Human_Communication___Theory

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大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。

英语语言学概论精选试题学生版

《英语语言学概论》精选试题11. Which of the following statements about language is NOT trueA. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of languageA. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3. What is the most important function of languageA. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and ParoleA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his languageA. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcriptionA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain languageA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11. Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB.find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllableA. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. Ftranscription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.English is a typical intonation language.3.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4.Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.1.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.2.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.3.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of studyA. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stopA.[w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speakB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed” serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pairA. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16. What are the dual structures of languageA. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguisticsA. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics6. 應用語言學2. closed class words4. distinctive featuresVI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable byrules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. Community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it performA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language—A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. Duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic历时 study of language. F19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___creativity_______.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___yo-he-ho_______ theory.25. Linguistics is the __systematic________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature （南开大学，2004）35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, . words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soundsA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are producedby moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.。

传播学经典理论英文版[中文注解]

传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]目录一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖_____________________________________________ 2二、5W Box 5w 理论 _____________________________________________________ 2三、The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论 __________________________________ 2四、The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋 ________________________________________ 3五、Gatekeeper 把关人理论_______________________________________________ 4六、Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说 _____________________________ 4七、Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说______________________________________ 5八、Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论____________________________________ 5九、Magic bullet theory 魔弹论 _____________________________________________ 5十、Information （Innovation）Diffusion Theory 信息（创新）扩散论____________ 6 十一、Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论______________________ 7 十二、Cultivation theory 教养理论 ____________________________________________ 8 十三、Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论 ______________________________________ 8 十四、Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论_______________________ 9一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息，同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子”，他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用，由他们将信息扩散给受众，形成信息传递的两级传播。

人类传播学theories of human communication

<人类传播学theories of human communication>读书笔记201432064 广电班薛菲这本书的定位为供初学者使用的传播类教科参考书。

从开篇部分的导读和结尾部分的结语中，可以窥见本书的基本脉络和成书目的。

本书的着眼点有两个元素构成，即语境和理论，在作者分类的八个——传播者，信息，谈话，关系，群体，组织，媒介，文化与社会（即传播学的八个主题：人内传播，人际传播，群体传播，组织传播，大众传播，跨文化传播）不同纵向维度的语境中，对应七种传统传播理论——符号学，现象学，控制论，社会心理学，社会文化，批判学，修辞学的横向维度上，囊括着人类传播的方方面面。

这种理论化的传播研究，起因在于“我们想要做成某件事，或是对某件事进行解释，或是以某种方式满足自己的要求”。

本书提供给我们的则是有了这种迫切的目的后，可以掌握到的一些实现途径，即回应所提出的问题，从而构建出自己的理论世界。

关于本书的一些界定：1将传播视为人类生活的中心。

传播与生活密切的相关程度，以及传播的重要性。

2聚焦的角度是传播理论。

理论是用来解释现象的，可以提供新的视角和行之有效的手段。

3定义本书中的传播概念。

与研究的目标相关，需具体到每种定义理论，因此没有给出一个放之全书的标准定义。

这样的做法是让读者自己判断这些意味着什么，进行自身的探索。

4研究聚集的是西方视角下的传播。

尽管东西方的差异使得传播各不相同，但也有相似之处。

5需要达成的共识是，理论建构体验。

每种理论有各自的主题，形式上也有差异。

6基本构架分为七个部分：修辞，符号，现实，控制，社会心理，社会文化，批判。

7本书的研究焦点是理论。

通过探索的过程得以呈现，即提出问题，进行观察，得出产出。

这三者并非平行线性关系，而是相互循环的渗透关系。

8研究方法是综合科学的，人文的，社会科学的探索方法。

因传播的特殊性。

9学术研究切入点，即，产生学术好奇，寻找合适的主题，然后进行学术研究。

2人类传播理论(新)

人类传播理论第三章系统论（重点）第一节系统的基本原理一、什么是系统1、系统四要素。

一是实体：即系统内部的部分、元素和变量。

二是属性，即系统和其实体所具有的特质和性能。

三是系统内部各个实体之间的内在联系。

四是系统存在于某一特定的环境中。

2、系统即是在某种特定的环境之中互相影响的一系列事物，它们形成了一个不同于系统内部任何一个部分的、更为宽泛的模式。

二、系统的特质（06年考题，说说系统的特征，15分简答）1、完整性和相互依赖性。

完整性：每一个系统就是一个独一无二的整体。

它所包含的是与其他系统截然不同的关系模式。

整体不仅是部分的总和，它必须是各个部分相互作用和交流的产物。

系统的任何一个部分，总是受制于它对其他部分之间的依赖关系。

相互依赖性：相互依赖性是系统中最为重要的特征之一。

系统中变量之间的相互依赖性可以用“相关性”及其有关系数来表示。

在“相关性”概念中，两个或者更多的变量共同发生变化。

有些变量之间的联系较强，而有些则较弱。

在一个较为复杂的体系中，许多变量相互关联，结成一张关系网，但这些变量产生的影响有强有弱。

例如在家庭生活中，愤怒、喊叫、沮丧和退缩往往联系在一起。

有时候，某一变量的变化会影响到另一个变量。

系统内部的因果关系是双向的，即变量A、B之间会相互影响；在某些情况下，变量之间的是联系是间接的；在一条影响链当中，往往会引起更为复杂的联系。

2、等级关系：系统之间是相互“嵌入”的，呈现出“你中有我，我中有你”的形式，所以某个系统必须是另一个更大规模系统的一部分。

超系统和亚系统：一个系统是由从简单到复杂的一系列层面所组成的。

由这些系统组成的更大规模的系统称之为“超系统”。

系统内部包含的小规模的系统称之为“亚系统”。

3、自我管理和控制：许多系统都规定了十分明确的目标，通过对自身行为的管理以期达到一定的目标。

系统内部的各个部分必须按照一定的规则来采取行动、进行回应和反馈。

4、与外部环境的交流：开放性的系统与其外部环境之间进行交流，它可以吸收和释放物质和能量，既有输入，也有产出。

关于芝加哥学派“人类关系的本质是传播”的研究

关于芝加哥学派“人类关系的本质是传播”的研究摘要：芝加哥学派提出符号互动理论，错误地把传播看成是人类关系最基础最本质的东西。

需要是人的社会交往的动力之源，交往动机的本质是生产，交往首先是生产活动的前提，同时建立在生产劳动基础上的交往，采取什么样的形式和如何交往，又是由生产决定的。

交往和生产的相互作用，成为推动社会发展的巨大力量，归根结底人类关系的本质，就归结于人的经济交往动机。

研究人类关系的本质有助于我们厘清“传播”的地位和作用，更好地发展对“传播”的研究。

关键词：芝加哥学派；人的关系的本质；交往；动机；库利；马克思一、芝加哥学派芝加哥学派是由1893年至1952年间芝加哥大学社会学系的一批卓越的教师与学生组成的。

在传播学领域里，他们宏大的传播学理论研究成果和研究方法，对传播学的构建和以后的理论研究都产生了深远的影响。

这主要表现在两个方面：理论上，芝加哥学派为传播学提供了大量的理论基础，比如杜威的实用主义方法论原则；库利的“镜中我”理论和“首属群体”概念；帕克的城市社会学和人类生态学理论；以及米德提出的“象征性互动理论”。

实践上，在传播学史上有里程碑意义的佩恩基金会研究，它实地考察美国当时社会发展进程中面临的众多现实问题，对美国当时社会发展中急需解决的主要社会问题进行了系统而有效的研究，例如20世纪20年代后期，关于电影对儿童影响的研究，对后期进行的传播效果的研究，提供了早期的模式，也为后来传播学研究的兴起奠定了基础。

该学派的主要代表人物有许多共同特点，他们被连接成一个理论相互影响、生涯相互交叉的人际网络。

虽然他们的理论贡献各有千秋，但有一个共同的理论：“人类关系的本质是传播”。

我们从这几个主要代表人物分别来论述。

杜威：“社会不仅通过传递、沟通继续生存；而且可以说社会在传递、沟通中生存，沟通是他们达到占用共同的东西的方法。

”从中，我们可以看到杜威强调的是沟通和社会的关系，没有沟通就没有社会，社会在沟通中延续。

第十一章社会交换理论

弗雷泽认为，土著人中妇女的交换行为至少在两种不同的情况下导致了权力和特权的分化：第一，“由于在澳洲土著中妇女具有较高的经济及商品价值，所以拥有众多姐妹或女儿的男子就富有，而那些没有姐妹、女儿的男子就贫穷，甚至可能得不到妻子”。第二， “老年男子可以利用这一交换体系，从年轻的女性中得到几个妻子；而那些年轻的男子由于没有女性用来交换，往往被迫独身或接受那些年长者遗弃的妻子”。
彼得·布劳 [Peter Michael Blau 1918.02.07－ 2002.03.12]，美国社会学家，社会交换论（social exchange Theory）的代表人物之一。生于维也纳，后移居美国。
主要著作：官僚制组织动力学：1955 社会生活中的交换与权力：1964 美国职业结构：1967，合著不平等和异质性－社会结构的原始理论：1977
第十一章社会交换理论
Social Exchange theory
霍曼斯(1910-1989)
布劳(1918-2002)
霍曼斯与布劳
霍曼斯（1910～1989 ）Homans，George Casper.美国社会学家，社会交换论的代表人物之一 .
著有《人类群体》、《情感和活动》、《社会行为：它的基本形式》、《社会科学的本质》等。
4．人经常在约束下行动，但他们仍然在交易中寻求获利时相互竞争。
5．人们经常在交易中寻求获利，但当他们进入交换联系中时，受到其所拥有的资源的限制。
除了这些对功利主义假设的改造之外，交换理论从在经济市场进行的物质交易的限制中去除了人的互动。这需要对前面所列的清单再增加两条：
6．在所有社会中，人们确实都在明确界定的市场中从事经济交易，但这只是在所有社会脉络中发生于个体间的、更为一般意义上的交换关系中的特例而已。

(NEW)刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解

目录
第1章导言 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后习题详解 1.3 考研真题与典型题详解
第2章语音 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后习题详解 2.3 考研真题与典型题详解
第3章形态学 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后习题详解 3.3 考研真题与典型题详解
第4章句法 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后习题详解
III. Scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范畴) 1. Microlinguistics(微观语言学) Phonetics语音学 Phonology音系学 Morphology形态学 Syntax句法学
Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学 2. Macrolinguistics (宏观语言学) Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学 Neurolinguistics神经语言学 Stylistics文体学 Discourse analysis语篇分析 Computational linguistics计算语言学 Cognitive linguistics认知语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学
3. Language is vocal—the primary medium for all languages is sound. 4. Language is used for human communication—it is human-specific, very different from systems of animal communication. 1. 语言是一个系统——其元素非任意排列，而是根据一定规则组合的。 2. 语言是任意的——词与其所指物之间没有内在的联系。 3. 语言是口头的——是所有语言的基本交流形式。 4. 语言是人类用来交流的工具——不同于动物的交流系统。

跨文化言语交际的哲学基础——言语行为理论

跨文化言语交际的哲学基础——言语行为理论本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！在国际经济一体化形势的驱动下，世界范围内的跨文化交际活动日愈频繁。

跨文化交际活动大致可以分成言语交际和非言语交际两种形式。

非言语交际主要是指通过除了语言之外的形式进行的信息交流。

与借助于图形、旗语、手势等手段进行的非言语交际相比，言语交际在整个跨文化交际环境中占据了主导地位。

言语交际主要依靠语言作为信息传递媒介，因此言语成为了整个活动中的核心。

言语行为理论认为许多话语并不传递信息，而是相当于“行为”。

因此，对跨文化言语交际的研究可以转换成对交际双方言语行为的研究。

这就要求我们关注言语活动参与者的意向，并结合相关语境等语用因素对言语交际进行理解。

这对于促进跨文化交流具有积极的意义，有助于正确理解言语行为的文化含义，从而促进跨文化交际的发展。

言语行为是语用学研究的重要课题，而言语行为论也是语用学研究中的重要领域，它为语言研究提供了重要的哲学理论基础。

在使用语言进行交际的时候，如何正确把握说话者言语行为的深层含义对确保交际活动的成功具有重要意义。

特别是在跨文化交际中，更需要我们准确地体会和分析言语行为。

在言语交际中，我们应当深入地了解言语行为，运用其理论指导我们的交际实践。

深入研究语言交际行为对促进国际经济文化交流和发展具有重要的现实意义。

因此，本文将尝试从语言哲学视角对跨文化交际领域中的言语行为进行分析，并剖析和探索西方语言哲学研究成果（特别是言语行为理论）对跨文化交际活动的指导作用。

一、言语行为理论综述全面正确地理解言语行为理论，了解理论框架的创建和发展过程，准确把握言语行为理论的哲学内涵是将其运用于指导跨文化言语交际的前提和基础。

首先，我们需要了解言语行为论的哲学基础和发展历程，其次是理解其系统的理论构架。

言语行为理论的形成是在哲学家对语言行为关注的过程中逐渐发展起来的，有着深刻的哲学渊源，哲学家和语言学家对间接言语行为的关注和认识也是在此过程中日趋成熟的。

传播学术语中英对照

人内传播：intra-personal communication 自我互动：self interaction象征符：symbol内省式思考：reflective thinking人际传播：personal communication集合行为:collective behavior乌合之众：crowd流言：rumor意见领袖：opinion leader两级传播:two step flow of communication 中介因素：mediating factors信息流：information flow影响流:influencing flow知沟:knowledge gap数字鸿沟:digital gap可信性：credibility专业权威性:expertness休眠效果（霍夫兰）：sleeper effect诉诸理性：rational persuasion诉诸情感：emotional persuasion显著性:salience自信心假说：self-confidence hypothesis议程设置功能：the agenda-setting function:McCombs&Show What is the agenda-setting function:Media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. That is,if a news item is covered frequently and prominently,the audience will regard the issue as more important.属性议程设置：attributes agenda-setting沉默的螺旋：the spiral of silence社会合意：social consensus意见气候：opinion climate中坚分子：the hard core培养分析：cultivation analysis故事讲解员：story-teller熔炉：melting-pot新闻框架：news frameNews frame的四种功能：Problem definition（提供问题定义）；causal interpretation（阐释事件原因）；moral evaluation（提供道德评价）；treatment recommendation（示意解决方案）上限效果（ceiling effect）假说；信息富有者（information-rich）信息贫困者（information-poor）媒介素养（media literacy）第三人效果（the third-person effect）拉斯韦尔：Lasswell卢因：Lewin霍夫兰:Hovland拉扎斯菲尔德：Lazarsfeld施拉姆：Schramm香农：Shannon威纳：Norbert Wiener经验学派：empirical school批判学派：critical school霸权：hegemony文化帝国主义：cultural imperialism文本解析：text analysis美国源流：杜威（Dewey）库利（Cooley）提出两个概念：一是初级群体（primary group）二是镜中我（looking-glass self）帕克（Park）米德（Mead）：主我（I）和客我（Me）对理解人内传播很有意义李普曼（Lippmann）拟态环境（pseudo-environment）刻板成见（stereotype）拉斯韦尔三功能说：环境监视功能（surveillance of the environment）社会联系与协调功能（correlation of the parts of society）社会遗产传承功能（transmission of social heritage）拉扎斯菲尔德三功能：社会地位赋予功能（status conferral）社会规范强制功能（enforcement of social norms）作为负面功能的“麻醉功能”（narcotizing dysfunction）电子乌托邦（teletopia）多媒体（multi-media）传播制度几种规范理论：集权主义authoritarianism受众权利：传播权（the right to communicate）知晓权（the right to know）媒介接近权（the right of access to mass media）acredited journalist n.特派记者advertisment n．广告advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair(e)n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n.消息出处，消息来源back alley news n.小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里。

语言学课堂考试题

-Chapter OneI.Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _______ communication.2. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumuberable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _____.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is ______.4. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called __________ theory.5. The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called _____________ theory.6. The theory that language arose from human beings instinctive need for contact with his companion has been called the _________ theory.7. Linguistics is the scientific study of _____________.8. Modern linguistic is _____________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.9. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.10. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ________ study.11. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.12. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s _________.II．Choose the best answer.13. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human ______.a. contactb. communicationc. relationd. community14. Language is ___________.a. instinctiveb. non-instinctivec. staticd. genetically transmitted15. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as _________.a. unnaturalb. something to be fearedc. naturald. abnormal16. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?a. treeb. crashc. typewriterd. bang17. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is _________.a. interrogativeb. directivec. informatived. performative18. _________ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners.a. Descriptive grammarb. Prescriptive grammarc. Pedagogical grammard. Universal grammar19. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy ) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?a. Interpersonalb. Emotivec. Performatived. Recreational.20. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?a. Transferability.b. Duality.c. Displacement.d. Arbitrariness21. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?---A nice day, isn’t it ?---Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.a. Emotiveb. Phaticc. Performatived. Interpersonal22. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages?a. Diachronic linguistics.b. Synchronic linguistics.c. Prescriptive linguistics.d. Comparative linguistics.23. _______ refers to the actual real ization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.a. Performanceb. Competencec. Langued. Parole24. _______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.a. Linguistic geographyb. Sociolinguisticsc. Applied linguisticsd. Comparative linguistics.III. Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false (F).----- 25. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers toThe fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. -----26. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.---- 27. Competence and performance re fer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.---- 28. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.---- 29. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makesa language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.---- 30. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.---- 31. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.---- 32. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.---- 33. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.---- nguage is system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.---- 35. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.---- 36. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Keys to Chapter oneI.Fill in the blanks.1. verbal2. productivity3. metalingual function4. yo-he-yo5. pooh-pooh6. contact7. language 8. descriptive 9. speech 10. diachronic linguistic 11. Langue 12. competenceII. Choose the best answer.13. B 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. CIII. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).25. T 26. F 27. T 28. F 29. T 30. T 31 T 32. F33. T 34 .F 35. F 36. TChapter TwoI. Fill in the blanks.1. ________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.2. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movement have an effect on the _______ coming from the lungs.3. Consonant sounds can be either _______ or ______, while all vowel sounds are ________.4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two prgans of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________.5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ________ and the lips.6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in themouth. A second element is the _______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _______.8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating _______.9. In English there are a number of _______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.10. ________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.11. ________ is the smallest linguistic unit.12. According to _______, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.II. Choose the best answer.13.Pitch variation is known as ________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.a. intonationb. tonec. pronunciationd. voice14. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.a. allophoneb. phonec. phonemed. morpheme15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ________ of the p phoneme.a. analoguesb. tagmemesc. morphemesd. allophones16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _______.a. glottisb. vocal cavityc. pharynxd. uvula17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ________ diphthongs.a. wideb. closingc. narrowd. centering18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _________.a. minimal pairsb. allomorphsc. phonesd. allophones19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?a. acoustic phonetics.b. Articulatory phonetics.c. Auditory phoneticsd. Neither of them20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?a. [z]b. [w]c. [Ø]d. [v]21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?a. [ｎ]b. [ｍ]c. [ｂ]d. [ｐ]22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?a. [ｉ：]b. [ｕ]c. [e]d. [ｉ]23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?a. Voicelessb. Voicedc. Glottal stop D. Consonant24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?a. [ｆ]b. [Ø]c. [z]d. [s]III. Decide whether the following statements are [T] or [F].____ 25. Of the three phonetics branched, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.____ 26. Sound [p] in the word “spit” is unaspirated stop.____ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.____ 28.The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire quality of a speech sound.____ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.---- 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.---- 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.----32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.---- 33. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.---- 34 According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.----- 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.---- 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.Keys to Chapter Two:Fill in the blanks1. Articulatory2. airstream3. voiced; voiceless; voiced4. friction5. tongue6. height7. obstruction8. minimal pairs9. diphthongs 10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes12. the maximal onset principleII. Choose the best answer13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. B20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are [ T] or [ F].25. [F] it should be articulatory phonetics.26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T] 30. [F] 31. [F] 32. [T]33. [T] 34. [T] 35.[ F] 36. [ F]Chapter ThreeFill in the blanks :1．Take is the ________ of taking, taken and took.2. Bound morphnmes are classified into two types _________ and _________ root.3. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ___________ is pronounced as a word.4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ____________.5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways : __________, _________ and ________.6. All words may be said to contain a root ____________.7. A samll set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to ________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to _________ class.8. ___________ is a reverse process of derivative, and therefore is a process of shortening.9. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeable as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _______ level.11. A word formed by derivation is called a ______________________., and a word formed by compounding is called a__________.12. The poor is an example of _______conversion.II. Choose the best answer.13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ___________.a. lexical wordsb. grammatical wordsc. function wordd. form words14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.a. in. flectionalb. freec. boundd. derivational15. There are ___________ morphemes in the word denationalization?a. threeb. fourc. fived. six16. In English -ise and –tion are called __________.a. prefixesb. suffixesc. infixesd. free morphemes17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _______.a. affixationb. etymologyc. inflectiond. root.18. The three subtypes of affixes are : prefix, suffix and _________.a. derivational affixb. inflectional affixc. infixd. back-formation19. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words bysubtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.a.Affixationb. Back-formationc. Insertiond. Addition20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________.a. acronymyb. clippingc. initialismd. blending21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) _______________.a. derivational morphemeb. free morphemec. inflectional morphemed. free form22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _________.a. blendingb. clippingc. backformationd. acronymy23. The stem of disagreements is ___________.a. agreementb. agreec. disagreed. disagreement24. All of them are meaningful except for _________.a. lexemeb. phonemec. morphemed. allomorphIII. Decide whether the statements are [ T] or [ F].------ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.------ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.------ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.------ 28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the word-class of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.------ 29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.------ 30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.------ 31. The word, whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.------ 32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. ------ 33. Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.------ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formation.------ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.----- 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.KeysI.Fill in the blanks:1. lexeme2. affix; bound3. initialism; acronym4. vocabulary5. solid; hyphenated; open6. morpheme7. close; open 8. Backformation 9. Conversion10. morphemic 11. derivative, compound 12. partialII. Choose the best answer:13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. C19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. BIII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. 25. [F] 26.[T ] 27. [F ] 28. [ T] 29. [T ] 30. [F ] 31.[T] 32.[F] 33.[F] 34. [F] 35.[ F] 36. [F]。

人类传播理论知识

人类传播理论知识人类传播理论是研究人类沟通和传播行为的学科领域，具体关注人类之间的信息交流和影响力传播。

传播学作为一门多学科交叉的学科，涵盖了社会学、心理学、语言学、政治学以及人类文化等领域，旨在提供关于人类传播行为的深入了解与理解。

人类传播理论的基本假设之一是人们通过沟通交流来达到个人和社会目标。

这意味着传播是人类社会中不可或缺的一部分，我们通过传播来交流信息、分享经验、传递价值观念和观点。

人类传播理论的核心思想是人们在传播过程中扮演着不同的角色，包括发送者、接收者和媒介等。

人类传播理论提出了各种理论模型和框架，以帮助我们更好地理解和分析传播过程。

其中最著名的理论之一是传播行为理论，它强调人们的意图、态度和行为之间的相互作用关系。

传播行为理论认为，人们的意图和态度决定了他们在沟通中的行为，而这些行为又会影响他们的态度和意图。

除了传播行为理论，人类传播理论还包括媒介效应理论、社会认知理论、符号交互论等。

媒介效应理论关注媒体对人们的观念、态度和行为产生的影响，社会认知理论则强调了人们如何通过观察和模仿他人的行为来学习和形成态度。

符号交互论则将传播视为符号交互的过程，通过符号的使用和解释来传达和理解信息。

人类传播理论的研究不仅对学术界具有重要意义，也对实际应用具有指导意义。

在现代社会中，人类传播理论的研究成果被广泛应用于广告、公关、市场营销、政治宣传等领域。

理解人类传播行为和掌握相应的传播技巧，有助于我们更有效地传达信息、影响他人，并建立良好的人际关系。

总之，人类传播理论是对人类沟通行为进行系统研究的学科领域。

通过研究传播理论，我们能够更好地理解人类传播行为的本质和机制，为社会发展和个人成长提供有益的指导和启示。

人类传播理论是一门研究人类沟通与传播行为的学科领域，它对人们如何获取、传递和理解信息进行深入研究与探索。

这门学科涉及多个学科领域，如社会学、心理学、语言学、政治学和人类文化等，以全面地认识和解释传播行为的本质和机制。

IC Theory 跨文化交际理论 2

Part One
Significance
of theory in social research
There is nothing as practical as a good theory. （没有比好的理论更实用的东西了）
The
meaning of “Theory”
Theory as systematic, rational and generalized

From Intercultural Communication: A Reader to Theorizing about Intercultural Communication
L. A. Samovar and R. E. Porter (1974;1976), W. B. Gudykunst (2005) M. Asante et al (1979) Handbook of Intercultural Communication; G.

Part Two
IC
Theories: E. Hall’s High-context/Low context culture
Emphasis on non-verbal form of communication The basic problem analyzed: how non-verbal
explanation of things.
The
structure of theory The evaluation of theory
The Definition of Theory
理论是对跨文化交际现象、模式或规律系统、理性的描述与解释。

Theories are human constructions—symbolic ways to represent phenomena, which offers an account of what something is, how it works, what it produces or causes to happen, and what can change how it operates. (Julia T. Wood) Theory, in its broadest sense, is any organized set of concepts and explanations about a phenomenon. A theory focuses on certain things and ignores others, and it creates a world of its own. ( Stephen W. Littlejohn)

人类传播理论笔记[1]

人类传播理论：第9版/(美)李特约翰(LittleJohn，S.W.)等著;史安斌译-一北京：清华大学出版社，2009. 10书名原文：Theories of Human Communication第一部分基础第1章传播理论和学术研究学术研究的种类科学的研究对科学研究来说，标准化和可复制性十分重要。

迭是由于科学家们假设世界具有一个可以观察到的形式，他们的任务便是发现世界原本的形式。

换言之，世界有待他们去发现；科学的目标就是尽可能精确地观察和阐释世界。

人文的研究科学研究是与客观性紧密联结的，而人文研究与主观性密不可分。

科学旨在对观察的过程进行标准化，而人文研究旨在寻找个性。

如果说科学研究的且的是尽可能介绍人们在所观察的事物主的差异性,那么人文研究出目出则是尽可能去理解个性化的、主观性的反应。

社会科学研究社会科学将人类作为研究对象，旨在观察和阐释人类行为的模式。

第2章理论的意义理论的维度哲学假设哲学假设主要分为三类：(l)有关认识论的假设，即与知识有关的问题; (2)有关本体论的假设，即与存在有关的问题; (3)有关价值论的假设,即与价值观有关的问题。

概念理论最基本的维度是其概念或门类。

我们按照忻观察到出特征，来把事物归为不同的概念和门类。

忻谓“概念”即术语及其定义实际上回答了以下两个问题：(㈠理论家观察的是什么？(2)他们认为什么是重要的?解释理论中的下一个维度是“解释”。

它是指对可变因素之间内在联系的规律和模式进行识别。

原则拥诊的最后一个维度是“原则”。

它可以指导我们如何闻释某个事件，如何对现状做出判断，以及在这一情境下如何采取行动。

“原则”包括以下三个部分：(㈠它识别出某个事件或某种情境；(2)它包括了一整套规则或价值观；(3)它阐明了一系列行动及其后果之间的联系。

普遍性理论所谓“普遍性理论”是指那些具有普遍性和总体性的法则。

送一理论取向旨在精确地描述社会生活及其运作过程，但是并不对此做出判断或提建议。

麦克卢汉的传播思想

麦克卢汉的传播思想内容提要麦克卢汉McLuhan的传播思想是从技术变化与文明发展的关系出发的，直接师承了哈洛德.英尼斯INNIS。

只不过，麦克卢汉关心媒介超过关心文明,从媒介的技术文化特点出发来阐释传播媒介的心理学和生态学特征，并提出了似是而非的冷热媒介区分。

对社会的文化发展持媒介技术决定论，麦克卢汉忽略了传播关系的支配作用。

而信息传播的效果实际上离不开社会主体和社会环境的互动关系。

On McLuhan’s Communication TheoryInherited in Harold INNIS, McLuhan’s communication theory takes its depatreure from the relationship between technological change and the development of civilization. However, McLuhan’s concern is more of the medium itself than of civilization as he expoun ds, in a media-techno-cultural perspective, the psychological and ecological nature of communication media, and sets forth the differentiation of “hot”and “cool” media which sounds logical but misleading. A media-technological determinist on social-cultural development, McLuhan ignores the dominant effect of communication relations.In fact, any effect of communication cannot but occur within the context of interaction between a society and the related social environment.在欧美传播学的理论发展史上，从方法论的意义上说，麦克卢汉的传播理论与控制论、经验－功能主义学派、结构主义和符号学方法论相比，算不上大流派，但他的理论却是最普及的，被人解释最多的，并成为西方六十年代的时髦思潮和一个有未来主义色彩的“传播意识形态”的版本，一本用技术药方包办社会问题的福音书。

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跨文化交际理论

跨文化交际理论第四章跨文化交际理论在过去的二十多年间，学者对跨文化交际理论的研究有了质的飞跃。

1983年，对于跨文化交际理论的初步探讨首次出现在《国际与跨文化交际年鉴》中。

随后，跨文化交际的理论探索渐入佳境，学者们互相借鉴、综合研究，使跨文化理论的发展突飞猛进，至今已有十几种之多，涵盖了跨文化交际研究的各个方面。

本章主要就一些研究比较成型、实践性较强的跨文化交际理论作以详细论述。

4.1 意义协调理论（Coordinated Management of Meaning, CMM）人们常常把谈话当成生活中最理所当然的事。

其实人们在交谈时经常按照大家预期的方式说话，这是约定俗成的方式。

为了了解交谈的本质，人们常常使用意义协调理论（Coordinated Management of Meaning, CMM）。

该理论是由美国传播学大师W·巴内特·皮尔斯和弗农·克罗农（W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon Cronen）提出的。

他们认为交际过程受到规则制约和指导，因此，规则在该理论中具有重要的地位。

意义协调理论一般指个体如何确立规则，创造和解释意义以及这些规则如何在交谈的意义协调中使用。

皮尔斯和克罗农把生活比作是“没有导演的戏剧”，谈话则是这场戏剧中的主要产品。

由于没有导演也没有剧本，所以情节错综复杂，演员们根据自己的经验获得意义，同时又不停地与他人协调着他们的剧本。

实际上，那些能够读懂他人剧本的人在交谈中能够保持前后一致；而那些读不懂剧本的人则需要协调他们的意义。

可见，对谈话剧本达成共识非常困难。

皮尔斯和克罗农这个鲜活的比喻阐明了意义协调理论的本质。

该理论是在哲学、心理学、教育学的研究成果之上提出的。

4.1.1 意义协调理论的前提假设意义协调理论关注的是个人以及个人与他人的关系，并且它揭示了个体如何把意义赋予某个信息。

该理论有以下几个前提假设：1．个人生活在交际之中。

跨文化传播学理论笔记(1)

跨文化传播学理论笔记1、爱德华·霍尔的非语言传播理论1955年在《科学美国》（Scientific A merican）发表了第一篇跨文化的非语言传播论文，即《举止人类学》（The Anthropology of Manners）,通过日常沟通行文来分析文化。

扩展此文章思路，形成通俗读物《沉默的语言》（The Silent Language）。

他将文化看作是“人们的生活方式，以及他们所习得的行为模式、态度和物质的总和”，并认为他从深层持续稳定地控制着人们的行为方式，也掩藏着人们行为方式的很多层面。

分析方法：通过定义文化的基本单位或“元素”（isolate），然后把这些元素联系到生物基础上，这样就能在不同文化间进行对比，从而建立统一的文化理论。

核心意义：学习理解眼意识层面的交流过程，即理解我们的潜意识文化（unconscious culture）,因为“理解和洞见他人心理过程的工作比我们多少人愿意承认的困难得多而且情况也严重得多。

”霍尔所揭示的作为文化隐藏之物的无声的语言——声调、手势、表情、时间与空间等，无不蕴藏这跨文化交流过程中的文化心理，尤其是非语言传播的文化无意识特点。

其他著作：《潜藏的层面》（The Hidden Dimension，1966）、《超越文化》（Beyond Culture 1976）、《理解文化差异》（Understanding Cultural Difference: Germans, French and Americans, 1990）等。

归纳出两种奠基性的跨文化传播学思想与方法：1、将人类学对单一文化的研究扩展为比较文化研究，关注不同文化的人之间如何互动。

最具启发的思想是：文化是人类之间的联系纽带，也是他们与他者互动的方式。

（这成为后来文化差异与互动研究的理论来源，如丁允珠的“面子协商”理论）2、将文化研究从宏观视野转为微观视野转向了微观分析，其中最重要的是界定了文化的“基本讯息系统”（Primary Message Systems），即互动、联合、生存、两性、领土、时间、学习、消遣、防卫、利用，构成了对文化的立体化理解。

文化人类学传播理论

西方文化人类学基本理论介绍传播理论人类学中的传播理论形成于19世纪末，活跃于20世纪初，并形成传播学派，又称“传播论学派”或“传播论派”等，主要由德国、奥地利和英国的学者创立，主要代表人物有德国学者F·格雷布纳、奥地利学者施密特(W．Schmidt)和英国学者史密斯(G．Elliot Smith)等。

传播理论是在德国传播主义的先驱、著名人文地理学家拉策尔(Fnedfich Ratzel,1844—1904)提出的文化移动论的基础上形成的。

他在1882一1891年出版的《人类地理学》一书中，反对巴斯蒂安的“心理一致”说和“独立发明”说，提出文化移动论，从文化空间的角度，即从地理环境和民族移动的角度说明文化传播的过程。

他主张地理环境是人类文化的决定因素，它造成了各民族文化间的差异。

他首次阐述了文化传播现象，并认为文化传播是民族迁徙造成的。

传播学派的代表人物发展了拉策尔的文化移动论，提出较为完整的文化传播理论。

虽然传播学派的代表人物传播理论并不完全相同，但基本理论却是相同的，即他们均与进化学派唱反调，强调文化传播在文化发展史上的重要意义，以文化传播原理解释世界各地区、各民族文化的相似性。

其理论要点如下：其一，人类创造力有限，独立发明的能力很差。

一种文化被发明或创造出来之后，便向四周传播，从被创造的地方(原点)慢慢扩散出去，跨越空间，一圈又一圈地向外传播，最后传遍世界各地。

其二，文化现象与历史现象一样不会重复，任何一种文化现象只有一次被创造，在不同的地区两次或多次创造相同的文化现象是不可能的。

其三，新文化的产生，是几种文化综合体传播的结果。

因此，人类文化发展史就是几种文化综合体在地球上移动、传播的历史。

传播学派又分两支，一支是德奥传播论派；另一支是英国传播论派。

德奥传播论派主张人类文化起源多元，并以“文化圈”概念来说明文化的传播，因此，也可称之为“文化圈”传播论或“文化圈”理论。

“文化圈”理论由德国学者F·格雷布纳系统地阐述，后又经奥地利学者施密特(W．Schmidt)等人进一步发展。