Service Trade between China and US Expands
大学英语六级翻译练习题：中美贸易.doc
2019年6月大学英语六级翻译练习题：中美贸易英语六级翻译练习题：中美贸易国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。
关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。
// 就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。
今天，美国在华投资设立的企业已超过4 万家，投资额达450 亿美元。
// 美国500 强企业有400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。
与此同时，在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。
中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000 家。
// 我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。
主要有两个原因，其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。
其二：中国产品具有明显的劳动力成本优势。
Equality and mutual benefit is the fundamental principle of international trade. Therefore, it is normal that countries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictions and disputes. The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cool and wise manner.// As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win trade and economic ties have delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples.Now, with over 40,000 U.S.- invested enterprises, the total investment in China stands at $45 billion.// Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have theirbusiness in China, and most of them are making handsome profit. At the same time, many Chinese commodities have become favored choices of American consumers.Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the United Sates has surpassed 1,000.// We predict that trade disputes between China and the United States will become more acute along with the further development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The overall development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation is, however, irreversible. There are two factors contribute to this trend.Firstly, the Sino-U.S. economic and trade relations enjoy complementarities in vast fields. Secondly, China has an outstanding labor cost advantage.。
我国国际贸易的作文英文
我国国际贸易的作文英文Title: The Role of International Trade in China。
International trade plays a pivotal role in the economic development of China, serving as a catalyst for growth, innovation, and global integration. This essay delves into the significance of international trade for China, its impact on the economy, and the strategies employed to enhance competitiveness in the global market.First and foremost, international trade has been instrumental in propelling China's economic growth over the past few decades. Since the implementation of economic reforms and the opening up policy in the late 1970s, China has experienced unprecedented expansion in its trade volume. By leveraging its abundant labor force, natural resources, and strategic geographical location, China has emerged as a global manufacturing hub and a major player ininternational trade.One of the primary benefits of international trade for China is the influx of foreign capital and investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has poured into various sectors of the Chinese economy, fueling industrialization, technological advancement, and infrastructure development. This influx of capital has not only stimulated economic growth but also facilitated the transfer of knowledge, skills, and technology, contributing to China's capacityfor innovation and industrial upgrading.Moreover, international trade has played a crucial role in diversifying China's export markets and reducing its dependence on any single market. By expanding its trade relations with countries across the globe, China has mitigated the risks associated with regional economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), for instance, has provided new avenuesfor trade and investment, enhancing connectivity between China and its trading partners along the ancient Silk Road routes.Furthermore, international trade has enabled China toaccess a wide range of goods and services from foreign markets, fostering consumer welfare and enhancing the quality of life for its citizens. Through trade, China has gained access to advanced technologies, machinery, and raw materials that are crucial for sustaining its industrial production and meeting the demands of a growing domestic market.In addition to its economic benefits, international trade has also contributed to China's diplomatic and geopolitical objectives. By actively participating in regional and multilateral trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has positioned itself as a responsible stakeholder in the global trading system. This has enhanced China's soft power and influence on the international stage, paving the way for greater cooperation and mutual understanding among nations.Despite its numerous advantages, China faces challenges in the realm of international trade, including trade tensions with major trading partners, protectionistmeasures, and geopolitical uncertainties. To navigate these challenges and sustain its economic momentum, China has adopted a multifaceted approach that includes diversifying its export markets, enhancing domestic consumption, promoting innovation-driven development, and pursuing economic diplomacy.In conclusion, international trade occupies a central place in China's economic development strategy, driving growth, innovation, and global integration. By capitalizing on its comparative advantages and embracing the opportunities offered by globalization, China has emerged as a leading player in the international trade arena. Looking ahead, China remains committed to further opening up its economy, deepening cooperation with its trading partners, and contributing to a more inclusive and prosperous global economy.。
中美贸易英语作文
中美贸易英语作文English:The trade relationship between China and the United States is complex and significant. Both countries are major global players in terms of manufacturing, technology, and consumer markets. Overthe years, the two nations have engaged in extensive trade, with China supplying a wide range of goods to the US and the US exporting technology, agricultural products, and services to China. However, the trade relationship has also faced challenges, particularly in terms of intellectual property rights, market access,and trade imbalances. The two countries have engaged in negotiations and imposed tariffs on each other's goods, leading to tensions and disruptions in global trade.中文翻译:中美之间的贸易关系复杂而重要。
两国在制造业、技术和消费市场方面都是全球重要的参与者。
多年来，两国之间进行了广泛的贸易，中国向美国提供了各种商品，美国则向中国出口技术、农产品和服务。
然而，贸易关系也面临着挑战，特别是在知识产权、市场准入和贸易失衡方面。
中美贸易英语作文
中美贸易英语作文The trade relationship between China and the United States is one of the most significant in the world. Both countries are major players in the global economy, andtheir trade ties have a significant impact on global trade and economic growth. In recent years, the traderelationship between the two countries has been a topic of much discussion and debate, with both sides imposingtariffs on each other's goods and engaging in negotiations to reach a new trade agreement.First and foremost, it is important to note that China and the United States are two of the largest economies in the world. Both countries have a significant impact on global trade and economic growth, and their trade relationship is crucial for the stability and prosperity of the global economy. As such, the trade relationship between China and the United States is of great importance to the global community.In recent years, the trade relationship between China and the United States has been marked by tensions and disagreements. Both countries have imposed tariffs on eachother's goods, leading to a trade war that has had a significant impact on global trade and economic growth. The trade war has also had a negative impact on businesses and consumers in both countries, as the cost of goods has increased due to the tariffs.Despite the tensions and disagreements, it is important to note that the trade relationship between China and the United States remains strong. Both countries continue to engage in trade and economic cooperation, and there are many areas of mutual benefit. For example, China is a major market for U.S. goods and services, and the United States is an important source of investment for China. Additionally, both countries have a strong interest in maintaining a stable and prosperous global economy, and they have a shared responsibility to work together to address global challenges such as climate change and economic inequality.Overall, the trade relationship between China and the United States is complex and multifaceted. While there are tensions and disagreements, there are also areas of mutual benefit and cooperation. It is important for both countriesto work together to address their differences and find common ground in order to promote a stable and prosperous global economy.中美贸易关系是世界上最重要的贸易关系之一。
中外贸易英文作文
中外贸易英文作文英文回答：International trade has played a pivotal role in shaping the global economy, fostering economic growth, and improving standards of living worldwide. As a participantin this vibrant marketplace, I have witnessed firsthand the immense benefits that can be derived from engaging incross-border commerce.One of the most significant advantages of international trade is its ability to promote specialization and comparative advantage. By specializing in the production of goods and services that they excel at, countries can produce more efficiently and at lower costs. This specialization leads to increased productivity, enhanced competitiveness, and greater access to a broader range of products and services for consumers.For example, China has become a global leader in theproduction of electronics and consumer goods. This specialization has allowed China to capture a significant share of the global market and has contributed to its rapid economic growth. In contrast, the United States has shifted its focus towards high-tech industries and services, taking advantage of its strong research and development capabilities. This specialization has resulted in the creation of innovative products and services that have benefited consumers around the world.Another key benefit of international trade is itsability to reduce prices and increase consumer choice. By opening up markets to foreign competition, consumers gain access to a wider variety of products and services at more affordable prices. This increased competition forces domestic producers to become more efficient and innovative in order to compete with foreign rivals.For example, the introduction of foreign goods in the automobile industry has spurred innovation and competition among domestic car manufacturers. As a result, consumers now have a wider selection of vehicles to choose from atmore competitive prices. Similarly, the growth of e-commerce has made it possible for consumers to access products from all over the world, leading to lower prices and greater choice.International trade also plays a crucial role in promoting economic development. By providing access to new markets and investment opportunities, international trade can help developing countries break out of poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth. For example, developing countries that specialize in the production and export of agricultural products can earn foreign exchange that can be used to invest in infrastructure, education, and healthcare.Furthermore, international trade can foster mutual understanding and cooperation between countries. By engaging in cross-border commerce, countries can learn from each other and work together to address common challenges. This cooperation can lead to the development of new technologies, the sharing of best practices, and the promotion of peace and stability.Of course, international trade is not without its challenges. Concerns about job losses, unfair competition, and environmental degradation can arise. However, these challenges can be addressed through appropriate policiesand regulations that promote fair and sustainable trade.In conclusion, international trade has been and continues to be an indispensable engine of economic growth, prosperity, and progress. By embracing the principles of specialization, competition, and cooperation, countries can harness the power of international trade to improve thelives of their citizens and create a more interconnectedand prosperous global community.中文回答：对外贸易在塑造全球经济、促进经济增长和提高世界各地生活水平方面发挥了至关重要的作用。
外文翻译
南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部经济系专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名学号指导教师职称讲师二0一五年五月International business modelRichard. E. CavesChapter 1 Survey of international management Business enterprises have become increasingly international but most of them go international by a process of creeping "incremental-ism" rather than by strategy choice. Some firms are first attracted to foreign markets by unsolicited export orders and, after discovering new opportunities, move through a series of stages to the establishment of foreign production facilities. Other firms initiate international activities in response to threats to an oligopoly position. Still others respond to specific opportunities for developing supplies of resources, acquiring foreign technology, or achieving greater production efficiency through foreign operations. And at some stage of becoming a global enterprise, many firms could be best characterized as a portfolio of diverse and separate country companies tied together by a network of ad hoc relationships.Rarely are these early moves part of a comprehensive global strategy. But as pressures arise from competition in an international scale and from country control programs, and as firms become increasingly aware of synergistic benefits, more and more are building global strategies and adopting global planning procedures. A global strategy is a plan expressing an enterprise's strategy for maximizing its chosen objectives through geographical allocation of its limited resources, taking into account competition from whatever geographical source and the geographical opportunities and constraints.A global strategy encompasses the planning, timing, and location of a firm's activities and resources as well as its strategies for how it will enter new markets, what it will own, and how it will manage the global operation. The construction of a global strategy on a rational basis requires a careful assessment of the global alternatives and the risks involved for each. To build a global strategy, the decision maker must be free of any national blinders and consider world markets and worldresource locations and now simply the markets or resources of a particular country in isolation. A global strategy aims at maximizing results on a multinational basis rather than treating international activities as a portfolio of separate country business.The basic reasons for having a global strategy are that most product and factor markets extend beyond the boundaries of a single country and the competition that ultimately determines performance is not constrained to individual locations and country markets. To remain competitive, or to become competitive, the strategy horizon for most firms must, therefore, encompass threats and opportunities of both domestic and foreign origin. If its domestic competitors extend their horizons to include a broader scale base, the firm could find itself unable to maintain the same pace of research or product development given its smaller scales base. Even where domestic competition is not moving rapidly to other markets, foreign firms may be developing strategies that pose a threat. European and U. S. firms in a number of industries were largely unprepared for the competitive challenge when the Japanese firms broke into their traditional markets x>n a significant scale. Automotive firms that had failed to build global coverage in the price segments the Japanese attacked were at an intermediate cost disadvantage. In the motorcycle industry the effects of leaving rapidly growing markets to Japanese competitors were even more dramatic. Many well-known firms disappeared completely.Many U. S. firms did not need in the past to think globally at the early stages of a product's life because leadership coincided with achievement in the U. S. market. With its large population, high-wage rates, high discretionary spending power, and high propensity to innovate, the U-S. market was for many years the leader in adoption and growth rates for many products. Conversely, firms outside the United States had more need to plan globally from the beginning of any product development.A U. K. firm introducing a technological advance was likely to find that U. S. demand grew more rapidly than U. K. demand. If U. K. demand was left to U. S. competitors, the sales and experience of U. S. competitors soon outpaced that of the U. K. firm. Now that U. S. wage rates and per capita GNP no longer have such a lead over Europe, perhaps, U. S. firms in their turn should be designing products against Europeanmarkets that might lead the United States in adoption of those products.Absence of global thinking also shows up where firms have been left behind in the competitive race because they failed to tap the cheapest sources of supply. In still other cases, firms may have achieved global market share and cheapest supplies, but at the expense of their financial strength or flexibility relative to foreign competitors. Assisted by a fluctuation in demand or technological changes, smaller competitors have been able to overtake them.Since there are so many countries in the world, the multinational firm must establish priorities for selecting those markets against which it will make this strategic evaluation and choice of its business mission. It must decide whether strategic evaluation is carried out against one major single market, many single markets, or some segments of many markets. It must also decide how it is going to organize the responsibility for carrying through this strategic assessment. Will it be done by central headquarters, by multinational committees, or by national units?In the major single market, or central market, approach, the firm selects its mission based on one national market and establishes a marketing mix, and later expands to other national markets. This approach reduces decision problems and can bring high profits because of the low marginal cost of geographic extensions. But which central market should the firm choose? Normally, the firm begins with its home market, but this may not be the best choice. Some Japanese and European firms have selected the high-income, sophisticated U. S. market for selected product lines. The sizes of the U. S. market have both advantages and disadvantages. Many Europeans see the cost of communications and coordination efforts in such a large market as a deterrent to producing products first in the United States as part of their world product strategy.The multiple market approach implies a high degree of decentralization. It may be the best strategy in situations where special local conditions require particular products, such as fertilizers and pesticides, where economies of large-scale production are not important, and where the firm's competitive advantage depends upon capabilities other than advanced product design. In the case of an industrial productsuch as aluminum ingots, for example, the market characteristics such as product usage patterns, customer attitudes, and target customer groups may be quite similar for many countries, and the best strategy may be to focus on developing a more economical production process to bring a competitive cost advantage.In the market segment approach, the firm identifies segments of national markets that could profitably be given separate treatment across national boundaries. Small market segments in individual countries may be insufficient for any one country unit to justify development of an appropriate product or to make the necessary investment in market development. World-wide or for a number of countries, however, such a segment may readily justify the expense.In the last analysis, developing a global strategy depends upon the way executives think about doing business around the world. The design and implementation of a global strategy require that managers in both headquarters and subsidiaries follow a worldwide approach which considers subsidiaries as neither satellites nor independent city-states but as parts of a whole, the focus of which is on worldwide as well as local objectives. And each part of the system makes its unique contribution with its unique competence. This approach, which has been popularized as "egocentrism", involves collaboration between subsidiaries and headquarters to establish universal standards and permissible local variations on the basis of which key decisions are made. However, egocentrism requires a reward system for subsidiary a manager that motivates them to work for worldwide goals and not just to defend country objectives.In international enterprises, there are three general types of headquarters' orientation toward subsidiaries; ethnocentric (home-country oriented), polycentric (or host-country oriented) , and geocentric (world oriented).The ethnocentric attitude can be characterized as: "We, the home-country nationals, are superior to, more trustworthy than, and more reliable than any foreigners in headquarters or the subsidiaries.” In such firms, performance criteria and decision rules are generally based on home-country standards. Ethnocentrism works against a global strategy because of a lack of good feed back and because the experience and views of managers familiar with local conditions in the areas ofoperation do not carry appropriate weight in decision making.Polycentric firms go to the other extreme by assuming that local people always know what is best for them and that the unit of the multinational enterprise located in a host country should be as local in identity and behavior as possible. A polycentric firm is more akin to a confederation of quasi-independent subsidiaries. A polycentric management philosophy is likely to sacrifice most of the unification and synergistic benefits of multinational operation. The costs of polycentrism are the waste due to duplication of effort and inefficient use of home-country experience. The approach has the advantage of making intensive use of local resources and personnel but at the cost of global growth and efficiency.Egocentrism also has costs, largely-related to communication and travel expense, time spent in decision making because of the desire to educate personnel about global objectives and to secure consensus, and the expense of a relatively large headquarters bureaucracy. But the payoffs are a more objective total enterprise performance, worldwide utilization of resources, improvement of local company management, a greater sense of commitment to worldwide goals, and, last but not least, more profit. A globally oriented enterprise, of course, depends on having an adequate supply of managers who are globally oriented.Chapter2 The research of international service trade and economicgrowth theoryThe study of the relation between international trade and economic growth is one of the most active issues. Since 1980s, the world has been in transition from national economy orientating towards natural resources and manufacturing industry to global and regional economy orientating towards information resources and service industry. After the signature of GATS in1994, the institutional arrangements on liberalizing service trade result in a world-wide involvement division and exchanges of service trade, and it is undoubtedly that the positive interaction betweenservice trade and investment leads to economic growth. But the theoretical research on service trade lags behind practice.Is it a statistic phenomenon or a universal rule of economic growth? To approach the above two issues from theoretical and empirical perspective is of great value to policy-making.For the proposition of that "International service trade will drive economic growth". Theoretical analysis shows that although service trade is not a direct interpretative variable to economic growth, it can effect economic growth indirectly through other growing factors and technology upgrade, but the ways and mechanisms are different in different stages. In a certain stage of economic development, service trade (including investment) will have static and dynamic effect on factors supply and technology upgrade in one county, which will lead to the domestic alteration of resources condition structure. It is the enterprises that select industry structure, technology structure and trade structure according to dynamic alteration way of comparative technology structure and trade structure, which will ultimately promote evolution of economic growth gradually. So far as operational mechanism of service trade and investment is concerned, service trade affects factors supply in one country by physical capital accumulating effect, human capital effect, technology upgrade effect, institutional transition effect, employment effect and externality of technology, then influences the upgrade of industrial structure, the upgrade of technological structure and the transition of mode of economic growth. It is obvious that dynamic effect is greater than static effect; that external effect is playing more important role than internal effect; and that technology spillover effect of foreign direct investment in service industry is greater than that of service trade in a narrow sense (including across-border supply, consumption abroad and movement of natural person).For the research of mechanism about how service trade drive economic growth. Firstly, the paper verifies the causality between service trade and economic growths concerning different economic bodies and the representative countries. The results show that there are causalities between international service trade and economic growth in the whole world, in the developed countries, in the US and in china. In thedeveloping countries, service trade is the Granger cause of economic growth; In the whole world and the developing countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of service trade; In the US, service export is the Granger cause of economic growth, and economic growth is the Granger cause of service import. On this basis, it is concluded that the opening of service industry will benefit economic growth in one country. Secondly, in order to explore on how the service trade and investment act on economic growth, empirical studies are employed to explain the case of US and that of China. The results show that the routes by which service trade affects economic growth in the US can be rowed as follows from more significant to less: employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect, technology effect, institution effect. The results of empirical analysis of China can be summarized that: the routes by which service export affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: employment effect, physical capital effect, institution effect, human capital effect, technology effect; the routs by which service import affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, institution effect, employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect; the routes by which FDI in service affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, human capital effect, institution effect, employment effect, physical capital effect. Moreover, the effect of FDI in service is stronger than service import, and the effect of service import is stronger than service export.According to the empirical test in this paper, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: service trade in a narrow sense will have static and dynamic effects on factor supply in one country through import and export of service, FDI in service industry is one of the most important cross-border transactions and is another important channel which will affect the transition of advantages on factor supply in one country. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned channels will have different effects on countries at different stages of economic development. Whether the roles can be brought into play or not depends on given restraints. The input output of factors themselves cannot form a clear function, but will interact together and act on economic growth hand in hand through numerous feedback chain.Chinese economy is now undergoing transformation from elementary age to middle age of industrialization. Service trade and investment in current period have both advantages and disadvantages. Based on these judgments, we propose that China should pursue a policy favoring protectionism on management of service trade and adopt relevant countermeasures as follows. Scientific development view should be formed with an eye to harmonizing development of three industries so as to lay a solid industries foundation for service trade; The strategic programming should be stipulated and the market of service trade should be opened gradually; The rule of international transfer of service trade should be mastered and environment of utilizing foreign investment on service industry should be improved.Chapter3 Service trade influences economic growth researchreviewWith the characteristics of the service economy gradually highlight, from the upgrading of the industrial structure of service trade has been developing rapidly, the scale of trade in services is rapidly expanding. From the statistical data to see, the world service trade exports from $1980 in 365 billion quickly rose to $2008 in 3.7779 trillion, an increase of 9. 35 times. Compared with a long history in terms of trade in goods, trade in services is a new type of trade form, with its absolute size and relative low rising, service trade has become a modern society of concern a focus.3.1.overall service trade influences economic growthAccording to WT O signed in 1994 in the general agreement on trade in services "(GAT S) regulation, service trade including cross-border delivery (Cross - border Supply), overseas away fee (Consumption A broad), Commercial Presence (Commercial Presence) and Natural person flow (M ovement O f Natural Perso ns) four kinds of mode, these four kinds of model of service trade has different attributes and characteristics. Therefore, the establishment of unified service trade influence economic growth theory framework of there is a big difficulty, corresponding literature is very rare, the only foreign literature mainly Robinson et al. (2002), they simply service trade as a commodity trade, do not consider the difference of fourkinds of trade pattern, using the Computable general equilibrium (CGE, Computable GeneralEquilibrium) model for the study service trade liberalization generated effect on economic growth.With empirical method is used to study the overall service trade influence economic growth literature more, but this kind of study to the majority of domestic and foreign scholars. Research shows that China's overall service trade on the economic growth of the average contribution share for 18. 9%.3.2.different industry service trade influences economic growthAt present branch line of research services trade influence economic growth literature mostly concentrated in the financial, telecommunications and medical and health services department, these studies basic achieved consistent conclusion, that services department's open or productivity can significantly promote economic growth. For example, Beck et al. (1998), M urinde & Ryan (2003) and Eschenbach (2004), and other research suggests that the financial departments to a certain extent in the opening of the domestic financial market was broken on the monopoly, prompting financial market access and orderly competition's normal development track, productivity can be improved, and ultimately, the country's economic growth. Kim (2000) with the aid of South Korea's input and output data studied distribution service trade and total factor productivity (TFP) the relationship between the growth, and the results show that, the service trade liberalization is not only significant to promote its itself total factor productivity ascension, but also promote the relevant manufacturing sector total factor productivity of ascension, the service trade brought about by the total factor productivity growth almost cover the whole economic sector.3.3.Different transaction model of service trade influences economic growthPoints specific transaction mode and theoretically research services trade influence economic growth few literature, Carr et al. (2001) and M arkusen et al. (2005) with the aid of CGE model, and theoretically investigated to commercial presence mode to carry out service trade influences economic growth, and the results show that, theliberalization of trade in services is one of the important sources of economic welfare increase, from the perspective of economic welfare, the liberalization of trade in services is the trend of The Times. Then, applying CGE model theoretically investigation service trade influence economic growth methods to begin prevailing, for example, Rutherford et al. (2005) use of CGE model to Russia Ross's accession to the wto effect were evaluated analysis, Ko nan & Maskus (2006) use of CGE model studies the Tunisian eliminate service trade barriers potential effect, their research conclusions indicate that, a country economic welfare level of increase can benefit from the opening of the service market, and to eliminate services FDI market access barriers is four kind of trade mode most important liberalization measures, is the main source of one country welfare increase.With empirical method to study the specific mode of service trade and economic growth of the relationship between literature more. In the four kinds of model of service trade, commercial presence is the most important one, and from the data availability point of view, although statistics is still not very accurate, but commercial presence service trade in services FDI as a carrier to achieve, researchers can use services FDI data to represent the model of service trade scale, the trade mode also received more attention. Among them, the Markusen (1989) that commercial presence service trade has positive and negative two aspect effect, the positive effect is refers to the service department of domestic competition leads to the department of production factor to increasing demand and output growth, namely market scale effect, the negative effect is refers to the service industry domestic market competition intensifying cause our country service enterprise to withdraw from the market, which produce the extrusion effect. M arkusen (1989) studies show that service market after the opening of the market scale effect is far more than extrusion effect, in offset extrusion effect and still can make the service department productivity to ascend, and further lead to the domestic cargo trade structure changes, the original low productivity and rely on import department eole into high productivity export department, this and at present about manufacturing industry and producer service interactive development of the latest research conclusion rather similar. A similarstudy obtained conclusions and Hoekman (2006), Hoekman (2006) in India, for example on the financial, telecommunications and transportation departments commercial presence service trade on cargo goods export department competitiveness influence, think the department's open promoted soft facilities level, and then greatly compressed the downstream products production department operation cost and make export competitiveness has been improved, and its service industry in the low efficiency of the situation, with the aid of commercial presence service trade reverse harmful pattern is backward countries choose feasible. Guerrieri et al. (2005) with the European Union as the research object, analyses the commercial presence service trade on knowledge accumulation and economic growth effect, the results indicate that service market open or domestic service regulation of relaxation actively promote the economic growth, at the same time also found that import service product may be due to the reasons of high technical content than the same kind of domestic provide service product more can promote economic growth.4.Possible future research directionFrom the above literature is not difficult to discover, due to the development of service trade started late, the service trade on economic growth studies from the 1980 s to gradually on the rise, and more than 20 years to the research of this aspect is in the ascendant. Along with the service trade status of further ascension, future research direction may generally include the following aspects.(1).from the research methodology to see, can to the service trade classification research. Trade in goods theory has increasingly mature today, the development of service trade practice still call service trade in the birth of the theory. Master of international economics and Helpman Markusen respectively in different occasions said, the establishment of service trade in the theoretical system of the difficulties of all kinds of service trade mainly lies in the difference is larger, the researchers insurmountable gap between them. To the service trade according to certain standard classification, and discusses all kinds of service trade influences economic growth is the future research direction of a possible.(2). From the research object perspective, can study of Chinese service trade andeconomic growth. China's GDP has ranked second in the world, but the added value of service industry in GDP is just up to 40%, which obviously with an economic superpower don't match. In addition, the service trade than in trade in goods, the scale is still too small. In such a realistic background, Chinese service trade and economic growth between what relation? Service trade to promote China's economic growth contribution? Service outsourcing will be to China's economy produce what kind of impact? With China's position in the global economy further ascension, the next ten years, China how to make service trade has become the engine of economic growth? From academia to see, countries economists is focused on the development of China's economy, China's service trade will also become the research focus.(3). From research topic to see, can study service outsourcing influences economic growth. In 2008, the global service outsourcing market scale has reach to 1. 5 trillion dollars. According to the United Nations MaoFaHui discussion (UNCT AD) of speculation, the global service outsourcing market in the next 5 to 10 years to 30% - 40% of the speed increasing. The turbulent world service outsourcing service trade is a new form of expression. Service outsourcing how to through the employment, the upgrading of the industrial structure and the way such as technology spillover to promote economic growth? Service contract and joint package influences economic growth mechanism is there any difference? To these questions research on the development of service outsourcing practice play an important theoretical guidance role.国际化的经营模式Richard. E. Caves第一章国际化经营综述工商企业日趋国际化，但他们中大多数不是出于战略上的选择，而是经历了一个缓慢的“循序渐进”的过程。
外贸英语函电范文建立贸易关系
外贸英语函电范文建立贸易关系外贸英语函电范文建立贸易关系eg.e must pete against ther cuntries in trade fr btaining larger internatinal market. 为了获取更大的国际市场我们必须与其他国家在贸易方面进行竞争。
eg.T enable us t meet petitin, yu must qute the lest pssible price. 为了使我们能适应竞争， eg.e trust that the superir quality, attractive design and reasnable price f ur prducts ill surely enable us t defeat the petitrs. 我们相信我方产品的优良质量、诱人设计、合理价格定能使我方击败竞争对手.3.e are permitted t mentin the Bank f England, Lndn, as a reference. 我们已征得伦敦的英国银行同意，把它们作为我们的咨询银行。
4.regarding prep. 关于，与 ith regard t, in regard t, as regards 同义，一般可以换用。
eg.Regarding the terms f payment, e require cnfirmed and irrevcable letter f credit. 关于支付条件，我们要求保兑的、不可撤消的信用证。
第二篇:《外贸英语函电范文写作常用词汇》3.dealer n. 商人【外贸英语函电范文建立贸易关系_外贸英语函电词汇_外贸英语函电写作技巧】 eg.If yur price is petitive, e ill place an rder ith yu. 如果你方价格有竞争力的 Yur prducts has n petitive capacity in ur market. 你方产品在我市场上没有竞争力。
代理业务常用语缩写
A AFTA.A.R. AGAINST ALL RISKSA.P. ADDITIONAL PREMIUMA.R. ALL RISKSA.S. ANNUAL SURVEY; A VERAGE SPEEDA.T. AMERICAN TERMS(GRAIN TRADE)A.W.B.;AWB AIR WAY BILLA/C ACCOUNTA/DFT AFT DRAFTA/E ACCEPT/EXPECTA/N ARRIV AL NOTICEA1 FIRST CLASS(Lloyd’s Register symbol indicationg a vessel’s equipment is first first rate)AA ALWAYS AFLOATAB ABLE-BODIED SEAMANABAND ABANDONEDABBR ABBREVIATIONABD ABOARDABS AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPINGABT ABOUTABV ABOVEACCT ACCOUNTACK ACKNOWLEDGEACPT ACCEPT; ACCEPTANCEACRDG ACCORDING TOACRS ACROSSACTL ACTUALAD V AL AD V ALOREM(= ACCORDING TO V ALUE)ADD ADDRESSADDEE; ADDSEE ADDRESSEEADDL ADDITIONALADDTN ADDITIONADJ; ADJST ADJUST; ADJUSTMENTADL ADELAIDEADMIN ADMINISTRATIONADV FRT; A/F ADV ANCE FREIGHTADV ADVISE; ADVICEADVG ADVISINGAF AIR FREIGHT; AS FOLLOWS; ADV ANCE FREIGHTAFT AFTERAFTN AFTERNOONAGCY AGENCYAGN AGAINAGREEST DO YOU AGREE OR NOT?AGRMT AGREEMENTAGT AGENT; AGREEMENTAGW ALL GONG WELLAHD AHEADALRDY ALREADYALTHO ALTHOUGHALWD ALLOWEDALWNG ALLOWANCEAM ABOVE MENTIONED; AIR MAILAM AMERICA; AHTE MERIDIEM(= IN THE MORNING)AMDMT AMENDMENTAMND AMOUNTANN ANNUM; ANNUALANNLY ANNUALLYANXLY ANXIOUSLYAPPLI APPLICATIONAPPROX APPROXIMATELYAPPX APPENDIXAPR APRILAPRV(D) APPROVE(D)APRVL APPROV ALARB ARBITRATION; ARBITRATOR; ARBITRARYARND AROUNDARNG ARRANGE; ARRANGINGARR ARRIVEARST ARE YOU OR ARE YOU NOT?ART ARTICLEARVD; ARRD ARRIVEDARVL ARRIV ALASA AS SOON ASASAP AS SOON AS POSSIBLEASO AND SO ONASSGMT; ASSIGT ASSIGNMENTASSN;ASSOC;ASSO ASSOCIATIONASST ASSISTANCE; ASSISTANTASSY ASSEMBL YATA ACTUAL TIME OF ARRIV ALATC AT TIME OF COMMENCEMENT(COMPLETION);ALL TIME TO COUNTATCH ATTACHATD ACTUAL TIME FO DEPARTUREATDNSHINC ALL TIME DAY AND NIGHT, SUNDAY AND HOLIDAY INCLUDEDA-TEL AFTER OFFICE HOUR TELEPHONEATL ACTUAL TOTAL LOSSATM ATMOSPHEREATS ALL TIME SA VEDATTN ATTENTIONAUG AUGUSTAUTHY; AUTH AUTHORITY; AUTHORITIESAUX AUXILIARYA V; A VE; A VRG A VERAGEA VD A VOIDA VE A VENUEA VLB A V AILABLEAWD AWARDAWTG AWAITINGB BEB. BREADTHB.A.F. BUNKER ADJUSTMENT FACTORB.B.C. BARE BOAT CHARTERB.E. BILL OF EXCHANGEB.F. BELGIAN FRANCB.H.P. BRAKE HORSE POWER, BRITISH HORSE POWER, BOILER HORSEPOWERB.M.F. BOARD MEASUREMENT FEETB.N. BANK NOTEB/D BANK DRAFTB/DOWN BREADDOWNB/F BROUGHT FORWARDB/G BONDED GOODSB/H; B.H. BILL OF HEALTHB/K；BLDG BILL OF LADINGB/N BOAT NOTE; BOOKING NOTEB/P BILLS PAYABLE; BILL OF PARCELSB/S; BS BAGS; BALES; BILL OF SALES; BILL OF STORES; BALANCE SHEET BAL BALANCE; BARRELBAR BEIJING ADJUSTMENT RULESBARO BAROMETERBC BRITISH CORPORATION REGISTER; BRITISH COLOMBIABCMG BECOMINGBCOZ; BCOS BECAUSEBDK BRIDGE DECKBDL(S) BUNDLE(S)BENDS BOTH ENDSBEV BEVERAGEBF BEAUFORT WIND SCALEBGNG BEGINNINGBHND BEHINDBIBI BYE-BYEBIZ BUSINESSBK BANK；BOOK；BACKBKD BOOKEDBKD BOOKING；BANKINGBLDG BUILDINGBLDRS BUILDERSBLK BULK；BLOCK；BLACKBLT BUILTBLW；BLO BELOWBM BEAMBN BEENBNK BANKBOC BANK OF CHINABOD BOARD OF DIRECTORS BUNKERS ON DELIVERYBORED BUNKERS ON REDELIVERYBP BRITISH PETROLEUM CO.BR BRANCH; BRANDBRG BEARING; BARGEBRGDS BEST REGARDSBRKDWN BREAKDOWNBRKGE BROKERAGEBRKWTR BREAKWATERBRL BARRELBSC BASICBSH BUSHELBSKT BASKETBSKT BASKETBSS BASISBST BESTBT BERTH TERMSBTH BOTHBTL BOTTLEBTM BOTTOMBTWN BETWEENBV BUREAU VERITAS; BRITISH VISCOSITY UNITBWT BALLAST WATER TANKBYR BUYERC CENTC&F;CNF COST AND FREIGHTC.A.D. CASH AGAINST DOCUMENTC.C. CARBON COPYC.G.A. CARGO PROPORTIONC/A CURRENT ACCOUNTC/CLEARANCE CUSTONS CLEARANCEC/E CHIEF ENGINEERC/F CARRIED FORWARDC/N CREDIT NOTE; CONSIGNMENT NOTE; COVER NOTEC/NO CONTRACT NUMBERC/O CARE OF; CHIEF OFFICER; CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN; CASH ORDER C/OFR COUNTER OFFERC/P CHARTER PARTYC/S CASES; CHIEF STEWARDCAB; CBL CABLECABADD CBLE ADDRESSCAF CURENCY ADJUSTMENT FACTORCALC CALCULATIONCALC(D) CALCULATE(D)CANST CAN YOU OR CAN YOU NOT?CAPT CAPTAINCAPTN CAPTIONCAT CATALOGUECBF CUBIC FEETCBM CUBIC METERCCIC CHINA COMMODITY INSPECTION COMPANYCCPIT CHINA COUNCIL FOR PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE CERT CERTIFICATECFM CONFIRMCFS CONTAINER FREIGHT STATIONCGO CARGOCHANN CHANNELCHK(D) CHECK(ED)CHNG CHANGECHOPT CHARTERERS’ OPTIONCHQ CHEQUECHRG CHARGECHTRS CHARTERERSCIF COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHTCIF&E COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT AND EXCHANGECIFC COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT AND COMMISSIONCIFI COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT AND INTERESTCIFW COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT AND WAR – RISKSCITB COMMODITIES INSPECTION & TEST BUREAUCKD COMPELTELY KNOCKED DOWNCL CLAUSECLC CIVIL LIABILITY CONVENTIONCLDY CLOUDYCLG CALLINGCLM CLAIMCLP CONTAINER LOAD PLANCM CENTIMETRECMMCD COMMENCEDCMMCE COMMENCECMNT COMMENTCMP CHINESE MAIN PORTSCMPL(D) COMPLETE(D)CMPTR COMPUTERCMT SYSTEM CONTAINER MARINE LINE SYSTEM = TRANSFER CRANE SYSTEMCMT CIVIL MEAN TIMECN CHINA (country code used in telex)CNCC TARIFF CHINA NATIONAL CHARTERING CORPORATION TARIFF CNCL CANCELCNEE CONSIGNEECO COMPANYCOA CONTRACT OF AFREIGHTMENTCOD; C.O.D. CASH ON DELIVERYCOL COLLATIONCOMM(SN); COM COMMISSION; COMMERCIALCOMPL COMPLETIONCOMPSN COMPENSATIONCONDTNS CONDITIONSCONF CONFERENCECONGSN CONGESTIONCONSMT CONSIGNMENTCONT CONTINUECONTD CONTINUEDCOOP CO-OPERATIONCOORDNTN CO-ORDINATIONCORP CORPORATIONCPBL/CPCTY CAPABLE/CAPACITYCPTND CAPTIONEDCQD CUSTOMARY QUICK DESPATCHCR; CRDT CREDITCRT(S) CRATE(S)CSK CASKCTA COPY TO ALLCTL CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSSCTN CARTONCTNRS CONTAINERSCTS CHINA TRAVEL SERVICECUD COULDCUFT CUBIC FEETCWT HUNDREDWEIGHTCY CONTAINER YARDCYL CYLINDERD EAST; ENGINEERD.A.; D/A DISCHARGE AFLOAT; DOCUMENTS AGAINST ACCEPTANCE D.A.A. DISCHARGE ALWAYS AFLOATD.B. DOUBLE BOTTOMD.CL DEVEATION CLAUSE; DETENTION CLAUSED.L.O. DISPATCH LOADING ONLYD.N.P. DUTY NOT PAIDD.O.P. DROPPING OUTWARD PILOTD/A DISBURSEMENT ACCOUNTD/D DOOR TO DOORD/G DANGEROUS GOODSD/I DIRECT INTERD/N DEBIT NOTED/O; D.O. DELIVERY ORDER; DIESEL OILD/R DOCK RECEIPTDBL DOUBLEDBT DEBIT; DEBTDD DRY DOCKDD; DTD DATEDDDC DESTINATION DELIVERY CHARGESDEC DECEMBERDEG DEGREEDEL; DELY DELIVERYDEP DEPARTUREDEPT DEPARTMENTDERS DERRICKSDES/DEM DESPATCH AND DEMURRAGEDESC DESCRIPTIONDESCRI DESCRIPTIONDEST DESTINATIONDF DIRECTION FINDERDFT DRAFTDHD DESPATCH HALF DEMURRAGEDHL DALSEY, HILBOLOM, LIND INTERNATIONAL LTD(a company undertaking worldwide courier services)DHP DESIGNED HORSEPOWERDIA DIAMETERDIFF DIFFERENCE, DIFFICULTDINDEPT FINANCIAL DEPARTMENTDIR DERECTORDISAP DISAPPOINT, DISAPPROVEDISB; DISBTS DISBURSEMENTSDISCH DISCHARGEDISCT DISCOUNTDISPORT DISCHARGING PORTDISRATE DISCHARGING RATEDISRGD DISREGARDDIST DISTANCE; DIATRICTDITTO; DO THE SAME (used in lists to avoid writing words again)DIV DIVISIONDIVD DIVIDEDK DOCK; DECKDLR DOLLARDLVR DELIVERDMG DAMAGEDMGD DAMAGEDDMS DRUMSDNNSHINC DAY AND NIGHT, SUNDAY, HOLIDAY INCLUDED DOC DOCUMENTDOC DOCUMENTDOL(S) DOLLAR(S)DOLP DROP OFF LAST PILOTDOLSP DROP OFF LAST SEA PILOTDOP DROP OF PILOTDOST DO YOU OR DO YOU NOT?DOZ; DZ DOZENDR DOCTOR; DEBITOR; DRIFT; DEBITDRATE DISCHARGING RATEDRFT; DFT DRAFTDRM DRUMDS DEPTH SOUNDINGDSAHD DEAD SLOW AHEADDSGN DESIGNDT DEEP TANKDTLD DETAILEDDTLS DETAILSDVLP DEVELOPDW DEADWEIGHTDWC DEADWEIGHT CAPACITYDWCC DEADWEIGHT CARGO CAPACITYDWT DEADWEIGHT TONNAGEDWTC DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE OF CARGODY DOCK YARDDY(S) DAY(S)E AND O.E. ERROR AND OMISSION EXCEPTEDE.D.P. ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSINGE.G. EXEMPLI GRATIA(=FOR EXAMPLE)EA EACH; EAST AFRICAEB ESAT BOUNDEC EAST COAST; ERROR CORRECTIONECU EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNITEDN EAST BY NORTHEEE ERROR, ERROR, ERROREIR EQUIPMENT INTERCHANGE RECEIPTEIU EVEN IF USEDELCT ELECTRICELSW ELAEWHEREENCL ENCLOSURE; ENCLOSEENG ENGINEENGRM; E.R. ENGINE ROOMEOHP EXCEPT OTHERWISE HEREIN PROVIDEDEPRS EXPRESSEQ; EQV EQUIV ALENTEQPMT EQUIPMENTERR ERRORESP ESPECIALLYESTI ESTIMATEETA ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIV ALETB ESTIMATED TIME OF BERTINGETC ESTIMATE TIME OF COMPLETION; ETCETERAETCD ESTIMATED TIME OF COMMENCING DISCHARGEETCL ESTIMATED TIME OF COMMENCING LOADINGETD ESTIMATED TIME OF DEPARTUREETDD ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT ETDEL ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETS ESTIMATED TIME OF SAILINGEXAM EXAMINATIONEXCH EXCHANGEEXCL EXCLUDE; EXCLUDINGEXP EXPORTEXPCTG EXPECTINGEXPDATE EXPIRING DATEEXPLN EXPLAINEXPNS EXPENSESEXRATE EXCHANGE RATEF FAHRENHEIT; FORE; FUELF.A.S. FREE ALONGSIDE SHIPF.I. FREE INF.I.B. FREE INTO BARGEF/DFT FORE DRAFTF/L FREIGHT LISTF/MNFST FREIGHT MANIFESTF/S FULL STYLEF/T FREIGHT TONFAHD FULL AHEADFAST FULL ASTERNFA VBL FA VOURABLEFAX FACSIMILEFBR FIBREFBRC FABRICFCC FIRST CLASS CHARTERERSFCL FULL CONTAINER LOADFE FAR EASTFEB FEBRUARYFEC FOREIGN EXCHANGE CERTIFICATEFEU FORTY-FOOT EQUIV ALENT UNITFIG FIGUREFILO FREE IN LINER OUTFINCL FINANCIALFINL FINALFIO FREE IN AND OUTFIOS FREE IN, OUT AND STOWEDFIOSL FREE IN, OUT, STOW AND LASHFIOST FREE IN, STOWED & TRIMMEDFLW(G) FOLLOW(ING)FLWS FOLLWSFM FROMFMC FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSIONFMORE FURTHERMOREFOB FREE ON BOARDFOC FLAG OF CONVENIENCEFOL FAULTFPA FREE OF PARTICULAR A VERAGEFPTK FORE PEAK TANKFR FOR, FRAMEFRATE FREIGHT RATEFRGL FRAGILEFRI FRIDAYFRT FREIGHTFRZ FREEZEFRZN FROZENFT FOOT; FEETFTG FITTINGFVR FA VOURFW FRESH WATERFWD FORWARDEDFWDG FORWARDINGFWT FRESH WATER TANKFXD FIXEDFYF FOR YOUR FILEFYG FOR YOUR GUIDANCEFYI FOR YOUR INFORMATIONFYR FOR YOUR REFERENCEFZ FREEZEG GRAM; GROSSG.A.&S. GENERAL A VERAGE AND SALV AGE (EXPENDITURE) G.A.S.&S.C. GENERAL A VERAGE SLV AGE AND SPECIAL CHARGE G/CGO GENERAL CARGOG/TTL GRAND TOTALGA GENERAL A VERAGEGAL GALLONGD GOODGDBC GEARED BULK CARRIERGEN GENERALGENCON C/P BALTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONFFERENCE UNIFORM GENERAL CHARTERGLF GULFGM METACENTRIC HEIGHTGMT GREENWICH MEAN TIMEGOVT; GVT GOVERNMENTGPO GENERAL POST OFFICEGR GRAINGRD GROUNDGRFITG GRAIN FITTINGGRS GROSS; GRASSGRT; G.R.T. GROSS REGISTERED TONNAGEGRWT GROSS WEIGHTGT GROSS TONNAGE; GREENWICH TIMEGTEE GUARANTEEGV GIVEGW GROSS WEIGHTH EVER HOWEVERH HEIGHT; HALF HATCH; HULLH&M HULL AND MACHINERYH, AHD HALF AHEADH.AST HALF ASTERNH.D.O. HEA VY DIESEL OILH.O. HEAD OFFICEH.P. HORSE POWERH/W HEREWITHHA/HO; H/H HATCH/HOLDHBR HARBOURHD HAD; HEADHDG HEADINGHDL; HNDL HANDLEHDLG HANDLINGHDWND HEADING WINDHF HIGH FREQUENCYHFO HEA VY FUEL OILHK; HKG HONG KONGHLD(G) HOLD(ING)HLDY HOLIDAYHOSPTL HOSPITAL; HOSPITALITYHQ HEADQUARTERSHR HOURHRS HOURSHS HASHSS HEA VYGRAIN SOYA AND SORGHUMSHTC HALF TIME TO COUNTHTG HEATINGHTL HOTELHV HA VEHVY HEA VYHWVR; HEVER HOWEVERHZD HAZARDI.C.C. INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSEI.C.NO. IDENTITY CARD NUMBERI.E. IDEST (= THAT IS)I.P.A. INCLUDING PARTICULAR A VERAGEI/E IMPORT AND EXPORTI/O INSTEAD OFIAGW IF ALL GOING WELLIBM INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPICC INTERNATIIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCEICS INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPING; INTEGRATED CONTAINER SERVICEID CARD IDENTIFICATION CARDIDD INTERNATIONAL DIRECT DIALINGIFMD INFORMEDIFO INTERMEDIATE FUEL OILILO IN LIEU OFIMMD IMMEDIATEIMMED IMMEDIATEIMMY IMMEDIATELYIMO INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATIONIMP IMPORTIMPSBL IMPOSSIBLEINC INCORPORATIONINCL INCLUDING; INCLUSIVE; INCLOSUREINCOTERMS INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF TRADE TERMS ( INTERNATIONAL CODES FOR TRADE TERMS)INFM INFORMINFMN INFORMATIONINMARSAT INTERNATIONAL MARINE SATELLITE ORGANIZATIONINSP INSPECTION; INSPECTORINST INSTANT (= OF THE PRESENT MONTH); INSISTINSTD INSTEADINSTL(MT) INSTALL(MENT)INSU INSURANCEINTCO INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALSINTL INTERNATIONALINTVW INTERVIEWINVC INVOICEINVC INVOICEIOPP INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION PREVENTIONIOU I OWE YOUIRO IN RESPECT OFIS ISLANDISO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ITNY ITINERARYJAN JANUARYJPN JAPANJUL JUL YJUN JUNEKB KEY BOARDKDLY KINDLYKG(S) KILOGRAM(S)KLN KOWLOONKN; KT KNOTKP KING POSTK/T KILO TON = METREC TONL LENGTH; LATITUDEL.O. LUBRICATING OILL.R. LLOYD’S REGISTERL/I LETTER OF INDEMNITYL/W/H LENGTH/WIDTH/HEIGHTLAD LADEN ARRIV AL DRAFTLASH LIGHTER ABOARD SHIPLAT LATITUDELB LABELLDD LOADEDLDG LOADING; LANDINGLDK LOWER DECKLDO LIGHT DIESEL OILLDS LOADSLH; L/H LOWER HOLDLIC LECENCELMT LIMITLO/LO LIFT ON/LIFT OFFLOA LENGTH OVER ALLLOADIS LOADING AND DISCHARGINGLONG LONGITUDELPG LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GASLPP LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULARSLRS LLOYD’S REGISTER OF SHIPPINGLSS LIFE SA VING STATIONLST LOCAL STANDARD TIMELT; L/T LOCAL TIME; LONG TONLTBENDS LINER TERMS BOTH ENDSLTD LOWER TWEEN DECK; LIMITEDLTR LITRELTRG LIGHTERAGELUB LUBRICATELUBO LUBRICATING OILLV LOCAL V ANNINGLVL LEVELLOLSO MORE OR LESS AT SHIPPERS’ OPTIONM MEASUREMENTM METRE; METACENTERM.D.O. MARINE DIESEL OILM.I.P. MARINE INSURANCE POLICYM.S. MOTOR SHIPM/E MAIN ENGINEM/F; MFST MAINIFESTM/R MATE’S RECEIPTMACH MACHINERYMANUF MANUFACTUREMAR MARCH; MARINE; MARITIMEMARISAT MARINE SATELLITEMAX MAXIMUMMAX/MIN MAXIMUM/MINIMUMMAYEST MAY WE OR MAY WE NOT?MDK MAIN DECKMDSE MERCHANDISEMEAS MEASUREMENTMEMO MEMORANDUMMFN MOST FA VOURED NATIONMFO MARINE FUEL OILMGO MARINE GAS OILMGR MANAGERMH MAIN HATCH; MAN HOLEMID MIDDLE; MIDSHIPMIL MILLIONMIN B/L MINIMUM BILL OF LADINGMIN MINIMUM; MINUTEMKT MARKETMME MADAMEMNSN MONSOONMNTIME MEANTIMEMOL MORE OR LESSMOLCO MORE OR LESS AT CHARTERERS’ OPTION MOLOO MORE OR LESS AT OWNERS’ OPTION MON MONDAY; MONTHMPS MULTIPURPOSE SHIPMR MISTRERMRS MISTRESSMSB MARITIME SAFETY BOARDMSG MESSAGEMT EMPTY; MOTOR TANKER; METRIC TONMTG MEETINGMTO MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT OPERATORMTR METREMV MOTOR VESSELMVG MOVINGMVMT MOVEMENTN ANDN.A.A. NOT ALWAYS AFLOATN.B. NOTA BENE(=NOTE WELL OR TAKE NOTICE)N.O.E. NOT OTHERWISE ENUMERATEDN.V. NORSKE VEVITASN/M NO MARK(S)N/N BL NON NEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADINGNAUT NAUTICALNA V NA VIGATIONNCV; N.C.V. NON COMMERCIAL V ALUENFY NOTIFYNITE NIGHTNK, (NKK) NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAI = JAPANESE MARINE CORPORATION NO.; NBR NUMBERNOR; N/R NOTICE OF READINESSNRT NET REGISTERED TONNAGENT. WT. NET WEIGHTNTD NOTEDNVOCC NON VESSEL OPERATING COMMON CARRIERO.S.; OT OVERTIMEO/FRT OCEAN FREIGHTOA OVERALOB OIL AND BULK CARRIEROBJ OBJECTOBL OCEAN BILL OF LADING; ORIGINAL BILL OF LADINGOC OUR CABLEOCC OCCUPIED (= SUBSCRIBER IS ENGAGED)OCP OVERLAND COMMON POINTSOCT OCTOBEROFF OFFICEORIG ORIGINAL; ORIGINOZ OOZE; OUNCEOZWS OTHERWISEP&I CLUB PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY CLUBP.A.; PA PER ANNUM; PARTICULAR A VERAGEP.DK POOP DECKP.M.; PM POST MERIDIEM(=IN THE AFTERNOON); PER MINUTEP.O. POST OFFICEP.O.B. POST OFFICE BOXP.S. POSTCREPTP/A PORT AUTHORITIESP/CHRGS PORT CHARGESP/DISBTS PORT DISBURSEMENTSP/L PARTIAL LOSS; PACKING LISTP/MT; PMT PER METRIC TONP/R PARCEL RECEIPTPACKG PACKINGPANFLAG PANAMANIAN FLAGPARA PARAGRANPHPARTI PARTICULARSPAX PASSENGERPAYMT PAYMENTPC PERSONAL COMPUTER; PIECEPCS PIECESPCT PERCENTPDPR PER DAY OR PRORATAPDS POUNDSPER PRO.; P.P. PER PROCURATIONPG PERSIAN GULFPICC PEOPLE’S INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHINAPKG PACKAGE; PACKINGPLCY POLICYPLS PLEASEPLSD PLEASEDPLT PALLETPNC PRIV ATE AND CONFIDENTIALPNI PROTECTING AND INDEMNITYPP NO. PASSPORT NO.PP PAGESPPS PURPOSEPRC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINAPREM PREMIUMPRGRM PROGRAMPRO INV PROFORMA INVOICEPROB PROBABLY; PROBLEMPROTCL PROTOCOLPRPSL PROPOSALPRS POLSKI REJESTER STATKOW(The Polish Reqister of Shppin) PRSNT PRESENTPRVD PROVIDE; PROVEDPSBL POSSIBLEPSG PASSINGPSTG POSTAGEPSTN PILOT STANTIONPSTN; PSN POSITIONPTA PREPAID TICKET ADVICEPTBL PROTABLEPTE PRIV ATEPVC POL YVINYL CHLORIDEPWR POWERPYBL PAYABLEPYMT PAYMENTQ QUAY; QUARATINE; QUARTERQ/INSPECTION QUARANTINE INSPECTIONQ/MASTER QUARTER MASTERQC QUALITY CONTROLQLTY QUALITYQNTY QUANTITYQSTN QUESTIONQTE QUOTEQTN QUOTATIONQUAR QUARANTINEQZ QUARTZDATLT SATELLITER AND M REPAIR AND MAINTENANCER CHAMBER REEFER CHAMBERR ARER.D. CLS RUNNING DOWN CLAUSER.F. RADIO FREQUENCYR/O RADIO OFFICERRCFM RECONFIRMRCOGNZ RECOGNIZERCOMND RECOMMENDRCPT RECEIPTRCRD RECORDRCVR RECEIVERRD ROAD (= ROADS e.g. Vessel anchored in the roads)RDF RADIO DIRECTION FINDERRDR RADARRDY READYRE REFERRING TO; REGARDING; WITH REFERENCE TOREC(D); R’CV(D) RECEIVE(D)RECMD RECOMMENDATION; RECOMMENDREDEL REDELIVERYREF REFERENCE; REFERRED; REFERRING TO; REFRIGERATOR REG REGISTERREIMBMT REIMBURSEMENTREJ REJECTRELBL RELIABLEREMBR REMEMBERREP REPUBLIC; REPRESENTATIVEREPAT REPATRIATIONREPT REPORTREQUIREST DO YOU REQUIRE OR NOT?RESP RESPECTRESV RESERVE; RESERV ATIONREV REVERSE; REVOLUTION; REVISEDREV. TON REVENUE TONRGDG REGARDINGRGDS REGARDSRGE RANGERGT REGRETRI REGISTRO ITALIANO (NA V ALE)(=Italian Classification Society)RM ROOM; REGISTERED MAILRMB RENMINBIRMT REMITRMTNC REMITTANCERMV REMOVERMVBL REMOV ABLERND ROUNDRNR ROMANIAN REGISTER OF SHIPPINGRO/RO ROLL ON/ROLL OFFROB REMAINING ON BOARDROC REFERRING TO OUR CABLEROL REFERRING TO OURLETTERROT REFERRING TO OUR TELEGRAMROTELCON REFERRING TO OUR TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONROTLX REFERRING TO OUR TELEXRPLCMT REPLACEMENTRPT REPORT; REPEATRQD REQUIREDRQFDW REMAINING QUANTITY OF FUEL, DIESEL AND WATERRQR REQUIRERQST REQUESTRSNBL REASONABLERSVP Repondez s’ il vous plait (Reply, if you please)RTN RETURNRTO RATIORVS(D) REVISE(D)RVT(G) REVERT(ING)RYC REFERRING TO YOUR CABLERYL REFERRING TO YOUR LETTERRYT REFERRING TO YOUR TELEGRAM; REFERRING TO YOUR TELEXS SOUTH; SECOND; SHIP; STEAMER; STARBOARD; SUMMER LOAD LINE MARKS.O.S. SA VE OUR SOULSS.R. & C.C. STRIKES, RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTIONSS.S.; S/S; SS SPECIAL SURVEY; STEAMSHIPS.T. STANDARD TIMES.W.; SW SEA WATER; SALT WATERS/N SERIAL NUMBERS/O SHIPPING ORDERS/R SIGNING/RELEASINGSASHEX SATURDAY AFTERNOON, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED SAT SATURDAYSB SAFETY BERTHSBJ SUBJECTSBM SOYA BEAN MEALSBMT SUBMITSCHDL; SCHED SCHEDULESD SINGAPORE DOLLARSDWT SUMMER DEAD WEGHTSE SOUTHEASTSEA SOUTH EAST ASIASEC(S) SECOND(S)SECT SECTIONSEP; SEPT. SEPTEMBERSEZ SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONESF STOWAGE FACTORSFT SAFETY; SOFTSGND SEGNEDSHD SHOULDSHD SHOULDSHE. DK. SHELTER DECKSHEX SUNDAYS, HOLIDAYS EXCEPTEDSHEXEIU SUNDAYS & HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED EVEN IF USEDSHEXUU SUNDAYS & HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED, UNLESS USEDSHINC SUNDAYS, HOLIDAYS INCLUDEDSHPG SHIPPINGSHRTG SHORTAGESHT(S) SHEET(S)SIG STATN SIGNAL STATIONSIG SIGNAL; SIGNATURESKD SEMI KNOCKED DOWNSL & C SHIPPERS LOAD AND COUNTSL & T SHIPPERS LOAD AND TALLYSL SAILSLD SAILEDSLG SAILING; SLINGSMGLG SMUGGLINGSMK SMOKESML SMALLSMN SEAMANSMRY SUMMARYSNST SOONESTSOC SHIPPER OWNED CONTAINERSOF STATEMENT OF FACTSSOLAS’60 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1960SP & S SHIPPER’S PACK AND SEALSP SAFE PORTSPEC SPECIFICATIONSPORE SINGAPORESQ SEQUENCE; SQUARESRVY SURVEYSRY SORRYSSHEX SATURDAY, SUNDAY AND HOLIDAY EXCEPTEDSST SYSTEMSSW SUMMER SEAWATERST. STREET; STRAIT; SUMMER TIMESTBD STARBOARDSTBL STABLESTEVES STEVEDORESSTG PDS STERLING POUNDSSTG STERLING POUNDSTL STILLSTN STATIONSTP STOPSTW SAID TO WEIGHSUG(SN) SUGGEST(ION)SUGSTN SUGGESTIONSUN SUNDAYSUPPL SUPPLEMENTSUPT SUPERINTENDENTSURCHG SURCHARGESUSPD SUSPENDSUTBL SUITABLESV CHG SERVICE CHARGESVC SERVICESVRL SEVERALSWDRFT SEA WATER DRAFT; SALT WATER DRAFTSWL SAFE WORKING LOADSXN SECTIONSYS SYSTEMT TON; TROPICAL(LOAD LINE MARK)T/S TRANSHIPMENTT/T TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERTAB TABLETB TO BETBL TABLE; THROUGH BILL OF LADINGTBN TO BE NOMINATEDTC; T/C TIME CHARTERTCT TIME CHARTER ON TRIP BASISTD TWEEN DECKTDAY; TDY TODAYTECH TECHNICIAN; TECHNICS; TECHNIQUETEL TELEPHONE; TELEGRAM; TELEGRAPHTELCON TELECONVERSATION’TELCONV TELEPHONE CONVERSTIONTEMP TEMPERATURETERMNL TERMINALTEU TWENTYFOOT EQUIVALENT UNITTEXT TEXTILETFORE; TH4 THEREFORETGTHR TOGETHERTHC TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHK; TK THANKTHO THOUGHTHRU THROUGHTHT THATTHU; THURS THURSDAYTKS THANKSTKT TICKETTKU THANK YOUTLX TELEXTMRW TOMORROWTOD TIME OF DEPARTURE; TIME OF DELIVERYTOV ALOP TANKER OWNERS VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT CONCERNING LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTIONTPC TONS PER CENTIMETERTPI TONS PER INCHTR WT TARE WEIGHTTRANS TRANSACTIONTRANSF TRANSFERTRANSP TRANSPORTTRBL TROUBLETRDG TRADINGTRDTNL TRADITIONALTRSHPMT TRANS-SHIPMENTTTL(Y) TOTAL(LY)TUE TUESDAYTV TELEVISION; TERMINAL V ANNINGTWDK TWEEN DECKTXT TEXTTYPH TYPHOONU YOU; UNITU.H.F. ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCYU/STAND UNDERSTANDU/W; UNDWTRS UNDERWRITERSUDK UPPER DECKUGT; URG URGENTULCC ULTRA LARGE CRUDE CARRIER UN UNITED NATIONSUNACPT UNACCEPTUNAUTHD UNAUTHORIZEDUNA VLBL UNA V AILABLEUNCERT UNCERTAINUNCHNG UNCHANGEUNDSTD UNDERSTANDUNDWRTR UNDERWRITERUNQTE UNQUOTEUNRCVD UNRECEIVEDUNSGD UNSIGNEDUNTL UNTILLUPR UPPERUR(S) YOUR(S)URTLX YOUR TELEXUS(A) UNITED STATES(OF AMERICA) USD UNITED STATES DOLLARS USG US GULF(MEXICO GULF) USTOOD UNDERSTOODUTDK UPPER TWEEN DECKUU UNLESS USEDV WE; VOYAGEV ACM V ACUUMV ALBL V ALUABLEVC VOYAGE CHARTERVENT VENTILATORVERT VERTICALVG VERY GOODVGTBL VEGETABLEVHF VERY HIGH FREQUENCYVIA BY WAY OFVIP VERY IMPORTANT PERSONVIZ VEDELICET(=NAMELY)VLCC VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIERVLF VERY LOW FREQUENCYVLV V ALVEVOL VOLUMEVOU VOUCHERVOY; V VOYAGEVSL VESSELW WEST; WEW.A. WITH A VERAGE(=with particular average)W.C. WATER CLOSETW.P.A. WITH PARTICULAR A VERAGEW.R. WAR RISKW/I WITHINW/M WEIGHT OR MEASUREMENTW/O WITHOUTW/T WITH TRANSSHIPMENTWB; W/B WAY BILLWBT WATER BALLAST TANKWCH WHICHWD WORKING DAYWED WEDNESDAYWFP WORLD FOOD PROGRAMMEWIBON WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOTWICCON WHETHER IN CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OR NOTWIFPON WHETHER IN FREE PRATIQUE OR NOTWIPON WHETHER IN PORT OR NOTWIZ WITHWK WEEKWL WILLWOG WITHOUT GUARANTEEWP; W.P. WITHOUT PREJUDICE; WEATHER PERMITTIGWRNG WARNINGWUDST WOULDYOU OR WOULD YOU NOT?WWD WEATHER WORKING DAYWWDSHEXEIU WEATHER WORKING DAY, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTEDEVEN IF USEDWWDSHEXUU WEATHER WORKING DAY, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED UNLESS USEDWWDSHINC WEATHER WORKING DAYS, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS INCLUDED WWDSSHEX WEATHER WORKING DAYS, SATURDAYS, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTEDWX; W/X WEATHER MESSAGEXCPT EXCEPTXMAS CHRISTMASXMAS CHRISTMASXPCT EXPECTXPR EXPIREXTN EXTENDY YEARY; YD YARDYAR YORK ANTWERP RULESYC YOUR CABLEYDY; YDAY RESTERDAYYLT; YL YOUR LETTERYR(S) YOUR(S)YRT YOUR TELEGRAMYTLX YOUR TELEXZ ZONE; ZERO; ZERO ZONE TIME(=GMT……GREENWICH MEAN TIME)Z.S.T. ZONE STANDARD TIMEZ.T. ZONE TIME********************************************************************************。
Unit Six
2. 汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词。
①我们为人质的安全担忧。 译文：We are anxious for the hostages’ safety. ②我们对该国正发生的一切极为关切。 译文：We are very concerned what is happening in that country. ③我们怀疑他们能否负担得起。 译文：We’re doubtful whether they can afford it. ④你可晓得他最近的情况？ 译文：Are you aware how he is doing lately?
⑤会上透露了许多信息。 译文：It was a very informative meeting
3. 汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语。
①你追求什么？ 译文：What are you after? ②人民拥护她。 译文：The people are with her. ④他们不顾困难，挫折，坚持战斗。 译文：They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. ⑤赞成的人请举手。 译文：Those who are in favor of it, put up your hands, please .
Translation Review
1. Spelling: Benifit? Xu BeiHong? vocation VS vacation?
The horse pained by Xu Beihong was lively.
2. Common knowledge The war between Afghanistan and Iraq? We are from the fellow-villagers? 3.Grammar Socialist revolution is aimed at liberating? Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses is very well? The woman reached with her two daughters. We comes from the same town.
China-EU_FTA_to_Be_Put_into_Practice_with_High_Exp
26During the seminar themed “Propel Free Trade Co-operation, Elevate Sino-EU Economic and TradeRelations” held by the CCPIT, Wang Jinzhen, vice chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of Inter-national Trade (CCPIT), pointed out that, the EU has launched several anti-dumping investigations and carried out trade remedy measures against steel, chemical products and other commodi-ties from China, setting barriers for Chinese enterprises in related industries to export to Europe.“It is expected that the China-EU FTA could resolve such conflicts.” said Wang Jinzhen. He believes that a comprehensive and in-depth China-EU FTA can reduce trade barriers, facilitate corporate investment and promote China and Europe to comple-ment each other for sustainable eco-nomic development.China-EU FTA may help reduce disputes between China and EuropeW h i le econom ic a nd t rade relations are being strengthened, conflicts between China and Europe are increasing. The attitude that the EU holds towards China’s “market economy status” has further gloomed the future. On November 9, 2016, in the amendment proposal for the anti-dumping legal system presented to the European Parliament and the European Council, the European Commission replaced “non-market economy” with the concept and standards for “market distortions”, which does not fundamentally abandon the “surrogate country” approach. On November 12, 2016, the European Commission made anti-dumping investigation preliminary ruling for seamless steel pipe productsoriginating in China, and decided toChina-EU FTA to Be Put into Practice with High Expectationimpose an up to 81.1% provisional anti-dumping duty for a period of 6 months. Statistics show that of the iron and steel industry in China that is vulnerable to anti-dumping investigations, seamless steel pipe products bear the most brunt. Based on relevant research data, the exports of seamless steel pipes from China declined gradually in the past seven or eight years.It was learned from the Ministry of Commerce that, on December 20, 2016, the European Commission re-vealed the results for anti-dumping and anti-subsidy sunset review and interim review investigation against Chinese photovoltaic products, which showed that the commission would continue the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures.“Chinese enterprises often spend more time and money in responding to the EU ’s anti-dumping and anti-sub-sidy cases.” said Yu Huabo, director ofthe silk department of China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textile and Apparel.In addition to the increasing anti-dumping and anti-subsidy cases, the so-called “China premium” also hold up Chinese enterprises from “going out”.Allen Zhang, chief economist at PricewaterhouseCoopers, said, “When a Chinese Company, especially a state-owned enterprise, tries to acquire a target company in Europe or elsewhere, it often has to pay a higher price, just because we are from China.”“It is clear that orders are decreas-ing, in particular textile and clothing orders. Since 2015, exports of Chineseproducts to the EU have decreased significantly, while Bangladesh, Viet-nam and other countries are having an increasing share in European market. Chinese enterprises are facing increas-ing pressure on price competition.” Yu Huabo from China Chamber of Com-merce for Import and Exprot of Textile and Apparel said.According to Yu Huabo, large orders and long-term orders are on the derease, the collection period is extend-ing, and claims and repudiation are more often to see, all causing enterpris-es to face higher risks, higher financing costs, and higher quality requirements. Tiny problems used to be neglected now become pretexts for the importers for price cuts or even claims. Due to the recent economic slowdown and weak trade demand, exporters and importers are struggling, which brings more trade disputes between China and Europe.Christian Ewert, director gen-eral of Foreign Trade Association Europe, criticized the revival of trade protectionism, “A great many of Eu-ropean companies import goods and services from China, because China is able to provide efficient and high quality services and production, im-ports from China and other Asian countries have become an integral part of our economy.”China is the crucial market for the EUThere are high expectations on the construction of China-EU Free TradeZone and the negotiation on China-EU Free Trade Agreement. China andthe EU signed “China-EU 2020 Stra-tegic Agenda for Cooperation” in 2013,which clearly expressed that both partywould move “once the conditions areright, towards a deep and comprehen-sive FTA”.Wang said, in more than 40 yearssince China and the EU establisheddiplomatic ties, under the encourage-ment and support by both parties, withthe efforts of business circles of bothsides, the bilateral economic and traderelations have maintained a good mo-mentum of development.Mr. Ewert highly praised the im-portant role of China to the Europeaneconomy. The rapidly develop Chineseeconomy over the past 20 years helpspromote the European economy. “Atpresent, the population of middle classhas reached 300 million, meaning thereis unlimited potential in China,” hesaid, “China’s important to the Euro-pean economy, especially for the satu-rated and fiercely competing Europeanmarket. The choice of Chinese consum-ers may determine the performance ofmany European businesses. It even cansay that Chinese market is key to manycompanies in Europe. It has provedthat the trade relation with China isvital to the EU economy, so we mustresist the protectionism. Strenghten thetrade tie with China is not a threat, buta great opportunity for the economicdevelopment in the EU. There is enor-morous potential to carry out economicand trade cooperation between the EUand China, and it is now time for us totake the chance.”Actively respond trade frictionsDifferences and frictions now aremore common to see, partly because ofthe closer economic and trade relations.In China, though a lot of peoplecan speak European languanges, legalprofessionals that really understandlocal culture and laws and regulationsare in shortage, and there is a greatdemand gap for talents that can pro-vide legal advice and support for tradeand investment cooperation betweenChinese and European enterprises. Thelack of talents certainly brings difficul-ties to enterprises.As PricewaterhouseCoopers’ chiefeconomist Allen Zhang pointed out,if enterprises are not familiar with lo-cal investment environment, laws andregulations, environmental rules, laborstandards, etc., the first task for themis to fully understand the legal systemthere in a short time.Mr. Ewert said, since China andthe EU have a strong complementarityfor economic cooperation, both par-ties should continue to further openinternal markets, and eliminate tradebarriers.Wang said, the investment inChina from the EU continues togrow quickly against the weak globaleconomy, indicating that the EU arestill optimistic about the developmentprospects and the improvement of in-vestment environment in China.Wang also stressed that as thelargest trade and investment promotionorganization in China, the CCPITassociates industrial and commercialenterprises in China, and actively par-ticipates in the construction of Chinafree trade zones. It not only providesChinese and foreign governmentspolicy recommendations of Chineseenterprises on FTA negotiation, butalso promotes the relevant policies andregulations of the FTA.D i f f e r e n c e s a n dfrictions now are morecommon to see, partlybecause of the closereconomic and traderelations.27。
international trade between china and u
Introduction
C. China has become the U.S.'s third largest trading partner and the sixth largest market for U.S. exports. D. Trade disputes are normal, particularly between countries with such large amounts of trade. E. The EU is China's largest trading partner and the U.S. is second.
Introduction
A. U.S. Ambassador to China Clark Randt a few months ago said that the economies of the United States and china are so intricately entwined that if something bad happens to China it is going to negatively affect the U.S. He also said that similarly, what is good for the Chinese economy will be good for the long-term benefit of the U.S. B. The current trade relationship between China and the U.S. is $343 billion a year.
How can the situation be corrected and made better for both countries?
中美贸易关英文作文
中美贸易关英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The trade between China and the US is really important. It affects a lot of things.Sometimes there are disputes and challenges. It can be quite a headache.But also, there are opportunities for both sides to grow and benefit.Each side has its own interests and demands. It's not always easy to find a balance.There are many factors at play, like different economic structures and policies.Lots of negotiations and discussions are needed to work things out.It's a complex issue that requires careful handling.。
中美贸易 英文作文 范文
中美贸易英文作文范文The trade relationship between China and the United States has always been a topic of great interest and concern. It is a complex and multifaceted issue that involves various aspects such as economics, politics, and culture. In recent years, the trade tensions between the two countries have escalated, leading to a series oftariffs and retaliatory measures. This has had asignificant impact on both economies and has raised questions about the future of their trade relationship.China and the United States are two of the largest economies in the world, and their trade volume is substantial. Both countries have benefited from this trade relationship, as it has allowed them to access new markets, increase their exports, and create jobs. However, there have also been concerns about the trade imbalance between the two countries, with the United States importing more goods from China than it exports. This has led to accusations of unfair trade practices and intellectualproperty theft.The trade tensions between China and the United States have resulted in the imposition of tariffs on a wide range of products. This has affected industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and technology, and has led to higher prices for consumers. Both countries have retaliated with their own tariffs, creating a cycle of escalation that has had a negative impact on global trade.The trade dispute between China and the United Statesis not just about economics, but also about politics and national security. There are concerns about China's growing influence and its alleged unfair trade practices, as well as its human rights record and its actions in the South China Sea. The United States has taken a tough stance on these issues, imposing sanctions and restrictions on Chinese companies and individuals.The future of the trade relationship between China and the United States is uncertain. Both countries have expressed a desire to reach a trade agreement and resolvetheir differences, but negotiations have been challenging and have not yet produced a comprehensive deal. The ongoing trade tensions have created uncertainty and volatility in the global economy, affecting businesses and investors around the world.In conclusion, the trade relationship between China and the United States is a complex and multifaceted issue that involves various aspects such as economics, politics, and culture. The trade tensions between the two countries have had a significant impact on both economies and have raised questions about the future of their trade relationship. The imposition of tariffs and retaliatory measures has affected industries and consumers, while concerns about unfair trade practices and national security have added to the complexity of the issue. The future of the trade relationship remains uncertain, and negotiations between the two countries continue.。
20122021中国进出口贸易英语作文
20122021中国进出口贸易英语作文China's Import and Export Trade in 2021In 2021, China's import and export trade continued to play a significant role in driving the country's economic growth and contributing to the global trade landscape. Despite various challenges such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, trade tensions, and supply chain disruptions, China remained a major player in the international trade arena.The year 2021 saw China's import and export trade facing both opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, the global economic recovery and the increasing demand for Chinese goods and services presented new opportunities for the country's trade sector. On the other hand, rising production costs, trade barriers, and geopolitical tensions created obstacles for China's import and export activities.In terms of exports, China continued to be a leading global exporter of various products, including electronic goods, machinery, textiles, and consumer products. The country's export sector benefited from strong global demand, particularly in areas such as digital technology, e-commerce, and healthcare-related products. Additionally, China's export trade also expanded in emerging markets, contributing to the diversification of its export destinations.Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, China's import trade also demonstrated resilience and adaptability. The country continued to import a wide range of goods, including energy resources, advanced technologies, and consumer products. The growing domestic market and the need for technological upgrades drove China's import demand, leading to increased imports in sectors such as semiconductor devices, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy products.China's import and export trade in 2021 also witnessed significant policy developments and initiatives. The country implemented measures to further facilitate trade, includingthe launch of new pilot free trade zones, the expansion of e-commerce platforms, and the optimization of customs procedures. These efforts aimed to streamline trade processes, reduce trade barriers, and enhance trade efficiency.Furthermore, China continued to actively participate in regional and international trade cooperation. The country's involvement in trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment, demonstrated its commitment to fostering an open and inclusive trade environment. Moreover, China's support for multilateralismand sustainable development in trade further contributed toits role as a responsible global trade partner.Looking ahead, China's import and export trade is expected to undergo further transformation and development. The country will continue to explore new trade opportunities, leverage digital technologies, and adapt to evolving global trade dynamics. Moreover, China's commitment to green and sustainable trade practices will likely shape its future trade agenda, promoting eco-friendly trade initiatives and green supply chains.In conclusion, China's import and export trade in 2021 reflected the country's resilience, adaptability, and commitment to global trade cooperation. Despite various challenges, China's trade sector demonstrated robust growth, contributed to the global economic recovery, and advanced the principles of inclusive and sustainable trade. As China embraces new trade opportunities and navigates complex trade dynamics, its import and export trade will continue to make significant contributions to the global economy.。
中美贸易的英文作文
中美贸易的英文作文The trade between China and the United States has been a hot topic in recent years. Many people believe that the trade imbalance is unfair and that the US is losing out. However, others argue that the trade relationship is mutually beneficial and helps to support economic growth in both countries.The United States has imposed tariffs on billions of dollars worth of Chinese goods, sparking a trade war between the two countries. This has led to increased tensions and uncertainty in the global economy, as well as impacting businesses and consumers in both countries.Some people argue that the trade war is necessary in order to address the unfair trade practices of China, such as intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer. They believe that the tariffs will force China to make concessions and level the playing field for American businesses.On the other hand, many people are concerned about the impact of the trade war on the global economy. They worry that it will lead to higher prices for consumers, job losses, and a slowdown in economic growth. Some also fear that the trade war could escalate into a full-blown economic and geopolitical conflict between the two countries.Despite the tensions and uncertainties, it is clearthat the trade relationship between China and the United States is complex and multifaceted. Both countries have a lot to gain from a strong trade partnership, but there are also legitimate concerns that need to be addressed in order to ensure a fair and mutually beneficial relationship.。
中国和其他金砖国家贸易英语图表作文
中国和其他金砖国家贸易英语图表作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1China and the BRICS Countries: Trading Partners!Hi there! My name is Lily and I'm going to tell you all about trade between China and the other BRICS countries. But first, what are the BRICS countries? BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. These are five of the biggest emerging economies in the world.So why is trade between these countries so important? Well, they all have really big populations and fast-growing economies. By trading goods and services with each other, they can help their economies grow even faster! It's like if you and your friends all had lemonade stands, you could trade your lemonades with each other to get different flavors. Pretty cool, right?Now let's look at some of the major trade flows between China and the other BRICS nations:China and BrazilBrazil is a huge exporter of agricultural products like soybeans, iron ore, and meat. China needs a lot of these raw materials to fuel its big manufacturing sector and feed its massive population. So China imports tons of farm goods and minerals from Brazil every year. In return, China sends manufactured products like electronics, machinery and textiles to Brazil. It's a win-win trade relationship!In 2022, the total trade between China and Brazil was over 135 billion. That's about as much as 2.7 million average American households make in a year! Brazil is China's biggest trade partner in Latin America.China and RussiaEven though Russia and China don't share a border, they are very close trading partners. Russia exports a lot of oil, natural gas and other energy products to China to help power its factories and cities. China depends a lot on Russian energy. Meanwhile, Russia imports machinery, electronics, vehicles and other industrial goods from China.The trade between these two countries was worth around 190 billion in 2022, making Russia China's biggest source of imported energy and fuel. With the growth of the Belt and RoadInitiative connecting Asia and Europe, this trade partnership is likely to keep expanding.China and IndiaNow here's a trading relationship between two true economic giants! India and China are the world's two most populous countries and two of the fastest growing major economies. They have a lot of demand for each other's products and resources.India's biggest exports to China include iron ore, cotton, and other mineral and agricultural products. Meanwhile, Chinese companies ship industrial machinery, electronics, chemicals and many other manufactured goods over to India. Since both nations are rapidly developing their technological and manufacturing capabilities, more and more of this trade includes high-tech components.In 2022, the total two-way trade between India and China was valued at nearly 115 billion, with the balance slightly in China's favor. As these economies continue their historic growth, this massive trade flow will likely keep surging in years to come.China and South AfricaOur final stop is the rainbow nation of South Africa, the only African member of BRICS. While their economies are very different sizes, China and South Africa have substantial trade ties.South Africa is a major exporter of minerals like gold, diamonds, platinum and coal which help supply China's industrial needs. China is South Africa's single biggest trade partner. In the other direction, China sends machinery, electronics, textiles and other manufactured goods to South Africa.Their total two-way trade in 2022 was around 54 billion, with the balance favoring China. South Africa's membership in BRICS helps give it better access to the massive Chinese market.Those are the major trade relationships between China and the other BRICS economies. As you can see, it's a lot ofback-and-forth movement of goods and resources between these growing nations.To visualize it, let's imagine a giant circle with arrows showing all the products flowing in both directions! From Brazil, you've got soybeans, iron and meat headed to China. From Russia, a river of oil and natural gas. From India, iron ore and cotton. And from South Africa, gems and precious metals.In the opposite direction, from China you have streams of electronics, machinery, vehicles, chemicals and textiles radiating outward to all the other BRICS countries! It's a huge circular flow of trade crisscrossing the globe.So why is all this trade within BRICS so important? Well, by exchanging the goods and resources they need from each other, it allows these economies to keep developing at a rapid pace. They don't have to depend as much on trade with Europe, North America or Japan.The BRICS nations also cooperate on projects involving infrastructure, finance and renewable energy. The idea is they can pool their resources and help pull each other forward as emerging powers on the world stage.Well, that's the broad picture of trade relationships between China and the other BRICS countries! I tried to cover all the major trade flows and explain why they are so important for these rapidly developing economies. Import, export, precious resources, global supply chains - it's a fascinating world of interlinking trade out there.I hope this essay gave you a better understanding of how China's trade with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa works. Obviously, there are way more details than I could possibly coveras a 10-year-old kid! But hopefully I explained the basics in a simple, easy-to-understand way. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇2China's Trade with the BRICS CountriesHi there! My name is Lily and I'm going to tell you all about China's trade with the other BRICS nations. BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. These are five of the biggest emerging economies in the world.First, let's look at Brazil. Brazil is a huge country in South America. It's famous for the Amazon rainforest, soccer, and delicious foods like feijoada (a bean and meat stew). China and Brazil trade a lot of different products. Brazil sends China things like soybeans, iron ore, crude petroleum, and beef. In return, China sends manufactured goods like electronics, machinery, and vehicles to Brazil. The two countries had around 115 billion in total trade in 2022.Next up is Russia. Russia is the biggest country in the world by land area! It's known for things like Russian nesting dolls, St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow, and really cold winters. Russia trades a ton of oil, natural gas and other energy products withChina. It also sends China chemical products and raw materials like wood and minerals. China mainly exports machinery, electronics, clothing and other manufactured goods to Russia. Total trade between the two giants was worth over 190 billion in 2022!Then there's India. India has over a billion people, amazing food like curry, and famous landmarks like the Taj Mahal. India's biggest exports to China are iron ore, cotton, and other raw materials. It also sends a lot of commercial services. From China, India imports machinery, electronics, chemical products and many other manufactured items. Two-way trade topped 115 billion in 2022, making China India's biggest trade partner.Another BRICS member is South Africa. South Africa is renowned for its wildlife like lions, elephants and rhinos. Top South African exports to China include precious metals, iron ore, and fruits and nuts. Key imports from China are electronics, machinery, textiles and other manufactured goods. Although smaller than India and Russia, trade between China and South Africa was still around 42 billion in 2022.Finally, let's look at China itself. As you probably know, China is the world's most populous country with over 1.4 billion people. It has had incredibly rapid economic growth over the past fewdecades. China exports massive quantities of electronics, machinery, toys, clothing, and other consumer goods all over the world. Some key imports are energy products like crude oil and natural gas, raw materials like iron ore and wood, and agricultural products like soybeans.Altogether, trade between China and the other BRICS nations was worth around 465 billion in 2022! That makes the BRICS economies some of China's most important trade partners. In fact, together the BRICS countries account for over 30% of the global economy.Well, that's the scoop on trade between China and Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa - the other big BRICS countries! The economic ties among these nations continue to grow stronger every year. Who knows, maybe I'll work on BRICS trade deals when I grow up and become a businesswoman or diplomat. For now, I hope you found this overview interesting and fun. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇3China's Trade with the BRIC NationsHi there! My name is Lily and I'm going to tell you all about China's trade with the other BRIC countries. The BRIC nations areBrazil, Russia, India and China - although now it's called BRICS with the addition of South Africa. These are some of the biggest and fastest growing economies in the world.First, let's start with Brazil. Brazil is a huge country in South America, known for the Amazon rainforest, football, and tasty foods like Brazilian barbeque. The main things Brazil exports to China are soybeans, iron ore, oil seeds, wood pulp and crude petroleum. In return, China sends machinery, electronics, textiles and vehicles to Brazil. The trade between our two countries has grown a lot in recent years.Next up is Russia, our great neighbor to the north. Russia has a massive landmass spanning across Europe and Asia. It's famous for things like matryoshka dolls, Red Square in Moscow, and centuries of writers and composers. China's main imports from Russia are crude petroleum, wood, copper and semiconductors. Meanwhile, we export things like computers, broadcasting equipment, vehicles and clothing to Russia. Despite some challenges, our trade relationship remains strong.The third BRICS member is India, which has an ancient civilization going back thousands of years. India is celebrated for its flavorful cuisine, beautiful silk saris, Bollywood films and religions like Hinduism and Buddhism. Key imports from Indiainclude diamonds, copper, vegetables and organic chemicals. China's top exports to India are electrical machinery, data processing equipment, fertilizers and steel products. With over a billion people each, trade between our nations is vital.Last but not least, there's South Africa at the southern tip of the African continent. South Africa is renowned for its diverse wildlife, the Kruger National Park, mining industries, and the inspirational legacy of Nelson Mandela. Major South African exports to China include iron ore, manganese ores, precious metals and wool. In the other direction, we send machinery, electronics, vehicles and plastics to South Africa. Our economic ties help bring our two peoples closer.As you can see, the flows of goods and services between China and the other BRICS states are huge and incredibly important. Iron, energy products, agriculture, metals and minerals come to China, while we export machinery, hi-tech goods, vehicles and chemicals in return. With our big populations and fast growth, BRICS trade will keep expanding in the years ahead.These economic bonds don't just facilitate business - they also bring our cultures closer through people-to-people exchanges. More Chinese are enjoying Brazil's vibrant music anddance styles. We've gained greater appreciation for Russia's classical arts. Indian spices and Bollywood have become very popular in China. And wildlife documentaries have helped raise awareness of South Africa's unparalleled biodiversity.While we BRICS members have our differences, our nations are united by a shared desire for peace, development and mutually beneficial cooperation. By raising living standards through business ties today, we are laying the groundwork for an even brighter future of friendship tomorrow. I feel so lucky to be living in these exciting times!Well, that's all I wanted to share about the trade relationships between China and our BRIC partners. I hope you found it interesting and learned something new. Let's keep exploring the world and its many vibrant cultures through study, exchange and understanding. Thanks for reading!篇4My Big Adventure Learning About China's Trade with the BRICS CountriesHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I just had the most exciting adventure learning all about how China trades with the other BRICS nations. Let me tell you all about it!It started when my teacher, Mrs. Jenkins, told our class that we would be doing a special project on the BRICS countries. I had never heard of the BRICS before, so I raised my hand. "What are the BRICS countries?" I asked. Mrs. Jenkins explained that BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. They are five of the biggest and fastest growing economies in the world."For your project, you'll need to research trade between China and the other BRIC nations," Mrs. Jenkins instructed. "Then you'll create a poster presentation with charts and graphs to show what you learned."Trade? Charts and graphs? This project already sounded like a lot of work. But I was also really excited to learn about these fascinating faraway places. I love learning new things!First up was researching Brazil. I discovered that China and Brazil trade lots of different products. The biggest things China imports from Brazil are soybeans, iron ore, oil, and beef. In return, China sends machinery, electronics, and other manufactured goods to Brazil.To visualize this trade, I created a bar graph showing the dollar value of imports and exports between the two countries over the past five years. The bars went up and down a bit, butoverall trade has grown a lot as China's demand for Brazilian commodities like soybeans and iron ore keeps increasing.Next, I looked into China's trade with Russia. This one was really interesting because Russia exports huge amounts of oil, gas, and other fuels to China. But China also sends loads of electronics, machinery, clothing, and other manufactured products to Russia.For Russia, I made a pie chart that showed what percentage of their total trade was with China. The massive red slice of the pie made it obvious that China is a hugely important trade partner for Russia.Then it was time to research India. This was my favorite part because the trade between these two giants is just amazing! They exchange so many goods like rice, cotton, diamonds, machinery, electronics, and tonnes of other products. The trade has grown tremendously over the past 20 years as China and India's economies have boomed.I made a line graph to show the rocketing growth of exports and imports between China and India since 2000. The lines just kept spiking upwards year after year. It was easy to see that these two nations have become huge trade partners.Finally, I examined South Africa. Compared to the other BRIC countries, South Africa's trade with China was quite small but still significant. South Africa mainly sends raw materials like iron ore, precious metals, and minerals to China. In return, it imports a lot of electronics, machinery, textiles, and other manufactured goods from China.For South Africa, I created a cluster bar chart that showed the major product categories being traded in both directions. It gave a neat side-by-side comparison of imports and exports.After all my charts were made, I put them together on a big poster board along with explanations, maps, and photos. I worked really hard getting it all ready for my presentation to the class.When it was my turn to present, I wheeled my poster to the front of the classroom using Mrs. Jenkins' cart. I spoke slowly and clearly to explain each of my charts. I could see my classmates were impressed by all the detailed trade data I had gathered on the different BRICS countries."Great work, Lily!" Mrs. Jenkins exclaimed when I finished. "You clearly understood the trading relationships between China and the other BRICS nations. Your charts visualized the data in a very effective way. This is an excellent poster!"I felt so proud in that moment. Who knew learning about trade between different countries could be so interesting and fun? Creating those charts and graphs really helped me grasp how much economic interaction there is between China and nations like Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa. It was the best class project ever!After my presentation, my classmates asked me lots of great follow-up questions like:"Why does China trade so much with these particular countries?""What would happen if the trading stopped for some reason?""Are there any special trade agreements between China and the BRICS?"I didn't know all the answers, but that just made me more curious to learn even more. Now I want to be an economist when I grow up so I can study global trade patterns. Or maybe an ambassador to help manage trade relationships between nations. Presenting that poster really opened my eyes to all the possibilities!So that's the full story of my big BRICS trade adventure. I hopeyou found it interesting too. Learning about economics and international business篇5The BRICS Countries and Their Trade with ChinaHi there! My name is Jia and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about the BRICS countries – that's Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These are five really big countries that have economies that are developing and growing super fast.One of the main reasons the BRICS countries are so important is because of all the trade they do with each other. Trade just means countries buying and selling things to each other. Let me start by telling you about the amazing trade between China and the other BRICS nations!China and BrazilBrazil is a huge country in South America. It's known for the Amazon rainforest, football, and lots of delicious food like feijoada! China and Brazil trade a ton of stuff. Some of the main things Brazil sells to China are:Soybeans (to make foods like soy sauce and tofu)Iron ore (to make steel for buildings and bridges)Crude petroleum (oil to make gasoline for cars)Beef and other meatsAnd some of the biggest things China sells to Brazil are:Electrical machinery (like computers and phones)Vehicles and vehicle partsPlastics and plastic productsOptical and medical equipmentJust between these two countries, the trade was worth over 135 billion in 2022! That's a really huge number. All that trading helps both countries' economies grow.China and RussiaNext up is Russia, the biggest country in the entire world by land area! It's famous for things like Moscow's St. Basil's Cathedral, nesting dolls, and Soviet space travel. Russia and China have been trading partners for a very long time.These days, some of the top things Russia sells to China are:Crude petroleum and other mineral fuelsWood and wood productsGems and precious metalsFertilizersAnd China's biggest exports to Russia include:Broadcasting equipment (like TVs and radios)Computers and telecommunications equipmentVehicles and vehicle parts篇6China's Trade with the BRIC CountriesHi there! My name is Lucy and I'm going to tell you all about how China trades with the other BRIC countries. BRIC is a funny word that stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Some people now also include South Africa so they say BRICS instead.These are some of the biggest and most important countries in the world. Together, they have over 40% of the world's population living in them! That's almost half of all the people on Earth. With so many people, you can imagine they need to trade a lot of goods and products with each other.Let me start by telling you about China's trade with Brazil. Brazil is awfully far away from China - it takes almost an entire day to fly there! But even though the distance is huge, the two countries still trade tons of stuff every year.The biggest thing China imports (which means buys) from Brazil is soybeans. Soybeans are these little beans that are used to make foods like tofu, soy sauce, and soy milk. They are also used as feed for farm animals like pigs and chickens. China needs a lot of soybeans because it has over 1.4 billion people to feed!In return for the soybeans, China exports (or sells) machinery, electronics, and other manufactured goods to Brazil. Things like computers, phones, cars, and trucks. Brazil has lots of farms and mines, but not as many factories as China.Next up is Russia, China's neighbor to the north. Russia has a huge land area but a relatively small population. It is famous for its cold winters and vast forests. One of the biggest things China imports from Russia is wood and timber to use for construction and making furniture.Russia also exports a lot of oil and natural gas to China. These are very important energy sources that keep Chinese factories running and homes heated. On the flip side, Chinasends machines, electronics, clothing, and other manufactured products to Russia.The trade between China and Russia is made easier because the two countries share a long border. Trucks can just drive across! They don't have to load everything onto ships and planes.Now let's talk about India, China's huge neighbor to the southwest. India has over 1.3 billion people, just slightly less than China's population. The two countries trade a lot of different products.Some of the biggest things China imports from India are precious stones and metals like diamonds, platinum, and gold. India also sends shrimp, cotton, copper, and machinery to China. In the other direction, China exports electrical equipment, fertilizers, organic chemicals, and lots of toys and games to India!The last BRICS country is South Africa, located all the way down in the southern part of Africa. Because it is so far away, most of the trade is done by shipping things across the oceans in huge container ships.From South Africa, China imports a lot of precious metals like platinum, iron ore, and steel. South Africa has huge minesthat dig these metals out of the ground. In exchange, China sends machines, electronics, textiles, and other manufactured goods to South Africa.Well, that covers the key things that China trades with the BRIC/BRICS countries! As you can see, China both imports raw materials and exports finished products to these trading partners. With its huge population and many factories, China plays a very important role in global trade.I hope you found this overview interesting and easy to understand. Maybe you can spot some of the products I mentioned the next time you go to the shop with your parents! Let me know if you have any other questions.。
两国的贸易英语作文
两国的贸易英语作文Trade between Two Countries。
Trade between two countries is an important aspect of global economics. It serves as a means of exchange of goods and services between countries, and it is a critical factor in the development of both countries. In this article, wewill discuss the trade relationship between China and the United States, two of the world's largest economies.China and the United States have a long history oftrade relations. The two countries have been trading with each other for over 200 years. However, it was not untilthe 1970s that the trade relationship between China and the United States began to flourish. Since then, the two countries have become each other's largest trading partners.The United States is the largest importer of Chinese goods, while China is the largest holder of US debt. In 2019, the total trade between China and the United Stateswas $558.4 billion. This trade relationship has been beneficial for both countries. China has been able to export its goods to the United States, which has helped to fuel its economic growth. On the other hand, the United States has been able to import cheap goods from China, which has helped to keep inflation low.However, the trade relationship between China and the United States has not been without its challenges. In recent years, the United States has accused China of unfair trade practices, such as currency manipulation and intellectual property theft. The United States has also imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, which has led to a trade war between the two countries.The trade war has had a significant impact on both countries. Chinese exports to the United States have decreased, and the Chinese economy has slowed down. On the other hand, American consumers have had to pay more for Chinese goods, which has led to higher inflation.In conclusion, the trade relationship between China andthe United States is complex and multifaceted. While it has been beneficial for both countries, it has also faced challenges. It is important for both countries to work together to resolve any issues and maintain a healthy trade relationship that benefits both economies.。
中国与金砖国家贸易英语作文
中国与金砖国家贸易英语作文China's Trade with BRICS CountriesIn recent years, China's trade relations with BRICS countries have flourished, reflecting the complementary strengths and mutual benefits between these economies. As the world's second-largest economy, China has emerged as a crucial trading partner for the BRICS nations, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.Trade Growth and FiguresTrade between China and the BRICS countries has grown steadily. According to recent statistics, in 2024 alone, China's total trade with the other nine BRICS members reached 1.49 trillion yuan in the first quarter, representing a year-on-year increase of 11.3%. This figure accounted for 14.7% of China's total foreign trade.Key Trading Partners•Brazil: As China's largest trading partner in Latin America, Brazil's exports to China grew by 25.7%, while imports from China increased by 30.1% in the first quarter of 2024.•Russia: Trade between China and Russia continues to expand, particularly in the areas of energy, automobiles, and general-purpose machinery.•India: China and India, both emerging market economies, have witnessed continuous growth in their bilateral trade. In 2023, the trade volume between the two countries reached new heights.•South Africa: South Africa remains China's largest trading partner in Africa, with both exports and imports maintaining a robust growth trajectory.Complementarity in TradeThe strong trade ties between China and the BRICS countries are attributed to their complementary economic strengths. China's manufacturing prowess and vast consumer market have attracted exports from the other BRICS nations. Conversely, these countries provide China with vital raw materials, energy, and agricultural products to fuel its industrial and economic growth.Future ProspectsWith the expansion of the BRICS group to include Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Ethiopia, the trade prospects between China and these emerging markets are even more promising. As the world economy recovers, the BRICS nations, as representatives of emerging markets and developing countries, are expected to become an "accelerator" for global economic recovery and trade development.In conclusion, China's trade relations with the BRICS countries are robust and poised for further growth. The complementarity in trade and the expansion of the BRICS group bode well for a brighter future for these economies.。
中美贸易争端常用英语词汇
中美贸易争端Trade disputes between China and the United States1.最惠国待遇 MFN / most-favored-nation-treatment2. 触发贸易战 Spark a Trade War3. 国际贸易条约 International Trade Treaty4. 国际经济关系 International Economic Relations5. 国际货币体系 International Currency System / International Monetary System6. 自由兑换 Convertibility7. 贸易协定 Trade Agreement8. 反倾销 Anti-Dumping9. 离岸价 FOB / Free on Board10. 到岸价 DES / Delivered Ex Ship9. 关税及贸易总协定 GATT / General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade10. 国际贸易组织 ITO / International Trade Organization11. 世界贸易组织 WTO / World Trade Organization12. 国际货币基金组织 IMF / International Monetary Fund13. 世界银行 /国际复兴开发银行World Bank / International Bank for Reconstruction and Development14. 国际商会 ICC / International Chamber of Commerce15. 中国国际贸易促进委员会CCPIT / China Council for the Promotion of International Trade16. 进口许可证 Import License17. 出口许可证 Export License18. 多边贸易谈判 MTN / Multilateral Trade Negotiations19. 多边贸易体制 Multilateral Trade System20. 自由贸易区 Free Trade Area21. 贸易壁垒 Trade barriers22. 贸易保护主义 Trade Protectionism23. 非关税措施 NTMs / Non-tariff Measures24. 外汇管制 Foreign Exchange Control25. 国际结算 International Settlements26. 外汇交易 Foreign Exchange Transactions27. 反补贴 Countervailing28. 国际收支 International Balance of Payment29. 汇率 Exchange Rate30. 外汇市场 Foreign Exchange Market。
TradeWarbetweenUSandChina
TradeWarbetweenUSandChina第一篇：Trade War between US and ChinaTrade War between US and China(currency war)Good morning, every one.I am glad to deliver a speech here.You know what the hotspot issue is in the world now? G20.And in G 20, what is the most highlighted issue? That is the trade war, or specifically speaking, currency war between the US and China.Today I am going to talk something about China-US trade war.in three ways.What the US-China Trade war is about? How does it begin and who will benefit in this war?What is the Us-China trade war is about? I think one word is enough to cover this —money.People’s love for money is the evil of the world.China wants to make more money by selling commodities to the US and US wants to gain money from China, too.Now let’s see how this war begins and carries on.China mainly exports handicrafts, grain and raw material to the US and to the US this is import.On the other hand, US exports high-tech products, like IPad, apple and Ford to China and to China this is import.So both are selling goods to each other, but how to make more money than the other? Here let’s suppose China takes action first.By printing more and more RMB, the Chinese currency is devalued.It means 100 RMＢdoes not worth 100 anymore, maybe 80 or 90 RMB.Let’s see our exports.Before devaluation, the Americans have to spend 100 RMB in one made-in-China product.But now they only need to pay 80RMB.Made-in-China becomes cheaper, so more and more Americans go to Made-in-China product.But US will not be happy and disagree against China’s action.Then the US president Obama would said, you want to make money from me? No way!So he begins to issuemore and more US Dollars.Then the devaluation of US Dollar follows.And Ford and Ipad become cheaper.Potential Lenovo users run to Apple.More and more Chinese people enter KFC and Mc.It seems perfect so far, because both countries get what they want.However id things are so easy, there would be no G20 su mmit.Now let’s see who wins?US or China? Or maybe us, because we can afford less on an Ipad.and spend less in studying abroad.Actually there is no absolute winner in this war.Let’s go back here.More and more Americans buy made-in-China products.And the American products can not sell out.So American factories stop producing, workers lose their jobs and finally the unemployment rate increases.The similar situation also happens in China.Lenovo will lose many Chinese clients and it can not compete with the American computer Company.But China will not allow this happen.The government will make policies to limit import and increase export.Again, Obama would not agree.He said, “I have policies, too.” So, limit import and increase export.Finally this forms a vicious circle and if this issue is not solved in time, the war between the largest developed country and the largest developing country will end up with chaos and the whole world trade order will be in disorder.Nobody, no country would like to see that result.That is also a reason why China-US currency war is so highlighted in G20 in Seoul.That is my understanding about China-US trade war, so if you have any doubts or questions, go ahead, please!Q(transfer to other students).。
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Wei Jiafu, President and CEO of China's largest ocean shipping company COSCO, is the chairman of the China Association(协会)of Trade in Services, known as CATIS. Wei Jiafu says the service trade between China and the US mainly dwell(存在)in nine businesses, including shipping and logistics(物流）, banking and insurance（保险）, tourism, IT and information services, construction（建筑）, accounting（会计）and consulting（顾问资格）, publishing and media.
At a speech given at the National Press Club in Washington Monday, Wei Jiafu says the ongoing trip to the US is expected to further understanding between the service trade sectors between China and the US.
"We hope that by visiting major places and meeting with our partners and friends in American communities, we can convey（传达） our best wishes to our friends in the US. In the meantime, we also hope that we can further enhance（提高） mutual（互相的） trust, deepen（加深） bilateral cooperation, seek common development and promote the growth of trade in services. "
Historically, the growth of a service sector（区域）is seen as a significant（有意义的） step in the evolution of a nation's economy. In China, the service sector is growing rapidly（迅速地）, contributing to economic development and a rise in living standards by boosting（推进）the productivity of industrial enterprises. For the United States, which is the world's largest service economy, trade and investment in services with China translates directly into high-wage jobs and increased profits from investments in China.
Latest statistics（最新统计） show that the US service trade exports to China this year was over 15 billion US dollars, while the Chinese exports of services stood at 6 billion US dollars, with a service trade deficit （赤字） of 9.8 billion dollars. The United States has a growing services trade surplus（过剩） with China that slightly offsets（抵销） the large manufacturing goods deficit.
Wei Jiafu says it's clear that the benefits（利益） of service sector trade and investment accrue（自然增加）to both economies. He made some suggestions as to how his association could work better with its US counterparts to further this growth.
"First, we shall consider the possibility to do researches together on the cooporate（合作, 协力）strategy（战略）of international competitiveness. Second, China and American service trade organizations shall strengthen dialogue with our colleagues worldwide and participate （分享）in the process to solve international trade disputes more
actively. Third, we shall make more efforts to safeguard（保卫） the international free trade regime. "
Wei Jiafu says as the world economy recovers from the economic slowdown, China has been at the forefront of showing positive signs. With China's large-scale investment projects in infrastructure and environment protection, he believes US companies will have more opportunities to grow businesses in China. Meanwhile, as the chairman of the China Association of Service in Trade, he encourages（鼓励） US consumers to buy more products and services from China, especially as the Christmas season is drawing near. And As the president of COSCO, he promises to ensure the delivery of the orders to the US market.。