300 Systems User’s Guide.If a setup password has been assigned by someone else, contact your network administrator.8.Enter the System Setup program, and update the appropriate Drive category (Drive 0 or Drive 1) under IDE Drives: Primary .9.While in the System Setup program, reset the chassis intrusion detector bychanging Chassis Intrusion to Not Detected .After you update the System Setup settings, reboot the system.10.Partition and logically format your drive, as described in the next subsection,before proceeding to the next step.11.Test the hard-disk drive by running the Hard-Disk Drives (Non-SCSI) T est Groupin the Dell Diagnostics.See “Running the Dell Diagnostics” in your Installation and Troubleshooting Guide for information on running the diagnostics and troubleshooting any prob-lems that may occur.12.Install your operating system on the hard-disk drive.Refer to the documentation that came with your operating system.Partitioning and Logically Formatting Your EIDE Hard-Disk DriveEIDE hard-disk drives must be physically formatted, partitioned, and logically format-ted before they can be used to store data. Every hard-disk drive from Dell is physically formatted before it is sent to you.NOTE: When using the Microsoft ® Windows NT ® operating system with the file allo-cation table (FAT) 16 file system, the primary partition for each hard-disk drive can beno larger than 2 gigabytes (GB). Extended partitions can be larger than 2 GB, but eachlogical drive within an extended partition must be no larger than 2GB.To partition and logically format your hard-disk drive, use the program(s) offered byyour operating system.System Setup Program UpdateThe Power Management option in the System Setup program works with most EIDEhard-disk drives as well as with monitors. For most systems, enabling Power Man-agement at any level (Maximum, Regular, or Minimum) causes EIDE hard-diskdrives to switch to low-power mode after about 20 minutes of system inactivity.NOTE: Not all EIDE hard-disk drives support this feature. Enabling this feature for Array drives that do not support it may cause the EIDE drive to become inoperable until thecomputer is restarted and Power Management is disabled.In low-power mode, the disks inside the drive stop spinning. They remain idle until thenext drive access, which causes them to start spinning again. (Because the disks takea few seconds to regain full speed, you may notice a slight delay when you access thehard-disk drive the next time.)When Power Management is Disabled (the default), the disks spin constantly aslong as the system is turned on.4Dell PowerEdge 1300 Systems EIDE Hard-Disk Drive Update。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:20
2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Do you have any()about what living beings on other planets would be like?问题1选项A.idealprehensionC.notionD.intelligence【答案】C【解析】句意:你对生活在其他星球上的生物的样子有什么概念吗?考查名词辨析。
ideal 理想,典范;comprehension理解,领悟能力; notion概念,想法;intelligence 智力,情报,聪颖。
因此C符合句意。
2.单选题Mrs. Deborah could not help exclaiming against the()of her master, and especially against his suffering her to conceal the father of the child.问题1选项A.biasB.clemencydnessD.justice 【答案】B【解析】句意: Deborah夫人忍不住指责丈夫的宽容,特别是允许她对孩子父亲隐瞒的做法。
考查名词辨析。
bias 偏见,偏爱;clemency 仁慈,温和,宽容,宽厚; mildness 温和,温暖;justice 司法,法律制裁,正义,法官。
根据后半句句意可知B符合句意。
3.单选题The device can()different measurements by electronics means.问题1选项A.imitateB.copyC.mockD.fake【答案】A【解析】句意:这个设备能通过电子手段来模拟不同的尺寸。
考查动词辨析。
Imitate模仿,仿效,模仿(某人的讲话、举止); copy 复制,抄袭;mock 愚弄,嘲弄;fake 捏造,假装…的样子。
GMDSS题库
三部份英语阅读单项选择题1. IMO has decided that all ships over 300TGt must be fitted with a NA VTEX receiver ______ .航行警告电传业务中频航行专用电报A. by 01 Feb 1992B. by 01 Aug 1993C. between 01 Feb 1992 and 01 Feb 1999D. before 01 Feb 1992国际海事组织决定,所有船只在300TGt必须配有一个NA VTEX 1993年01月发提供2. GMDSS is to provide ______ with reliable communication . 可靠的通讯A. all large passenger vesselsB. freighters of more than 300gt in coastal watersC. all passenger ships and cargo ships engaged in internationalvoyagesD. all passenger ships and cargo ships of 300gt upwards in open sea在公海上3. The complying vessels can transmit ship to shore distress alerts by at least ______ .A. One means, whether satellite or terrestrial techniquesB. Two means, whether satellite or terrestrial techniques。
无论卫星或陆地的技巧C. Two separate and independent means, each using different radio communication servicesD. Two means, such as MF DSC and HF DSC4. The quality of the message can be affected by ______ .A. climateB. sunshineC. human beingsD. both a and b通信的质量会受到气候的影响5. Within the polar areas it is ______ to see a satellite in geostationaryorbit .A. impossibleB. possibleC. EasyD. difficult极地区域内是不可能看到一颗人造卫星在静止轨道。
学术英语理工类课后题答案
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from(从……到)arise from some misunderstandings(来自于对……误解)leaves a lot of problems unsolved(留下很多问题没有得到解决)opens a path for(打开了通道)requires a different frame of mind(需要有新的思想)4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人(或即使造成危害,但并非故意而为),而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
2025版高考英语一轮复习Unit4Cyberspace讲义北师大版必修2
⑨hard disk硬盘
子话题2 计算机编程
①account lockout账号封锁②adapter适配器
③alias小应用程序④domain controller域名限制器
⑤attack攻击⑥back end后端
⑦decipher破译⑧cipher密码
⑨database数据库
9.suggestionn.建议,提议→suggestvt.建议,提议
10.terroristn.恐怖分子→terrorismn.恐怖主义→terrorn.恐怖→terrifyvt.使恐怖;使惊吓→terrifyingadj.令人恐怖的→terrifiedadj.感到恐怖的
纵联1.以“ ical”结尾的形容词一览
[练通]
单句语法填空
①You'd better focus your attentionon/uponyour studies.
②The key question isin_focus; why not reach a decision?
③Instead of focusingon_your wounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around you.
5.arrangementn.支配→arrangevt.支配
6.settlevi.定居vt.解决,使定居→settlementn.解决;定居地
7.attractiveadj.吸引人的,有魅力的→attractionn.吸引力;具有吸引力的事物或人→attractvt.吸引
8.entertainmentn.消遣;款待→entertainv.消遣;款待→entertainingadj.使开心的;好玩的
《计算机导论》(第2版)习题答案参考
《计算机导论》(第2版)习题答案参考计算机导论(第2版)习题答案参考Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers1. Define a computer and discuss its attributes.A computer is an electronic device capable of performing various operations and processes based on a set of instructions. Its attributes include the ability to input, process, store, and output information, as well as the capability to execute complex calculations and perform tasks.2. Differentiate between hardware and software.Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals. Software, on the other hand, represents the non-tangible parts of a computer system, such as programs and data that can be stored and executed by the hardware.3. Explain the concept of data representation and discuss different numbering systems used in computer systems.Data representation refers to the way data is stored and processed by a computer. Different numbering systems include the binary system (base-2), decimal system (base-10), octal system (base-8), and hexadecimal system (base-16). Each system has its own set of symbols and rules for representing numbers and characters.Chapter 2: Computer Hardware1. Discuss the major components of a computer system.A computer system consists of several major components, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals. The CPU is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations, while memory stores data and instructions temporarily. Storage devices are used for long-term data storage, andinput/output devices allow users to interact with the computer system.2. Describe the functions and characteristics of the CPU.The CPU is the central processing unit of a computer system and is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It consists of two main components: the control unit, which manages the execution of instructions, and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs calculations and logical operations. The CPU's performance is determined by factors such as clock speed, cache size, and number of cores.3. Explain the different types of memory in a computer system.A computer system typically has two main types of memory: primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (storage devices). RAM, or random access memory, is used for temporary data storage and is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the power is turned off. Secondary memory, such as hard disk drives and solid-state drives, provides long-term storage for data even when the power is off.Chapter 3: Operating Systems1. Define an operating system and discuss its functions.An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources. Its functions include providing a user interface, managing memory and storage, coordinating the execution of applications, handling input/output operations, and ensuring system security and stability.2. Explain the difference between a single-user and multi-user operating system.A single-user operating system is designed to be used by one user at a time. It provides a user interface and manages the resources on the computer for the sole user. A multi-user operating system, on the other hand, allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously, sharing resources and executing their own programs concurrently.3. Discuss the concept of virtualization and its advantages.Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of a computer system or resources. It allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, enabling better resource utilization, cost savings, and improved flexibility. Virtualization also provides isolation between different virtual machines, enhancing security and system stability.In conclusion, this article provides a brief overview of the topics covered in the second edition of "Introduction to Computers." It includes explanations and answers to selected exercises, helping readers understand the fundamental concepts of computer science and technology. By studying these topics, readers can gain a strong foundation in computer knowledge and skills.。
大连理工大学智慧树知到“选修课”《专业英语(计算机英语)》网课测试题答案1
大连理工大学智慧树知到“选修课”《专业英语(计算机英语)》网课测试题答案(图片大小可自由调整)第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.Microsoft Office 2000 includes Word, _____, Outlook and FrontPage.A.ExcelB.Power PointC.AccessD.All of the above2.The Internet began as the ARPANET.()A.正确B.错误3.Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer.()A.正确B.错误4.Click the Print button to print the workbook.()A.正确B.错误5.The keyboard is classified as a of output.()A.正确B.错误6._____ layer just above the internet layer.work InterfaceB.TCPC.Host-to-Host TransportD.Application7.A(n) _____ mouse emits and senses light to detect movement. A.cordlessB.opticalC.cameraD.microphone8.CPU is the soul of a computer.()A.正确B.错误9.A backup program _____.A.makes a copy of files you selectB.returns you to the previous programC.undoes the last change you madeD.None of the above10.A VPN offers the security and full data access of a private WAN, but because it runs over the Internet, it is more affordable and complex.()A.正确B.错误11.The ENIAC used thousands of _____, which took up a lot of space and gave off a great deal of heat just like light bulbs do.A.vacuum tubesB.integrated circuitsC.chipsD.switches12.TCP/IP refers to a suite of _____.A.systemB.control unitsC.application programsD.data communication protocols13.RAM is a _____ storage.A.permanentB.flashC.temporaryD.expansion14.A location in RAM memory is accessed by its _____.A.contentsB.addressC.storage unitD.storage capacity15.A computer can be broken down into three distinct categories, namely output, and CPU.()A.正确B.错误第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.Database management system(DBMS) programs are designed to work with data that is logically structured or arranged in a particular way, known as _____.A.data modelB.databaseC.inationD.data2.Click the open folder button to open an existing workbook.()A.正确B.错误3.The standard protocol used for sending Internet e-mail is called _____. It works in conjunction with POP servers.A.SMTPB.WWWC.TCPD.UDPe the spell checker to correct spelling errors on the worksheet.()A.正确B.错误5.Which of the following is not the e-commerce business models?A.Business-to-Business(B2B)B.Electronic fund transferC.Business-to-Customer(B2C)D.Customer-to-Customer(C2C)6.A program is a set of words and symbols that allow a programmer to tell the computer what operations to follow.()A.正确B.错误7.Telnet enables users to cute terminal sessions with local hosts.() A.正确B.错误8.A web page is written in a computer language called HTML.()A.正确B.错误9.It wasn't until the 1980's that people began buying computer for personal use.()A.正确B.错误10.Most networks-even those with just two computers also contain a hub or switch to act as a connection point between the computers.()A.正确B.错误11.CD-ROM is an optical technology that is used to make compact disks for CD stereo systems.()A.正确B.错误12._____ is a compiled object-oriented programming language used to write applets.A.CB.C++C.JavaScriptD.Java13.FTP performs basic interactive file transfers between hosts.()A.正确B.错误14.An audio wave is a two-dimensional acoustic wave.()A.正确B.错误15.Which one is an image-editing tool?A.PhotoshopB.WordC.Extreme 3DD.Premiere第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案:D2.参考答案:A3.参考答案:A4.参考答案:B5.参考答案:B6.参考答案:C7.参考答案:B8.参考答案:A9.参考答案:A10.参考答案:A11.参考答案:A12.参考答案:D13.参考答案:C14.参考答案:B15.参考答案:A第2卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案:A2.参考答案:A3.参考答案:A4.参考答案:A5.参考答案:B6.参考答案:A7.参考答案:B8.参考答案:A9.参考答案:B10.参考答案:A11.参考答案:A12.参考答案:D13.参考答案:A14.参考答案:B15.参考答案:A。
《计算机专业英语》习题参考答案
《计算机专业英语》习题参考答案Lesson 1I.1. Operating System2. Fetch-evaluate-execute3. Front-side bus4. Dual-core processor5. Basic Input/Output System(BIOS)II.1. 指令是特定各式的二进制数列,它们对于每台机器都是唯一的。
2. CPU是中央处理单元的简称,每个字母分开发音。
3. 大多数计算在中央处理器中进行。
4. 双核是指一个处理器上有两个完整运算内核的CPU。
5. 处理器:是微处理器或CPU的缩写。
6. 集成电路:即芯片,是由半导体材料制成的一种电子设备。
III.1. F2. T3. TIV.1.ALU, CU, Register2.memory3.processor4.the CPULesson 2I.1.Static Random Access Memory(SRAM)2.Dynamic Random Access Memory(DRAM)3.Virtual Memory4.Physical Memory5.Level 1 Cache6.Level 2 Cache7.HDD access speedII.1.动态随机存储器之所以称为“动态”是因为它每秒钟被刷新数千次。
2.RAM:是计算机中存储操作系统、应用程序和当前正是用数据的地方。
3.ROM由计算机中一小块长寿命电池供电。
4.RAM缓存是由高速静态随机存储器构成的存储器。
III.1. F2. F3. F4. TIV.1. non-volatile2. compiler3. volatile4. DRAMLesson 3I.1. Motherboard2. PC Case3. Hard Disk Drive(HDD)4. Optical mouse5. RAM6. Mobile DiskII.1.PC是有很多组件构成的一个系统。
《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案
说明应许多教师和学生的要求,我们编写了本教科书每章后面的习题答案。
但是,有两点必须说明一下。
第一,对术语的定义或解释,多是以本书相关章节为依据,所以会有些局限性。
好在目前市场上有多种语言学词典,大家可参考其他定义和解释。
第二,对开放式问答题的回答,多为提示性的,而且也是基于本书内容做的基本回答,往往显得过于简略。
一方面,本书是入门性的教程,对诸多问题的讨论仍欠深入;另一方面,每章后面附的参考书,可以告诉读者到哪里去查找相关信息,加深对某个问题的了解。
总之,这里提供的答案是参考性的,绝不是唯一的,更不是穷尽一切的。
充其量,它只能给教师和同学提供一点点方便而已。
如发现不当之处,敬请指教。
Chapter 1Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu”in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are relatively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to man’s, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf ’s postures.Chapter 2The Sounds of Language1.Define each of the following terms briefly.(1) articulator: the tongue, lips, and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.(2) assimilation: a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar (or identical) to a neighboring sound, e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when followed by a [+nasal] consonant.(3) consonant: a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of partof the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, andmanner of articulation.(4) elision: the leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech.(5) intonation: the variation in pitch and stress which gives beat and rhythm to the tune the voice plays in ordinary speech.(6) phoneme: the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.(7) phonetics: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8) phonology: the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(9) stress: the prominence given to certain sounds in speech.(10) voicing: the vibration in the larynx caused by air from the lungs passing through the vocal cords when they are partly closed; speech sounds are saidto be either voiced or voiceless.(11) voiceless: When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely.The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds.(12) vowel: a speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity.2. Minimal pair test or substitution test.Minimal pair test or substitution test is to see whether substituting one sound for another results in a different word. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes. For example, as to the English word bear, if we substitute p for b, we get the word pear, the two are different words. Then /b/ and /p/ represent different phonemes. Other examples are chunk/junk, ban/bin, bet/beat, fine/vine, side/ site, etc.3. Take the word big for example, in the word big /big/, /b/ is the onset, /i/ is the nucleus and /g/ is the coda. The difference between open syllables and closed syllables is whether the words have codas. If there are codas, they are closed syllables,such as pig, hat and at; if not, they are open syllables, such as do, I, tea and key.4. (1) stop, consonant(2) back, rounded, vowel5. (1) voiceless / voiced(2) bilabial / labiodental(3) close / semi-open(4) stop / nasal(5) alveolar / palatal(6) alveolar / dental(1) kit/git, bucker/bugger, bag/back(2) mark/nark, smack/snack, sum/sun(3) best/vest, ober/over, lib/live(4) bore/more, abate/amate, mob/mom(5) pat/fat, apt/aft (AmE), harp (BrE)/half7. (1) The stresses are placed on the second syllable except for “promise”. We mayeasily conclude that the verbs usually are stressed on the second syllable. (2) Syllable representations of the words:collide [k2#laid] elect [i#lekt] consider [k2n#sid2]Chapter 3Morphology1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) morphology: the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme: the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.(3) free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g.-ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on thelevel of parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(7) derivation: the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word formation.(8) clipping: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.(9) acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Examples: NATO, radar and yuppy.(10) initialism: Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Such words are called initialism.(11) blending: A single new word can be formed by combining two separateforms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of oneword and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch isformed by the shortened forms of breakfast and lunch.(12) root: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system from un- + system + atic + ally.(13) stem: the base towhich one or more affixes are attached to create a morecomplex form that may be another stem or a word. For example, book is thestem of bookish.(14) prefix: Affixes can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem, in which case they are called prefixes.(15) suffix: Affixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suffixes.2. (3), (5), (7)3. (1) simple: fly tree suite(2) bound morpheme rootfly / fly reuse re-use spiteful -ful spitepreplan pre-plan desks -s desk triumphed -ed triumphsuite / suite optionality -ality option untie un-tiedelight de-light fastest -est fast prettier -ier prettytree / tree justly -ly just deform de-formmistreat mis-treat dislike dis-like payment -ment paydisobey dis-obey premature pre-mature4. (1) Column I: ablaut (vowel modification)Column II: suppletionColumn III: stress modification(2) The process in the Column I is finished by changing the vowel of each word, while in Column II, the process is finished by changing vowel and consonantof each word.(3) Column I: awake/awoke bear/bore arise/aroseblow/blew bite/bit hide/hidlie/lay know/knew foot/feetgoose/geese tooth/teeth louse/liceColumn II: bad/worse are/were many/moreColumn III: #combine/com#bine #compress/com#press#conduct/con#duct #insert/in#sert#insult/in#sult #intern/in#tern5. (1) Omitted.(2) Other examples:#rerun (n.) – re#run (v.) #contrast (n.) – con#trast (v.)#convert (n.) – con#vert (v.) #desert (n.) – de#sert (v.)#export (n.) – ex#port (v.) #increase (n.) – in#crease (v.)#conduct (n.) – con#duct (v.) #object (n.) – ob#ject (v.)#content (n.) – con#tent (v.) #protest (n.) – pro#test (v.)#insult (n.) – in#sult (v.) #produce (n.) – pro#duce (v.)When a word belongs to different word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on different syllables. When all the words above are stressed on the first syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verbs.6. (1) It means “the inhabitant of ”.(2) It means “the person who does”.(3) The morphological rule working here is “n. + -er –– n.”, and the last phoneme of the noun, which the suffix -er is added to, should be a consonant.(4) The rule in (3) doesn’t work in the word discoverer because the last phoneme of discoverer is a vowel /2/.7. (1) inflection (2) derivation (3) inflection (4) inflection (5) derivation Chapter 4Syntax1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(2) word class: a group of words which are similar in function; words which aregrouped into word classes according to how they combine with other words,how they change their forms, etc.(3) prescriptive approach: This view regards grammar as a set of rules for the “proper” use of a language, that’s to say, it tries to lay down rules to tell peoplehow to use a language.(4) descriptive approach: the approach of linguistic studies, with which linguists collect samples of the language they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used.(5) IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. For example, the immediate constituents of “The man bought a car” are theman and bought a car. The immediate constituents of the man are the andman, and so on until no further cuts can be made. The ultimate constituentsof “The man bought a car” at the word level are the, man, bought, a, and car.(6) structural analysis: a type of descriptive approach to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language through such methods as the use of “test frames”.(7) immediate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This processcontinues until no further divisions are possible. The first division or units are known as immediate constituents.(8) ultimate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This process continues until no further divisions are possible. The final division or units areknown as ultimate constituents.(9) constituent structural grammar: It refers to a grammar which analyzes sentences using only the idea of constituency, which reveals a hierarchy of structural levels.(10) transformational grammar: a type of grammar which attempts to define and describe by a set of rules or principles all the grammatical sentences (without ungrammatical ones) of a language.(11) ideational function: the use of language as a means of giving structure to our experience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function: the use of language for maintaining social roles and interacting with others.(13) textual function: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within themselvesand which fit the particular situation in which they are used.2. Yes. As we know, morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words, while syntax focuses on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence. The major distinction between morphology and syntaxis that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, while the latter is concerned with the combination of words.3. (2) Instead of using the form “suggest somebody to do something”, we usually use “suggest + that-clause” or “suggest doing”, here we’d better substitute “advise” for “suggest”(4) The word “request” is a transitive verb which should take an object directly, so the word “for” should be omitted.(6) The word “donate” cannot be followed by double objects as “donate somebody something”. Instead we always use “donate something to somebody”.(10) The subject of the verb “write” is usually a human; an “article” cannot write itself. In this case the passive construction is normally used: The article was very well writen.(11) Usually we don’t use “be bored of something/somebody”, but “be bored with something/somebody” which means losing interest in somebody/something.(13) Here “myself ” is a reflexive pronoun, which can’t be used as subject, and it should be replaced by “I”.(14) The word “surprise” is usually used as a transitive verb, so the expression “…surprise for you” is ungrammatical, and it can be replaced by “surprise somebody (with something)” or “I was surprised by your getting married.”(15) The word “sleep” is usually used as an intransitive verb, which can’t take an object. The cases of “sleep” being used as a transitive verb are semantically limited, as in “to sleep a good sleep” or “the room can sleep 3 people”.4. It’s ungrammatical, because “us” is the objective case which can’t serve as the subject,while “she” is the subjective case which can’t serve as the object. The sentence should be “We visit her on Sundays”. The personal pronouns “you” and “it” have the same form whether used as the subject or object.5. (1) NP: A Guns “N” Roses concert, an arena, some 2500 fans, a full-fledged riot,A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena , A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ,The trouble, venue security, a camera, the front, the stage, the front of the stage. PP: at an arena, at an arena near ST. Louis, near ST. Louis, in disaster, near the front, of the stage, near the front of the stage. VP: stageda full-fledged riot, asked venue security, confiscate a camera.(2) N: Guns, Roses, concert, arena, ST. Louis, disaster, fans, riot, trouble, Axl Rose, venue, security, camera, front, stage. Prep: at, near, in, of. V: end, stage, start, ask, confiscate, see.6. (1) You mustn’t end a sentence with a preposition.You mustn’t split infinitives.7. (i)SNP VP AdvArt N V NP Prep NPArt N Art NThe dog bit the man in the car.(ii)S ,Art N ,Art N ,Prep NP ,NP VP, Art N V NP P. The dog bit the man in the car.8. (1)a. Terry loves his wife and I love his wife, too.b. I love my wife as well as Terry loves his wife.(2) a. It’s yesterday that they said she would go.b. She would go yesterday as they said.(3) a. The governor is a street fighter who is dirty.b. The governor is a fighter in a dirty street.(4) a. The design has squares and circles, both of which are big.b. The design has big squares, and it also has some circles. (The sizes of the circles are not mentioned.)Chapter 5Semantics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.(2) truth-conditional semantics: an approach that knowing the meaning of the sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence istrue or false, and knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowingthe part that it plays in the truth or falsehood of the sentence containing it.(3) naming theory: the view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.(4) behaviorist theory: the view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as observable behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology.(5) use theory: the semantic theory according to which the meaning of an expression is determined by its use in communication and more generally, insocial interaction.(6) sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, together with the context, determines its referent. For example, knowing the sense of a nounphrase such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George W. Bush is the referent.(7) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationshipbetween the word tree and the object “tree” (referent) in the realworld.(8) conceptual meaning: It means the meaning of words may be discussed interms of what they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the essential and inextricable part of what language is and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of “he” in English is any male person or male animal.(9) connotative meaning: It is the communicative meaning that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over its purely conceptual meaning. For example, the connotative meaning of “woman” is emotional,frail, inconstant, irrational, etc.(10) semantic field: the organization of related words and expressions into asystem which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation, sex, membership of the father’s or mother’s side of family.(11) lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for “male” and “female” cousin.(12) componential analysis: (in semantics) an approach to the study of meaning which analyzes a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features.For example, the meaning of the English word boy may be shown as[+human][+male][-adult].(13) semantic feature: the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaningof word may be described as a combination of semantic components orfeatures. For example, the feature [+male] is part of the meaning of father,and so is the feature [+adult], but other features are needed to make up the whole meaning of father. Often, semantic features are established by contrast and can be stated in terms of [+] and [-], e.g. woman has the semantic features [+human], [-male] and [+adult].(14) synonym: the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical items, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonym: the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy: the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy, where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (the superordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym: the sense relation between body and its parts which are not only sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, the head is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs,i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(18) semantic role: the way in which the referent of a noun phrase is involved in the situation described or represented by the clause, for example as agent, patient, or cause.(19) entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (the second) is inferred from the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat is dead; if the first is true, the second must be true.(20) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”2. (1) He waited by the bank.a. He waited by the financial institution which people can keep their moneyin or borrow from.b. He waited by the bank of the river.(2) Is he really that kind?a. Is he really that type of person?b. Is he really that kind-hearted?(3) We bought her dog biscuits.a. We bought dog biscuits for her.b. We bought biscuits for her dog.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.a. He saw that gasoline container explode.b. He saw that gasoline may explode.(5) Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.a. Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes in total.b. Each of the fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.(6) He saw her drawing pencils.a. He saw her pencils for drawing.b. He saw her drawing the picture of pencils.3. (2) (4) (5) (8) are antonyms; (1) (3) (6) (7) are synonyms.4. charity: kindness, sympathy, church, helpfuliron: strong, brave, hard, determinedmole: traitor, betrayal, spysnow: pure, virgin, cleanstreet: homeless, living hard, pitiable5. (1) a. hoard b. scribble c. barn, method d. olfactory(2) a. acquire b. tell c. way d. smell(3) a. buy, win, steal. b. talk, tell c. road, way, path d. smellThese words are less marked in their sets because they are more usual andtend to be used more frequently. They consist of only one morpheme andare easier to learn and remember than others. They are also often broader in meaning and cannot be described by using the name of another member ofthe same field.6. homophones: sea-see, break-brake; polysemies: sea, break, prayer, mature, trace, househomonyms: ear.7. In a semantic field, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status. The less marked members of the same semantic field (1) are usually easier to learn and remember than more marked members; (2) consist of only one morpheme incontrast to more marked members; (3) cannot be described by using the name of another member of the same field; (4) tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms; (5) broader in meaning than more marked members; (6) are notthe result of the metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, but more marked are.8. (1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram.The (a) and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human.The (b) words are animals.(2) a. ask, tell, say, talk, converseb. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, hollerThe (a) and (b) words are realized by sounds.The (a) words are normal voice quality.The (b) words are produced by modifying one’s normal voice quality.(3) a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swimb. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glideThe (a) and (b) words are sports (movement).The (a) words are sports without instruments.The (b) words are sports with instruments.Chapter 6Pragmatics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) pragmatics: a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(3) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for.(4) anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(5) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”(6) Speech Act Theory: The theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts. In saying “Sorry”, you are performing an act of apology.(7) indirect speech act: an utterance whose literal meaning (location) and intended meaning (illocution) are different. For example, Can you pass thesalt? is literally a yes/no question but is usually uttered as a request or polite directive for action.(8) the Cooperative Principle: a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both partieswill normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.It is composed of 4 maxims: quality, quantity, relation and manner.(9) the Politeness Principle: politeness is regarded by most interlocutors as a means or strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes,such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relationsin conversation. This principle requires speakers to “minimize the expression of impolite beliefs”. It is composed of 6 maxims: Maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy.(10) conversational implicature: the use of conversational maxims in the Cooperative Principle to produce extra meaning during conversation.。
高二英语科技词汇单选题40题
高二英语科技词汇单选题40题1. In the field of technology, a "processor" is different from a "controller" _____.A. significantlyB. slightlyC. rarelyD. frequently答案:A。
本题主要考查词义辨析。
“significantly”意为“显著地”;“slightly”意为“轻微地”;“rarely”意为“很少地”;“frequently”意为“频繁地”。
在科技领域,“processor”(处理器)和“controller”(控制器)的差别是显著的,所以选A。
2. The new software is designed to _____ the efficiency of the system.A. enhanceB. reduceC. maintainD. destroy答案:A。
“enhance”表示“提高,增强”;“reduce”表示“减少”;“maintain”表示“维持”;“destroy”表示“破坏”。
新软件的目的是提高系统效率,故选A。
3. When it comes to data storage, "hard drive" and "solid state drive" have different _____.A. capacitiesB. speedsC. featuresD. prices答案:C。
“capacities”指“容量”;“speeds”指“速度”;“features”指“特点,特征”;“prices”指“价格”。
在数据存储方面,“hard drive”(机械硬盘)和“solid state drive”( 固态硬盘)有不同的特征,所以选C。
4. In the world of technology, "algorithm" is often used to _____ complex problems.A. solveB. createC. avoidD. ignore答案:A。
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Computer programmers often remark that computing machines,witha perfect lack of discrimination,will do any foolish thing they aretold to do.The reason for this lies,of course,in the narrow fixationof the computing machine’s“intelligence”on the details of itsown perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.In a psychological description of the computer intelligence,threerelated adjectives come to mind:single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizing this,we should at the same time recognizethat this single-mindedness,literal-mindedness,and Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi simple-mindedness alsocharacterizes theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality,even the most precisesciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understoodapproximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriateskepticism.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock tomathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for thehydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation takingaccount of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and thatthis corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation toan infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.Physicists,looking at the original Schrodinger equation,learn to sense in itthe presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible,and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations.Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally.Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately,but perhaps inappropriately.In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences.The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is,their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms,and then take these axioms literally.This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.The question,central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraphprimarily in order to do which of the following?[A]Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.[B]Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.[C]Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D]Provide one definition of intelligence.2.It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?[A]The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.[B]The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.[C]The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[D]The premises on which the arguments are based may change.3.According to the text,mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?[A]Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.[B]Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.[C]Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoreticalassumptions are facts.[D]Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.4.The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?[A]Practical for scientific purposes.[B]Detrimental to scientific progress.[C]Unimportant in most situations.[D]Expedient,but of little long-term value.5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that[A]mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.[B]changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.[C]well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.[D]some factors in most situations must remain unknown.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。
科技英语部分课后练习答案
III: Text Organization
Part I (1-3):
A multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
Part II (4-7): David Gump and Gary Hudson;
7.信息高速公路是一种电子通讯网络,这一网络 把所有的人互相联系起来,并可提供任意一种人 们想得到的电子通讯方式。
8.如果把管子装成这个样子,使最热的水上升,而 最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉里去,那么,锅炉中 的热水系统不用水泵就能循环,道理就在于此。
.
3
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III: Translation
simulation are employed to study it. The nonlinear dynamic
equation of square plansifter is established based on the
Lagrange equation, and the kinematic circle law is derived
an entrepreneur with fresh ideas.
Part III (8-11): Innovative technology.
Part IV (12-14):
Viability of a new method for airlaunching spacecraft .
Part V (15-18): Win money from NASA and
from stabilization condition. By using MSC.Patran/Nastran,
《计算机英语》原文译文和习题答案刘艺
《计算机英语》译文和习题答案目录第一单元2课文A:计算机概览2第二单元4课文A:计算机硬件4第三单元7课文A:操作系统7第四单元10课文A:编程语言10第五单元12课文A:计算机程序12第六单元16课文A:分布式计算机系统16第七单元19课文A:进入关系数据库的世界19第八单元22课文A:电信与计算机22第九单元24课文A:计算机网络24第十单元26课文A:网络拓扑结构26第十一单元29课文A:因特网是如何工作的?29第十二单元31课文A:信息革命31第十三单元34课文A:电子商务简介34第十四单元37课文A:计算机安全37第十五单元40课文A:比尔•盖茨文摘(1):40比尔•盖茨文摘(2):41练习答案42第一单元课文A:计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备,它能接收一套指令或一个程序,然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
如果没有计算机的发展,现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
在整个社会,不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据,从政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元,而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域,从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告,计算机无不是必要的工具,并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机,数字计算机的先驱,是1642年由法国科学家、数学家兼哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡设计的。
这个装置使用了一系列有10个齿的轮子,每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接,从而通过按照正确的齿数向前移动轮子,就可以将数字彼此相加。
在17世纪70年代,德国哲学家兼数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良,设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
小学下册第十一次英语第5单元真题[含答案]
小学下册英语第5单元真题[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.I enjoy ______ (参加) language classes.2.Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of forward and reverse reactions are______.3. f Exploration began in the _______ century. (15) The Age4.What is the capital of France?A. RomeB. MadridC. BerlinD. Paris5.The __________ (科学技术) improves our lives.6.I like to explore the ________ (森林) near my house.7.The part of a plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil is the ______.8.I like to play with my ________ at home.9.I have a toy _______ that can spin (我有一个可以旋转的玩具_______).10.What do we call a piece of furniture we sit on?A. TableB. ChairC. BedD. Couch11.What is the primary color that results from mixing red and blue?A. GreenB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Brown答案:B12.What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. VegetablesB. FruitC. NutsD. Cheese答案:A13.I like to bake ______ during the holidays.14.What is the opposite of morning?A. NightB. NoonC. AfternoonD. Evening15.We can ________ (play) together.16.What do you call the area where you can play sports?A. FieldB. PlaygroundC. CourtD. Arena答案:A17.The book is ________ interesting.18.The city of Istanbul is located in ________ (伊斯坦布尔位于________).19.My ______ enjoys painting landscapes.20.Which of these is a common dairy product?A. BreadB. CheeseC. PastaD. Rice答案:B21. A _______ is a liquid mixture in which tiny particles are suspended.22.Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. FrogC. ElephantD. Tiger答案:A23.What do we call the part of the brain that controls balance?A. CerebellumB. CerebrumC. BrainstemD. Cortex答案:A24.They are ___ their toys. (sharing)25.I need a ______ (pencil) for my homework.26.The chemical reaction that occurs in our cells to release energy is called ______.27.What do we call the process of wearing down rocks by wind or water?A. WeatheringB. ErosionC. SedimentationD. Transportation答案:B28.Christopher Columbus discovered 美国 in the year ________.29.What do we call the process of water turning into vapor?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Filtration30.The ________ (peacock) has colorful feathers.31.What do we call the feeling of being worried?A. JoyB. AnxietyC. HappinessD. Anger答案:B Anxiety32.What do we call a person who repairs vehicles?A. MechanicB. EngineerC. TechnicianD. Electrician答案:A33.What is the name of the event where people come together for a cause?A. FundraiserB. RallyC. GatheringD. Conference答案:A34.The ______ (海豹) basks on the rocks by the sea.35.The garden is alive with colorful _______ and buzzing bees.36.My favorite childhood memory is ______ (和我的家人一起旅行).37. A rabbit can live in a ______ (洞) underground.38.What do you call a type of music that is fast and exciting?A. ClassicalB. JazzC. RockD. Blues答案:C39.What do we call the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. LithosphereC. HydrosphereD. Biosphere答案:A40.The ocean supports diverse ______ of life.41.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the periodic table?A. Dmitri MendeleevB. Antoine LavoisierC. Robert BoyleD. Marie Curie答案:A42.The main purpose of carbohydrates is to supply _____.43.The puppy is ______ (cute) and playful.44.What is the name of the famous mountain in China?A. Mount EverestB. Mount HuangC. Mount FujiD. Mount Kilimanjaro45.I like to ________ my bike to school.46.What do we call the science of matter and its interactions?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Geology答案:B47.My favorite toy is a _______ (我最喜欢的玩具是_______).48.Tropical plants thrive in warm ______. (热带植物在温暖的环境中茁壮成长。
选择性必修第二册 Unit 4 科学技术
词汇教材词汇1.input2.capacity3.analyse4.massivework6.coin7.breakthrough8.domestic9.pose10.apparently11.warning12.demand13.recognition14.database15.alternative16.hacker17.fail-safe18.drone19.predict20.deny21.quantity22.illegal23.monitor24.licence25.stadium26.highlight27.capsule28.contemporary29.seed30.wheat31.muscular32.conclude33.justified34.superiority35.virtual36.definition37.headset38.sensor39.academic40.immersive41.clone42.barrier43.fine-tune44.state-of-the-art45.globe46.satellite47.expense延伸词汇1.Metaverse n.元宇宙2.encompass v.包含3.unveil v.展示;介绍4.automatic adj.自动的5.patent n.专利6.probe n.探测器7.deploy v.部署;调动8.transmit v.传输;传送9.cyberspace n.网络空间词块1.be widely used in more and more areas被广泛应用于越来越多的领域2.take the place of humans to do many dangerous tasks代替人类做许多危险的任务3.benefit a lot from the scientific advancements从科学进步中获益良多4.work wonders创造奇迹5.run the risk of (doing) sth冒着……的风险6.raise a storm of objections引起了一阵反对的浪潮7.advanced science and technology先进的科学技术句型1.Moreover,the Internet has made it possible for friends and family to keep in touch easily even if they are on opposite sides of the world.此外,互联网使朋友及家人之间能够很容易保持联系,即使他们在世界的两端。
高二英语科技流派单选题50题(带答案)
高二英语科技流派单选题50题(带答案)1.With the development of technology,________has become an important part of our daily life.puterB.the computerC.a computerputers答案:D。
本题考查名词的用法。
“computer”是可数名词,根据句意,这里泛指电脑,用复数形式表示一类事物。
选项A 是单数形式,不能泛指所有电脑;选项 B 加了定冠词the,表示特定的某一台电脑;选项C“a computer”表示一台电脑,不符合题意。
2.The________of mobile phones has greatly changed people's communication methods.A.inventionB.inventC.inventorD.inventive答案:A。
本题考查名词辨析。
“invention”是名词“发明”;“invent”是动词“发明”;“inventor”是名词“发明家”;“inventive”是形容词“有发明才能的”。
根据句意,手机的发明改变了人们的交流方式,应选名词“发明”。
3.________is one of the most important inventions in moderntechnology.A.The InternetB.InternetC.An InternetD.Internets答案:A。
“Internet”是特定的事物,前面要加定冠词the。
选项B 缺少定冠词;选项C“an Internet”错误,Internet 是特定的事物,不能用不定冠词;选项D“Internets”错误,Internet 没有复数形式。
4.The new________can store a large amount of data.A.hard diskB.hard disksC.a hard diskD.the hard disk答案:A。
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案之欧阳治创编
《计算机英语(第4版)》练习参考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the informationgiven in the text:1.Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2.input; output3.VLSI4.workstations; mainframes5.vacuum; transistors6.instructions; software7.digit; eight; byte8.microminiaturization; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrasesfrom English into Chinese and viceversa:欧阳治创编 2021.03.101.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3.optical computer 光计算机4.neural network 神经网络5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行处理7.difference engine 差分机8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9.silicon substrate 硅衬底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.数据的存储与处理 the storage andhandling of data12.超大规模集成电路 very large-scaleintegrated circuit13.中央处理器 central processing unit14.个人计算机 personal computer15.模拟计算机 analogue computer16.数字计算机 digital computer17.通用计算机general-purposecomputer18.处理器芯片 processor chip19.操作指令 operating instructions20.输入设备 input device欧阳治创编 2021.03.10III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of thewords given in the following list,making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as adevice that accepts input, processes data,stores data, and produces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified asmainframes, minicomputers,workstations, or microcomputers. Allelse (for example, the age of themachine) being equal, this categorizationprovides some indication of thecomputer’s speed, size, cost, andabilities.Ever since the advent ofcomputers, there have been constantchanges. First-generation computers ofhistoric significance, such as UNIVAC(通用自动计算机), introduced in theearly 1950s, were based onvacuum tubes.Second-generation computers,appearing in the early 1960s, were those欧阳治创编 2021.03.10in whichtransistors replaced vacuumtubes. In third-generation computers,dating from the 1960s,integrated circuitsreplaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers suchasmicrocomputers, which first appearedin the mid-1970s, large-scale integrationenabled thousands of circuitsto beincorporated on onechip. Fifth-generation computers are expected tocombine very-large-scale integrationwith sophisticated approaches tocomputing, including artificialintelligence and true distributedprocessing.IV.Translate the following passage fromEnglish into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进,也将变得更加容易使用。
COMP2462022 Fall学习通超星课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
COMP2462022 Fall学习通超星课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.________ provides a specification for using components produced by variousvendors within a single application running under the Windows operatingsystem.参考答案:Microsoft COM2.__________ address problems associated with the development of subsystemsand components, the manner in which they communicate with one another, and their placement within a larger architecture.参考答案:Component patterns3.__________ describe broad-based design problems that are solved using astructural approach.参考答案:Architectural patterns4.___________— a set of attributes are defined for all components in a domainarea.参考答案:Attribute-value classification5. 1.Interface construction 2. Interface Analysis and Modeling 3.Interfacevalidation 4.Interface Design参考答案:24136. A framework is a kind of architectural pattern.参考答案:错7. A software engineer designs the user interface by applying an iterativeprocess that draws on predefined design principles.参考答案:对8.Cloud architecture has three service layers except ________参考答案:Hardware as servicemunication mechanisms allocated to each software component.参考答案:对ponent-level design for WebApps often incorporates elements of contentdesign and functional design.参考答案:对ponent-level design occurs after the first iteration of architectural designhas been completed.参考答案:对12.Context allows the reader to understand the environment in which theproblem resides and what solution might be appropriate within thatenvironment.参考答案:对13.Design patterns are a codified method for describing _____________.参考答案:Both a and b14.Design patterns are a codified method which allows the software engineeringcommunity to capture design knowledge in a way that enables it to be reused.参考答案:对15.During Component Level Design, which step should do first?参考答案:Identify all design classes that correspond to the problem domain.16.During the Design stage of WebApp, quality does not include_______.参考答案:Expansivity17.For component design of Mobile Apps, there has three layers (interface,business, data) implemented on device while use Thin web-based client参考答案:错18.In MVC Architecture, the ____ contains all interface specific functions.参考答案:view19.In MVC Architecture, the _____ contains all application specific content andprocessing logic.参考答案:model20.In OO view: a component contains参考答案:a set of collaborating classes21.In the above work flow of Pattern-Based Design, A stands for参考答案:Requirements model22.In the above work flow of Pattern-Based Design, B stands for参考答案:Begin pattern-based design tasks23.In the below Design Evaluation Cycle, A stands for ______.参考答案:Design modifications are made24.In the below Design Evaluation Cycle, B stands for ______.参考答案:User evaluate’s interface25.In the below work flow of Pattern-Based Design, C stands for ______.参考答案:Design model26.In the following Web Design Pyramid, A stands for参考答案:Interface design27.In the following Web Design Pyramid, B stands for参考答案:Architecture design28.Interfaces provide important information about communication andcollaboration.参考答案:对29.n (4) the environment in which these tasks will be conducted.参考答案:123430.n 6.Engineering.参考答案:24163531.n 7.Resolution of the display will not affect the designing layout.参考答案:15732.Navigation Design begins with a consideration of the user hierarchy andrelated use-cases.参考答案:对33.Navigation semantic unit is a set of information and related navigationstructures that collaborate in the fulfillment of a subset of related user requirements.参考答案:对34.Quality Dimensions for End-Users do include__________.参考答案:All of the above35.The design of data structures is_____.参考答案:defined by the data model developed for the system36.The full name of CBSE is called Component Based Software Engineering.参考答案:对37.The JavaBeans component system is a portable, platform independent CBSEinfrastructure developed using the Java programming language.参考答案:对ed for the next iterative modifi cation of the prototype.参考答案:错er interface design creates an effective communication medium betweendeveloper and computers.参考答案:错40.WebApp Design Goals do not include______.参考答案:Incompatibility41.What is the sequence of call in MVC?参考答案:Controller -> Model -> View42.Which of the following does not belong to the kinds of Patterns.参考答案:Process patterns43.Which of the following is not correct during Task Analysis and Modeling?参考答案:Workflow analysis defines what data are involved44.Which of the following is not correct for Interface Design Principles?参考答案:Efficiency—The design of the Web or Mobile App and its interface should optimize the software engineer’s coding efficiency.45.Which of the following is not correct on Aesthetic Design of Interface ?参考答案:Do be afraid of white space.46.Which of the following is not correct while doing User Interface DesignModels?参考答案:Implementation model — the interface coupled with supporting information that describe data syntax and semantics。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:56
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题According to a growing number of experts, it is already technically()to construct a pioneering space colony, powered by solar energy.问题1选项A.practicalB.flexibleC.feasibleD.beneficial【答案】C【解析】practical现实的, 实际的;flexible灵活的;feasible可行的;beneficial有好处的。
句意:据越来越多的专家表示, 建立首个使用太阳能的太空殖民地在技术方面是可行的。
选项C符合句意。
2.单选题he board deemed it urgent that these files()right away.问题1选项A.had to be printedB.should have been printedC.have been printedD.be printed【答案】D【解析】语法题。
当句中出现deem, suggest, insist, require等表主观愿望的词时, 从句需要使用虚拟语气, 即should+动词原形, should可省略。
根据句意:委员会认为迫切需要立即把这些文件打印出来。
由此可知文件还没打印, 所以不用完成时。
选项D正确。
3.单选题John stood staring at the ghost, ()with terror.问题1选项A.transferredB.transportedC.transfixedD.transmitted【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析题。
transferred转移;transported运输;transfixed使呆住、刺穿;transmitted 遗传、传输。
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A COMPUTER BASED SYSTEM FOR SPACE ALLOCATION OPTIMISATIONE.K. Burke, P. Cowling, J.D. Landa Silva, B. McCollum, D. VarleyAutomated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning Group Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, UK Abstract. In many institutions of higher education, office space is a precious commodity and its correct utilisation affects the functioning of the working environment. In academic institutions in particular, there are continuous changes in rooms and/or resources that have a direct impact on the space distribution. Therefore, improving the existing distribution of rooms is a continuous and extremely important process for estates management officers. Based on the use of advanced searching techniques we present a computer system to automate this multi-objective and highly constrained process, specifically in academic institutions. Our system is designed for 32 bit Windows environments, provides database support and graphic output through ODBC and OLE respectively, lets the user specify particular requirements and constraints for the problem, produces statistical information on space utilisation and unsatisfied constraints, shows room and resource distribution and permits manual changes in the allocation.Key words. space allocation, optimisation, heuristics, hill climbing.1 INTRODUCTIONSpace management can be carried out more efficiently when the building design process has been thoroughly planned. Approaches based on linear goal programming [2] and more recently, ant colony optimisation [3] have been proposed to design academic and commercial facilities. However, when the usable space is already constructed, the problem of space allocation and the automation of this process is very important in different areas. A dynamic programming model to determine the shelf-space needed for products in a supermarket was presented in [14]. In [11], the allocation of storage space to inventories was tackled using a transportation problem model, while a specific heuristic was designed in [10] to assign space and the necessary number of transfer cranes for import containers in sea ports. In academic facilities, some approaches using linear goal programming have been proposed as in [8], [9] and [13]. Space allocation refers to the problem of distributing the available areas of space to particular “objects” each with different size requirements, so as to ensure satisfaction of certain constraints and to try to satisfy as many desirable ( but no essential ) constraints as possible. In higher education institutions, these “objects” can be staff, students, lectures rooms, laboratories, special rooms, etc., while areas of space are the rooms that can be used to allocate these resources. In [4] it was demonstrated that in UK universities, space allocation is a very important and complicated problem, which is highly constrained, has multiple objectives and varies greatly from one institution to another. The optimisation of space allocation in universities is defined as the process of improving the existing space allocation, by means of reassigning resources and satisfying as many requirements and constraints as possible. An example of requirements is the necessary space for each resource, while constraints are specific restrictions that should or must be fulfilled within the particular scenario. The types of constraints considered include: proximity/adjacency requirements, sharing restrictions, grouping requirements, space requirements, limits for space wastage and space overuse, requirements concerning shared staff between different departments and resources that must be placed in specific locations. Attempting to improve the current distribution of rooms in academic institutions can be necessary for several reasons: the availability of rooms is modified, addition of new staff or students, special resources are reallocated, rooms are resized, removal of staff or students, changes in space requirements, addition/removal/change of constraints, or simply, as an attempt to increase efficiency. In this paper, we present a computer system which is flexible enough to be applied to the optimisation process in different situations. We also present results obtained when our system was tested using real data. The proposed system and the techniques implemented, can be transferred to a variety of industrial and commercial organisations with similar space optimisation problems.2 SYSTEM FEATURESThe Automated Space Allocation System presented in this paper, has been developed as a result of research carried out within the Automatic Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning group in the University of Nottingham [5]. A questionnaire was sent to ninety-six universities in the UK as part of this project, and from this survey we established a collection of minimal requirements of a system to automate the space allocation process [4]. This collection can be summarised as follows:• Hardware Compatibility: The system has been designed to run under PCs running 32 bit Windows environments such as Windows 95/98 or NT because this is the configuration that most British universities use.• Connectivity: The integrated ODBC support provides a straightforward manner in which to load the necessary database information to initiate the optimisation process. Using ODBC libraries we ensure that the system is able to read the user’s data in standard formats such as SQL, Oracle, Access, Excel, Text CSV and others.• Visualisation: The system has the ability to display all available information regarding the current optimisation problem. Fig. 1 shows the fitness statistics window that displays the number of allocated resources, the number of rooms used, space utilisation and penalties for unsatisfied constraints. Fig. 2 displays the resource summary window that presents a list of each resource together with its corresponding assigned room, constraint penalties and other details from the database.Fig. 1 Fitness statistics window Fig. 2 Resources summary window Fig. 3 shows the room summary that displays a list of all rooms in the problem and for each room, the resources that are allocated to it, the space utilisation and details from the loaded database.There is also an unallocated resources window that lists those resources that were not allocated to any individual room and a room changes window, where the user can see the list of those resources that were allocated or moved from one room to another since the data was first loaded into the system. With the added OLE support, the system can display layouts of the space that is being used for the current optimisation problem as well as graphical representation of the fitness statistics.• Ease of use: Space administrators can easily use our software thanks to the user-friendly interface, enabling them to configure the system as well as to interpret, modify and save the solutions produced.A file set containing the required database information for the optimisation problem must be loadedinto the system. This file set splits the database into three groups: resources, rooms and constraints.Resources is the list of all resources to be considered in the optimisation problem together with appropriate information such as name, level, owner, group, quantity, share, priority, space requirement and use. Rooms contains the available rooms to be used in the allocation problem together with the required data for each particular room such as label, size, resource, building, floor, adjacent rooms,owner, type and use. Constraints lists all standard and problem specific constraints to be used in the optimisation process. The specification and modification of constraints can be controlled using a specially designed window through which the user is able to define label, constraint, subject, target, type, weighting and priority for each constraint. Once the system is loaded with all the required data, there are two user levels to configure the system. The first level, system administrator, shown in Fig. 4, authorizes the choice of an appropriate algorithm and its parameters, while the second level, system user, decides between a quick and a more thorough but slower searching process. Once the system produces the solution, the space manager can evaluate it using the displayed information. It is also possible to modify this proposed solution through added editing capabilities that let the user move resources from one room to another, obtaining information from the system about the evaluation of this move.Fig. 3 Rooms summary window Fig. 4 Administrator window• Functionality: We are providing space managers with a very functional tool which enables them to evaluate, according to their specific environment, the existing space allocation. It is possible to find different solutions focused upon specific goals by specifying the importance of each constraint. The system can be configured to use the techniques implemented with different parameter values that also take into account these specific user goals. In this way, different solutions can be proposed for the same problem depending on the set of constraints, and the algorithm settings.3 AUTOMATING SPACE USAGE OPTIMISATION3.1 The Allocation structureThe arrangement used to represent an allocation or solution in our system, is based on three main data structures that are described as follows:ResourceGene is the structure that contains one resource’s data, its fitness value, the assigned room, a pointer to the next ResourceGene sharing the same room and a p ointer to the first ConstraintGene that is applied to this resource.RoomGene incorporates one room’s data and its fitness statistics. These fitness statistics are: the amount of space wasted, the amount of space overused, penalty due to wastage, penalty due to overuse, penalty due to resource conflicts (constraint violations), the total fitness value, a pointer to the first ConstraintGene that is applied to this room and a pointer to the first ResourceGene that is allocated in this room.ConstraintGene is the structure that represents each particular constraint in the current problem and is composed of the penalty value applied when this constraint is not satisfied and a pointer to the next ConstraintGene that is applied to the same resource or room.An example of an allocation representation is given in Fig. 5, where we can observe that there are 5 resources, 3 rooms and 3 constraints. Resource 1 is allocated to room III, resources 2, 4 and 5 areallocated to room I, resource 3 is not allocated and room II is empty. Constraint A applies to room I, while constraints B and C apply to resource 2.Fig. 5. The allocation structure3.2 EvaluationWe evaluate solution quality using the following penalty function:∑∑∑∑=+===+++=N i N i j j i M i i i N i i r r RCP s LP s WP r UP penalty 1111),()]()([)( (1)where UP is the penalty applied to the resource r i if it was not scheduled, WP is the penalty applied to the room s i if there is space wastage, LP is the penalty applied to the room s i if there is space overuse, RCP is the penalty if there is a conflict (constraint violation) between resources r i and r j , N is the total number of resources to be allocated in the problem and M is the total number of rooms to be used in the allocation process.3.3 The Implemented AlgorithmSeveral techniques have been implemented and tested in our system for the space allocation problem and new approaches are being investigated, additional information can be found on the web [6]. When attempting to optimise an existing allocation, our Hill-Climbing algorithm is the one that produces the best results. Hill-Climbing is well known as a local search strategy that attempts to optimise the current solution by means of progressive improvements to the current solution [1], [12]. The heuristic search that we incorporated into the Hill-Climbing technique is based on three possible operations: ALLOCATE (which finds a room to allocate an unscheduled resource, if this exists), MOVE (where one resource is moved from one room to another) and SWAP (which interchanges the allocated resources between two rooms). The parameters (see Fig. 4) for our Hill-Climbing algorithm are described as follows:• resource search, the resource to be allocated can be selected at random or we may choose the worst offender of all, i.e. the resource whose removal causes the least penalty increase.• room search, once the resource to be allocated has been selected, the room to be assigned can be selected at random, the best of a number X of rooms or the best in the list of available rooms.• s pace deviation, is the percentage of space that can be wasted or overused when assigning resources to a certain room. This parameter depends on the university requirements.• termination criteria, can be either a fixed number of iterations (modifications/attempts) or until there is no improvement in the solution after a certain number of attempts or modifications.With these parameters, the system administrator can configure the two options that will be available from the system user level: a quick attempt of optimisation to produce acceptable solution quality, or a longer process to produce a higher quality solution. Typical values for a quick attempt are: random resource search, random room search, space deviation according to the specific requirements, termination criteria with a fixed number of iterations set to 100 times the number of resources. For a more thorough search process the common parameters are: random resource search, best of X rooms search (X set to one fifth of the number of rooms), space deviation according to the specific requirements and termination criteria with no improvement after a certain number of iterations set to 10 times the number of resources.4 RESULTS AND EARLY CONCLUSIONSThis system has initially been tested with real data obtained from the University of Nottingham, this and other data collections can be found on the web [7]. In this case, the Computer Science Department occupies one building with 90 rooms. There are 117 resources classified as follows: 6 professors, 9 laboratories, 9 meeting rooms, 10 technicians, 5 storage rooms, 1 teaching assistant, 3 senior lecturers,7 secretaries, 47 researchers, 19 lecturers and 1 visiting lecturer. There are 51 specific constraints. In the existing solution, all resources are allocated and all rooms used. Results obtained by the system are shown in table 1 compared with the values for the existing allocation.Table 1 ResultsAutomated Optimisation Fitness Statistics Slow QuickExistingSolution Resources Allocated 117 117 117Rooms Used 90 90 90Space Utilisation 82.45% 81.33% 77.99%Resources Penalty 714.87 2689.86 1264.21Space Wastage Penalty 479 499.4 639.8Space Overuse Penalty 403.26 2867.01 17400.27Total Penalty 1597.13 6056.27 19304.28Time Taken (h:m:s) 0:29:53 0:05:22 --------Iterations 20000 15000 --------We can observe in Table 1 that our system improved the existing allocation in terms of space utilisation due to the fact that less space is being wasted or overused. Also, fewer specific constraints are violated yielding a lower penalty. The great reduction in the total penalty value is because of the substantial decrease in the space overused. Our conclusion is that our system offers estates managers a useful tool to automate the process of evaluation and if required, to improve the existing room distribution. The system has features that make it easily configurable by the administrator according to specific requirements; easy to use by managers; facilitate the visualisation of information related to the current process to evaluate the solutions proposed and reduce substantially the time necessary to solve space allocation problem. Future research work includes: hybridisation of our developed algorithms (Hill-Climbing, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Genetic Algorithm) to solve the problem of constructing a complete new allocation, problem decomposition to tackle large space allocation problems and investigation on new approaches such as variable neighbourhood search and multi-criteria analysis.REFERENCES1.Aarts Emily, Lenstra Jan Karel, “Local Search in Combinatorial Optimisation”, Wiley, 1997. 2.C. Benjamin, I. Ehie, Y. 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