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SMC数字流量开关操作手册说明书
Digital Flow Switch (Display Part) Operation Manual For AirPF2A300/301 SeriesPF2A310/311 SeriesFor Pure Water/Chemical Fluid PF2D300/301 SeriesFor WaterPF2W300/301 SeriesPF2W330/331 SeriesURL SAFETY2Model Indication Method4Name and Functions of Individual Parts 6Installation7Outline with Dimensions8Example of Internal Circuit and Wiring 9Setting 10Initialize11Display Function of Integrated Flow Rate Value 15Instantaneous Flow Rate Setting Mode16Integrated Flow Rate Setting Mode 19Output Selection 20Other Functions 23Specification24CONTENTSThank you for purchasing the SMC PF2*3**Series Digital Flow Switch.Please read this manual carefully before operating digital flow switch and understand digital flow switch, its capabilities and limitations.Please keep this manual handy for future reference.OPERATOR•This operation manual has been written for those who have knowledge of machinery and apparatus that use pneumatic equipment and have full knowledge of assembly, operation and maintenance of such equipment.•Please read this operation manual carefully and understand it before assembling, operating or providing maintenance service to the flow switch.32NOTEFollow the instructions given below when handling your flow switch.Otherwise, the switch may be damaged or may fail, thereby resulting in malfunction.•Do not drop it, bring it into collision with other objects or apply excessive shock (490m/s 2or more).•Wiring correctly.•Do not wiring while power is on.•Although the flow switch complies with the CE Marking, since it does not have the thunder serge protection, please carry out protection to thunder serge by the equipment side.•Although the flow switch complies with the CE Marking, since the equipment and apparatus which are made to generate the serge (Electro-magnetic lifter, High frequency induction furnace, Motor etc.) around the flow switch should perform measure against serge come out.•Do not use with power cable or high-voltage cable in the same wire route.•Do not use in a place in which water, oil, or a chemical splashes.•Do not push the setting buttons by a sharply pointed object.•Turn on the power supply of a flow switch for Air, when flow is zero.Some initial drift occurs during ten minutes after turning the power on.•Start measurement by the flow switch three seconds after turning on the power. (Also in momentary interception of the power supply by reset etc.) Please take a measure by the program of equipment etc.•Maintain the switch status for measurement output before setting when initializing or setting a flow rate of the flow switch.Measure after checking impacts to the equipment.Carry out a setup since a control system is shut down if required.The Digital Flow Switch and this manual contain essentialinformation for the protection of users and others from possible injury and property damage and to ensure correct handling.Please check that you fully understand the definition of the following messages (signs)before going on to read the text, and always follow the instructions.Please read the operation manuals of related apparatus and understand it before operating the flow switch.Do not disassemble, remodel (including change of printed circuit board) or repair.An injury or failure can result.Do not operate beyond specification range.Fire, malfunction or switch damage can result.Please use it after confirming the specification.Do not operate in atmosphere of an inflammable, an explosive and corrosive gas.Fire or an explosion can result.This flow switch is not an explosion-proof type.54NOTE 1:The new Measurement Low prohibits use in Japan of flowswitches with a unit selection function.NOTE 2:Fixed unit for instantaneous flow rate is :L/minfor integrated flow rate is :LSeparate Type Display PartA : AirD : Pure Water/Chemical Fluid W : Water•About sensor partThe type of the sensor part combined with a display part is indicated to be PF *5**with this manual.Refer to the following correspondence table for the sensor part type combined with each display part.BodyOutput (OUT1) Lamp (Green):Lit when OUT1 is ON. Flickers when an overcurrent erroroccurs.Output (OUT2) Lamp (Red):Lit when OUT2 is ON. Flickers when an overcurrent erroroccurs.LED Display:Displays a flow rate, set mode status, selected display unitand error code.Button (UP): Selects a mode and increases a set ON/OFF value.Button (DOWN): Selects a mode and decreases a set ON/OFFvalue.Button (SET): Changes the mode and sets a set value. RESETPressing the and buttons simultaneously will activate the RESET function.Use this function to clear errors when a trouble occurs.Panel Mount Adapter type ZS-22-EPanel Mount Adapter APanel Mount Adapter BBracket are includedMounting•Install the Display Part on the panel, once the Panel Mount Adaptor Bremoves.•Insert Panel Mount Adapter B supplied as an accessory intoSection A of Panel Mount Adapter A.Push Panel Mount Adapter B from behind till the display is fixedonto the panel.The pin of Panel Mount Adapter B engages the notched part ofPanel Adapter A to fix the display.•The switch can be mounted on a panel with a thickness of 1.0 to3.2mm.•See the illustration below for panel cut dimensions.Panel Cut Dimensions Accessories LED DisplayLamp (Red)SETButton (UP)7 698++0.5Panel Thickness: 1 to 3.2mmPanel Cut DimensionsOutput SpecificationBe sure to select a sensor in SMC PF *5**series for accurate measurement of flow rates.The display outputs only switch output.Analog output is output directly by the sensor part. See theoperation manual of the sensor part for the complete information. Connection•Turn the power off before making connection.•Install the cable separately from the route for power cable or high-voltage cable. Otherwise, malfunction may potentially result due to noise.•Use compression terminals for connection to the terminal board.See the full view of dimensions diagram for details of the terminal board.–0NPN Open Collector Output 2OutputsMax. 30V, 80mAInternal Voltage Drop 1V or less–1PNP Open Collector Output 2Outputs Max 80mAInternal Voltage Drop 1.5V or lessPF ∗5 SeriesPF ∗5 SeriesSetting ProceduresKeep pressing the button longer than two seconds. Remove the finger off the button when one of the characters of LED display column of the following table is displayed.1. Flow Rate Range SettingPress the button and select the flow rate range.Press thebutton to set.2. Display Mode SettingSelect whether to display instantaneous flow rate orintegrated flow rate.To change the Display mode, press thedesired flow rate to display. Then press the button.[d_1] and [d_2] respectively indicate the instantaneous flow rate and integrating flow rate.11103. Selecting Display Unit(In case [-M] is not assigned to unit specification in model indication) Refer to page 14.4. Output Method SettingThree output methods are available, namely, instantaneous switch, integrating switch and integrating pulse. The method for output to OUT1 or OUT2 is set as follows.1)First, the output method for OUT1 is set.*Press the button and select the instantaneous switch,integrating switch or integrating pulse.*Press the button to set.[o10] [o11] and [o12] respectively indicate the2)Select one output method for OUT2 from three output methods by pressing the button, as in OUT1.*Press the button to set.[o20] [o21] and [o22] respectively indicate theinstantaneous switch, integrating switch and integrating pulse.5. Output Mode SettingTwo output modes are available, namely, the Reverse Output modeand Non-Reverse Output mode. An output mode for OUT1 andOUT2 is set.1)First, the output method for OUT1 is set.*Press the button and select the Reverse Output mode or Non-Reverse Output mode.*Press the button to set.[1_n] and [1_P] respectively indicate the Reverse Outputmode and Non-Reverse Output mode.mode and Non-Reverse Output mode by pressing the button,as in OUT1.*Press the button to set.[2_n] and [2_P] respectively indicate the Reverse Outputmode and Non-Reverse Output mode.13 1215•Press the button first, then the button, to press both buttons simultaneously. Integration starts when [–] flickers.•Lower three digits of an integrated value are always displayed.Press the button when wishing to check upper three digits.•Pressing the button enables to display an instantaneous flow rate even during integration.•To stop integration, press the button first, then the button,to press both buttons simultaneously.The display will keep the present integrated value.To clear display of an integrated value, press both the and buttons simultaneously longer than two seconds.To further continue integration from the saved value, repress thebutton first, then the button, to press both buttons simultaneously.1716Manually set an actuation value of the instantaneous-value switch in case the instantaneous switch is selected in initialization.The output method is also set in accordance with the value set manually. Set the output method while referring to the output method described below.1.Keep pressing the button and remove the finger off when [F-1] is displayed.2.Repress the button to set for input of a set value in [n_1] (P_1 in the Non-Reverse Output mode) for OUT1.In case the Reverse Output mode is selected in initialization, [n_1]and the set value will be displayed alternately.(In case the Non-Reverse Output mode is selected in initialization,[P_1] and the set value will be displayed alternately.) 3.Press the or buttons to select a desired set value.Press the button to increase the set value or the button to decrease the set value.4.Press the button to set the set value and to move to the setting mode for [n_2] (P_2 in the Non-Reverse Output mode).In case the Reverse Output mode is selected in initialization, [n_2]and the set value will be displayed alternately.(In case the Non-Reverse Output mode is selected in initialization,[P_2] and the set value will be displayed alternately.) 5.Press the or buttons to select a desired set value.Press the button to increase the set value or the button todecrease the set value.6.Press the button to set the set value and to move to the setting mode for OUT2.Set the set value as in OUT1.In case the Reverse Output mode is selected for the OUT2 setting in initialization, [n_3] or [n_4] and the set value will be displayed alternately.In case the Non-Reverse Output mode is selected in initialization,[P_3] or [P_4] and the set value will be displayed pleting settings for [n_1] to [n_4] ([P_1] to [P_4] in the Non-Reverse Output mode) will finish flow rate setting and the mode will return to the Measurement mode.Manual1918The flow rate flowing through the flow switch will be set as areference value and a Hysteresis (H) will be set automatically at a value 3digits lower when setting auto preset input.The output method for setting by auto presetting is only hysteresis mode.1.Keep pressing the button and remove the finger off when [F_1] is displayed.2.Press the button and change [F_1] in the display to [F_2].3.Press the button and set the auto preset state of OUT1.The display will change to show [AP1] .(In case OUT1 setting is not needed, press the and button simultaneously.)4.Prepare the equipment to set the flow rate of OUT1 and flow fluid of the required flow rate.5.Pressing the button will automatically read the flow rate. A value 3digits lower will be set automatically as a Hysteresis (H).The display will show [A1L] and the set value alternately.6.Press the button and set auto preset state of OUT2.The display will change to show [AP2].(In case OUT2 setting is not needed, press the and buttons simultaneously.)7.Prepare the equipment to set the flow rate of OUT2 and flow fluid of the required flow rate.8.Pressing the button will automatically read the flow rate. A value 3digits lower will be set automatically as a Hysteresis (H).The display will show [A2L] and the set value alternately.9.Press the button to finish the Auto Presetting mode and themode will return to the Measurement mode.Auto Presetting•The switch is set to an integrated flow rate.•Integrated flow rate is displayed by switchingdividing into lower three digits and upper three digits. 1.Keep pressing the button and remove the finger off when [F_1] or [F_3] is displayed.Proceed to Step 3. if [F_3] is displayed.([F_1] will be displayed in case the instantaneous switch is selected for any switch output in initialization. In other cases,[F_3] will be displayed.)2.When [F_1] is displayed, push the button till the display shows [F_3]. The subsequent setting operation will be the same as that when [F_3] is displayed. Set as follows.3.Set as follows if [F_3] is displayed.1)Press the button and display the lower three digits of the integrated flow rate of OUT1.2)Press the or buttons and adjust the set value to the desired value.3)Press the button to set. The upper three digits of OUT1 will be displayed.4)Press the or buttons and adjust the set value to the desired value.5)Press the button to set. The lower three digits of OUT2 will be displayed.6)Press the or buttons and adjust the set value to the desired value.7)Press the button to set. The upper three digits of OUT2 will be displayed.8)Press the or buttons and adjust the set value to the desired value.9)Press the button to finish setting of an integrated flow rate and the mode will return to the Measurement mode.Instantaneous Switch Output MethodFour output methods can be selected by selecting an output modeOne of these four output methods can be selected for each output.•OUT1 and OUT2 can be set independently.•1digit flow rate conversion will be a minimum set unit. See thespecification for the set flow rate units.•When setting in the Auto Presetting mode, the Hysteresis mode willbe set automatically. Hysteresis in this case will be 3digits fixed.•In the Window Comparator mode, leave between [P_1] and [P_2]or between [n_1] and [n_2] values more than seven digits.•The following is given using OUT1 as an example. Thedescriptions for OUT2 are the same as those for OUT1, under theconditions that [n_1] and [n_2] should be replaced by [n_3] and[n_4] and [P_1] and [P_2] should be replaced by [P_3] and [P_4].20212322To reset display of Error 1, 2 or 4, press theandbuttons simultaneously.Integrating Switch Output•Two output methods can be selected by selecting an output mode.One of these two output methods can be selected for each output.•OUT1 and OUT2 can be set independently.•The following is given using OUT1 as an example. Thedescriptions for OUT2 are the same as those for OUT1, under the conditions that 1nL and 1nH should be replaced by 2nL and 2nH and 1PL and 1PH should be replaced by 2PL and 2PH.Integrating Pulse Output•Pulse output for integrated flow rate measurement.Key Lock FunctionThis function prevents errors such as changing a set value by mistake.Lock•Keep pressing the button longer than three seconds.The display will change to show [F_1] Æ[***] Æ[unL.]Remove the finger off the button when [unL] is displayed.([***]:Refer to the LED display column in the table, Page11)•Press the button to set the display to [Loc]•Press the button and return to the Measurement mode.Unlock •Press the button longer than three seconds. Remove the finger off the button when [Loc] is displayed.•Press the button to change the display to [unL]•Press the button and return to the Measurement mode.Error Display and TroubleshootingIn case an error occurs, take the following actions:2524*1:The flow rate indication range is corresponding to the flow rate range set up bythe initialization.*2:With a unit selection function(Without a unit selection function, fixed to SI units(L/min or L))*3:Two units in normal condition (0˚C/ 101.3kPa) or standard condition (20˚C/101.3kPa/ 65%RH) can be selected.*4:This is an overall accuracy combined with PF2A 5**.*5:Select whether to switch output or pulse output of integrated flow rate by theinitialization.*6:Window Comparator mode. Hysteresis (H) will be in 3digits.Separate [P_1] and [P_2], as well as [n_1] and [n_2], more than 7digits.(In case of the output 2, n_1,2 becomes n_3,4 and P_1,2 becomes P_3,4)*7:The display part conforms entirely to the CE standard.2627。
化学元素性质大全
1H 原子序数：1元素符号：H元素中文名称：氢元素英文名称：Hydrogen相对原子质量：1.008核内质子数：1核外电子数：1核电核数：1质子质量：1.673E-27质子相对质量：1.007所属周期：1所属族数：IA摩尔质量：1氢化物：无氧化物：H2O最高价氧化物：H2O密度：0.08988熔点：-259.14沸点：-252.87外围电子排布：1s1核外电子排布：1颜色和状态：无色气体原子半径：0.79常见化合价+1,-1发现人：卡文迪许发现时间和地点：1766 英格兰元素来源：在地球上和地球大气中只存在极稀少的游离状态氢，锌与稀盐酸反映制取是一种办法，电解水方法。
元素用途：导热能力特别强，跟氧化合成水。
氢气球。
氢能源。
工业制法：电解水2H2O=O2+2H2实验室制法：锌与稀盐酸反映Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2其他化合物：H2O-水H2S-硫化氢HCl-氯化氢HBr-氢溴酸H2SO4-硫酸NH3-氨气CH4-甲烷扩展介绍：利用氢的同位素氘和氚的原子核聚变时产生的能进行杀伤和破坏的炸弹,其威力比原子弹大得多2He原子序数：2元素符号：He元素中文名称：氦元素英文名称：Helium相对原子质量：4.003核内质子数：2核外电子数：2核电核数：2质子质量：3.346E-27质子相对质量：2.014所属周期：1所属族数：0摩尔质量：4氢化物：氧化物：密度：0.1785熔点：-272.0沸点：-268.6外围电子排布：1s2核外电子排布：2颜色和状态：无色气体原子半径：0.49常见化合价：0发现人：严森、洛克耶、拉姆塞、克利夫发现时间和地点：1895 苏格兰/瑞典元素来源：存在于整个宇宙中元素用途：可用来填充灯泡和霓虹灯管，亦用来制造泡沫塑料。
液态氦常用做冷却剂工业制法：实验室制法：其他化合物：扩展介绍：一种极轻的无色惰性气态元素,是所有气体中最难液化的,存在于整个宇宙中,但只在某些天然气中含有在经济上值得提取的量,主要用于填充飞艇和气球3Li原子序数：3元素符号：Li元素中文名称：锂元素英文名称：Lithium相对原子质量：6.941核内质子数：3核外电子数：3核电核数：3质子质量：5.019E-27质子相对质量：3.021所属周期：2所属族数：IA摩尔质量：7氢化物：LiH氧化物：Li2O最高价氧化物：Li2O密度：0.534熔点：180.5沸点：1347.0外围电子排布：2s1核外电子排布：2,1颜色和状态：银白色金属原子半径：2.05常见化合价+1发现人：阿尔费德森发现时间和地点：1817 瑞典元素来源：电解熔融的锂盐(LiCl)制取元素用途：造锂电池，可应用在原子能工业上，亦可制造特种合金、特种玻璃等。
陶氏氢化双酚a环氧树脂牌号
陶氏氢化双酚a环氧树脂牌号陶氏化学公司生产的氢化双酚A环氧树脂以其优异的性能在广
泛的应用领域中得到了广泛的应用。
以下是几种常用的陶氏氢化
双酚A环氧树脂牌号的介绍：
1. DER 331A：DER 331A是一种低粘度的氢化双酚A环氧树脂，它具有良好的化学稳定性和优异的耐热性能。
它适用于制备高质
量的复合材料、涂料和粘合剂等应用。
2. DER 661E：DER 661E是一种高性能的氢化双酚A环氧树脂，具有出色的机械性能和耐化学腐蚀性能。
它广泛应用于风能、汽车、电子、建筑等领域，常用于制备复合材料、电子封装材料和
涂料等。
3. DER 732：DER 732是一种低黄变的氢化双酚A环氧树脂，
具有极好的光学透明性和高温稳定性。
它被广泛应用于制备光纤、光学透镜、电子封装和涂料等领域，以满足高要求的光电子器件
的制造需求。
4. DER 337：DER 337是一种具有良好化学稳定性和高温性能
的氢化双酚A环氧树脂，适用于制备高质量的涂料、粘合剂和电
子封装材料等。
它广泛应用于电子、汽车和航空航天等领域。
除了以上介绍的几种常用牌号外，陶氏化学公司还生产其他多
种氢化双酚A环氧树脂，以满足不同领域的需求。
这些树脂在机
械性能、耐热性能、化学稳定性等方面都具有出色的表现，广泛应用于航空航天、电子、汽车、建筑等领域。
陶氏氢化双酚A环氧树脂的品牌和性能使其成为众多行业中理想的材料选择。
无论是制备高质量的复合材料，提供耐化学腐蚀性能的涂料，还是满足高要求的电子封装材料，陶氏氢化双酚A 环氧树脂都能提供可靠的解决方案。
高流筛选器F602系列产品目录说明书
Catalog 0730-2Hi-Flow F602 SeriesHi-Flow Filters1-1/4 & 1-1/2 Inch PortsAutomaticDrainManual DrainFeatures• Excellent water removal efficiency • For heavy duty applications with minimum pressure drop requirement • Unique deflector plate that creates swirling of the air stream ensuring maximum water and dirt separation • Large filter element surface guarantees low pressure drop and increased element life• 40 micron filter element standard, 5 micron available• Metal bowl with sight gauge standard • Twist drain as standard, optional auto drain• Large bowl capacity• Optional high capacity bowl(s) available • High flow: 1-1/4" – 390 SCFM §1-1/2" – 450 SCFM §Drains and Options Blank Manual Twist Drain Q External Heavy Duty Auto Drain R Internal Auto DrainOrdering InformationF 602 — 10 W J /**BowlE 32 oz. Large Capacity Metal without Sight GaugeW 16 oz. Metal with Sight GaugeElement G 5 Micron J 40 MicronPort Size 10 1-1/4 Inch 12 1-1/2 InchPort Threads — NPT G BSPPEngineeringLevel * Will be Entered at Factory.Standard part numbers shown bold.For other models refer to ordering information below.§ SCFM = Standard cubic feet per minute at 90 PSIG inlet and 5 PSIG pressure drop.PortSize NPTTwist DrainAutomatic Pulse DrainMetal Bowl / Sight Gauge - 16 oz.1-1/4"F602-10WJ F602-10WJR 1-1/2"F602-12WJ F602-12WJR Metal Bowl without Sight Gauge - 32 oz.1-1/4"F602-10EJ F602-10EJR 1-1/2"F602-12EJF602-12EJRF602 Filter Dimensions A B C D E F F602-10W, F602-12W4.90 (124)8.18 (208)9.46 (240)5.19 (132) 1.28 (32.4) 2.45 (62.2)F602-10E, F602-12E4.90 (124)11.41 (290)12.69 (322)5.19 (132)1.28 (32.4)2.45 (62.2)inches (mm)BOLD ITEMS ARE MOST POPULAR.Catalog 0730-2Technical Specifications – F602F602 Series, 1-1/4 & 1-1/2 Inch Ports Hi-Flow Filters50100150200250300350400500450102345Flow - SCFMP r e s s u r e D r o p - P S I GP r e s s u r e D r o p - b a r.1.2.3Primary Pressure - PSIG 251005075150Primary Pressure - bar 0406080100120140160180200220201.73.4 5.2 6.910.3Flow - dm n 3/s Technical InformationF602 Filter Kits & AccessoriesBowl Kits –Aluminum (E) .....................................................................BK603B Zinc with Sight Gauge (W) ..............................................BK605WB Drain Kits –External Auto (E) .................................................................SA603D External Auto (W) ................................................................SA602D Internal Auto (All) ............................................................SA602MD Manual (All) ...................................................................SA600Y7-1Semi-Automatic “Overnight” Drain ...................................SA602A7 (Drains automatically under zero pressure)Filter Element Kits – 40 Micron (All) .....................................................................EK602B 5 Micron (All) .....................................................................EK602VB Repair Kits –Deflector, Baffle Assembly, and Retaining Rod (All) ..........RK602C External Auto Drain (All) .....................................................RK602D Internal Auto Drain (All) ...................................................RK602MD Metal Bowl Sight Gauge (W) ........................................RKB605WBSpecificationsBowl Capacity –Aluminum (E) .................................................................32 Ounces Zinc (W) ..........................................................................16 Ounces Port Threads ...........................................................1-1/4, 1-1/2 Inch( ) = Bowl TypeFloat (Inside Bowl) Manual Push ButtonDrain(Outside Bowl)Drain (1/4" NPTF)Connection Through Bowl (1/8" NPSM)P r e s s u r e D r o p - P S I G0.1.2.3P r e s s u r e D r o p - b a r20406080100120140160180200220240260280Flow - SCFM Flow - dm n 3/sPrimary Pressure - PSIG 1.7 3.4 5.2 6.910.3Primary Pressure - bar“Q” Option External Heavy Duty Auto Drain SA602D / SA603DFor heavy duty applications where the filter is being used to remove large volumes of liquid and/or particulate matter from the airstream, the external automatic drain (“Q” option) should be used.Pressure & Temperature Ratings –Aluminum Bowl (E) ............................0 to 300 PSIG (0 to 20.4 bar) 40°F to 150°F (4.4°C to 65.6°C) Zinc (W) ..............................................0 to 250 PSIG (0 to 17.2 bar) 40°F to 150°F (4.4°C to 65.6°C) With Internal Auto Drain (R) ..........20 to 175 PSIG (1.4 to 11.9 bar) 40°F to 125°F (4.4°C to 52°C) With External Auto Drain (Q) ............30 to 250 PSIG (0 to 17.2 bar) 40°F to 150°F (4.4°C to 65.6°C)Weight –Aluminum Bowl (E) ...................................... 7.7 lb. (3.49 kg) / Unit 31 lb. (14.06 kg) / 4-Unit Master Pack Zinc Bowl (W) ................................................. 7 lb. (3.18 kg) / Unit 28 lb. (12.70 kg) / 4-Unit Master PackMaterials of ConstructionBody .............................................................................................Zinc Bowls –(E) ...................................................Aluminum without Sight Gauge (W) ................................................................Zinc with Sight Gauge Drain –Manual Twist & Overnight .......................................................Brass Housing “R” ............................................................................Acetal Housing “Q” .........................................................................Bronze Filter Elements –40 Micron (Standard) ................................................Polypropylene 5 Micron (Optional) ...................................................Polypropylene Seals ...........................................................................................Nitrile Sight Gauge ...............................................................................Nylon。
反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯的制备研究进展
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第11期·4132·化 工 进展反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯的制备研究进展曾纪珺1，2，韩升1，2，唐晓博1，2，赵波1，2，郝志军1，2，张伟1，2，吕剑1，2（1氟氮化工资源高效开发与利用国家重点实验室，陕西 西安 710065；2西安近代化学研究所，陕西 西安 710065）摘要：反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯[HCFO-1233zd(E )]的臭氧消耗潜值（ODP ）为0.00024，温室效应潜值（GWP ）为7.0，环保性能优良，已被国际社会认定为第四代氟代烃发泡剂，应用前景广阔。
本文对现有HCFO-1233zd(E )制备方法进行综述，通过比较各合成路线优缺点，提出以HCC-240fa 及其衍生物为原料的合成路线最具工业化前景。
同时，对制备工艺中涉及的HCFO-1233zd(E )与HF 和副产物共沸分离问题进行了分析总结。
最后指出高效的氟化催化剂和绿色的分离工艺是未来HCFO-1233zd(E )工业化开发的研究重点。
关键词：反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯；发泡剂；合成；分离中图分类号：TQ222.4 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）11–4132–10 DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-0367Progress of preparation of trans -1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropeneZENG Jijun 1，2，HAN Sheng 1，2，TANG Xiaobo 1，2，ZHAO Bo 1，2，HAO Zhijun 1，2，ZHANG Wei 1，2，LÜ Jian 1，2（1 State Key Laboratory of Fluorine ＆ Nitrogen Chemicals ，Xi’an 710065，Shaanxi ，China ；2Xi’an Modern ChemistryResearch Institute ，Xi’an 710065，Shaanxi ，China ）Abstract ：Trans -1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene [HCFO-1233zd(E )] has virtually zero ozone depletion potential （ODP ，0.00024）and very low global warming potential （GWP ，7），and therefore it has been proposed as the fourth-generation blowing agent to replace 1，1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane （HCFC-141b ）and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane （HFC-245fa ），due to its very low impact for environment. Synthetic methods of HCFO-1233zd(E ) were summarized according to the starting materials. Compared with other routes ，the process using HCC-240fa and its derivatives as starting material features good yield and excellent selectivity ，and thus has an industrialization prospect. Moreover ，the azeotropic separation of HCFO-1233zd(E ) with HF and by-product in the preparation process was analyzed and summarized. Developing efficient fluorination catalyst and environmentally friendly purification technology is fundamentally important for industrial synthesis of HCFO-1233zd(E ).Key words ：trans -1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene[HCFO-1233zd(E )]；blowing agent ；synthesis ；separation硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料（简称硬泡）具有热导率低、耐水性好、比强度高等优点，广泛用作冰箱、冷柜及冷藏集装箱的保温层、建筑保温板材及各类管道设备保温材料。
有机化学术语(中英文对照)
1.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团 functional group双键 double bond三键 triple bond烃基 hydroxy group琉基 mercapto硫轻基 sulfhydryl group羰基 carbonyl group氨基 amino group亚氨基 imino group硝基 nitro group亚硝基 nitroso group氰基 cyano group羧基 carboxyl group磺基 sulpho group烷基 alkyl group苯基 phenyl group卡基 benzyl group芳基 aryl group烯基 allyl group烷氧基 alkoxyl group酰基 acyl group活性亚甲基 active methylene group2.有机化合物的类型烃 hydrocarbon石蜡 paraffin脂肪烃 aliphatic hydrocarbon烷烃 alkane烯烃 alkene炔烃 alkyne共扼二烯烃 conjugated diene脂环烃 alicyclic hydrocarbon螺环化合物 spiro compound桥环化合物 bridged ring compound芳烃 aromatic hydrocarbon非苯芳烃 nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon 稠环芳烃 condensed aromatics卤代烃 halohydrocarbon醇 alcohol酚 phenol醚 ether环氧化合物 epoxide冠醚 crown ether硫醇 thiol硫酚 thiophenol硫醚 sulfide二硫化物 disulfide亚磺酸 sulfinic acid磺酸 sulfonic acid亚砜 sulfoxide砜 sulfone醛 aldehyde酮 ketone半缩醛 hemiacetaI半缩酮 hemiketal缩醛 acetal缩酮 ketal西佛碱 shiff's base肟 oxime腙 hydrozone缩氨脲 semicarbazoneα,β-不饱和酮α，β——unsaturated ketone 醌 quinone羧酸 carboxylic acid酰卤 acid halide酸酐 acid anhydride酯 ester酰胺 amide內酯 lactone内酰胺 lactam月青 nitrile取代酸 substituted acid羟基酸 hydroxy acid醇酸 alcoholic acid酚酸 phenolic acid酮酸 keto acidB-酮酸酯 B-ketone ester乙酰乙酸乙醋 ethyl acetoacetate亚硝基化合物 nitroso compound硝基化合物 njtro compound亚胺 imine胺 amine伯胺 primary amine仲胺 secondary amine叔胺 tertiary amine季铵盐 quaternary ammonium salt季铵碱 quaternary ammonium hydroxide 重氮盐 diazonium salt偶氮化合物 azo compound胍 guanidine氨基酸 amino acid磷 phosphine磷酸酯 phosphate亚磷酸酯 phosphite膦酸酯 phosphonate膦酸 phosphonic acid3。
青蛙吊笼
LOAD PLATE
'eye level' connection for slings and pretransfer inspection
05
Quick release 3 point harness
protects from falling and whiplash
STAINLESS STEEL FRAME
3M Versaflo S-Series 呼吸器头罩和头巾说明书
3M™ Versaflo™ S-Series Hoods and Headcovers3M™ Versaflo™ S-Series Hoodsand Headcovers for Powered andSupplied Air Respirators/Versaflo22Many wearers of half and full facepiece respirators are taking a second look at powered and supplied air respirators for reasons that go beyond compliance.All-Day ComfortNew 3M™ Versaflo™ S-Series Hoods and Headcovers have beendesigned to provide users with the optimal level of comfort.Easily adjustable suspensions (most models) and soft comfortpads help provide excellent fit, stability and tracking. Comfortsuspension hoods and headcovers feature wide faceseals withsoft elastic for improved comfort and reduced air flow noise. Thepremium reusable suspension allows wearers to modify the airflowdistribution inside the hood to suit personal comfort needs. All ofthese improvements combine to help workers stay more comfortablethroughout the day.VersatilityAs a part of Versaflo respirator systems, S-Series hoods andheadcovers can be used in dozens of different Powered Air PurifyingRespirator and Supplied Air Respirator combinations.Excellent AirflowS-Series hoods and headcovers direct a comfortable stream of airinto the headgear. The moving airflow may make hot environmentsmore tolerable while reducing visor fogging. When used with anapproved 3M™ Supplied Air Regulator, the compressed air can bemade cooler or warmer by up to 50°F (28°C) for additional comfort.High Performance–APF3M has conducted research to document an Assigned ProtectionFactor (APF) of 1000 for the S-Series hoods when used as part of aNIOSH-approved powered or supplied air respirator system. An APFof 1000 is the highest level allowed under the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA) Respiratory Protection Standard(29 CFR 1910.134) for this class of respirator. S-Series headcovershave an APF of 25, making them suitable for a wide range ofapplications and working environments.Fast AssemblyAll S-Series compatible breathing tubes feature the innovative 3M™Quick Release Swivel (QRS) connection. Simply push the QRS end ofthe breathing tube into the air inlet of the headgear until it snaps intoplace. The breathing tube can be quickly removed with only one handby squeezing the breathing tube clips.Simple MaintenanceChoose the ready-to-use integrated suspension models forapplications where assembly would be too time-consuming orimpractical. Or select the premium reusable suspension hoods forquick, highly cost-effective replacement of outer fabrics.3M™ Versaflo™3M ™Versaflo ™4Integrated Suspension Hoods and HeadcoversAvailable with two different suspensions, comfort and fabric,integrated suspension hoods and headcovers offer the advantage of being fully assembled and ready to use straight out of the box. They can be suitable for applications that require frequent replacement of the entire headgear assembly, such as pharmaceuticalmanufacturing, or in situations where there is less soiling of the outer fabric. Integrated suspension headgear is available in two sizes to comfortably fit more wearers: S/M and M/L.CoMFoRT SuSPENSIoN MoDELSIntegrated suspension models S-133, S-133B and S-533 also feature a wide faceseal with soft elastic for improved comfort and reduced noise. The new airflow distribution minimizes the potential for air whistling past the wearer’s ears, allowing for better worker communication and improved comfort. A new exhalation panel vents the headtop without the traditional vent hole pattern or exhalation valve.FABRIC SuSPENSIoN MoDELSEconomy suspension models S-103 and S-403 provide a lower cost alternative to value-conscious customers while still offering comfort and protection.3M ™ Versaflo ™ Economy Headcover S-103Head and face coverage. Fabric suspension.3M ™ Versaflo ™Headcover S-133 and S-133BHead and face coverage. Integrated Comfort suspension. General purpose fabric.3M ™ Versaflo ™ Headcover S-433Head, face, neck and shoulder coverage. Integrated suspension.3M ™ Versaflo ™Economy Hood S-403Head, face, neck, and shoulder coverage. Fabric suspension, inner shroud.3M ™ Versaflo ™ Hood S-533Head, face, neck, andshoulder coverage. Comfort suspension. Durable, soft, quiet, low-linting fabric that drapes more comfortably over the wearer.†3M recommends S-922 Peel-Off Visor Cover for S-103 Economy Headcover and S-403 Economy Hood.53M ™Versaflo ™Premium Reusable Suspension HoodsPremium reusable suspension hoods can be a very cost-effective choice for some high disposal rate environments—just the soiled hood fabric is replaced, while the suspension and air ducting can be reused. The new design permits significantly faster user assembly of the entire headtop.The suspension’s new rigid ducting provides a consistent air path. An externally-adjustable airflow control allows wearers to modify the airflow distribution to suit personal comfort needs. While wearing, the airflow may be directed primarily to the front visor or split to provide more airflow to the top of the head.The suspension has independent adjustments for the crown and head circumference, allowing a comfortable, custom fit for a wide range of head sizes. An optional size-reducing comfort pad is provided to further extend the range of compatible head sizes.Opened ValveClosed ValveThe external cover letswearers modify the location ofthe airflow.3M Automotive Aftermarket Division (AAD) Product Numbersare found in blue type on selected products.3M ™ Versaflo ™ HoodNew Breathing TubesAll S-Series compatible breathing tubes feature the innovative 3M™ Quick Release Swivel (QRS) connection. The QRS connects quickly to the headgear and swivels to minimize loops and kinks in the breathing tube.3M™ Versaflo™Breathing Tube,Small/MediumApprox. 28", features steelcore coils for durability.To improve comfort andreduce the potential tocatch on the wearer’ssurroundings, BT-20 tubesare available in two sizes.373093M™ Versaflo™Breathing Tube,Medium/LargeApprox. 38", featuressteel core coils fordurability. To improvecomfort and reduce thepotential to catch on thewearer’s surroundings,BT-20 tubes areavailable in two sizes.373103M™ Versaflo™Length-AdjustingBreathing TubeSelf-adjusting lengthresults in an approvedfit for most wearers andreduced risk of catchingand snagging.3M™ Versaflo™Heavy DutyNeoprene RubberBreathing TubeFeatures a durable,heat-resistant neoprenerubber material forrugged applications.3M™ Breathing TubeApprox. 36", for use onlywith Breathe Easy™systems.3M Automotive Aftermarket Division (AAD) Product Numbers are found in blue type on selected products.67Solutions for Many Applications3M ™ Versaflo ™ S-Series Hoods and Headcovers are designed for versatility. S-Series products can be effectively used in a wide variety of industries and applications.If you are currently a 3M ™ Powered and Supplied Air user looking to transition to the S-Series, use the following table to understand the headgear options available to you. Once you have selected theS-Series product that is right for you, use the information on the next page to find the breathing tube solution that will complete your system.3S-Series products are not available for use with the 3M ™ A ir-Mate ™ PAPR. Due to sizing differences between the BE-Series and the S-Series, some BE-10/12 (regular size) wearers will want to consider the M/L versions of the S-Series products.1In Canada, follow CSA Z94.4 or the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction in your region.2 3M supports an APF of 1000 for these hoods, which is consistent with the OSHA APFs defined in 29 CFR 1910.134. Contact 3M for supporting test procedures and data.8All BT-Series breathing tubes feature the QRS (Quick Release Swivel) connection for maximum comfort and ease of use.BT-20S /37309 Small/Medium (Approx. 28")/37310 Medium/Large (Approx. 38")BT-30Length Adjusting BT-40 Heavy DutyIntegrated Suspension HeadcoversGVP-Series air supply sources. Contact 3M Technical Service for supporting test procedures and data. In Canada, follow CSA Z94.4 or the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction in your region.†For the TR-300 PAPR - Operating Altitude approx. sea level to 2,600ft (800m). For altitudes above 2,600ft, contact 3M.For TR-600 Models - Operating Altitude approx. -328 to 16,404ft (-100 to 5,000m). For altitudes outside this range, contact 3M.3M ™Versaflo TR-300 Particulate PAPR AssembliesTR-305N Standard Belt &Economy BatteryTR-306N High Durability Belt &High Capacity BatteryTR-307N Easy Clean Belt &High Capacity BatteryFiltersTR-3710N-5 Particulate Filter,5/caseTR-3710N-40 Particulate Filter,40/caseRESPIRAToRS (PAPRS)9H-120 Adapter H-115Breathing TubeGVP-122 Breathing Tube3M Automotive Aftermarket Division (AAD) Product Numbers are found in blue type on selected products.3M ™Versaflo ™W-2808/37027V-400/37020V-300/37019103M™Intrinsically Safe Hood and Headcover CombinationsBE-324 (Approx. 36")Breathing TubeHeadcovers520-03-32R01 (Approx. 33")520-01-80R01 (Approx. 25")520-01-00R0 (Approx. 36")520-02-94R0 (Approx. 25")Breathing Tube Breathing Tube450-00-01R12High Efficiency Particulate (HE) Cartridge520-03-73Single Battery Charger 520-03-72 Five Battery Charger 520-01-61 Ten Battery Charger520-17-00NiCd gVP ™SySTEMSNiCd BatteryGVP-1Standard Belt GVP-1U Urethane Belt GVP-CB Comfort BeltCartridges/FiltersGVP-401 Organic Vapor (OV)GVP-402C hlorine/Hydrogen Chloride/SulfurDioxide/Chlorine Dioxide/HydrogenFluoride (AG)GVP-403O rganic Vapor/Chlorine/HydrogenChloride/Sulfur Dioxide/ChlorineDioxide/Hydrogen Fluoride/Hydrogen Sulfide (OV/AG)GVP-404 Ammonia/Methylamine (AM/MA)GVP-405Formaldehyde (FM)GVP-440High Efficiency Particulate (HE)GVP-441 Organic Vapor/HE (OV/HE)GVP-442 C hlorine/Hydrogen Chloride/SulfurDioxide/Chlorine Dioxide/Hydrogen Fluoride/HE (AG/HE)GVP-443 O rganic Vapor/Chlorine/HydrogenChloride/Sulfur Dioxide/Chlorine Dioxide/Hydrogen Fluoride/Hydrogen Sulfide/HE (OV/AG/HE)GVP-444 Ammonia/Methylamine/HE(AM/MA/HE)GVP-445 Formaldehyde/HE (FM/HE)All BT-Series breathing tubes feature the QRS (Quick Release Swivel) connection for maximum comfort and ease of use.BT-20S /37309 S/M (Approx. 28")BT-20L /37310 M/L (Approx. 38")BT-30Length Adjusting BT-40 Heavy Duty113M Automotive Aftermarket Division (AAD) Product Numbers are found in blue type on selected products.3M offers H-Series Hoods for users that require a hood that is compatible with a hard hat.†3M recommends S-922 Peel-Off Visor Cover for S-103 Economy Headcover and S-403 Economy Hood.3M ™Versaflo ™In CanadaTechnical Assistance1-800-267-4414Hours of Operation:8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. EST Customer Care1-800-364-3577Hours of Operation:7:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. ESTInternet 3M.ca/safetyGeneral Offices3M Center, Building 235-2W-70St. Paul, MN 55144-10003M, Versaflo, Breathe Easy and Vortemp are trademarks of 3M Company, used under license in Canada.Tychem is a trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.Kappler and Zytron are registered trademarks of Kappler, Inc.Please recycle. Printed in U.S.A. © 2014 3M. All Rights Reserved. 70-0715-7441-5 (rev3)In U.S.Technical Assistance1-800-243-4630Hours of Operation: 8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. CST Customer Care Center 1-800-328-1667Hours of Operation:7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. CSTInternet /PPESafety/VersafloFor More InformationTR-300-ECK TR-600-ECKPopular for many pharmaceutical, healthcare, and food and beverage applications, the ECK Kit includes an S-series Hood, a TR-300 or TR-600 PAPR with Easy Clean Belt, and a BT-30 Breathing Tube.TR-300-HKS (Small Headcover Kit) TR-300-HKL (Large Headcover Kit)The easiest way to select a complete system for hospital, healthcare, and pharmaceutical applications where an S-133, APF 25 Headcover is preferred. Includes an S-133 Headcover, a TR-307N PAPR with Easy Clean Belt, a BT-30 Breathing Tube, charger, TR-3710N filter and a storage bag. Available in two sizes: Small/Medium and Medium/Large.Build your own Versaflo ™ system or choose from one of our complete system kits.These kits offer the convenience of a complete system tailored to your application — all in one box.Scan to learn more or request a product demo.Download reader @ .。
Honeywell Hobbs产品说明书
98313-12020017 14020001 17020017 14098323 92 20019-14Sensing and ControlHoneywell warrants goods of itsmanufacture as being free of defectivematerials and faulty workmanship. Contact your local sales office for warranty information. If warranted goods arereturned to Honeywell during the period of coverage, Honeywell will repair or replace without charge those items it finds defective.The foregoing is Buyer’s sole remedy and is in lieu of all other warranties,expressed or implied, includingthose of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.While we provide application assistance,personally, through our literature and the Honeywell web site, it is up to the customer to determine the suitability of the product in the application.Specifications may change at any time without notice. The information we supply is believed to be accurate and reliable as of this printing. However, we assume no responsibility for its use.Sales and ServiceHoneywell serves its customers through a worldwide network of sales offices and distributors. For application assistance,current specifications, pricing or name of the nearest Authorized Distributor, contact a nearby sales office orINTERNET: /hobbs E-mail:**************************************Warranty Periods:The products listed are warranted for the periods shown:98000 Series..................2 years 85000 Series..................2 years 20000 Series..................2 yearsWarranty and remedyMounting brackets.For mounting hourmeters in any location when panel installation is not practical. Multiple holes allow positioning for easy reading. Foot of bracket can be bent when necessary. Part Number M-329(2 13/16” x 4”) for meter only. Part Number M-558 (4” x 5 1/8”) when meter and damper are used together.Hour Meter AccessoriesAngle bracket. For two-screw flange AC and DC rectangular meters only,when panel mounting is not practical.Part Number 23944.Damper.Protects meter from severevibration. Use on panel or with Part Number M-558 bracket. Part Number M-3888(3 7/8” dia.) for three-screw type DC meters.2Panel mounting bracket. Designed to bolt to a flat surface area 213/16” x 5 1/4”. Provides easy-to-read meter position. Part Number M-486for three-screw type DC meter only.Other AC and DC Meters AvailableRound Slotted 3 screwRound Flush with Retainer MountContact Hobbs for moreinformation and specifications on above meters.Hobbs was the inventor that cultivated Custom Instrument Panel ClustersLet Hobbs custom design your display panel saving you time and money. We canassemble a panel to your specifications that frees up your engineering resources,reduces parts counts and reduces your vendor base.11OperatingVoltage2810090-264 VACPart #Retainer Mount2 Screw Deluxe Bezel2 Screw Standard Bezel3 ScrewUnlike conventional AC hour meters that are limited to one primary voltage andfrequency, the Hobbs Multi-Range Quartz hour meter will operate over a full range of voltages and frequencies. The meters will work accurately over a voltage range of 90 VAC to 264 VAC and at frequencies of either 50 Hz or 60 Hz.This unique feature means that one hour meter will work for virtually any application anywhere in the world!Specifications• Operating Voltage: 90 to 264 VAC • Frequencies: 50 to 60 Hz• Temperature Range: -40˚F to +185˚F OperatingVoltage 2810390 - 264 VACPart #Operating Voltage 2810590 - 264 VACPart #Features• Records time 0 to 99,999.9 hours• Accuracy ±0.02%• UL Recognized • CSA (UL)• CE Mark• Totally sealed from dirt and moisture• Termination- 1/4” spade Round Black BezelOperating Voltage 2810490 - 264 VAC Part #LCD Hour MetersThe Hobbs 98000 Series LCD hour meters provide a large easy-to-read display in a conventional size package. The hour meters are available in a variety of mounting styles and voltage ranges that will fit virtually any application.Specifications:• Run Accuracy ±200ppm; ±0.02%• Start Time: maximum 1second • 6 Digit Display • Digit Height: 6mm• Power draw: .8 mA at 12 VDC(Power Terminal)• Termination: 1/4” blade3/16” blade optional• Temperature Range:Operating: -40˚C to +85˚C• Vibration: 20 g’s per SAE J1378• Shock: 55 g’s per SAE J1378• Operating ranges:4.5 to 16 VDC (optional)9 to 64 VDC>64 VDC Contact Factory• Display:0 to 99,999.9 Hours 0 to 999,999 Counter• Transient Voltage ProtectionLoad Dump Inductive E M IReverse PolarityOperating Voltage9 to 64 VDC Part #2 Screw Standard Bezel98310Features• Totally sealed from moisture and dirt• Direct replacement for current hour meter• No battery backup needed • Fits in existing panel openings • Custom bezels and dial artwork available • Snap-in retainer mountcombines easy installation with rugged design • Compact Depth • Rugged Design• Pulse Counter Option • Reset Option • Run Indicator98320Terminals2 terminal3 terminal with enable4 terminal resettable98000 Series9 to 64 VDC 9 to 64 VDC98300Operating Voltage9 to 64 VDC Part #2 Screw Deluxe Bezel9831398323Terminals2 terminal3 terminal with enable4 terminal resettable9 to 64 VDC 9 to 64 VDC98303Operating VoltagePart #2810190 to 264 VACBenefits• Reduced parts count • Reduced inventories • Fewer purchase orders• Eliminate production line errors • Reduce service parts Options • Wire leads • Custom lens• Terminals (up, down, straight)Retainer Mount:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening.Two .150 holes spaced 1.750*2 Screw Standard:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening.Two .150 holes spaced 1.750*2 Screw Deluxe:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening.Two .150 holes spaced 1.750*Flush Mount (Retainer) 2.24”: Panel cutout 2.00 diameter opening*3 Screw Mount:Panel cutout 2.00 diameter opening Three .125 holes equallyspaced on 2.42 bolt circle diameter** Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)2 Screw Standard:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening Two .150 holes spaced 1.750*2 Screw Deluxe:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening Two .150 holes spaced 1.750** Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)WARNING!Applied voltage not to exceed 264 Vac RMS. This meter was not intended to be used in applications where excessive transient voltages are present. It is theresponsibility of the customer to determine the suitability of this device for use in their system.28100 SeriesAC Multi-Range Meters 310LCD Hour Meters98000 Series Operating Voltage9 to 64 VDC Part #Retainer Mount9831198321Terminals2 terminal3 terminal with enable4 terminal resettable9 to 64 VDC 9 to 64 VDC98301Operating Voltage9 to 64 VDC Part #Round Chrome Bezel9831498324Terminals2 terminal3 terminal with enable4 terminal resettable9 to 64 VDC 9 to 64 VDC98304Operating Voltage9 to 64 VDC Part #Round Black Bezel9831298322Terminals2 terminal3 terminal with enable4 terminal resettable9 to 64 VDC 9 to 64 VDC98302LCD Meter APPLICATIONS • Garden Tractors• Generators • Utility Vehicles• Construction Equipment• Material Handling Equipment• Recreational Vehicles • Medical• Electronic Panels • Rental Equipment • Boom Lifts• Pressure Washers • Sweepers• Test Equipment20000 Series Deluxe AC Hour MetersSquare Retainer: Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening*Rectangular Retainer:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening*Operating Voltage Hertz Termination Part #Rectangular Retainer Mount108-132 VAC 108-132 VAC 108-132 VAC 108-132 VAC 216-264 VAC 216-264 VAC 216-264 VAC5050606050506020174201832011620182201712017020177Screw*Blade**Screw*Blade**Screw*Blade**Screw*Operating Voltage Hertz Termination Part #108-132 VAC 108-132 VAC 216-264 VAC 216-264 VAC5060506020176201152017320179Screw*Screw*Screw*Screw*Square Retainer Mount* UL Listed, CSA Certified and CE Mark** UL Recognized, CSA Certified and CE MarkCAUTION: Always make sure power is removed from equipment before working on electrical circuits! Only qualified personnel should make electrical connections.Damage to equipment and/or serious bodily injury can result from improperly made electrical connections, or a failure to adhere to normal electrical safety guidelines.20000 Series Wiring DiagramsSingle phase, 2 wire,120V system: Connect power wire to one terminal and neutral wire to opposite terminal.Single phase, 3 wire,120/240V system:Connectany one power wire to one terminal and the neutral wire to the opposite terminal.Three phase, 4 wire wye,120/208V system:Connect any one power wire to one terminal and the neutral wire to the opposite terminal.Three phase, 4 wire delta with a high leg,120/240V system:Connect any one of the two available 120V power wires to one terminal of the meter and the neutral wire to the oppositeteminal. Do not connect the high leg (208V) to the meter.120VAC Meter ApplicationsSingle Phase, 2 wire,240V system:Connect power wire to one terminal and neutral wire to opposite terminal.Single phase, 3 wire,120/240V system: Connect meter across two high sides of the line. Do not connect the neutral wire to the meter.Three phase, 3 wire delta,240V system:Connect meter across any two power lines.Three phase, 4 wire delta with a high leg,120/240V system:Connect any one power wire to one terminal of the meter.Connect one of the remaining two power lines to the opposite terminal. Do not connect the neutral wire to the meter.240VAC Meter ApplicationsHMHMHMHMHMNNNNNHMNHMNHMRetainer Mount:Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening*Flush Mount (Retainer) 2.27”: Panel cutout 2.00 diameter opening*Flush Mount (Retainer) 2.27”: Panel cutout 2.00 diameter opening** Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)* Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)94LCD Hour Meter ModuleThe Hobbs LCD hour meter module is a custom engineered elapsed time meter designed to be mounted directly to your printed circuit board (PCB). It can be used in a variety of AC or DC applications that require an hour meter, counter or odometer for preventive maintenance, warranty verification, renting and leasing.Specifications• 6 digit/6mm display • ±0.02% Accuracy• Vibration tested per MIL-M-3971D at 10 g’s and SAE J1378 at 20 g’s• Shock tested per MIL-M-3971D at 75 g’s and SAE J1378 at 55 g’s• Operating temp. range -40˚C to +85˚C • Operating voltage range 9 to 64 VDC (optional 4.5 to 16 VDC) • Transient Voltage ProtectedOver Voltage Load Dump Inductive EMIReverse Polarity• Power Consumption.8 ma max at 12V (power terminal)• Start time: maximum 1 secondAll Hobbs modules have crucial components exposed. The module must be sufficiently protected if used in an environment other than specified. Consult Hobbsmarketing department when suitability of application isquestioned.Operating Voltage9 to 64 VDC with enable & reset 4.5 to 16 VDCPart #D.C. VersionLCD Module APPLICATIONS• Medical• Vending Machines • Floor Cleaning Equip.• Electronic Panels • Instrument Panels • Recreational• Office EquipmentFeatures• Large easy-to-read numbers • Silent operation • Low power demand• Resettable and nonresettable• 10 years data retention (without power) over entire temperature range • UL Recognized, CSA approved • Pin termination .03 in diameter • Hours from 0 to 99,999.9• Counter from 0 to 999,999 pulses • Voltages greater than 64 VDC contact factory98706Termination4 pin Options4.5 to 16 VDCOperating Voltage9 to 64 VDC with reset 9 to 64 VDC without resetPart #Counter Version9870498705Termination4 terminal 3 terminalDeluxe AC Hour Meters When there’s a need to keep track of run time, quality-minded companies choose Hobbs! Whether it’s for testing purposes,leasing applications, maintenance reasons,and/or warranty programs, you want an accurate and reliable hour meter. TheHobbs 20000 Series hour meter delivers!To ensure our high standards of quality, all parts are in-process inspected. Every meter must pass 100% function and timing accuracy tests before shipping. These“Deluxe” AC meters are also totally sealed andbenefit from an uncommon design which integrates the motor and frame into one substructure.Specifications• Records up to 99,999 hours Automatic recycle to zero• 24,120 and 240 VAC models available (Range ±10%)• 50 and 60 Hertz versions • 3.0 watts power rating• Operating temperature: -65°F to +154°F(-54°C to +68°C)• Accuracy: ±.02%.• Weight: 3 oz• Screw termination or 7” lead wires • Lens material:3-screw mount: Glass All others: Polycarbonate • Case material: Polycarbonate • Number size: 0.12” (3mm)• UL Listed (File # E47098): Screw terminals • UL Recognized: Wire lead versions • CSA Certified (File # LR42455)• Conforms to MIL-M-3971 *• CE MarkOperating VoltageHertz Termination 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC5050606050506060Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Part #2002820034200012003520029200362000720037Rectangular 2 ScrewOperating VoltageHertz Termination 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 108 to 132 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC 216 to 264 VAC5050606050506060Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Screw *7” Leads **Part #Round 3 Screw2001620042200172004320018200442001920045* UL Listed,CSA Certified and CE Mark** UL Recognized, CSA Certified and CE MarkThree-Screw Mount: Panel cut out 2.00 diameter opening. Three .125 holes equaly spaced on 2.42 bolt circle diameter.*Two-Screw Mount: Panel cut out 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening. Two .150 holes spaced 1.750.*ACAPPLICATIONS• Business machines • Air conditioning • Control panels • Furnaces• Lighting systems • Lab test equipment • Generators• Sun tanning equipment • Compressors & pumps • Oxygen concentrators • Refrigeration• Many more!Features• Polycarbonate, shock resistant, tamper proof case• Totally sealed *• Single phase, synchronous, permanently lubricated motor• Custom logo dials, 1/4” blade terminals, special wire lengths.Options:If you need it, let us know.YOUR satisfaction is our goal!* Applicable on shown “screw terminal”meters. Contact Hobbs for specifications on other available models.20000 Series* Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)* Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)4 pin987075885000 SeriesQuartz Plus DC Hour MetersOperating Voltage853318500085094850136.5-16 VDC 10-32 VDC 10-80 VDC 30-110 VDCPart #2 ScrewRectangular StirrupTwo-Screw Mount: Panel cutout 1.45 x.95 rectangular opening. Two .150 holes spaced 1.750. *3 ScrewRetainer MountThe 85000 Series provides legendary Hobbs performance and reliability in a technically advanced quartz package. The Quartz Plus features a highly reliable drive mechanism, an improved odometer gear train, and a snap-together integrated chassis. The chassis fits into a shockproof,totally-sealed case made of an engineered plastic that is impervious to acids and solvents.To ensure our high standards of quality, all parts are in-process inspected. EveryQuartz Plus meter must pass 100% function,burn-in, and timing accuracy test before shipping.Specifications• 10,000 hour version standard, with automatic recycle to zero• Temperature range: -40°F to +185°F-40°C to +85°C• Quartz accuracy: ±200ppm, ±0.02% (entire voltage and temperature range)• Operating voltage range: 5-110 VDC(Voltage range covered by 85000 Series line)• Precision built relay driven odometer • Excellent vibration & shock resistance:Vibration: 20 g’s @ 10-80Hz (SAE J1378)10 g’s (per MIL-M-3971)Shock: 55 g’s @ 9-13msec (SAE J1378)75 g’s (per MIL-M-3971)• Transient Voltage Protection Alternator load dump: 150VEMI (Electromagnetic Interference): +400V @ 500Hz Inductive switching and reverse polarity • Standard terminals: 1/4” male blade • Lens material: Glass • Case material: Polyester • Number size: 0.12” (3mm)Three-Screw Mount: Panel cutout 2.00 diameter opening. Three .150holes equally spaced on 2.53 bolt circle diameter.*Rectangular Stirrup: Panel cutout 1.45 x .95 rectangular opening.*Retainer Mount: Panel cutout1.45 x .95 rectangular opening.*Operating Voltage 85001850978501410-32 VDC 10-80 VDC 30-110 VDCPart #Operating Voltage850108502310-32 VDC 30-110 VDCPart #Operating Voltage 820018232010-32 VDC 10-80 VDCPart #Features• Custom CMOS integrated circuit • Indicates operating time in hoursand tenths, plus has a running indicator • Totally-sealed• Battery system voltages:6,12,24,36,48,60,72,and 80 VDC • UL Recognized (File number AU1774)• CSA Certified (File number LR42455-12)• Conforms to MIL-M-3971Options:Custom logos, polycarbonate lenses, and various bezels. Wire, stud, blade, and screw terminals. 100,000 hour, R-Terminal and filtered versions available too.Flush Mount (Cup) 2.27”: Panel cutout2.00 diameter opening.*85000 Series Wiring Diagrams (Polarity Sensitive)85000 Series QuartzPlus DC Hour MetersFlush Mount (Stirrup) 2.5”: Panel cutout2.00 diameter opening.*Part #Flush Cup 2.27”8500485017Part #Stirrup 2.27”Part #Flush Cup 2.50”Part #Stirrup 2.50”8500285342850158500685098850198500885021Operating Voltage10-32 VDC 10-80 VDC 30-110 VDCFlush Mount (Stirrup) 2.27”: Panel cutout2.00 diameter opening.*Flush Mount (Cup) 2.5”: Panel cutout2.00 diameter opening.* Operating Voltage 10-32 VDC 10-80 VDC 30-110 VDC85005850188500385093850168500785099850208500985022DCAPPLICATIONS• Lawn Tractors • Garden Tractors • Farm Equipment • Gen Sets • Construction Equipment • Utility Vehicles • Industrial Equipment • Recreational Vehicles • Golf Carts • Aircraft• Medical Equipment • Office Equipment • Any application requiring a very accurate and dependable hour meter.CAUTION: Always make sure power is removed from equipment before working on electrical circuits! Only qualified personnel should make electrical connections.Damage to equipment and/or serious bodily injury can result from improperly made electrical connections, or a failure to adhere to normal electrical safety guidelines++Round Chrome BezelRound Black BezelPart #Flush Cup 2.27”Part #Stirrup 2.27”Part #Flush Cup 2.50”Part #Stirrup 2.50”* Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)* Panel cutout dimensions are ±.010tolerance All dimensions shown in inches and (metric)7698313-12020017 14020001 17020017 14098323 92 20019-14。
3%水成膜泡沫液粘度
3%水成膜泡沫液粘度英文回答：3% aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) is a type of fire-fighting foam that is used to extinguish fires involving flammable liquids, such as gasoline and oil. AFFF is a surfactant-based foam that forms a thin, water-resistant film on the surface of the liquid, which prevents the release of flammable vapors and helps to cool the fuel.The viscosity of 3% AFFF is an important factor in determining its performance. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow, and it is affected by a number of factors, including temperature, concentration, and the presence of additives.The viscosity of 3% AFFF typically ranges from 10 to 50 centipoise (cP) at room temperature. Higher viscosity foams are more resistant to flow, which makes them more effective at suppressing vapors and preventing reignition. However,higher viscosity foams can also be more difficult to pump and apply, and they may not be suitable for use in all situations.The viscosity of 3% AFFF can be adjusted by adding thickeners or other additives. Thickeners are long-chain polymers that increase the viscosity of the foam by forming a network of molecules that resists flow. Other additives, such as surfactants and wetting agents, can also affect the viscosity of the foam.The viscosity of 3% AFFF should be carefully considered when selecting a foam for a particular application. Higher viscosity foams are more effective at suppressing vapors and preventing reignition, but they may be more difficult to pump and apply. Lower viscosity foams are easier to pump and apply, but they may not be as effective at suppressing vapors and preventing reignition.中文回答：3%水成膜泡沫液（AFFF）是一种用于扑灭汽油、石油等可燃液体火灾的灭火泡沫。
MFH-3-1 2-S三态闭合单稳态阀门数据手册说明书
Feature Media temperature Pilot medium Ambient temperature Product weight Electrical connection Type of mounting
Pilot exhaust port 82 Pilot air port 12 Pneumatic connection, port 1 Pneumatic connection, port 2 Pneumatic connection, port 3 Note on materials Material seals Material housing
Solenoid valve MFH-3-1/2-S
Part number: 7960
Data sheet
Feature Valve function Type of actuation Construction width Standard nominal flow rate pneumatic working port Operating voltage Operating pressure Operating pressure Design Type of reset Approval Degree of protection Nominal size Grid dimension Exhaust-air function Sealing principle Mounting position Manual override Type of piloting Pilot air supply Flow direction Symbol lap Pilot pressure Pilot pressure b value Switching time off Switching time on Max. positive test pulse with 0 signal Max. negative test pulse with 1 signal Characteristic coil data Operating medium Note on operating and pilot medium
Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Handbook说明书
3-3O-Ring Applications Parker Hannifin Corporation • O-Ring Division 2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 • Fax: (859) 335-5128 Parker O-Ring Handbook3.1.2 TemperatureOperating temperature, or more properly, the range of sys-tem temperature, may require some minor modification of the gland design. Gland dimensions given in the static and dynamic seal design sections are calculated for the tempera-ture ranges listed for standard compounds. If the operation is only to be at a high temperature, gland volume may need to be increased to compensate for thermal expansion of the O-ring. Conversely, for operation only at low temperature, a better seal may result by reducing the gland depth, thereby obtaining the proper squeeze on the contracted O-ring. Table 2-4, which lists the approximate rate of linear thermal expansion for typical elastomers and other materials, may be utilized to calculate compensated gland dimensions. For either high or low temperature seal designs, however, there must normally be sufficient squeeze to prevent leakage at room temperature. Figure 3-1 illustrates another possible type of design to improve low temperature sealing capability by spring loading the O-ring.Such special designs for high and low temperature environ-ments are seldom required. The minimum squeeze values for the various O-ring cross-section diameters given in the design charts of the static and dynamic seal design sections are generally satisfactory. 3.1.4 Extrusion Extrusion of O-rings may also be prevented by the use of anti-extrusion (back-up) devices. These are thin rings of much harder material fitted into the gland between the seal and the clearance gaps, which essentially provide zero clearance. They are available in hard elastomer compounds, leather, PTFE, Nylon and other similar materials. Parker Parbaks ® are elastomer back-up rings and are generally recommended based on their proven functional superiority. The exact point at which it becomes necessary to use anti-extrusion devices will depend on the pressure, type of elastomer being used, its Shore hardness, the size of the clearance gap, and the degree of “breathing” of the metal parts which will be encountered. Figure 3-2 may be used as a guide in determining whether or not anti-extrusion rings should be used. When using the data, include in the diametral clearance any “breathing,” or expansion of the cylinder bore that may be anticipated due to pressure. Although based on data obtained from O-rings, the ninety durometer curve can also be used as a guide to back-up ring performance. The Parbak Back-Up Rings Sec-tion (VI), describes in greater detail Parker Parbak back-up rings, and provides size and part number data. Also see “Pat-terns of O-Ring Failure” in Section IX for more information on extrusion.Figure 3-1: Spring-Loading for Low Temperature 3.1.3 Pressure Pressure has a bearing on O-ring seal design as it can af-fect the choice of compound shore hardness. At very low pressures, proper sealing may be more easily obtained with lower durometer hardness (50-60 shore A). With higher pressures, the combination of pressure and material shore hardness determine the maximum clearance that may safely be tolerated (see Figure 3-2). Cyclic fluctuation of pressure can cause local extrusion of the O-ring resulting in “nib-bling” (see Section X, Failure Modes), particularly if peak system pressures are high enough to cause expansion of the cylinder wall. One remedy may be to stiffen the cylinder to limit the expansion so that the bore to piston clearance does not exceed a safe value.Figure 3-2: Limits for extrusion。
氢氟醚 分子式
氢氟醚1. 介绍氢氟醚（Hydrofluoroether，简称HFE）是一种有机化合物，化学式为C_nH_(n+1)F_(2n+1)O。
它是一种无色、无味、无毒的液体，具有良好的溶解性和热稳定性。
氢氟醚主要用作溶剂、冷却剂和清洗剂，在电子、半导体、医药和化工等领域有广泛的应用。
2. 特性2.1 物理特性•分子式：C_nH_(n+1)F_(2n+1)O•分子量：根据不同的n而变化•外观：无色液体•沸点：根据不同的n而变化•密度：根据不同的n而变化•溶解性：具有良好的溶解性，可溶于许多有机溶剂2.2 化学特性•稳定性：氢氟醚具有较好的热稳定性，能够在高温下保持其化学性质的稳定性。
•反应性：氢氟醚在一些特定条件下可以发生反应，如与一些强氧化剂发生反应产生危险物质。
3. 应用3.1 作为溶剂氢氟醚具有良好的溶解性，可以作为溶剂在化工、电子、医药等领域中使用。
它可以溶解许多有机物和无机物，广泛用于溶解、稀释和分离等工艺中。
其低表面张力和良好的湿润性使其成为一种理想的溶剂。
3.2 作为冷却剂氢氟醚具有良好的热稳定性和卓越的传热性能，因此被广泛应用于冷却剂领域。
它可以在高温下快速吸收热量，并在低温下迅速释放热量，具有高效的冷却效果。
在电子、半导体和光学设备中，氢氟醚常用于冷却敏感的电子元件和光学元件。
3.3 作为清洗剂氢氟醚具有较低的表面张力和良好的溶解性，能够有效地清洗各种物体表面。
它可以迅速溶解和清除油脂、污垢和其他有机物，广泛应用于半导体、光学和电子设备的清洗工艺中。
氢氟醚的清洗效果好、残留物少，不会对清洗物体造成损害。
4. 安全性4.1 毒性氢氟醚是一种相对安全的化合物，具有低毒性。
在正常使用条件下，它不会对人体造成明显的伤害。
然而，长期暴露于高浓度的氢氟醚蒸气可能会对呼吸系统和中枢神经系统产生一定的刺激作用。
4.2 燃烧性氢氟醚是易燃液体，遇到明火或高温可能发生燃烧。
因此，在存储和使用氢氟醚时，应避免与明火或高温物质接触，以防发生火灾。
F型BOPP复合油墨说明书
F型BOPP复合油墨说明书威海市三进包装（油墨）有限公司的F型聚丙烯油墨，专为双轴拉伸聚丙烯薄膜BOPP、OPP印刷使用，配合不同稀释剂能适应自低速到高速的印刷，且溶剂释放性好，复合强度优良。
一、适合印材专为拉伸聚丙烯薄膜印刷使用：表面外理OPP/BOPP薄膜（处理度38达因以上）。
改质OPP薄膜。
二、应用特性1、油墨溶剂残余量极低，完全符合食品包装使用要求。
2、与各种复合工序相互配合，如热熔淋膜复合，干式粘胶复合，无溶剂复合都可以得到较好的复合强度。
3、油墨颜色浓度及鲜艳度高，三原色套印色泽鲜艳，层次分明，照相底片及网点重现性准确。
4、油墨印刷转移性能及稳定性能良好，刮刀适应性优良，油墨细度好，不伤版材及刮刀。
三、稀释剂配方（重量百分比）快干（印刷速度120-180M/MIN）50%甲苯+30%醋酸乙酯+20%丁酮中干（印刷速度60-120M/MIN）80%甲苯+20%丁酮慢干(印刷速度＜60M/MIN）80%二甲苯+20%丁酮以上数据仅供参考，用户可根据印刷速度，印刷环境等情况调整各溶剂比例四、印刷粘度彩色察恩杯2# 16-18秒（25℃）白色察恩杯2# 15-18秒（25℃）油墨编号F10 白色 F20 原色黄（绿相 F201 原色黄（红相F21 浅黄 F22 中黄 F30 原色红（黄相F301 原色红（蓝相 F31 大红 F32 深红F40 原色蓝F41 深蓝 F50 黑色F51 紫色 F52 银色 F53 青金F54 红金 F60 调墨油 F70 绿色F71 艳绿 F72 深绿 F80 橙色F90 桃红除以上标准色外，本公司可根据客户的要求提供专业的配色服务。
注意事项1. F型油墨只限于干燥食品，冷点心和普通快餐食品包装，不适用于耐高温、蒸煮浸渍以及含油脂类食品包装。
2. 经长期印刷，特别油墨用量少及版面较少的印刷，油墨及溶剂易混入潮湿空气及水分，并产生增粘、版堵塞和色浓度骤减等现象，可使用慢干稀释剂改善或加入新鲜油墨重新稀释使用。
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13 降雨产流量预报《水文预报》3.1 产流量计算概述3.2 产流方式论证3.3 流域蒸发量计算3.4 实测径流分析3.5 前期雨量指数模型（API)3.6 蓄满产流模型3.7 超渗产流模型3.8 混合模型本章主要内容确定产流量降雨、径流、蒸发、土壤蓄水等水量平衡产流方式判断，产流模型选择依据确定蒸发量洪水的独立性、径流划分王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@23 降雨产流量预报《水文预报》内容之间关系3.1 降雨P 3.3 蒸发量E 的计算净雨PE 3.2 产流方式论证模型选择3.5 API 产流模型3.6 蓄满产流模型3.7 超渗产流模型3.8 混合产流模型产流量R3.4 实测径流分析王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@33.1 产流计算概述《水文预报》水量平衡：其他引交R R R WW W E P R s p ±±±Δ−−−−= mm:mm :mm :mm :mm :mm :mm :mm :mm :其他因素引起，跨流域引水，外流域交换，土壤蓄水变化，地面添洼，植物截流，流域蒸发，流域产流，流域降雨，其他引交R R R W W W E R P sp Δ闭合流域（植物截流与添洼并入土壤蓄水）：1+−+−=t t t t t W W E P R 王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@43.2 产流方式论证《水文预报》A. 流量过程线分析B. 气候、地理和下垫面特征分析C. 综合分析I.洪水过程规一化：II.洪水形状不对称系数：2/323])(/[)(∑∑−−=B t B t s t t q t t q C 其中：过程线重心时间规一化过程线纵坐标不对称系数−−−−Bt s t t q C 不对称系数越小，地下径流比例也越小?王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@tq tt B面积中分点min t max minQ -Q Q -Q 53.2 产流方式论证《水文预报》 A. 流量过程线分析B. 气候、地理和下垫面特征分析C. 综合分析地理我国地区雨量分布表1013藏南滇西556华北461黄河266西北内陆1773珠江1705浙、闽1054长江945淮河596东北年降雨地区气候：湿润地区与非湿润产流方式有差异。
下垫面：土壤含水量、物理特性、土层结构、植被、地形、地下水。
王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@武汉:1269mm63.2 产流方式论证《水文预报》A. 流量过程线分析B. 气候、地理和下垫面特征分析C. 综合分析综合对比分析表：雨强雨量产流特征9少多地下径流8大小缺水7密实疏松土质6W 0和雨强W 0和雨量影响因素5大小降雨强度4小大Cs 3<0.2>0.4年平均径流系数2<400mm >1000mm 年平均P 1超渗满蓄内容编号王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@/R P73.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求流域蒸发：WPL s E E E E ++=件，土壤结构）气象因素，土壤供水条(s s E E =件）气象因素，土壤供水条(s s E E =），W E E E s s 0(=）气象因素0()(E f f E p ==），W E E E p s s (=Es 影响最大土壤结构不变气象因素复杂器皿水面蒸发充分供水条件下土壤蒸发能力实际水面蒸发土壤含水量王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@83.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求由于直接测量比较困难，采用：E K E C p ⋅=系数换算，采用：1001.01212=−′−′Z Z K K Kc 为待定参数以大量实验为基础地理位置差异王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@93.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(1) 水库水量平衡法：210H H P O I E −++−=时段末平均水深时段初平均水深库水面平均降雨出库水量入库水量特点：误差大王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@103.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(2) Dalton 空气动力学法：))((00d d e e u f E −=水面以上一定高度的水汽压近水面空气温度下的饱和水汽压水面以上一定高度的风速经验关系，常表示为：)(d u f dd u b a u f ⋅+=)(测量获得较稳定，可直接引用王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@空气中水汽的分压强113.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(3) 彭曼公式法：)66.0(66.010d n E Q E ⋅+Δ⋅+Δ=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧−+=−−=))(01.01()1(0150d d n e e u K E FQ Q α其中，温度与饱和水汽压曲线在气温T 0处的斜率反射率，取0.05常系数，按月取定水面1.5m 处风速，测定水面和一定高度处水汽压，测定Q 和F 的确定？王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@123.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(3) 彭曼公式法：⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+−=⋅+=)/9.01.0)(092.056.0()/(400N n e T F N n b a Q Q d σ且，晴天可能总辐射，较稳定(主要与地理和季节有关)待定参数实际日照时数可能日照时数水面气温常数，取2.01*10-9mm/d一定高度处水汽压，测定王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@133.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》 A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(1)土壤蒸发特征：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤≤≤⋅=≥=)()()()(0.1/2121c c c c p s C a f E E θθθθθθθθθ蒸发量蒸发能力扩散系数蒸发系数土壤含水率散发临界含水率第1临界θ/s pE E 1.0C2c θ1c θ供水充分毛管完全破裂毛管开始破裂王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@143.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(2)蒸发模式：两层以下模式WLMWL E E P /⋅=一层模式：下层土壤含水量，mm下层土壤含水容量，mm上下层合并为一层假设：上一层蒸发完才会进行下一层的蒸发王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@二层模式z 上土层：E u =E pz 下土层：E L =E p ·WL/WLM z 总蒸发：E=E u +E p153.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(2)蒸发模式：三层模式/(/)()U P P LP D P U L DE E E WL WLM WL WLM C E E C E C EE E E E =⎧⎪⋅≥⎧⎪=⎨⎪⋅⎨⎩⎪=⋅⎪⎪=++⎩上土层下土层否则深土层总蒸发：下层土壤含水量，mm下层土壤含水容量，mm计算原则：z 蒸散发率不小于C ；z 上一层蒸发完才会进行下一层蒸发。
王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@163.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(2)蒸发模式：三层蒸发计算时，当P E P WU a ≥+ )(.0,0,===D L P U E E E E 供水充分,()/,0.U L p U D E WU P E E E WL WLM E =+=−=毛管开始破裂/WL WLM C≥蒸发余能WLM 一般比E p 大很多，所以E L <WL ，下层含水量足够供给蒸发，因此深层蒸发E d =0王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@(b) 当WU+P<E p , WL ≥C·WLM 时，173.3 流域蒸散计算《水文预报》A. 蒸发与影响因素B. 蒸发能力的确定C.水面蒸发量确定D.流域蒸发量推求(3) 三层蒸发计算(),():P P U c WU P E C E E WL C WLM +<−≤<⋅.0),(,=−⋅=+=D U p L P U E E E C E E WU E WL/WLM<C, 应该以散发系数消耗下层含水水量够散发消耗，因此E d =0毛管完全破裂，下层含水能满足散发(),():P P U d WU P E WL C E E +<<−.)(,,L U p D L P U E E E C E WL E E WU E −−⋅==+=毛管完全破裂，下层含水不能满足散发王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@183.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A.退水曲线分析B.次洪径流深计算C.径流分割Kt t e Q Q /0−⋅=tKt Q eQ ⋅=−+/11tt Q C Q ⋅=+1最小二乘法估算：∑∑+⋅=tt tt tQQ Q C21)(ˆ假设流域平均退水曲线为：Q t -t 时刻流量K -常参数C -流量消退系数tQQ 0示意图(一) 退水指数方程线采用峰后无雨资料王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@2t+1t t(-C )=0C Q Q ⋅∑dd193.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A. 退水曲线分析B. 次洪径流深计算C.径流分割1t t tQ C Q +=⋅可表达为：绘Q t+1和Q t 相关图，由尾部斜率获得地下水退水C ，上部分散取平均值为流域平均退水系数；相当于1/t t t t C Q Q C→∞+=⎯⎯⎯→地下水退水系数(二)相邻时段流量相关图Q tQ t+1流域平均退水地下退水tQ t地下退水曲线流域平均退水曲线Q tQ t+145oQ 0Q 1Q 2Q 1Q 2通过转换为王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@203.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A. 退水曲线分析B. 次洪径流深计算C.径流分割Kt t eQ Q /0−⋅=Kt Q Q t −=)ln()ln(0(三)组合退水曲线假设退水曲线为：tln(Q)下包线：地下退水线平均退水曲线对数坐标上作图，平移使多曲线尾部重合：上部分散时取平均为流域平均退水曲线；下包线为直线，为地下水退水曲线。
tQ M1Q Q M2Q M, n或者：根据洪峰流量不同采用不同退水曲线(尾部采用指数退水曲线进行延伸)王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@213.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A. 退水曲线分析B. 次洪径流深计算C.径流分割011211:ABCDEF = 3.6[0.5()]/3.6n i n i nn i i R t Q Q Q AtQ Q Q A −===Δ++Δ=∑∑∵面积: GBCDH=面积(一) 平割法tQQi Q 1Q 2Qn-1Q n……AB CDEFGH(1)与平均退水曲线相切于D(2) 认为：与平均退水曲线相切于起涨点B(3) 按B 点平割相交于E(4) 洪水离散为n 个时间点(5) 显然，ABG 面积=FEH 面积次洪：一次洪水其中：•A -流域面积km2•△t –时间间隔hr •3.6 –单位转换系数王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@223.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A. 退水曲线分析B. 次洪径流深计算C.径流分割0112ABCDE 3.6/2e e n n i e e i R R R Q Q t Q A R R −==+−+⎛⎞=Δ++−⎜⎟⎝⎠∑末初末初面积：(二) 蓄泄关系法tQQ iQ 1Q 2Qn ……B CD(1)与平均退水曲线相切于D(2) 与平均退水曲线相切于BR e 末Re 初AE(3) 洪水离散为n 个时间点王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@233.4 实测径流分析《水文预报》A. 退水曲线分析B. 次洪径流深计算C.径流分割斜线分割法tQ(1) 与地下退水曲线分叉于B ：直接径流终止点(2) 洪水起涨于ABA直接径流地下径流(3)斜线上为地面直接径流，下为地下径流王金文：dr.jinwen.wang@243.5 前期雨量指数模型《水文预报》A. 相关图B. 多变数相关图绘制C.相关图应用相关结构：季节）,,,(T P P f R a =）T P P f R a ,,(=）a P P f R ,(=简化P a 的计算：∑=−=n i it i t a P k P 1,时的前期降雨指数日上午8 ,t P t a −d15 雨天数，取影响本次径流的前期降−n 85.0 常系数，可取−k 45oRP降雨前土壤湿透(P a =PM): 45o 线，所有降雨都形成径流（不考虑蒸发损失）; 降雨前土壤最干(P a =0): 同量降雨产生径流最少；随着前期降雨指数增加，等值线越靠近P a =PM 等值线；每条等值线随着降雨的增加，斜率都趋于1（45o ）,转折点处为土壤湿透点。