WORLD WILDLIFE FUND-MXICOPROGRAMA GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA
拥抱“生态友好型高尔夫球场”
拥抱“生态友好型高尔夫球场乃EMBRACING THE“ECO-FRIENDLY GOLF COURSES'1从保护环境资源、保护生态角度入手，着眼于子孙后代的长远利益，让高尔夫回归自然、回归高尔夫运动的本质，走生态友好型的发展道路才是我们的未来。
®I卢军高尔夫球场诞生于六百多年前的苏格兰海滩，其自然属性与生俱来。
只不过在后来的发展过程当中，由于工业化的推动和房地产的促进，相当一大部分新球场走向了园林化、人工化，追求奢华和精致。
以美国为首的发达国家在第二次世界大战之后，将精致的园林球场推向极致，美国大师赛的主办场地——奥古斯塔球场就是这种类型球场的典型代表。
虽然这种类型的球场得到很多人的追捧，但现实中的生态恶化、水资源短缺、土地资源越来越紧张等环境条件，迫使人们必须认真思考高尔夫球场的发展方向。
在高尔夫球场的可持续发展方面，以英国为首的欧洲国家一直属于领先的地位。
他们有着悠久的历史、优良的传统和深厚文化沉淀。
总部设在苏格兰的高尔夫环境组织基金会（GEO）是一个国际性的非营利组织，致力于推广、支持并表彰高尔夫可持续发展。
在过去的二十年里，GEO在全世界范围内与众多高尔夫产业联盟、政府部门及非政府组织协作，使高尔夫对于社会和环境的积极影响被重视，并取得良好的社会效应。
自2008年起，中国高尔夫领路人戴耀宗博士将GEO组织引进中国.同GEO的总裁乔纳森•史密斯先生一起推动中国高尔夫的可持续发展。
我也有幸从一开始参与这项工作至今。
GEO让我们从另一个角度认识我们的发展过程。
虽然，我们高尔夫球场建设在近三十多年里取得了很大的成绩，但由于发展速度快、信息不对称、行业基础薄弱等因素，我们不但没有汲取美国人的经验教训，反而模仿他们上世纪七十到八十年代的发展模式，以房地产带动高尔夫，将球场建设推向高投入、高养护、高运营的模式。
精致奢华的球场，配以豪华大气的巨型会馆，成为行业内相互攀比的元素。
同时，为了商业炒作，球星设计、大牌冠名的做法在业内盛行，也推动着会员证价格和打球费用不断攀升。
人教版高中英语必修二Unit 4 Wildlife protection ——Speaking and Writing 教案
Unit 4 Wildlife ProtectionSpeaking and Writing1.Teaching aims:A.To express their opinions freely in the speaking task.B Improve students’ a skills of writingC. Arose students’ awareness of wildlife protection2.Teaching difficult and important points:A. To express their opinions freely in the speaking task.B. How to write a letter.3. Teaching ProcedureStep 1. Lead-inA. Play a video about endangered animals and ask students to express their feelings about the video.Purpose:to help ss recall the topic in this unit and stimulate ss’ interestB. Can you name some endangered animals?Step 2. Situation of the endangered animals(ask ss to talk about their situation with dialogue)Dialogue:a. Which endangered animal are you concerned about?b.... ...(panda)a. Why are they endangered?b....(lack of bamboo growing areas)a Did we help them?b..a What is their number before and now?b. Before....but now ...Conclusion: Their situation is lack of food, habitat, too much hunting...Purpose: to help provide writing materials about the present situation od wildlife protectionStep 3. Reasons of the endangerment(first ask ss to brainstorm and then give them some pictures to offer clue)Food shortage diseasesLack of habitats environment pollutionPurpose: to provide writing materials about the reasons of endangermentStep 4. Speaking (solution to this pro blem)Discuss t he ways to this problem in six for 5 minutes and choose one to report your group ideas using the following expressions.to protect..fromE.gI mean to collect money for endangered animals to protect them from being starving.I’d rather not buy clothes made by wildlife so that not many wild animals will not be hunted.I am ready to tell people around to protect wild animals and arouse their awareness of wildlife protection.Purpose: first to practice ss’ spoken EnglishThen to provide solutions for writingStep 5. WritingNow write a letter to WWF on what you have discussed, asking them to help you save your endangered animals.A.(first give a brief introduction about WWF and ask students to work out the structure of writing)What is WWF?World Wildlife Fund 世界野生生物基金会world’s largest privately financed conservation organizationprotect endangered species and their habitatsworks in more than 100 countries with nearly 5 million members B. structure of the writingpart 1. state(陈述) the present situa tion/problem of the endangered an imalpart 2. offer your suggestions on saving endangered animals. part 3. express your wish and ask WWF for help.C. A sampleDear WWF,From the newspapers and internet I know that some rare animals are endangered or dying out because of lack of food, habitats or too much hunting. Here are my suggestions to save them.First I hope government can make up laws to punish those who do harm to wildlife to protect them from dying out. second, I'd rather not to buy clothes made by wildlife so that they will not be killed widely.Please help the endangered animals and I am sure they will survive with your help.YoursSincerelyXXXPurpose:to train ss’ writing and passage organizing ability.Step 6. HomeworkFinish the writingReflection因为学生对讨论的话题比较感兴趣，所以整堂课气氛都很热烈。
世界十大著名滨水高尔夫球场
Tips:拉欣奇的高尔夫历史可以追溯到1892年。三个利默尼里克高尔夫爱好者在当时驻扎在利
默尼里克的苏格兰“黑表”步兵团官员的帮助下修建起了一个 18洞的球场。 1894年，老汤 姆·莫里斯奉命改造球场，他巧妙地应用了天然的地形，特别是巨型的沙丘进行了重新设计。
Chapter 1. Global tour
[世界著名滨水高尔夫球场]
Tips:泰国蓝峡谷 乡村俱乐部座落 在风景怡人的普 吉天堂岛. 世界知 名的显要人物， 如美国首脑比 尔·克林顿，乔 治·布什和众多具
The Famous Links Golf Courses in the World 亚洲篇 Serapong Course
Chapter 1. Global tour
[世界著名滨水高尔夫球场]
Tips:失落之城球场全长6983米，18洞，标准杆为72杆，其崭新 的设计手法，使得整个球场充满了戏剧性和趣味性；球场共多
The Famous Links Golf Courses in the World 非洲篇 Gary Player Golf Course [加里·普莱尔乡村俱乐部]
Chapter 1. Global tour
[世界著名滨水高尔夫球场]
[新西兰贝壳杉悬崖高尔夫球场]
Tips:贝壳杉悬崖高尔夫球场是一个紧邻著蔚蓝大海被悬崖 峭壁包围的球场，它是由世界知名来自于美国佛罗里达州的
The Famous Links Golf Courses in the World 非洲篇 Lost City Golf Club [失落之城高尔夫俱乐部]
道和天空融为一体，隆起的沙丘以及沙坑也似乎是几百年大风的杰作。
超级享乐_何处藏身
当名流显贵想要逃离公众猎奇的目光，当他们被门外等着翻垃圾的“狗仔队”骚扰得即将崩溃时，他们就会寻找一处鲜为人知的所在，“消失”一段时间。
他们每个人手上都拥有一份隐居场所的清单，在那些豪华的隐居地里，他们一掷千金，纵情挥霍，而且，无人干涉。
这里我们将介绍几处世界上最奢华的隐居场所，哦，不要试图在《福布斯》全球收费最高的酒店套房里寻找它们，那和我们的初衷相去甚远……梭罗城堡美国约塞米蒂国家公园是一片面积为51.8万公顷的荒郊野地，与罗得岛洲大小相当。
每年都会有几十万人从世界各地赶到这里风餐露宿。
对许多观光者而言，这里最佳的猎奇方式莫过于在高大的红杉树下野营。
但这片天堂并非总是充满诗情画意——这里的设施常常拥挤不堪，厕所简陋肮脏，昆虫与人共舞，还有一条硕大的驳船，十分碍眼地来回穿梭。
如果哪天芭芭拉，史翠珊突然告诉媒体，其实她一直是个野营睡袋爱好者，而且她对约塞米蒂公园非常熟悉，那么作为她的fans，你千万不要立刻背上你的睡袋去公园等着与她邂逅，因为，最多，她也就是住在你的“隔壁”，你永远不可能与她不期而遇。
在约塞米蒂公园大门外，藏着一个富豪们的隐居场所——梭罗城堡。
梭罗城堡是一所乡村别墅，是专为喜欢在荒郊野外寻求安逸的富豪们准备的。
1990年，城堡由厄纳·古宾克兰宁创建。
其实她当初并不想把城堡对外开放，现在也只是对那些她认为合适的人群敞开大门。
为了使来这儿的主顾能够享受欧洲名流般的生活，厄纳花费大量资金将这所法国村舍精心修葺一新。
她还走遍欧洲寻觅贵重的古董，极力为城堡营造出旧式法国庄园的情调。
这里的许多工艺品是出自十七、十八世纪的工匠之手，它们用纯银镶嵌而成，相当精致并富有古典韵味，在这些古董的渲染下，这只有十余年历史的别墅，却好似经历了100年的沧桑。
城堡的总面积是9000平方英尺。
在这座只有十间套房的城堡中，客人们可以享受到锦衣玉食的豪华生活。
这里是大干世界的缩影。
精巧的梭罗城堡具有法国乡间别墅的风格。
WWF全球老虎生存计划
WWF全球老虎生存计划全球老虎保护区总面积超过150万平方公里中国WWF全球老虎生存计划100%再造纸WWF全球老虎生存计划Tigers Alive InitiativeThe Strategic Plan© 1986 Panda symbo l WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)® “W WF” is a WWF Registered T rademark.2014宣传册Translated by Chang Youde and Li Ying, andreviewed by Fan Zhiyong and Shi Quanhua翻译：长有德、李瑛; 审阅：范志勇、石全华全球野生虎种群仅存3200只© John S. Mitchell / WWF-Canon愿景“Tigers thrive in viable wild populations in priority landscapes, and in restored, interconnected habitats, secure from the threats to their survival and coexisting with local communities.”确保全球老虎在优先景观区域和相互连通的栖息地健康稳定生存，并与当地社区和居民和谐共存。
TX2:总目标：The population of wild Tigers, across their range, increased to at least 6000 by 2022.到2022年，在全球老虎分布区域，野生虎种群数量最少增长至6000只。
The WWF Tigers Alive Initiative has an ambitious goal to double tigers in the wild by 2022: “TX2”. This goal does not allow for a business-as-usual approach. TX2 forces us to transform everything we have been doing in tiger conservation and bring it to a new level of intensity, coordination, innovation, influence and professionalism. This goal forces us to move away from our past defensive strategy, focusing on saving the tiger from extinction, to an active strategy aimed to not only halt the decline but also recover the tigers to a position of relative safety. It will require the governments of the tiger range countries to take action at an unprecedented level for any species other than our own.In November 2010 in St. Petersburg, 13 tiger range governments together with partners in conservation, committed to the goal of doubling tigers to over 6000 individuals by 2022. WWF’s goal is now a shared goal of the tiger conservation community, a shared goal of the world.通过共同的不懈努力，老虎保护取得了重大成就。
必修二英语Unit 4 Wildlife protection备课提纲
必修二Unit 4 Wildlife protection主备人：马鹏程副备人：李奇濛本单元以环境保护为中心话题，内容涉及“野生动物保护”、“污染的防止”、“生活的环保”和“环保知识宣传”等。
语言知识和语言活动的设计是围绕“环境保护”这一中心话题展开的。
WARMING UP部分通过三图幅片导入本单元, 引出有关动物保护的话题并使学生了解濒危动物，树立保护动物、保护环境的意识。
LISTENING部分是有关“空气污染”、“水污染”和“环境污染”等的话题。
学生在听的过程中，要捕获信息，以提高听力的水平。
另外，教材还设计了讨论题作为“听后”活动，在形式上，把“听”与“说”相结合，力求训练学生的综合语言运用能力。
SPEAKING安排一组采访活动。
教材中提供了部分启发性的采访问题，帮助学生展开口语活动，同时还要求学生自己设计问题，发展自主能力。
活动具有趣味性，有助于学生亲近、关爱动物。
PRE-READING部分以提问的形式导入课文，是阅读课文前的热身。
READING分三部分叙述主题内容。
POST-READING部分由两部分组成。
第一部分通过回答问题的形式，进一步加深对课文的理解。
第二部分围绕课文展开一些环保教育活动，要求学生列表说明每天要做的对环保有益的事，以培养学生的环保的责任感，调动他们参与环保行动的自觉性。
LANGUAGE STUDY部分分为词汇和语法两项。
词汇学习涉及构词法和词组填空练习。
帮助学生扩大词汇量，同时也指导学生掌握通过语境记忆词汇的方法。
本单元的语法项目是复习直接引语和间接引语。
教学目标1.Target language 目标语言a Key words and expressions：protection decrease relief reserve respond laughter mercy contain employ incident contain fiercedie out, in relief, burst into laughter, pay attention to, come into being ,according tob Key sentences重点句子：1)I wonder what is being done to help you.2)You should pay attention to the rainforest where I live and appreciate how the animals live together.2. Ability goals 能力目标a. Talk about wildlife protectionb. Enable the Ss to get the main idea of the text.c. Understand the text and answer the questions.d. Enable the Ss to understand the details about the passage, choosing the correct answer according the text.3. Learning ability goals 学能目标a. Encourage Ss to think and express their attitude towards the wildlife and the wildlife protection.b. Let the Ss know how to get the main idea of the text.c. Get the Ss to learn how to find the relative key words from the passage to choose the correct answers.d. Talk about the measures to protect the wildlife.a. Enable the students to know some basic information about the endangered animals and wildlife protection.b. Encourage Ss to think and express their attitude towards the wildlife and the wildlife protection.教学方法a. Skimming and scanningb. Asking-and-answering activity to check the Ss’ understanding of the text.c. Individual, pair or group work to finish each task.d. Discussion.课前准备A recorder, a computer, a projector教学过程Step 1 Lead-inLead in by watch a video about wildlife and lead in the topic.Step 2 Warming-upTask: let the students explore the following question:1. Which of the above animals are in danger?2. What other endangered animals do you know of?3. Why are they dying out?Show some pictures to the students. Students watch the pictures and say what the pictures tell us.References: food shortage, pollution, destruction of habitat, over-hunting.Show the students three more pictures and ask: what do people kill or hunt these animals for?From these pictures, students can conclude that people kill animals for food, for fur, for medicine and for works of art.3. Ask the students to give their answers to the question: What is the problem of wild animals commonly facing?4. What has been done to solve the problem? How effective are the measures?Background InformationWhat is WWF?World Wildlife Fund 世界野生生物基金会world’s largest privately financed conservation organizationprotect endangered species and their habitatsworks in more than 100 countries with nearly 5 million membersDiscussion:1. Let the students discuss the following question: How can we help these animals?Students discuss the question in groups and then give their opinions.2. After discussion, tell students what is wildlife protection about.Step 3 ReadingFast reading1.What do they mainly talk about?The passage is mainly about _____.A. some protection of wildlifeB. a journey of a flying carpetC. daisy’s wonderful experience with some animals2. Decide the sentences are True or False.Daisy saw many antelopes in Tibet.Daisy’s sweater was made of sheep wool.The antelopes were an endangered species.The elephant used to be well protected in Zimbabwe.In Zimbabwe, tourists love to see the elephants.The farmers in Zimbabwe get nothing from the elephants now.This is a real story in Daisy’s life.Careful ReadingLet the students read the text carefully to find out more details about Daisy’s journey. Before reading each paragraph,show them tasks.Fill in the blanks.1. What can we do to help endangered wildlife?Protect their habitats and create new ones,e.g. plant a tree and build a birdhouseStop buying clothes made of their fursTo collect money to help themTell people around you the importance of wildlife protection and call for people to protect wildlife…2. Choose one animal and talk about its lifestyle and problems. Why is it endangered? What might people do to save it?3. Write a letter to WWF based on what you have discussed, asking them to help you save your endangered animal. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment.It is the world’s largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries. It is a charity.Post readingAccording to the text, make a dialogue between Daisy and Antelope / Elephant / Monkey.Step 4 Language pointsImportant Sentences1. It shows the importance of wildlife protection, but I’d like to help as the WWF suggests. 这体现了野生动植物保护的重要性，不过，我还是想按照世界自然基金会(WWF)的建议来帮助你们。
高一英语下册unit-4-warm-up
Reasons for over-hunted and killed disappeБайду номын сангаасrance
Milu deer in Britain
How they returned
lived happily and number increased
in 1985 the government of China asked for some to be returned to China
solve this problem, China has set up a
protection zone in Sichuan Province for the pandas．It is called Wolong Nature Reserve．Thanks to the effort, things have changed for the better．The number of
The problem the pandas face in China is
that they do not have enough food because of the loss of bamboo growing areas．To
solve this problem, China has set up a
Unit 4 Wildlife protection
Warming up
WWF World Wildlife Fund, 世界野生动物基金
The WWF has three aims:
1．To protect endangered species． 2．To conserve endangered species． 3．To try to find solutions to threats to the environment of the world for the benefit of people and nature． Their motto
世界有机农场机会组织
世界有机农场机会组织世界有机农场机会组织(World-Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms,缩写为WWOOF）是1972年在英国率先成立的一个组织，当时的用意是为让都市人体验农村生活而推出一种“以工换食宿”的工作假期。
在澳大利亚、新西兰、丹麦、哥斯达黎加等数十个国家运作多年，串连全球的有机农场主人与游客。
1WWOOF的准则依据WWOOF的准则，游客可以到参与WWOOF计划的农场打工，每天只需工作4-6小时，就可赚取农场提供的免费食宿。
WWOOF的主要入口站，为连结到世界各地WWOOF会员组织国的窗口。
然而，每个国家的组织都是“独立的”，因此当你加入目的地国会员后。
才会收到当地WWOOF有机农场的名单，以及直接在网站上搜寻的权限，否则农场的详细联络数据是不会直接在网站上公开的。
因此申请前，你必须先了解自己的“目的地”为何？对于旅游环境的想象为何？以及你想学到什么类型的有机农业？目前纽澳是选择性最多的国家，因此只要对于选择你向往的环境，有各式各样的宿主（Host）随你挑。
然而，正因为如此热门，申请者仍需要被挑选，也会因每个地区的农忙时期不同，所需的人力不同，不一定都接受申请。
由于在WWOOF的农场中工作并没有薪水，一般来说都会比农场中支薪的工作轻松些，而不少WWOOFer，也会在工作后就近游玩。
WWOOFer 的工作内容大多为播种、除草、采收、堆肥、造泥砖、砍柴、挤牛奶……等。
不过在农场所要从事的工作，因该农场的性质而有所出入。
有些农场属于商业营利（commercial）性质，有些只是一种生活偏好（lifestyle）；有些已取得有机验证，有些则只是认同有机原则，过着有机生活而已。
很多工作还是些日常家事以户外为主。
因此选择避开当地过度寒冷、炎热以及下雨季节，才能真正享受WWOOFing的乐趣。
2出游条件出国WWOOFing，大体上没有太多的资格限制，以澳大利亚为例，要在澳大利亚当个WWOOFer，必须年满17岁，并且到澳大利亚的WWOOF网站购买澳大利亚WWOOF手册与一年期的会员资格，加上意外险，每人收费55元澳币，两人购买则是65元澳币，再加上邮寄费5元澳币。
国际动物保护组织
国际动物保护组织简介世界自然基金会(World Wildlife Fund, WWF)世界自然基金会是世界最大的、经验最丰富的独立性非政府环境保护机构，前身是世界野生生物基金会（WWF，World Wildlife Fund）。
成立于1961年，总部设于瑞士。
目前世界自然基金会通过由27个国家级会员、21个项目办公室及5个附属会员组织组成的一个全球性网络在北美洲、欧洲、亚太地区及非洲开展工作。
WWF自1980年以来已同国际及地方各级政府和其他国际性机构建立了稳固的合作关系。
世界自然基金会最终目标是制止并最终扭转地球自然环境的加速恶化，并帮助创立一个人与自然和谐共处的美好未来。
为达到目标，WWF意欲通过保护基因、物种及生态系统的多样性，确保现在和将来可持续地利用可再生的自然资源，减少污染，制止对自然资源和能源的过度开发和消耗，来达到保护自然及生态进程的目的。
主要致力于：1.保护世界生物多样性；2.确保可再生自然资源的可持续利用；3.推动减少污染和浪费性消费的行动。
开展的活动众多，有野生动物保护工作如我国的大熊猫保护项目等。
瑞士总部地址：Hohlstrasse 110, Postfach, 8010 Zürich电话：01 297 21 21网站：国际爱护动物基金会(IFAW)国际爱护动物基金会(IFAW)成立于20世纪60年代，总部设在美国的马萨诸塞州。
主要致力于在全球范围内通过减少野生动物的商业贸易和野生动物交易, 保护动物栖息地及救助陷于危机和濒危中的动物来提高野生与伴侣动物的福利。
其全球的各个项目以及捐助活动主要集中于以下三个领域：1．减少商业利用和野生动物交易，2．救助陷于危机和苦难中的动物，3．动物栖息地保护。
其开展的主要活动有：1．紧急救援活动：救助19,000只遭受油污的企鹅、拯救陷于灾难中的动物、营救搁浅的鲸和海豚、支持救助孤幼动物的避难所；2．鲸和捕鲸活动：制止捕鲸、更多了解IWC（国际捕鲸委员会）、建立新的鲸保护区、参观我们的旗帜之舰？鲸之歌科考船、拯救全球濒危的鲸；3．大象和象牙运动：制止象牙从业者、从盗猎者手中保护大象、重建整个公园以保护所有物种、必要时营救和重新安置大象；4．野生动物贸易：拯救大猩猩及其它濒危物种、终止丛林动物肉类贸易、拯救藏羚羊、天赋野性制止将野生动物作为伴侣动物的贸易；5．拯救琴海豹活动：制止残酷的猎杀、获得免费参观海豹之旅、终止资助和支持猎杀、改革加拿大渔业政策；6．在各国和地区的努力：推广国际爱护动物行动周、获得禁止用猎犬打猎的胜利、拯救灰熊、拯救“大嘴巴”、姥鲨、以及拯救全球各地更多的动物。
人教 新课标必修二英语Unit 4 Wildlife protection【教学设计】
Unit 4 Wildlife protection本单元以环境保护为中心话题，内容涉及“野生动物保护”、“污染的防止”、“生活的环保”和“环保知识宣传”等。
语言知识和语言活动的设计是围绕“环境保护”这一中心话题展开的。
WARMING UP部分通过三图幅片导入本单元, 引出有关动物保护的话题并使学生了解濒危动物，树立保护动物、保护环境的意识。
LISTENING部分是有关“空气污染”、“水污染”和“环境污染”等的话题。
学生在听的过程中，要捕获信息，以提高听力的水平。
另外，教材还设计了讨论题作为“听后”活动，在形式上，把“听”与“说”相结合，力求训练学生的综合语言运用能力。
SPEAKING安排一组采访活动。
教材中提供了部分启发性的采访问题，帮助学生展开口语活动，同时还要求学生自己设计问题，发展自主能力。
活动具有趣味性，有助于学生亲近、关爱动物。
PRE-READING 部分以提问的形式导入课文，是阅读课文前的热身。
READING分三部分叙述主题内容。
1、人与动物的关系。
2、动物灭绝的原因。
3、补救措施。
文章语言简洁，条理清晰。
不仅有助于提高学生的阅读能力，而且在写作上也有所帮助。
POST-READING部分由两部分组成。
第一部分通过回答问题的形式，进一步加深对课文的理解。
第二部分围绕课文展开一些环保教育活动，要求学生列表说明每天要做的对环保有益的事，以培养学生的环保的责任感，调动他们参与环保行动的自觉性。
LANGUAGE STUDY部分分为词汇和语法两项。
词汇学习涉及构词法和词组填空练习。
帮助学生扩大词汇量，同时也指导学生掌握通过语境记忆词汇的方法。
本单元的语法项目是复习直接引语和间接引语。
INTEGRA TING SKILLS包括读写和写两部分。
第一部分体现了读是写的基础，写是读的发挥。
第二部分写作的任务是学会制作一张宣传环保的海报。
上述设计的目的是使学生能够边学边做，做到学用结合。
TIPS部分对怎样制作一幅成功的海报提出了一些建议，在语言方面具体指导学生完成制作海报的任务。
万类霜天竞自由
万类霜天竞自由作者：马德民来源：《户外探险》2010年第06期2010年4月30日，由北京动物园和野性中国工作室联合引进的“英国野生生物摄影年赛”2009年度获奖作品全球巡展——中国站在北京动物园科普馆拉开序幕，这也是年赛继去年之后再次落户中国。
“英国野生生物摄影年赛”是由英国BBC《野生动物》杂志与英国自然历史博物馆联合举办的全球规模最大的，最有影响的野生生物摄影比赛。
比赛的宗旨是鼓励全球的专业和业余摄影师记录自然的奇观和多样性，并以此来强调自然的美及其重要性。
自1964年创办以来，该比赛已经成为世界野生生物摄影领域项顶尖的赛事，吸引了一大批专业和业余的摄影师参加，每年10月在英国伦敦举办规模盛大的颁奖典礼，BBC《野生动物》杂志前任主编RosamundKidman Cox曾经说过：“在赞颂自然世界时，图片具有不可替代的影响力和作用。
”不仅如此，在揭示大自然所遭受的破坏和屈辱、野生动物在人类的步步紧逼之下不断消亡时，图片更是具有震撼人心的力量。
举办方非常高兴为公众提供类似的展览机会，并在今后继续推广此类活动，以唤起更多的社会关注。
2009年度英国野生生物摄影年赛吸引了来自94个国家的优秀摄影师，43135件作品参赛，最终有近百幅作品胜出。
自1987年起，年赛的获奖作品开始在英国国内巡回展出，并逐渐扩展到包括德国，瑞士、荷兰、意大利、日本、澳大利亚、印度、美国等国在内的35个国家巡回展出。
所到之处，无不得到当地媒体和公众的热烈反响，成为当地摄影界和环保界的一项重要活动。
中国野生生物摄影起步较晚，与世界水平相比还有一定的差距。
能够近距离欣赏到世界顶级水准的野生生物摄影作品，是国内摄影师和摄影爱好者的期盼。
“英国野生生物摄影年赛”与中国的渊源始于2001年，奚志农以作品“滇金丝猴”获得了当年“GeraldDurrell濒危物种大奖”，将这个全世界最高水平自然摄影大赛的作品引进国内展出，一直是奚志农多年的愿望，在北京动物园与野性中国的共同努力下，这一愿望在去年首次得以实现。
2022-2023学年河北省石家庄第二十三中学高二年级第二学期期中考试英语试题
2022-2023学年河北省石家庄第二十三中学高二年级第二学期期中考试英语试题1. SCHOOL SPONSORSHIPSponsor Teen Ink’s future magazines for any specific school or region that is important to you and bring your message to a large audience of students, parents and teachers. We will print your name on the cover of each issue every month.Call (617)964-6800 for details and cost.How school sponsorship works:You select the schools—as many as you want—to receive future Teen Ink magazines.Your company’s name will appear on the cover of every monthly issue for the schools you sponsor.Your total cost for a full year is only $195 per school for 30 copies a month—that’s 300 copies per school year.Advantages for your organization:Your message reaches a large audience of students, parents and teachers, which tells them you care about teens, their voices and their education.We contact the schools explaining your sponsorship and your support of teens in the community.We ship the magazines directly to the schools. There is no extra work or expense for you.You will be working with an organization that has 14-year experience with teens, schools and educators.Advantages for the students you sponsor:Teens are connected with their peers nationwide at a place that is specifically theirs. Students have the opportunity to submit their work for publishing in our magazine, book series and website.Students gain important reading, writing and communication skills necessary for success in school and the workplace.1. What will motivate a company to sponsor Teen Ink?A．High profit. B．Zero cost.C．Public reputation. D．Specific magazines.2. What benefit can the sponsored students get?A．More attention from the public.B．Greater access to big companies.C．A good price for the magazines.D．A chance to publish their works.3. Who is the text intended for?A．Experienced teachers. B．Potential sponsors.C．Brilliant students. D．Devoted parents.2. Chase Poust is a 7-year-old boy. He and his dad Steven, as well as his 4-year-old sister, Abigail were out for a family boating trip on Florida’s St. Johns River near Mandarin Point. Chase and Abigail were swimming at the back end of the anchored (停泊的) boat while Steven was on deck fishing.It was a pleasant outing—until a strong wave came. It was too strong for Abigail to hold onto the boat. Instantly realizing his sister would be swept away, Chase let go of the boat as well to try and reach her.Steven jumped into the water but after realizing he couldn’t keep up with both kids, he was faced with a hard decision, “I told them loved them because I wasn’t sure what’s going to happen,” S teven told News-4 JAX. “I tried to stick with both of them. I wore myself out. She drifted away from me.”Directing Chase lo swim to shore for help, Steven stayed behind, keeping as close as he could to Abigail as the life-vest that was keeping her above the waves floated further and further from his reach.It was a tough go for the 7-year-old but rather than attempting to swim all out, Chase wisely paced himself. Stopping to float or dog paddle when he was tired, he’d rest and then set off again. It took Chase an hour to reach the shore. Once on solid ground, he ran to the nearest house and called for help.Rescuers arrived soon to search for Steven and Abigail. Miraculously, the two were found and rescued about an hour later—more than a mild away from the family’s abandoned boat.1. What happened during the family boating trip?A．Chase went out fishing one. B．The boat ran into an anchored boat.C．Steven fell off the boat by accident. D．Abigail was washed away by a wave.2. Why was Steven faced with a hard decision?A．He couldn’t stay close to both kids.B．He didn’t know how to swim.C．He couldn’t find rescuers nearby.D．He wasn’t sure what might happen.3. What did Steven ask Chase to do after the accident?A．To hold Abigail tightly. B．To look for helpers.C．To wait calmly in the water. D．To give the life-vest to Abigail.4. Which of the following best describes Chase?A．Brave and clever. B．Innocent and kind.C．Proud and patient. D．Honest and helpful.3. Catherine Gallo, 20, couldn’t believe it when a fellow student at Hofstra University told her she had gotten a stylish jacket for free from a new on-campus shop in Hempstead.Gallo and her friend got their clothes from Hofstra’s Career Closet shop, where the professional clothing makes donated new and gently used professional clothing available free for its students, who can “shop” by appointment for clothing for job interviews and career fairs. Operated by the Center for Career Design and Development, the Career Closet is in the Campus Living and Wellness Center. So far, it has provided more than 1,500 students with items for their own closets.Career Closets aim to address the need for students on limited budgets to have professional clothing, and they’re springing up at colleges nationwide incl uding University of Washington and Boston College. Fashions such as suits, ties, shoes, handbags and more are raised from Hofstra employees and the Center for Career Design and Development’s corporate partners, including accounting and consulting firms such as Baker Tilly and Crowe“It’s a great way to build up my closet,” says Margaret Sykes, 19, a new college student from University of Massachusetts majoring in filmmaking. “I’m glad Hofstra is providing this service because clothing is expensive now and a lot of people don’t have money to get business clothing.” She adds, “I have mostly jeans and T-shirts, so I got a few business suits. I need something that looks professional when I go out on a shoot to interview an important figure such as the president of Hofstra University.”Career center director Michelle Kyriakides says the shop’s concept is something she had in mind for many years as a “personal goal”, even before she heard of it becoming a trend at other schools. “So much of an employer’s decision a bout career readiness depends on how the applicants present themselves, so we want to help our students feel confident,” Kyriakides says.1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “stylish” in the first paragraph?A．Elegant. B．Typical. C．Precious. D．Creative.2. What’s the purpose of Career Closets?A．To raise money for poor students.B．To provide students with part-time jobs.C．To meet students’ needs for fashionable clothes.D．To help students with limited money get business suits.3. What’s Margaret Sykes’ attitude toward Career Closets?A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Concerned. D．Passive.4. What is the best title for the text?A．A Shopping Center in Hempstead B．Campus Life Hofstra UniversityC．Career Closets, New On-campus Stores D．A Center for Career Design andDevelopment4. A new report from the World Wildlife Fund(WWF) and the Zoological Society of London, which analyzed years of data on thousands of wildlife populations across the world, found a declining trend in the Earth’s biodiversity and we’ve got limited time to try to fix it.According to the data, animal populations across the world declined by an average of 69% between 1970 and 2018. Experts say the rapid loss of biodiversity is a serious and worrying sign of what’s to come for the natural world. “The message is clear and the lights are flashing red,” said WWF International Director General Marco Lambertini.According to the report’s authors, the main cause of biodiversity loss is land-use changes driven by human activities such as the development of basic facilities, energy production and deforestation (滥伐森林). But the report suggests that climate change, which has had a wide impact on plant and animal species globally, could become the leading cause of biodiversity loss if rising temperatures aren’t limited to 1.5℃.Lambertini said biodiversity loss and climate change are already responsible for a series of problems for humans, including death and homelessness from extreme weather, a lack of food and water and an increase in the spread of specific diseases.But the terrible news comes with signs of hope: Though there is no panacea (万能之计), experts say there are feasible solutions to the loss of biodiversity. Solutions range from protecting forests to establishing a cross-border trade system in Africa, the report said.WWF chief scientist Rebecca Shaw said that humans have the opportunity to change how they do things to benefit nature. “We don’t have to continue the patterns of development the way we have now. Food production, unsustainable diets and food waste are really driving that habitat destruction. And we have an opportunity to change the way we produce, we eat and we consume food,” Shaw said. “Little things that we can do every day can change the direction of these population declines.”1. What does the new report mentioned in the first paragraph focus on?A．Climate change. B．Forest protection.C．Wildlife habitat. D．Earth’s biodiversity.2. What is the main cause of biodiversity loss currently?A．Human impacts on land. B．Climate change on Earth.C．A lack of food and water. D．The spread of specific diseases.3. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A．There is no need for humans to worry about biodiversity loss.B．There is something humans can do to stop biodiversity loss.C．It’s impossible for humans to stop the decline of biodiversity.D．It’s unnecessary for humans to continue benefiting nature.4. In which section of a newspaper can we probably find this text?A．Education. B．Economy. C．Environment. D．Science.5. With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train? Compared to other alternatives, it’s comfortable and relaxing. Here is some advice on how to make a trip by rail as pleasant as possible.Plan ahead. Most long-distance trains, especially the sleeping car accommodations, sell out very quickly. 1 But no matter when you travel, it’s a good idea to make your reservations at least 90 days in advance.Use a travel agent. Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details, make suggestions, and then handle the actual reservations. A good one can sometimes find you discounted tickets 2 Then you won’t have to walk t hrough several cars on a moving train three times a day for your meals.Bring a blanket.When you’re riding on trains, you won’t be provided with a blanket for free, even if your trip is an overnight one. 3 In the summer in particular, the air conditioning can make them quite cold.Arrive early. Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week, so missing yours can be a disaster. 4 Note: The times listed on the schedules are departure times, not arrival times.Have fun. 5 Read a book, knit, do a crossword puzzle, or simply watch the world unfold outside the window. To calculate your speed as you do, divide 3,600(the number of seconds in an hour)by the number of seconds it takes you to travel one mile. If it takes the train 53 seconds to travel one mile, you’re going 67.92 mph.6. It began in November 2016, when Hinton, then 17, got a text message from an ________ number inviting him to Thanksgiving. When he asked who it was, the person ________ : “Your grandma.”“Grandma? Can I have your ________ ?” the teenager replied. He rece ived a photo of a woman he had never seen before. It was Dench, now 64.Hinton wrote back, “You’re not my grandma,” ________ a laughing face. Still playing along, he jokingly asked: “Can I still get a ________ though?”Dench replied: “Of course you can. That’s what grandmas do... feed everyone.”Hinton soon ________ her mistaken invitation had turned genuine, and he decided to have a Thanksgiving meal with her family, including her actual grandson, whom she ________ intended to text.Hinton ________ the con versation on social media; it quickly went viral. And it’s become an annual ________ that’s beloved by the families.Last week Hinton ________ that the two would be celebrating the day together again. “We are all set for year 7!” he wrote on Twitter.“I would have ________ a wonderful relationship,” Dench said, when asked what would have happened if she hadn’t invited Hinton over years ago. “I’ve changed my ________ so much on the younger generation.”Although Dench was ________ about the misdirected text in 2016 at first, both she and Hinton________ it. “Family is more than ________ ” Dench said. “It’s the people you want to be with.”1.A．unusual B．unknown C．unlucky D．official2.A．promised B．expected C．offered D．responded3.A．picture B．name C．address D．number4.A．drawing B．demanding C．misusing D．adding5.A．plate B．message C．smile D．hand6.A．accepted B．reminded C．realized D．suggested7.A．evidently B．plainly C．seemingly D．initially8.A．experienced B．shared C．compared D．formed9.A．surprise B．tradition C．exception D．answer10.A．explained B．recognized C．confirmed D．learned11.A．missed out on B．kept track of C．given way to D．caught up with 12.A．view B．life C．spirit D．wish13.A．crazy B．embarrassed C．disappointed D．curious14.A．supported B．appreciated C．moved D．convinced15.A．company B．care C．interest D．blood7. 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
库埃纳瓦卡线性公园Gaeta
库埃纳⽡卡线性公园Gaeta本⽂由Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos授权mooool发表，欢迎转发，禁⽌以mooool编辑版本转载。
Thanks Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos for authorizing the publication of the project on mooool, Text description provided by Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos.Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos：墨西哥市政府于2016年8⽉发起了有关库埃纳⽡卡线性公园设计的国际竞赛，该项竞赛分为两个阶段，有400家国际设计公司参与进来，最后Gaeta-Springall建筑事务所在这场竞赛中拔得头筹。
线性公园的设计就其区位、规模和社会影响⽽⾔，可以说是近⼏⼗年来最重要的公共空间开发项⽬。
Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos: In August 2016 Mexico City government launched an international competition for the construction of the Linear Park Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca. The competition in two phases summoned 400 firms from several countries. We won the competition. This has been the most important project of public space of the last decades for its location, size and social impact.© Arturo Arrieta该项⽬位于连接墨西哥市和阿卡普尔科市的⼀段建于1898年的铁路上，⽬前该铁路已经停⽌运营，除了其中⼀段7公⾥的路段，这正好是线性公园项⽬的所在地。
绿道，还你翡翠生活
绿道，还你翡翠生活陈文文【摘要】“明治大学的另一边就是千鸟渊绿道，挤得满满的都是来赏樱的人。
日本的天气好，人多也不热腻，说悠哉也很悠哉，反正人这么多也走不快，索性仔仔细细地看看樱花。
被四面八方的樱花包围是种奢侈的幸福。
”在台湾旅行者吴小姐的笔下，日本东京的千鸟渊绿道是最美的赏樱胜地。
在太平洋另一端，美国作家威廉·萨洛扬笔下的旧金山被公认为美国最浪漫的城市之一。
“如果你还活着，旧金山不会使你厌倦。
”骑行在海湾绿道，望着日落中的金门大桥和随着山峦起伏的维多利亚式建筑群，生活的滋味感受得很真切。
【期刊名称】《浙江林业》【年(卷),期】2011(000)001【总页数】2页(P36-37)【关键词】绿道;生活;翡翠;日本东京;明治大学;维多利亚;金门大桥;旧金山【作者】陈文文【作者单位】不详【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TS976.3“明治大学的另一边就是千鸟渊绿道，挤得满满的都是来赏樱的人。
日本的天气好，人多也不热腻，说悠哉也很悠哉，反正人这么多也走不快，索性仔仔细细地看看樱花。
被四面八方的樱花包围是种奢侈的幸福。
”在台湾旅行者吴小姐的笔下，日本东京的千鸟渊绿道是最美的赏樱胜地。
在太平洋另一端，美国作家威廉·萨洛扬笔下的旧金山被公认为美国最浪漫的城市之一。
“如果你还活着,旧金山不会使你厌倦。
”骑行在海湾绿道，望着日落中的金门大桥和随着山峦起伏的维多利亚式建筑群，生活的滋味感受得很真切。
绿道，这个在欧美国家兴起不到百年却备受推崇的理念，已被越来越多的城市管理者所接受。
“对城市来说，绿道具有革命性意义。
”北京大学景观设计学研究院副院长李迪华说。
波士顿公园绿道系统有个很美的名字——翡翠项链。
这是世界城市史上第一条真正意义上的绿道。
由“绿道运动之父”奥姆斯特德亲自设计的这条绿道，受到美国众多景观设计师的追捧。
波士顿公园绿道系统将富兰克林公园、阿诺德公园、牙买加公园和波士顿公园以及其他的绿地系统联系起来，长度达到25公里，连接了波士顿、布鲁克林和坎布里奇，并与查尔斯河相连。
国际动物保护组织
国际动物保护组织简介世界自然基金会(World Wildlife Fund, WWF)世界自然基金会是世界最大的、经验最丰富的独立性非政府环境保护机构，前身是世界野生生物基金会（WWF，World Wildlife Fund）。
成立于1961年，总部设于瑞士。
目前世界自然基金会通过由27个国家级会员、21个项目办公室及5个附属会员组织组成的一个全球性网络在北美洲、欧洲、亚太地区及非洲开展工作。
WWF自1980年以来已同国际及地方各级政府和其他国际性机构建立了稳固的合作关系。
世界自然基金会最终目标是制止并最终扭转地球自然环境的加速恶化，并帮助创立一个人与自然和谐共处的美好未来。
为达到目标，WWF意欲通过保护基因、物种及生态系统的多样性，确保现在和将来可持续地利用可再生的自然资源，减少污染，制止对自然资源和能源的过度开发和消耗，来达到保护自然及生态进程的目的。
主要致力于：1.保护世界生物多样性；2.确保可再生自然资源的可持续利用；3.推动减少污染和浪费性消费的行动。
开展的活动众多，有野生动物保护工作如我国的大熊猫保护项目等。
瑞士总部地址：Hohlstrasse 110, Postfach, 8010 Zürich电话：01 297 21 21网站：国际爱护动物基金会(IFAW)国际爱护动物基金会(IFAW)成立于20世纪60年代，总部设在美国的马萨诸塞州。
主要致力于在全球范围内通过减少野生动物的商业贸易和野生动物交易, 保护动物栖息地及救助陷于危机和濒危中的动物来提高野生与伴侣动物的福利。
其全球的各个项目以及捐助活动主要集中于以下三个领域：1．减少商业利用和野生动物交易，2．救助陷于危机和苦难中的动物，3．动物栖息地保护。
其开展的主要活动有：1．紧急救援活动：救助19,000只遭受油污的企鹅、拯救陷于灾难中的动物、营救搁浅的鲸和海豚、支持救助孤幼动物的避难所；2．鲸和捕鲸活动：制止捕鲸、更多了解IWC（国际捕鲸委员会）、建立新的鲸保护区、参观我们的旗帜之舰？鲸之歌科考船、拯救全球濒危的鲸；3．大象和象牙运动：制止象牙从业者、从盗猎者手中保护大象、重建整个公园以保护所有物种、必要时营救和重新安置大象；4．野生动物贸易：拯救大猩猩及其它濒危物种、终止丛林动物肉类贸易、拯救藏羚羊、天赋野性制止将野生动物作为伴侣动物的贸易；5．拯救琴海豹活动：制止残酷的猎杀、获得免费参观海豹之旅、终止资助和支持猎杀、改革加拿大渔业政策；6．在各国和地区的努力：推广国际爱护动物行动周、获得禁止用猎犬打猎的胜利、拯救灰熊、拯救“大嘴巴”、姥鲨、以及拯救全球各地更多的动物。
澳门格兰披治大赛车冠名赞助
澳门格兰披治大赛车冠名赞助澳门格兰披治大赛车在澳门举行了数十年，多年来受到本地以及国际的关注，每年都有广泛的报导让更多国家的人认识澳门格兰披治大赛车，同时使赛事的合作伙伴和赞助商在国际市场有很多曝光机会。
为冠名赞助商订造的“黄金组合＂赞助方案，赞助费用为 澳门币8,500,000.00 / 美元1,062,500.00，包括以下得益：1.赞助商之名字将与“澳门格兰披治大赛车”合称，如“赞助商名称” 第五十七届澳门格兰披治大赛车。
2. 赞助商将可出席得奖车手之颁奖典礼，赞助商可自备奖杯作颁奖之用。
3.赞助商之名字及商标将出现于下列项目： a) 印于所有与赛事有关的印刷品上，包括宣传海报、单张、入场证、赛事门票、新闻发布数据、赛事信息、结果及邀请咭；b) 澳门格兰披治大赛车官方网页有关赛事的资料上； c) 与赛事有关的广告； d) 印于工作人员及旗手所穿着的制服之前幅及后幅； e) 印于赛事的官方赛程表及官方特刊之封面上。
海报、宣传刊物海报、宣传刊物门票计算机划位门票官方赛程表及官方特刊灯柱旗官方网页入场证制服4. 免费赛道广告牌位置：a)A1 – 面向海立方娱乐场的赛车天桥横额（2.5m x 36m）；b)A2 – 面向雷达站的赛车天桥横额（1.8m x 36m）；c)A7 – 维修站车房顶横额 (77条车房顶之横额) （每条0.6m x 3.6m）；d)A8 – 6段赛道旁维修站外墙广告位（每段1.1m x 30m）。
5. 门票及通行证：种类 日期数量 大看台B 门票 2010年11月18日 (星期四) -- 练习日 100张 大看台B 门票 2010年11月19日 (星期五) --练习日100张大看台B门票 2010年11月20日 (星期六) -- 赛事日 100张 大看台B 门票 2010年11月21日 (星期日) -- 赛事日 100张 嘉宾通行证 (可进出集车处及/或 嘉宾区范围内)2010年11月18至21日 (星期四 – 星期日)200张6.免费刊登广告： a) 官方特刊封面内页及背面封面共2版，尺寸为200mm (w) x 55mm(h)；b) 官方赛程表封面内页及背面封面共2版，尺寸为200mm (w) x 55mm (h)。
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WORLD WILDLIFE FUND-MÉXICOPROGRAMA GOLFO DE CALIFORNIAESTABLECIENDO PRIORIDADES DE CONSERVACIÓN EN LAS ISLAS DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA: UN EJERCICIO CON ANÁLISIS DE DECISIÓNCON CRITERIOS MÚLTIPLESSan Carlos, Sonora. Julio 2006 Este documento debe citarse como:WWF. 2006. Estableciendo prioridades de conservación en islas del Golfo de California: Un ejercicio con criterios múltiples (Reporte integrado por J.A. Rodríguez Valencia, D. Crespo Camacho y M.A. Cisneros-Mata). 31 p. Disponible en .mx/wwfmex/publicaciones.php?tipo=reps.Í N D I C EResúmen ejecutivo (1)Introducción (2)Metodología (2)Resultados (6)Discusión (8)Agradecimientos (8)Literatura consultada (10)Apéndice I (19)Apéndice II (22)Apéndice III (24)Resumen ejecuivoEl alto número de cuerpos insulares del Golfo de California, la relevancia que tienen para la diversidad de vida y ambientes, y el carácter finito de los recursos destinados para su conservación hacen necesario definir prioridades. Aquí se presenta un ejemplo basado en importancia biológica, amenazas y necesidades de conservación, utilizando el criterio de los responsables del manejo, variables seleccionadas e indagación bibliográfica, utilizando análisis de decisión con criterios múltiples. De acuerdo con el análisis, las islas Rasa, El Muerto, San Diego, Salsipuedes, San Ildefonso, Danzante, Archipiélago Encantadas, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, Las Ánimas, San Esteban, Espíritu Santo, San José, Tortuga, Cerralvo, Carmen y San Pedro Nolasco representan prioridades, junto con islas de Sinaloa y Nayarit, para las cuales la falta de información las convierte en prioridad. De acuerdo con la búsqueda bibliográfica, el 80% de las citas encontradas se refiere a menos de 20 islas. Se recomienda profundizar la búsqueda bibliográfica con una revisión de tesis profesionales y de posgrado, reportes técnicos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, así como resúmenes y memórias de congresos y simposios. Así mismo, es necesario validar este ejercicio con la comunidad académica regional, para poder definir acciones a mediano plazo en conservación de islas.IntroducciónEn el Golfo de California existen cerca de 900 cuerpos insulares que conforman el Area de Protección de Flora y Fauna de las Islas del Golfo de California (APFFIGC), administradas por la Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP). Esta cantidad de islas representa un reto enorme para la conservación, pues los recursos económicos son finitos, obligando a establecer prioridades de conservación. Muchas de ellas albergan especies únicas en el mundo y representan hábitats relevantes para la fauna y flora marina y terrestre del Golfo de California; además de ser fuentes de alimento y esparcimiento para los humanos (Tershy et al. 1999, Case et al. 2002).Para incrementar la efectividad de sus intervenciones de conservación, el Programa Golfo de California de WWF-México condujo un ejercicio para definir islas prioritarias para la conservación ecoregional, con base en criterios de importancia biológica, amenazas y necesidades de conservación.MetodologíaEl método utilizado se basó en:•Una categorización jerárquica de islas prioritarias, de acuerdo al criterio de los responsables del manejo del APFFIGC de los estados de Baja California, Baja California Sur y Sinaloa. Estas personas identificaron 10 islas prioritarias de su región y cinco islas prioritarias del Golfo. Además, expertos de ONGs regionales1 identificaron 10 islas consideradas por ellos como prioritarias.•Una selección de 29 variables (Tabla I), que incluyeron riqueza faunística y botánica, especies endémicas y exóticas, aves migratorias, colonias reproductivas de aves y mamíferos marinos, agua dulce u otros hábitats frágiles y actividades humanas. Estás variables fueron utilizadas para categorizar a las islas identificadas por las personas arriba descritas, mediante Análisis de Criterios Múltiples2.•Conocimiento disponible. Consideramos importante la falta de conocimiento, debido a que puede poner en riesgo, inadvertidamente, poblaciones, especies, hábitats o procesos ecológicos. Para1 Niparajá A.C. y Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas A.C. (GECI),2 Análisis de Árbol de Valores mediante el software Web-HIPRE 1.22 (3+), disponible en http://www.hipre.hut.fi/cada isla tomamos en cuenta los temas y número de publicaciones disponibles en bases de datosbibliográficas3.Las variables tuvieron pesos relativos en el Análisis de Árbol de Valores, después de haber sido agrupadasen categorías de acuerdo a su naturaleza (Tabla II).Tabla I. Lista de variables usadas para la clasificación jerárquica de islas.Variable Unidad1)Especies de reptiles Número de especies2)Especies endémicas de reptiles Número de especies3)Especies de mamíferos Número de especies4)Especies endémicas de mamíferos Número de especies5)Especies de plantas Número de especies6)Especies endémicas de plantas Número de especies7)Presencia de aves anidantes residentes Si/No8)Presencia de aves migratorias Si/No9)Presencia de aves migratorias anidantes Si/No10)Presencia de aves marinas anidantes Si/No11)Relevancia de la colonia anidadora de aves Regional=1, Nacional=2, Global=312)Presencia de especies de aves sensibles a los humanos Si/No13)Presencia de colonias reproductivas de lobos marinos Si/No14)Especies amenazadas de extinción Número de especies15)Presencia de agua dulce Si/No16)Presencia de hábitats frágiles (arrecifes de coral, dunas, manglares, etc.) Si/No17)Especies exóticas Número/Km218)Distancia desde la costa Km19)Dependencia de mamíferos marinos a las aguas circundantes Si/No20)Sitios de desembarco Número/Km221)Fondeaderos Número/Km222)Sitios de acampar Número/Km223)Campamentos pesqueros Número/Km224)Ocurrencia de pesca deportiva Si/No25)Ocurrencia de pesca artesanal Si/No26)Ocurrencia de pesca industrial Yes/No27)Tenencia de la tierra Federal=1; Ejido=2; Privada=328)Usos soportados Número/Km229)Sitios de buceo Número/Km23Zoological Records and Marine, Oceanographic, and Freshwater Resources para el periodo 1960-2004;bibliotecas de la Universidad de California en San Diego, Acuario Stephen Birch y Scripps Institution ofOceanography; mapas digitales, mapas impresos, imagines de satélite y fotografías aéreas (INEGI: 74mapas digitales (1:50,000) del Golfo de California, imágenes topográficas digitales (1:250,000), 30 mapasimpresos de la Secretaría de Marina de México (SM604, SM603, SM400, SM020, SM010)); informacióncartográfica disponible en Maritime Safety Information Center of the U.S. National Geospatial intelligenceAgency (), U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency(ftp.nodc.noaa.gob), U.S. National Aerospace Agency (/data/dataset/czcs) yNautical Charts Website ().Tabla II. Pesos relativos asignados a las variables, una vez agrupadas en categorías con base en su naturaleza, en el Análisis de Árbol de Valores.Categoría Variable Peso relativoAmenazas marina Ocurrencia de pesca artesanal 0.521Ocurrencia de pesca industrial 0.271Ocurrencia de pesca deportiva 0.146Sitios de buceo 0.063Relevancia biológica Especies endémicas de plantas 0.370Especies endémicas de reptiles 0.228Especies endémicas de mamíferos 0.156Relevancia de la colonia anidadora de aves 0.109Especies amenazadas de extinción 0.073Presencia de especies de aves sensibles a los0.044humanos0.020Presencia de colonias reproductivas de lobosmarinosAmenazas antropogénicas Usos soportados 0.457Sitios de acampar 0.257pesqueros 0.157 CampamentosSitios de desembarco 0.090Fondeaderos 0.040 Riqueza biológica Presencia de hábitats frágiles 0.314Especies de plantas 0.203Especies de reptiles 0.148Especies de mamíferos 0.111Presencia de aves migratorias anidantes 0.083Presencia de aves marinas anidantes 0.061Presencia de aves anidantes residentes 0.042Presencia de aves migratorias 0.0260.012Dependencia de mamíferos marinos a las aguascircundantesAmenazas inherentes Especies exóticas 0.611Distancia desde la costa 0.278Presencia de agua dulce 0.111Variables sociales Tenencia de la tierra 1.000Los responsables del manejo de áreas insulares protegidas identificaron 70 islas prioritarias (Fig.1). Labúsqueda bibliográfica arrojó 185 referencias, pero no se encontró ninguna para 334 de las 70 islas,convirtiéndose ellas, automáticamente, en una prioridad de investigación.4Macapule, Vinorama, San Ignacio, Farallón, Cerritos Blancos, El Negro, El Metate, Mapache, El Negrito,La Coyota, Mogote del Llano, El Guaco, Mogotillo del Mapachero, Panocha del Pitihuey, Las Calabazas,La Brasilera, Paraje de Corrales, Paraje de Pescadores, Chorro del Ventanal, Cabeza del Perro, Conchales, Monte Amarillo, Punto Amarillo, Tijeras, El Caballero, El Caimán, El Merito, Gaviota, Montegue, Gore, Lobos, Mazocarit, Los Mogotones.ResultadosEl Análisis de Árbol de Valores se pudo efectuar únicamente con información de las islas Ángel de la Guarda, Partida, Rasa, Archipiélago San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo y Las Ánimas), Salsipuedes, Archipiélago Encantadas (San Luís y Cholludo), Estanque, Coronado, y El Muerto frente al Estado de Baja California; Espíritu Santo, San José, Cerralvo, Santa Catalina, Montserrat, Tortuga, San Ildefonso, San Diego, Santa Cruz, Carmen y Danzante, frente al Estado de Baja California Sur; San Esteban, San Pedro Mártir, San Pedro Nolasco, San Jorge, Tiburón, y Huivulai, frente al Estado de Sonora; Pájaros, Venados, Lobos, Altamura, Talchichilte, El Rancho, frente al Estado de Sinaloa; Isabel, Marietas y Archipiélago Marías, frente al Estado de Nayarit.No se encontró información de las islas para todas las variables involucradas en el Análisis de Árbol de Valores. Para ninguna isla se encontró información publicada relacionable a las variables “Presencia de hábitats frágiles”, “Dependencia de mamíferos a las aguas circundantes”, “Sitios de desembarco”, “Ocurrencia de pesca artesanal” y “Ocurrencia de pesca industrial”. Sin embargo, los responsables del manejo de las islas proveyeron información testimonial para algunas de las islas.La suma de los valores individuales de prioridad calculados por el Análisis de Arbol de Valores para las islas Rasa, El Muerto, San Diego, Salsipuedes, San Ildefonso, Danzante, Archipiélago Encantadas, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, Las Ánimas, San Esteban, Espíritu Santo, San José, Tortuga, Cerralvo, Carmen y San Pedro Nolasco acumularon 80% del nivel total de prioridad compuesta (Fig. 2). Estas islas, junto con aquellas de las que no se encontró información publicada, representan las prioridades de conservación. La Tabla III muestra las variables que tuvieron la mayor contribución para colocar a cada isla en su posición dentro de la categorización jerárquica.Fig. 2. Categorización jerárquica de isla del Golfo de California de acuerdo al Análisis de Árbol de Valores. Tabla III. Islas que representan prioridades de conservación (80% de nivel total de prioridad compuesta acumulado) de acuerdo con el Análisis de Árbol de Valores y categorías de la(s) variable(s) que tuvieron mayor contribución para colocarlas en su posición dentro de la categorización jerárquica.Isla Variable(s)Rasa Amenazas antropogenicasEl Muerto Amenazas antropogenicasSan Diego Amenazas antropogenicasSalsipuedes Amenazas antropogenicasSan Ildefonso Amenazas antropogenicasLas Animas (Sn. Lorenzo Nte) Amenazas antropogenicasDanzante Amenazas antropogenicasEncantadas Amenazas antropogenicasSanta Cruz Amenazas antropogenicasCatalana Relevancia biológica/Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasSan Lorenzo Sur Amenazas inherentesSan Esteban Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasEspiritu Santo Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasSan Jose Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasTortuga Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasCerralvo Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasCarmen Amenazas antropogenicas/Amenazas marinasSan Pedro Nolasco Relevancia biológica/Amenazas marinasDiscusiónDebido al esfuerzo de investigación realizado en el Golfo de California, podría pensarse que es uno de los mares mejor estudiados del planeta. Sin embargo, la búsqueda bibliográfica reveló que muchas islas (especialmente las de Sinaloa y Nayarit) carecen de investigación en muchas disciplinas. Para las islas de Sinaloa, las descripciones más completas encontradas fueron de Flores-Campana et al. (1999) y Flores-Campana (sin año).La literatura encontrada en las fuentes consultadas versó sobre ornitología; taxonomía, biología y ecología de reptiles, anfibios y moluscos; biología y ecología de mamíferos marinos y terrestres; geología; oceanografía física, química y biológica e ictiología (Apéndices I y II, Fig. 2) y el 80% del número de citas bibliográficas es referente a menos de 20 islas (Fig. 2).Los vacíos de información para la mayoría de las islas representan un reto para formular estrategias de conservación, tanto insular como marina, en las zonas circundantes a las islas. La busqueda bibliográfica efectuada no fue exhaustiva y queda aún pendiente hacer una revisión de tesis profesionales y de posgrado, así como de reportes técnicos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales y resúmenes y memórias de congresos y simposios.En el ejercicio presentado, las variables con mayor contribución para la selección de islas que acumularon 80% del nivel total de prioridad compuesta fueron de las categorías “Amenazas antropogénicas”, “Relevancia biológica”, “Amenazas marinas” y “Amenazas inherentes”. Esto coincide con las amenzas más importantes identificadas por SEMARNAT (2001) para las islas del Golfo. Este ejercicio permitió obtener una identificación objetiva preliminar de islas prioritarias para conservación del Golfo de California. Recomendamos que sea validado con la comunidad académica regional para poder definir acciones a mediano plazo en conservación de islas.El Apéndice III muestra algunos datos relevantes de 15 de los18 cuerpos insulares considerados prioritarios en este ejercicio.AgradecimientosLa David and Lucile Packard Foundation aportó los fondos necesarios para este estúdio. Alfredo Zavala, Roberto López,,Cecilia García Chavelas, Gabriela Anaya, Alfonso Aguirre y Bruno Castrezana aportaron valiosa información para este trabajo. Marisol Guerrrero asistió en la obtención y organización de la información.Fig. 2. a) Temas de las referencias bibliográficas encontradas; b) Islas sobre las cuales versaron las referencias bibliográficas encontradas (los porcentajes describen la proporción de referencias aportada por cada isla).Literatura consultadaAlvarez Borrego,S.; Schwartzlose,R.A. 1979. Water masses of the Gulf of California. Cienc. Mar. 6(1-2), 43-63 Alvarez-Castaneda, S.T. 2001. Peromyscus sejugis. 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