Vol.14, No.1 Specification and Verification of the Triple-Modular Redundancy Fault-Tolerant
体外诊断试剂 IVD 欧盟EN13612 性能评估部分中英文
3 General requirements for the performance evaluation3.1 Responsibilities and resourcesThe manufacturer takes the responsibility for the initiation and/or the conduct of a performance evaluation study. He shall define the responsibility and the interrelation of all personnel who manageand conduct the performance evaluation of IVD MDs, particularly for personnel who need theorganisational freedom and authority toa) assess the validity of test results and data already available;b) specify performance claims which shall be further examined or confirmed;c) specify and document the evaluation plan and the test procedures;d) prepare the evaluation report.The manufacturer shall appoint a co-ordinator with overall responsibility of the performance evaluationstudy. The co-ordinator shall himself assure that adequate resources are available. The investigatorshall ensure that the evaluation plan is followed at his location and that the study is appropriatelyreviewed from an ethical point of view.3.2 DocumentationThe documentation of the performance evaluation study shall contain the files relating to clauses 3 to7 of this standard and shall be part of the technical documentation of the IVD MD.3.3 Final assessment and reviewThe co-ordinator shall assess and document which performance claims are met, state whether claimsare not met and give recommendations for corrective actions, where necessary.The responsible management of the manufacturer shall make sure that the results of the performanceevaluation study and the recommendations for corrective actions are carefully considered and properlydocumented before issuing a declaration of conformity.4 Organisation of a performance evaluation study 4.1 PreconditionsBefore starting a performance evaluation study it shall be ensured by the co-ordinator thata) the performance claims of the IVD MD which are the subject of the study are specified;b) the IVD MD has been manufactured under controlled production processes and conditions;c) the IVD MD to be evaluated meets the quality control release specifications;d) a sufficient number of samples of the IVD MD can be provided during the entire period of theperformance evaluation study;e) all legal requirements for performance evaluation studies are met;f) the investigator(s) is (are) adequately skilled and trained to conduct the study and the necessaryresources are available.4.2 Evaluation planThe evaluation plan shall state the purpose on scientific, technical or medical grounds, the scope ofthe evaluation, the structure and organization of the study and the number of devices concerned.Defining the objective of the study, the co-ordinator shall have assessed which performance claimsare already verified by data or scientific literature.The evaluation plan shall be designed to minimise the requirements for invasive sampling. In the caseof IVD MDs for self-testing it shall be ensured that the evaluation plan is appropriate and acceptable tousers and the information provided shall be clear and easily understood.The evaluation plan shall specifya) that the investigator(s) is (are) adequately skilled and trained to use the IVD MD;b) the list of laboratories or other institutions taking part in the performance evaluation study; for selftesting,the location and number of lay persons involved;c) the time-table;d) the necessary minimum number of probands from whom specimens are collected by invasiveprocedures in order to adequately assess the performance of the IVD MD;e) instructions for use including a description of the conditions of use;f) the performance claims (e.g. analytical sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity, analytical specificity,diagnostic specificity, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility) to be validated;g) the format of performance study records.4.3 Sites and resourcesIn general, the performance study procedure(s) shall be carried out under conditions reflecting therelevant intended conditions of use.The co-ordinator shall take the responsibility for the proper conduct of the performance evaluationstudy at all sites. All investigators shall be named.The co-ordinator shall ensure adequate competence and skill at all sites involved and that thenecessary resources are available.Where lay persons are involved in a performance evaluation study of an IVD MD for self-testing, thelocation of the study and the number of persons shall be given. The co-ordinator shall specify thecriteria for the selection of a representative panel.Especially for studies involving lay persons it shall be ensured that these persons do not receiveadditional information on the use of the IVD MD apart from that which is provided with the IVD MDwhen it is placed on the market because the comprehension of the manufacturer's instructions for useis one of the important aspects of the study. lt shall also be ensured that the untrained person(s) donot receive any additional information or help, e. g. from a tutor, other than the training specified andprovided by the manufacturer in the instructions for use.4.4 Basic design informationThe co-ordinator shall provide the investigator(s) with sufficient information in order to understand thefunction and application of the IVD MD and, where necessary, the investigator shall make himselffamiliar with the IVD MD and its application. The information provided shall include a statement thatthe device in question conforms with the requirements of the Directive 98/79/EC apart from those to beevaluated.4.5 Experimental designThe experimental procedures to validate each performance claim subject to the performanceevaluation study shall be documented in the evaluation plan.Special consideration in performance evaluation studies ofreagents/kits shall be given, whereapplicable, to the following:– specification of type (e.g. serum, plasma, urine) and properties (e.g. concentration range, ageand sex of the proband population) of specimens appropriate to the intended use;– probands to be enrolled;– suitability, stability and volume of specimens and specimen exclusion criteria;–blind procedures, where necessary;– reagent stability;– inclusion of common interfering factors, caused by specimen condition or thepathological/physiological status of the specimen donor or treatment; – conditions for use which can be reasonably anticipated; special attention shall be paid to theconditions of use by lay persons;– selection of an appropriate reference measurement procedure and reference material ofhigher order, where available;– determination of the status of specimens (for qualitative tests with a nominal or ordinal scale);– calibration procedures, including traceability, where appropriate;– appropriate means of control;– limitations of the test;– criteria for re-examination and data exclusion;– availability of additional information concerning the specimen or donor if follow-up ofunexpected results is required;– appropriate measures to reduce risk of infection to the user. Where the study is intended to validate the performance claims of an instrument special considerationshall be given additionally to the following:– maintenance and cleaning;– carry-over effects;– software validation.NOTE For the investigation of the technical aspects of instruments, other standards can be relevant.4.6 Performance study recordsThe performance study records shall– refer to the experimental procedures in the evaluation plan;– be unequivocally identifiable;– contain or refer to all results and related relevant data;– be part of the technical documentation of the IVD MD.The protection of all confidential data shall be ensured.4.7 Observations and unexpected outcomesSpecial attention shall be paid to observations and unexpected outcomes, e. g. drop outs, outliers,instability of sample or reagent signal etc., non-reproducibility, non-correlation of results to thereference or to the diagnostic pattern, defects or breakdowns, software errors, or error signals.Any deviation from the defined procedures shall be recorded. In the case of IVD MDs for self-testing,the investigator or tutor shall duly note any difficulty or question a user may have and any deviationfrom the mode of application of the IVD MD as described by the manufacturer.Any such observation shall be properly recorded. The co-ordinator shall, together with the investigator,trace the cause whenever possible. The result shall be recorded and shall be part of the evaluationreport.Where the validity of the examinations already performed may be questionable because of anidentified source of error the tests shall be repeated after exclusion of that cause.Where a misuse or misinterpretation of the instructions for use has been the cause and where anunexpected risk inherent to the product design or the mode of application has been identified this shallbe clearly stated.The proposals of the investigator(s) and the co-ordinator for any improvement of the IVD MD and/or itsapplication shall be recorded.4.8 Evaluation reportThe co-ordinator shall establish an evaluation report. It shall contain a description of the study, ananalysis of the results together with a conclusion on the performance claims investigated.The report shall also discuss any unexpected outcomes which have occurred. It shall identify thecause whenever possible and give recommendations for corrective actions to be taken, wherenecessary.If several studies have been conducted for one IVD MD, a single summarizing report may beestablished.5 Modifications during the performance evaluation studyWhere the manufacturing process has been changed it shall be checked whether the performanceclaims of the IVD MD still conform to those which had been set initially. Otherwise the validity of theexaminations already performed shall be questioned and the evaluation plan shall be revisedaccordingly.Where design changes are introduced, the evaluation plan shall be revised.6 Re-evaluationIn case of changes to the design or manufacturing process of the IVD MD, the performance evaluationstudy shall be repeated as far as necessary, to ensure that the intended use and the performanceclaims of the IVD MD placed on the market are adequately evaluated.This re-evaluation may refer to documented results of a preceding evaluation insofar as these are considered valid and transferable after critical review.7 Protection and safety of probandsThe removal, collection and use of tissues, cells and substances of human origin is governed, inrelation to ethics, by the principles laid down in the Convention of the Council of Europe for theprotection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology andmedicine and by any national regulations on this matter.In any case, the results obtained from a specimen by means of the IVD MD under evaluation shall notbe used for other purposes than for performance evaluation, unless ethical reasons, fully supported bya responsible medical professional, suggest the contrary. In such a case the medical professionalassumes complete responsibility.3 性能评估的一般要求3.1 责任和谋略生产商负责性能评估研究的开始和/或引导。
最新的GMP审核验厂检查表完整版
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Are there adequate environmental controls for the building?If the product under assessment requires environmental controls, ensure that the supplier has controlled and verified temperature at critical areas. If environmental control is inadequate, the answer is NO. If environmental control is not applicable to the production, the answer is N/A.
虫害控制程序是否合适?确保有外发的定期虫害控制合约,合约至少包括a)服务内容和所有材料b)鼠笼的安放位置图c)虫害防治公司的营业执照,检查12个月的虫害控制记录,鼠笼等设备有编号,可以追溯。鼠笼等设备合适安装并定期检查证据
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Are the washrooms and toilets clean and in good working order?Clean, stocked with Antibacterial Soap and single use napkin/towel, running hot water.
工厂是否干净(评估的整个过程都要观察工厂清洁情况,工厂应该有定义清洁的环境要素并持续改善清洁状况)
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Are there written procedures addressing the maintenance of the facility?Preventive Maintenance policies and schedules should be documented. Records should be available for review and should contain information regarding daily pre-operation equipment inspection, daily monitoring of equipment function, daily housekeeping activities, sanitation activities and any other necessary activities to maintain the safety and quality of product.有没有书面的厂房/设施维护程序?预防性维护的政策和程序。每日开机检查记录,每日设备功能检查记录,每日打扫卫生记录,以及其他所需的工作来保证产品的安全和质量……
译文GMW3172
General Specification Electrical/Electronic GMW3172General Specification for Electrical/Electronic Component Analytical/Development/Validation (A/D/V) Procedures forConformance to Vehicle Environmental, Reliability, Durability, and Performance Requirements Version 电子零件通用标准汽车环境,靠得住性,耐久性和大体性能要求分析/开发/验证程序 1 Summary of Critical Information 概述The information provided in section one is a summary of the critical requirements for Validation. Detailed explanation of each test or analysis is provided starting in section two. 第一部份是验证要求的概述。
第二部份详细的说明了每一个实验或分析的条件。
1.1 How To Use This Document 如何去用那个文件Figure 1 How To UseThisDocumentQuoting Requirements in Documentation.报价要求Example CTS Reliability Paragraph:”The analytical, developmental and validation mandatory tasks identified in GWM3172 must be performed to ensure adequate product maturity by the end of the product development lifecycle. The component shall pass the Design Validation and Product Validation environmentaland durability requirements of GMW3172. These requirements shall be clearly identifiedthrough use of the GMW3172 Coding System resulting from the location of the product in thevehicle. The code for this product is _____________. A product reliability of at least 97%, witha statistical confidence of 50%, shall be demonstrated on test as described within GMW3172 for product subjected to a combination of vibration and thermally induced fatigue. Thedemonstration of 97% Reliability on-Test corresponds to a field reliability of % under theassumption of a Customer Variability Ratio of three. The Test Flows identified in GMW3172must be followed with any exception receiving prior approval before establishing the ADV supplier must attain world-class reliability for this product. The test requirements contained in this document are necessary but may not be sufficient to meet this world-class field reliability requirement. The supplier is responsible for assuring that other actions are taken such that world class field reliability requirements are met.”在GMW3172中分析、开发、验证被强制要求执行是为了确保最终产品的成熟。
(EC)No 143 2011REACH第一批需授权物质清单发布
REGULATIONSCOMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 143/2011of 17 February 2011amending Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (‘REACH’)(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC,93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC ( 1 ), and in particularArticles 58 and 131 thereof,Whereas:(1) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 provides that substancesmeeting the criteria for classification as carcinogenic(category 1 or 2), mutagenic (category 1 or 2) and toxic for reproduction (category 1 or 2) in accordance with Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and adminis trative provisions relating to the classification, packagingand labelling of dangerous substances ( 2 ), substances thatare persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, substances that are very persistent and very bioaccumulative, and/or substances for which there is scientific evidence of probable serious effects to human health and environment giving rise to an equivalent level of concern may be subject to authorisation.(2) Pursuant to Article 58(4) of Regulation (EC) No1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 16 December 2008 on classification,labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No1907/2006 ( 3 ), as from 1 December 2010Article 57(a), (b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 shall refer to the classification criteria laid down respectively in Sections 3.6, 3.5 and 3.7 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. Therefore, references in this Regulation to the classification criteria referred to in Article 57 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 should be made in accordance with that provision.(3) 5-tert-butyl-2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene (musk xylene) is verypersistent and very bioaccumulative in accordance withthe criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(e) and set out in Annex XIII to that Regulation. It has been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.(4) 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA) meets the criteriafor classification as carcinogenic (category 1B) in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and therefore meets the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(a) of that Regulation. It has been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.(5) Alkanes, C10-13, chloro (Short Chain ChlorinatedParaffins – SCCPs) are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and very persistent and very bioaccumulative in accordance with the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(d) and (e) respectively and set out in Annex XIII to that Regulation. They have been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.( 1 ) OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1. ( 2 ) OJ 196, 16.8.1967, p. 1.( 3 ) OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p. 1.(6) Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and the diaste reoisomers alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexabromocyclo dodecane are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in accordance with the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(d) and set out in Annex XIII to that Regu lation. They have been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regu lation.(7) Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) meets the criteria forclassification as toxic for reproduction (category 1B) inaccordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and therefore meets the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(c) of that Regulation. It has been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.(8) Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) meets the criteria for clas sification as toxic for reproduction (category 1B) inaccordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and therefore meets the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(c) of that Regulation. It has been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.(9) Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) meets the criteria for classifi cation as toxic for reproduction (category 1B) in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and therefore meets the criteria for inclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 pursuant to Article 57(c) of that Regulation. It has been identified and included in the candidate list in accordance with Article 59 of that Regulation.(10) The abovementioned substances have been prioritised forinclusion in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No1907/2006 by the European Chemicals Agency in its recommendation of 1 June 2009 ( 1 ) in accordance with Article 58 of that Regulation.(11) In December 2009, SCCPs were included as a persistentorganic pollutant under the 1998 Protocol on PersistentOrganic Pollutants to the 1979 Convention on Long- Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The inclusion of SCCPs in this Protocol has triggered additional obli gations for the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC ( 2 ) that could have an impact on the inclusion at this stage of SCCPs in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.(12) For each substance listed in Annex XIV to Regulation(EC) No 1907/2006, where the applicant wishes tocontinue to use the substance or place the substance on the market, it is appropriate to set a date by which applications must be received by the European Chemicals Agency, in accordance with Article 58(1)(c)(ii) of that Regulation.(13) Foreach substance listed in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 it is appropriate to set a date from which the use and placing on the market is prohibited, in accordance with Article 58(1)(c)(i) of that Regulation.(14) The European Chemicals Agency recommendation of1 June 2009 has identified different latest applicationdates for the substances listed in the Annex to this Regu lation. These dates should be set on the basis of the estimated time that would be required to prepare an application for the authorisation, taking into account the information available on the different substances and specifically the information received during the public consultation carried out in accordance with Article 58(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. Factors such as the number of actors in the supply chain, their homogeneity or heterogeneity, the existence of ongoing substitution efforts and information on potential alternatives and the expected complexity of the preparation of the analysis of alternatives should be taken into account.(15) In accordance with Article 58(1)(c)(ii) of Regulation (EC)No 1907/2006, the latest application date is to be set atleast 18 months before the sunset date.(16) Article 58(1)(e) in conjunction with Article 58(2) ofRegulation (EC) No 1907/2006 provides for the possi bility of exemptions of uses or categories of uses in cases where there is specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment that ensures proper control of the risks.(17) DEHP, BBP, and DBP are used in the immediatepackaging of medicinal products. Aspects of safety ofthe immediate packaging of medicines are covered by Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products ( 3 ) and Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use ( 4 ). That legislation of the Union provides for a framework to properly control risks of such immediate( 1 ) http://echa.europa.eu/chem_data/authorisation_pr ocess/annex_xiv_ rec_en.asp( 2 ) OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 7.( 3 ) OJ L 311, 28.11.2001, p. 1. ( 4 ) OJ L 311, 28.11.2001, p. 67.packaging materials by imposing requirements on thequality, stability, and safety of the immediate packagingmaterials. It is therefore appropriate to exempt the use ofDEHP, BBP, and DBP in the immediate packaging ofmedicinal products from authorisation under Regulation(EC) No 1907/2006.(18) In accordance with Article 60(2) of Regulation (EC) No1907/2006, the Commission should not consider, whengranting authorisations, the human health risksassociated with the use of substances in medicaldevices regulated by Council Directive 90/385/EEC of20 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of theMember States relating to active implantable medicaldevices (1), Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June1993 concerning medical devices (2), or Directive98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnosticmedical devices (3). In addition, Article 62(6) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 provides that applicationsfor authorisation should not include the risks tohuman health arising from the use of a substance in amedical device regulated under those Directives. Itfollows that an application for an authorisation shouldnot be required for a substance used in medical devicesregulated under Directives 90/385/EEC, 93/42/EEC, or98/79/EC if such a substance has been identified inAnnex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 forhuman health concerns only. Therefore, an assessmentas to whether the conditions for an exemptionpursuant to Article 58(2) of Regulation (EC) No1907/2006 apply is not necessary.(19)On the basis of the information currently available it isnot appropriate to set exemptions for product andprocess orientated research and development.(20)On the basis of the information currently available it isnot appropriate to set review periods for certain uses.(21) The measures provided for in this Regulation are inaccordance with the opinion of the Committee established pursuant to Article 133 of Regulation (EC)No 1907/2006,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 is amended in accordance with the Annex to this Regulation.Article 2This Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.Done at Brussels, 17 February 2011.For the CommissionThe PresidentJosé Manuel BARROSO(1) OJ L 189, 20.7.1990, p. 17.(2) OJ L 169, 12.7.1993, p. 1.(3) OJ L 331, 7.12.1998, p. 1.ANNEXIn Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 the following table is inserted:(1) Date referred to in Article 58(1)(c)(ii) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.(2) Date referred to in Article 58(1)(c)(i) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.’。
UKCA,CE,WEEE等EU法规标签大全
CE Marking 的要求按照指令要求:--The CE marking shall be affixed visibly, legibly and indelibly to the electrical equipment or to its data plate. Where that is not possible or not warranted on account of the nature of the electrical equipment, itshall be affixed to the packaging and to the accompanying documentsCE标记应明显、清晰、可靠。
如果由于电气设备的性质,不可能或不允许的(例如size过小),则应贴在包装上,并附上相关文件。
--1:If the CE marking is reduced or enlarged, the proportions given in the graduated drawing in paragraph 3 shall be respected.(CE标志缩小或者放大,应当按照第三款刻度图中规定的比例进行)--2:Where specific legislation does not impose specific dimensions, the CE marking shall be at least 5 mm high.如果具体的法规没有规定具体的尺寸,那么CE marking 至少要求5mm 高度--3:The CE marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’ taking the following form:CE标志须包括首字母“CE”,其形式如下:现场检查,要特别注意如下几点:1:判断产品是否需要具备CE mark (可根据booking 上货物出口的目的地以及产品本身的属性进行判断)2:检查CE mark 印刷比例是否标准3: 测量CE mark 的高度是否满足要求4:检查CE mark 的位置是否满足法规要求UKCA marking 的要求UKCA 标志(英国合规评估标志)推荐的英国产品标志要求,将产品投放到英国市场需申请该标志。
NACE_CODE标准汇总
NACE CIP LEVEL 1REFERENCE MATERIALS:The following are excellent reference materials for anyone planning to take CIP Level 1. Students are not expected to purchase these materials. However, if you have access to any of these materials we encourage you to review them.∙NACE Standard RP0188 (latest revision), 'Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coatings on Conductive Substrates'∙NACE Standard RP0178 (latest revision), 'Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion Service'∙NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5 (latest revision), 'White Metal Blast Cleaning'∙NACE No. 2/SSPC-SP 10 (latest revision), 'Near-White Metal Blast Cleaning'∙NACE No. 3/SSPC-SP 6 (latest revision), 'Commercial Blast Cleaning'∙NACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 (latest revision), 'Brush-Off Blast Cleaning'∙SSPC-VIS 1 (latest revision), 'Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning'∙SSPC-VIS 3 (latest revision), 'Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Hand and Power Tool Cleaning'∙SSPC-PA 2 (latest revision), 'Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness with Magnetic Gages'∙ISO 8504-2 (latest revision), 'Preparation of Steel Substrates Before Application of Paints and Related Products—Surface Preparation Methods—Part 2: Abrasive BlastCleaning'∙ASTM D 4417 (latest revision), 'Standard Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel'∙ASTM E 337 (latest revision), 'Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)'∙ASTM D 4414 (latest revision), 'Standard Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages'∙The Protective Coating User's Handbook, by Dr. Louis D. Vincent∙Generic Coating Types: An Introduction to Industrial Maintenance Coating Materials (Available from SSPC)NACE CIP LEVEL 2REFERENCE MATERIALS:The following are excellent reference materials for anyone planning to take CIP Level 2. Students are not expected to purchase these materials. However, if you have access to any of these materials we encourage you to review them.∙NACE Standard RP0188 (latest revision), 'Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coatings on Conductive Substrates'∙NACE Standard RP0178 (latest revision), 'Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion Service'∙NACE Publication 6A192/SSPC-TR 3 (latest revision), 'Dehumidification and Temperature Control During Surface Preparation, Application, and Curing forCoatings/Linings of Steel Tanks, Vessels, and Other Enclosed Spaces'∙NACE No. 5/SSPC-SP 12 (latest revision), 'Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to Recoating'∙NACE No. 12/AWS C2.23M/SSPC-CS 23.00 (latest revision), 'Specification for the Application of Thermal Spray Coatings (Metallizing) of Aluminum, Zinc, andTheir Alloys and Composite s for the Corrosion Protection of Steel'∙SSPC-PA 2 (latest revision), 'Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness with Magnetic Gages'∙ASTM D 4417 (latest revision), 'Standard Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel'∙ASTM E 337 (latest revision), 'Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)'∙ASTM D 4414 (latest revision), 'Standard Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages'∙SSPC-VIS 1 (latest revision), 'Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning'∙SSPC-VIS 3 (latest revision), 'Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Hand and Power Tool Cleaning'∙NACE VIS 7/SSPC-VIS 4 (latest revision), 'Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Waterjetting'∙Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings, Second Edition, By C.G. Munger, Revision Author L.D. Vincent (Available from NACE. This book will bedistributed to students at the CIP Level 2 course.)∙Generic Coating Types: An Introduction to Industrial Maintenance Coating Materials (Available from SSPC)NACE ALL STANDARDS:ANSI/NACE Standard RP0104-2004 The Use of Coupons for CathodicProtection Monitoring ApplicationsANSI/NACE Standard RP0204-2004 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)Direct Assessment MethodologyEssentials of Surface PreparationMR0103 MR0103-2005 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking inCorrosive Petroleum Refining EnvironmentsMR0174 MR0174-2001 Recommendations for Selecting Inhibitors forUse as Sucker-Rod Thread LubricantsMR0176 MR0176-2000 Metallic Materials for Sucker-Rod Pumps forCorrosive Oilfield EnvironmentsNACE MR0175/ISO 15156, Petroleum and natural gasindustries—Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil andgas productionNACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5 White Metal Blast CleaningNACE No. 10/SSPC-PA 6 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) LiningsApplied to Bottoms of Carbon Steel Aboveground Storage TanksNACE No. 11/SSPC-PA 8 Thin-Film Organic Linings Applied in NewCarbon Steel Process VesselsNACE No. 12/AWS C2.23M/SSPC-CS 23.00 Specification for theApplication of Thermal Spray Coatings (Metallizing) of Aluminum, Zinc,and Their Alloys and Composites for the Corrosion Protection of SteelNACE No. 2/SSPC-SP 10 Near-White Metal Blast CleaningNACE No. 3/SSPC-SP 6 Commercial Blast CleaningNACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 Brush-Off Blast CleaningNACE No. 5/SSPC-SP 12 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to RecoatingNACE No. 6/SSPC-SP 13 Surface Preparation of ConcreteNACE No. 8/SSPC-SP 14 Industrial Blast CleaningNACE VIS 7/SSPC-VIS 4 Guide and Visual Reference Photographs for Steel Cleaned by WaterjettingNACE VIS 9/SSPC-VIS 5 Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Wet Abrasive Blast CleaningNACE/SSPC Joint Surface Preparation Standards Package (NACE No 1,2,3,4,5,6,8)RP0100 RP0100-2004 Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder PipelinesRP0102 RP0102-2002 In-Line Inspection of PipelinesRP0169 RP0169-2002 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping SystemsRP0170 RP0170-2004 Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Other Austenitic Alloys from Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion CrackingDuring Shutdown of Refinery EquipmentRP0176 RP0176-2003 Corrosion Control of Steel Fixed Offshore Structures Associated with Petroleum ProductionRP0177 RP0177-2000 Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control SystemsRP0178 RP0178-2003 Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion ServiceRP0180 RP0180-2001 Cathodic Protection of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent ClarifiersRP0185 RP0185-96 Extruded Polyolefin Resin Coating Systems with Soft Adhesives for Underground or Submerged PipeRP0186 RP0186-2001 Application of Cathodic Protection for External Surfaces of Steel Well CasingsRP0187 RP0187-05 Design Considerations for Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel in ConcreteRP0188 RP0188-99 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coatings on Conductive SubstratesRP0189 RP0189-2002 On-Line Monitoring of Cooling WatersRP0191 RP0191-2002 The Application of Internal Plastic Coatings for Oilfield Tubular Goods and AccessoriesRP0192 RP0192-98 Monitoring Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production withIron CountsRP0193 RP0193-2001 External Cathodic Protection of On-Grade Carbon Steel Storage Tank BottomsRP0195 RP0195-2001 Recommended Practice for Corrosion Control of Sucker Rods by Chemical TreatmentRP0196 RP0196-2004 Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Steel Water Storage TanksRP0197 RP0197-2004 Standard Format for Computerized Electrochemical Polarization Curve Data FilesRP0198 RP0198-2004 The Control of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing Materials—A Systems ApproachRP0199 RP0199-2004 Installation of Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel and Nickel-Alloy Roll-Bonded and Explosion-Bonded Clad Plate in Air Pollution Control EquipmentRP0200 RP0200-2000 Steel-Cased Pipeline PracticesRP0273 RP0273-2001 Handling and Proper Usage of Inhibited Oilfield AcidsRP0274 RP0274-2004 High-Voltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline CoatingsRP0281 RP0281-2004 Method for Conducting Coating (Paint) Panel Evaluation Testing in Atmospheric ExposuresRP0285 RP0285-2002 Corrosion Control of Underground Storage TankSystems by Cathodic ProtectionRP0286 RP0286-2002 Electrical Isolation of Cathodically Protected PipelinesRP0287 RP0287-2002 Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast-Cleaned Steel Surfaces Using a Replica TapeRP0288 RP0288-2004 Inspection of Linings on Steel and ConcreteRP0290 RP0290-2000 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Atmospherically Exposed Concrete StructuresRP0291 RP0291-2005 Care, Handling, and Installation of Internally Plastic-Coated Oilfield Tubular Goods and AccessoriesRP0292 RP0292-2003 Installation of Thin Metallic Wallpaper Lining in Air Pollution Control and Other Process EquipmentRP0294 RP0294-94 Design, Fabrication, and Inspection of Tanks for the Storage of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid and Oleum at Ambient TemperaturesRP0295 RP0295-2003 Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank CarsRP0296 RP0296-2004 Guidelines for Detection, Repair, and Mitigation of Cracking of Existing Petroleum Refinery Pressure Vessels in Wet H2S EnvironmentsRP0297 RP0297-2004 Maintenance Painting of Electrical Substation Apparatus Including Flow Coating of Transformer RadiatorsRP0298 RP0298-98 Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion ServiceRP0300 RP0300-2003 Pilot Scale Evaluation of Corrosion and Fouling Control Additives for Open Recirculating Cooling Water SystemsRP0302 RP0302-2002 Selection and Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank Cars in Molten Sulfur ServiceRP0303 RP0303-2003 Field-Applied Heat-Shrinkable Sleeves for Pipelines: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlRP0304 RP0304-2004 Design, Installation, and Operation of Thermoplastic Liners for Oilfield PipelinesRP0375 RP0375-99 Wax Coating Systems for Underground Piping SystemsRP0386 RP0386-2003 Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of Covered Steel Hopper Rail Cars in Plastic, Food, and Chemical ServiceRP0387 RP0387-99 Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Cast Galvanic Anodes for Offshore ApplicationsRP0388 RP0388-2001 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Carbon Steel Water Storage TanksRP0390 RP0390-98 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Considerations for Corrosion Control of Atmospherically Exposed Existing Steel-Reinforced Concrete StructuresRP0391 RP0391-2001 Materials for the Handling and Storage ofCommercial Concentrated (90 to 100%) Sulfuric Acid at Ambient TemperaturesRP0392 RP0392-2001 Recovery and Repassivation After Low pH Excursions in Open Recirculating Cooling Water SystemsRP0394 RP0394-2002 Application, Performance, and Quality Control of Plant-Applied, Fusion-Bonded Epoxy External Pipe CoatingRP0395 RP0395-99 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcing BarsRP0398 RP0398-98 Recommendations for Training and Qualifying Personnel as Railcar Coating and Lining InspectorsRP0399 RP0399-2004 Plant-Applied, External Coal Tar Enamel Pipe Coating Systems: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlRP0402 RP0402-2002 Field-Applied Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Pipe Coating Systems for Girth Weld Joints: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlRP0403 RP0403-2003 Avoiding Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel Refinery Equipment and PipingRP0472 RP0472-2000 Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments in Corrosive Petroleum Refining EnvironmentsRP0475 RP0475-98 Selection of Metallic Materials to Be Used in All Phases of Water Handling for Injection into Oil-Bearing FormationsRP0487 RP0487-2000 Considerations in the Selection and Evaluation of Rust Preventives and Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Interim (Temporary)Corrosion ProtectionRP0490 RP0490-2001 Holiday Detection of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy External Pipeline Coatings of 250 to 760 µm (10 to 30 mils)RP0491 RP0491-2003 Worksheet for the Selection of Oilfield Nonmetallic Seal SystemsRP0492 RP0492-99 Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Offshore Pipeline Bracelet AnodesRP0495 RP0495-2003 Guidelines for Qualifying Personnel as Abrasive Blasters and Coating and Lining Applicators in the Rail IndustriesRP0497 RP0497-2004 Field Corrosion Evaluation Using Metallic Test SpecimensRP0502 RP0502-2002 Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment MethodologyRP0572 RP0572-2001 Design, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Impressed Current Deep GroundbedsRP0575 RP0575-2001 Internal Cathodic Protection Systems inOil-Treating VesselsRP0590 RP0590-96 Recommended Practice for Prevention, Detection, and Correction of Deaerator CrackingRP0592 RP0592-2001 Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank Cars in Concentrated (90 to 98%) Sulfuric Acid ServiceRP0602 RP0602-2002 Field-Applied Coal Tar Enamel Pipe Coating Systems: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlRP0690 RP0690-2004 Standard Format for Collection and Compilation of Data for Computerized Material Corrosion Resistance Database InputRP0692 RP0692-2003 Application of a Coating System to Exterior Surfaces of Steel Rail CarsRP0775 RP0775-2005 Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield OperationsRP0892 RP0892-2001 Coatings and Linings Over Concrete for Chemical Immersion and Containment ServiceSPECIALTY PACKAGE: Application of Railcar Coating Systems SPECIALTY PACKAGE: Cathodic Protection of Pipelines/Tanks SPECIALTY PACKAGE: Corrosion Control of RebarSPECIALTY PACKAGE: RP0285-2002 / API RP 1632SSPC-VIS 2 Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel SurfacesTM0101 TM0101-2001Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Tank SystemsTM0102 TM0102-2002 Measurement of Protective Coating Electrical Conductance on Underground PipelinesTM0103 TM0103-2003 Laboratory Test Procedures for Evaluation of SOHIC Resistance of Plate Steels Used in Wet H2S ServiceTM0104 TM0104-2004 Offshore Platform Ballast Water Tank Coating System EvTM0169 TM0169-2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing of MetalsTM0172 TM0172-2001 Determining Corrosive Properties of Cargoes in Petroleum Product PipelinesTM0173 TM0173-2005 Methods for Determining Quality of Subsurface Injection Water Using Membrane FiltersTM0174 TM0174-2002 Laboratory Methods for the Evaluation of Protective Coatings and Lining Materials on Metallic Substrates in Immersion ServiceTM0177 TM0177-96 Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S EnvironmentsTM0183 TM0183-2000 Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods in an Aqueous Flowing EnvironmentTM0185 TM0185-2000 Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave TestingTM0186 TM0186-2002 Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of 250 to 760 µm (10 to 30 mils) Dry-Film ThicknessTM0187 TM0187-2003 Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Gas EnvironmentsTM0190 TM0190-98 Impressed Current Laboratory Testing of Aluminum Alloy AnodesTM0192 TM0192-2003 Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Carbon Dioxide Decompression EnvironmentsTM0193 TM0193-2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals in Static Chemical Cleaning Solutions at Temperatures Below 93°C (200°F)TM0194 TM0194-2004 Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oilfield Systems error 'ASP 0113'。
USP药典的验证中英文对照
VALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES 药典方法的验证Test procedures for assessment of the quality levels of pharmaceutical articles are subject to various requirements. According to Section 501 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, assays and specifications in monographs of the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary constitute legal standards. The Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)] require that test methods, which are used for assessing compliance of pharmaceutical articles with established specifications, must meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability. Also, according to these regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)], users of analytical methods describedin USP–NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods, but merely verify their suitability under actual conditions of use. Recognizing the legal status of USP and NF standards, it is essential, therefore, that proposals for adoption of new or revised compendial analytical procedures be supported by sufficient laboratory data to document their validity.用于评估药品质量的检验方法需要满足不同的要求。
EN14104-2003 Fat and oil derivates Fatty acid methyl esters Determination of acid value
ÈÉË
European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Management Centre: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
Байду номын сангаас
EN comprises 7 pages.
© No part of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2003-01-02.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Determination of acid value
Produits dérivés des corps gras – Esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) – Détermination de l’indice d’acide
jstd035声学扫描
JOINT INDUSTRY STANDARDAcoustic Microscopy for Non-HermeticEncapsulatedElectronicComponents IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035APRIL1999Supersedes IPC-SM-786 Supersedes IPC-TM-650,2.6.22Notice EIA/JEDEC and IPC Standards and Publications are designed to serve thepublic interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturersand purchasers,facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products,and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delaythe proper product for his particular need.Existence of such Standards andPublications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmember ofEIA/JEDEC or IPC from manufacturing or selling products not conformingto such Standards and Publications,nor shall the existence of such Standardsand Publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than EIA/JEDECand IPC members,whether the standard is to be used either domestically orinternationally.Recommended Standards and Publications are adopted by EIA/JEDEC andIPC without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles,materials,or processes.By such action,EIA/JEDEC and IPC do not assumeany liability to any patent owner,nor do they assume any obligation whateverto parties adopting the Recommended Standard or ers are alsowholly responsible for protecting themselves against all claims of liabilities forpatent infringement.The material in this joint standard was developed by the EIA/JEDEC JC-14.1Committee on Reliability Test Methods for Packaged Devices and the IPCPlastic Chip Carrier Cracking Task Group(B-10a)The J-STD-035supersedes IPC-TM-650,Test Method2.6.22.For Technical Information Contact:Electronic Industries Alliance/ JEDEC(Joint Electron Device Engineering Council)2500Wilson Boulevard Arlington,V A22201Phone(703)907-7560Fax(703)907-7501IPC2215Sanders Road Northbrook,IL60062-6135 Phone(847)509-9700Fax(847)509-9798Please use the Standard Improvement Form shown at the end of thisdocument.©Copyright1999.The Electronic Industries Alliance,Arlington,Virginia,and IPC,Northbrook,Illinois.All rights reserved under both international and Pan-American copyright conventions.Any copying,scanning or other reproduction of these materials without the prior written consent of the copyright holder is strictly prohibited and constitutes infringement under the Copyright Law of the United States.IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035Acoustic Microscopyfor Non-Hermetic EncapsulatedElectronicComponentsA joint standard developed by the EIA/JEDEC JC-14.1Committee on Reliability Test Methods for Packaged Devices and the B-10a Plastic Chip Carrier Cracking Task Group of IPCUsers of this standard are encouraged to participate in the development of future revisions.Contact:EIA/JEDEC Engineering Department 2500Wilson Boulevard Arlington,V A22201 Phone(703)907-7500 Fax(703)907-7501IPC2215Sanders Road Northbrook,IL60062-6135 Phone(847)509-9700Fax(847)509-9798ASSOCIATION CONNECTINGELECTRONICS INDUSTRIESAcknowledgmentMembers of the Joint IPC-EIA/JEDEC Moisture Classification Task Group have worked to develop this document.We would like to thank them for their dedication to this effort.Any Standard involving a complex technology draws material from a vast number of sources.While the principal members of the Joint Moisture Classification Working Group are shown below,it is not possible to include all of those who assisted in the evolution of this Standard.To each of them,the mem-bers of the EIA/JEDEC and IPC extend their gratitude.IPC Packaged Electronic Components Committee ChairmanMartin FreedmanAMP,Inc.IPC Plastic Chip Carrier Cracking Task Group,B-10a ChairmanSteven MartellSonoscan,Inc.EIA/JEDEC JC14.1CommitteeChairmanJack McCullenIntel Corp.EIA/JEDEC JC14ChairmanNick LycoudesMotorolaJoint Working Group MembersCharlie Baker,TIChristopher Brigham,Hi/FnRalph Carbone,Hewlett Packard Co. Don Denton,TIMatt Dotty,AmkorMichele J.DiFranza,The Mitre Corp. Leo Feinstein,Allegro Microsystems Inc.Barry Fernelius,Hewlett Packard Co. Chris Fortunko,National Institute of StandardsRobert J.Gregory,CAE Electronics, Inc.Curtis Grosskopf,IBM Corp.Bill Guthrie,IBM Corp.Phil Johnson,Philips Semiconductors Nick Lycoudes,MotorolaSteven R.Martell,Sonoscan Inc. Jack McCullen,Intel Corp.Tom Moore,TIDavid Nicol,Lucent Technologies Inc.Pramod Patel,Advanced Micro Devices Inc.Ramon R.Reglos,XilinxCorazon Reglos,AdaptecGerald Servais,Delphi Delco Electronics SystemsRichard Shook,Lucent Technologies Inc.E.Lon Smith,Lucent Technologies Inc.Randy Walberg,NationalSemiconductor Corp.Charlie Wu,AdaptecEdward Masami Aoki,HewlettPackard LaboratoriesFonda B.Wu,Raytheon Systems Co.Richard W.Boerdner,EJE ResearchVictor J.Brzozowski,NorthropGrumman ES&SDMacushla Chen,Wus Printed CircuitCo.Ltd.Jeffrey C.Colish,Northrop GrummanCorp.Samuel J.Croce,Litton AeroProducts DivisionDerek D-Andrade,Surface MountTechnology CentreRao B.Dayaneni,Hewlett PackardLaboratoriesRodney Dehne,OEM WorldwideJames F.Maguire,Boeing Defense&Space GroupKim Finch,Boeing Defense&SpaceGroupAlelie Funcell,Xilinx Inc.Constantino J.Gonzalez,ACMEMunir Haq,Advanced Micro DevicesInc.Larry A.Hargreaves,DC.ScientificInc.John T.Hoback,Amoco ChemicalCo.Terence Kern,Axiom Electronics Inc.Connie M.Korth,K-Byte/HibbingManufacturingGabriele Marcantonio,NORTELCharles Martin,Hewlett PackardLaboratoriesRichard W.Max,Alcatel NetworkSystems Inc.Patrick McCluskey,University ofMarylandJames H.Moffitt,Moffitt ConsultingServicesRobert Mulligan,Motorola Inc.James E.Mumby,CibaJohn Northrup,Lockheed MartinCorp.Dominique K.Numakura,LitchfieldPrecision ComponentsNitin B.Parekh,Unisys Corp.Bella Poborets,Lucent TechnologiesInc.D.Elaine Pope,Intel Corp.Ray Prasad,Ray Prasad ConsultancyGroupAlbert Puah,Adaptec Inc.William Sepp,Technic Inc.Ralph W.Taylor,Lockheed MartinCorp.Ed R.Tidwell,DSC CommunicationsCorp.Nick Virmani,Naval Research LabKen Warren,Corlund ElectronicsCorp.Yulia B.Zaks,Lucent TechnologiesInc.IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999 iiTable of Contents1SCOPE (1)2DEFINITIONS (1)2.1A-mode (1)2.2B-mode (1)2.3Back-Side Substrate View Area (1)2.4C-mode (1)2.5Through Transmission Mode (2)2.6Die Attach View Area (2)2.7Die Surface View Area (2)2.8Focal Length(FL) (2)2.9Focus Plane (2)2.10Leadframe(L/F)View Area (2)2.11Reflective Acoustic Microscope (2)2.12Through Transmission Acoustic Microscope (2)2.13Time-of-Flight(TOF) (3)2.14Top-Side Die Attach Substrate View Area (3)3APPARATUS (3)3.1Reflective Acoustic Microscope System (3)3.2Through Transmission AcousticMicroscope System (4)4PROCEDURE (4)4.1Equipment Setup (4)4.2Perform Acoustic Scans..........................................4Appendix A Acoustic Microscopy Defect CheckSheet (6)Appendix B Potential Image Pitfalls (9)Appendix C Some Limitations of AcousticMicroscopy (10)Appendix D Reference Procedure for PresentingApplicable Scanned Data (11)FiguresFigure1Example of A-mode Display (1)Figure2Example of B-mode Display (1)Figure3Example of C-mode Display (2)Figure4Example of Through Transmission Display (2)Figure5Diagram of a Reflective Acoustic MicroscopeSystem (3)Figure6Diagram of a Through Transmission AcousticMicroscope System (3)April1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035iiiIPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999This Page Intentionally Left BlankivApril1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035 Acoustic Microscopy for Non-Hermetic EncapsulatedElectronic Components1SCOPEThis test method defines the procedures for performing acoustic microscopy on non-hermetic encapsulated electronic com-ponents.This method provides users with an acoustic microscopy processflow for detecting defects non-destructively in plastic packages while achieving reproducibility.2DEFINITIONS2.1A-mode Acoustic data collected at the smallest X-Y-Z region defined by the limitations of the given acoustic micro-scope.An A-mode display contains amplitude and phase/polarity information as a function of time offlight at a single point in the X-Y plane.See Figure1-Example of A-mode Display.IPC-035-1 Figure1Example of A-mode Display2.2B-mode Acoustic data collected along an X-Z or Y-Z plane versus depth using a reflective acoustic microscope.A B-mode scan contains amplitude and phase/polarity information as a function of time offlight at each point along the scan line.A B-mode scan furnishes a two-dimensional(cross-sectional)description along a scan line(X or Y).See Figure2-Example of B-mode Display.IPC-035-2 Figure2Example of B-mode Display(bottom half of picture on left)2.3Back-Side Substrate View Area(Refer to Appendix A,Type IV)The interface between the encapsulant and the back of the substrate within the outer edges of the substrate surface.2.4C-mode Acoustic data collected in an X-Y plane at depth(Z)using a reflective acoustic microscope.A C-mode scan contains amplitude and phase/polarity information at each point in the scan plane.A C-mode scan furnishes a two-dimensional(area)image of echoes arising from reflections at a particular depth(Z).See Figure3-Example of C-mode Display.1IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999IPC-035-3 Figure3Example of C-mode Display2.5Through Transmission Mode Acoustic data collected in an X-Y plane throughout the depth(Z)using a through trans-mission acoustic microscope.A Through Transmission mode scan contains only amplitude information at each point in the scan plane.A Through Transmission scan furnishes a two-dimensional(area)image of transmitted ultrasound through the complete thickness/depth(Z)of the sample/component.See Figure4-Example of Through Transmission Display.IPC-035-4 Figure4Example of Through Transmission Display2.6Die Attach View Area(Refer to Appendix A,Type II)The interface between the die and the die attach adhesive and/or the die attach adhesive and the die attach substrate.2.7Die Surface View Area(Refer to Appendix A,Type I)The interface between the encapsulant and the active side of the die.2.8Focal Length(FL)The distance in water at which a transducer’s spot size is at a minimum.2.9Focus Plane The X-Y plane at a depth(Z),which the amplitude of the acoustic signal is maximized.2.10Leadframe(L/F)View Area(Refer to Appendix A,Type V)The imaged area which extends from the outer L/F edges of the package to the L/F‘‘tips’’(wedge bond/stitch bond region of the innermost portion of the L/F.)2.11Reflective Acoustic Microscope An acoustic microscope that uses one transducer as both the pulser and receiver. (This is also known as a pulse/echo system.)See Figure5-Diagram of a Reflective Acoustic Microscope System.2.12Through Transmission Acoustic Microscope An acoustic microscope that transmits ultrasound completely through the sample from a sending transducer to a receiver on the opposite side.See Figure6-Diagram of a Through Transmis-sion Acoustic Microscope System.2April1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-0353IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999 3.1.6A broad band acoustic transducer with a center frequency in the range of10to200MHz for subsurface imaging.3.2Through Transmission Acoustic Microscope System(see Figure6)comprised of:3.2.1Items3.1.1to3.1.6above3.2.2Ultrasonic pulser(can be a pulser/receiver as in3.1.1)3.2.3Separate receiving transducer or ultrasonic detection system3.3Reference packages or standards,including packages with delamination and packages without delamination,for use during equipment setup.3.4Sample holder for pre-positioning samples.The holder should keep the samples from moving during the scan and maintain planarity.4PROCEDUREThis procedure is generic to all acoustic microscopes.For operational details related to this procedure that apply to a spe-cific model of acoustic microscope,consult the manufacturer’s operational manual.4.1Equipment Setup4.1.1Select the transducer with the highest useable ultrasonic frequency,subject to the limitations imposed by the media thickness and acoustic characteristics,package configuration,and transducer availability,to analyze the interfaces of inter-est.The transducer selected should have a low enough frequency to provide a clear signal from the interface of interest.The transducer should have a high enough frequency to delineate the interface of interest.Note:Through transmission mode may require a lower frequency and/or longer focal length than reflective mode.Through transmission is effective for the initial inspection of components to determine if defects are present.4.1.2Verify setup with the reference packages or standards(see3.3above)and settings that are appropriate for the trans-ducer chosen in4.1.1to ensure that the critical parameters at the interface of interest correlate to the reference standard uti-lized.4.1.3Place units in the sample holder in the coupling medium such that the upper surface of each unit is parallel with the scanning plane of the acoustic transducer.Sweep air bubbles away from the unit surface and from the bottom of the trans-ducer head.4.1.4At afixed distance(Z),align the transducer and/or stage for the maximum reflected amplitude from the top surface of the sample.The transducer must be perpendicular to the sample surface.4.1.5Focus by maximizing the amplitude,in the A-mode display,of the reflection from the interface designated for imag-ing.This is done by adjusting the Z-axis distance between the transducer and the sample.4.2Perform Acoustic Scans4.2.1Inspect the acoustic image(s)for any anomalies,verify that the anomaly is a package defect or an artifact of the imaging process,and record the results.(See Appendix A for an example of a check sheet that may be used.)To determine if an anomaly is a package defect or an artifact of the imaging process it is recommended to analyze the A-mode display at the location of the anomaly.4.2.2Consider potential pitfalls in image interpretation listed in,but not limited to,Appendix B and some of the limita-tions of acoustic microscopy listed in,but not limited to,Appendix C.If necessary,make adjustments to the equipment setup to optimize the results and rescan.4April1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035 4.2.3Evaluate the acoustic images using the failure criteria specified in other appropriate documents,such as J-STD-020.4.2.4Record the images and thefinal instrument setup parameters for documentation purposes.An example checklist is shown in Appendix D.5IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April19996April1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035Appendix AAcoustic Microscopy Defect Check Sheet(continued)CIRCUIT SIDE SCANImage File Name/PathDelamination(Type I)Die Circuit Surface/Encapsulant Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type II)Die/Die Attach Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type III)Encapsulant/Substrate Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type V)Interconnect tip Number Affected:Average%Interconnect Number Affected:Max.%Length(Type VI)Intra-Laminate Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center Comments:CracksAre cracks present:Yes NoIf yes:Do any cracks intersect:bond wire ball bond wedge bond tab bump tab leadDoes crack extend from leadfinger to any other internal feature:Yes NoDoes crack extend more than two-thirds the distance from any internal feature to the external surfaceof the package:Yes NoAdditional verification required:Yes NoComments:Mold Compound VoidsAre voids present:Yes NoIf yes:Approx.size Location(if multiple voids,use comment section)Do any voids intersect:bond wire ball bond wedge bond tab bump tab lead Additional verification required:Yes NoComments:7IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999Appendix AAcoustic Microscopy Defect Check Sheet(continued)NON-CIRCUIT SIDE SCANImage File Name/PathDelamination(Type IV)Encapsulant/Substrate Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type II)Substrate/Die Attach Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type V)Interconnect Number Affected:Max.%LengthLocation:Corner Edge Center (Type VI)Intra-Laminate Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center (Type VII)Heat Spreader Number Affected:Average%Location:Corner Edge Center Additional verification required:Yes NoComments:CracksAre cracks present:Yes NoIf yes:Does crack extend more than two-thirds the distance from any internal feature to the external surfaceof the package:Yes NoAdditional verification required:Yes NoComments:Mold Compound VoidsAre voids present:Yes NoIf yes:Approx.size Location(if multiple voids,use comment section)Additional verification required:Yes NoComments:8Appendix BPotential Image PitfallsOBSERV ATIONS CAUSES/COMMENTSUnexplained loss of front surface signal Gain setting too lowSymbolization on package surfaceEjector pin knockoutsPin1and other mold marksDust,air bubbles,fingerprints,residueScratches,scribe marks,pencil marksCambered package edgeUnexplained loss of subsurface signal Gain setting too lowTransducer frequency too highAcoustically absorbent(rubbery)fillerLarge mold compound voidsPorosity/high concentration of small voidsAngled cracks in package‘‘Dark line boundary’’(phase cancellation)Burned molding compound(ESD/EOS damage)False or spotty indication of delamination Low acoustic impedance coating(polyimide,gel)Focus errorIncorrect delamination gate setupMultilayer interference effectsFalse indication of adhesion Gain set too high(saturation)Incorrect delamination gate setupFocus errorOverlap of front surface and subsurface echoes(transducerfrequency too low)Fluidfilling delamination areasApparent voiding around die edge Reflection from wire loopsIncorrect setting of void gateGraded intensity Die tilt or lead frame deformation Sample tiltApril1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-0359Appendix CSome Limitations of Acoustic MicroscopyAcoustic microscopy is an analytical technique that provides a non-destructive method for examining plastic encapsulated components for the existence of delaminations,cracks,and voids.This technique has limitations that include the following: LIMITATION REASONAcoustic microscopy has difficulty infinding small defects if the package is too thick.The ultrasonic signal becomes more attenuated as a function of two factors:the depth into the package and the transducer fre-quency.The greater the depth,the greater the attenuation.Simi-larly,the higher the transducer frequency,the greater the attenu-ation as a function of depth.There are limitations on the Z-axis(axial)resolu-tion.This is a function of the transducer frequency.The higher the transducer frequency,the better the resolution.However,the higher frequency signal becomes attenuated more quickly as a function of depth.There are limitations on the X-Y(lateral)resolu-tion.The X-Y(lateral)resolution is a function of a number of differ-ent variables including:•Transducer characteristics,including frequency,element diam-eter,and focal length•Absorption and scattering of acoustic waves as a function of the sample material•Electromechanical properties of the X-Y stageIrregularly shaped packages are difficult to analyze.The technique requires some kind offlat reference surface.Typically,the upper surface of the package or the die surfacecan be used as references.In some packages,cambered packageedges can cause difficulty in analyzing defects near the edgesand below their surfaces.Edge Effect The edges cause difficulty in analyzing defects near the edge ofany internal features.IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999 10April1999IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035Appendix DReference Procedure for Presenting Applicable Scanned DataMost of the settings described may be captured as a default for the particular supplier/product with specific changes recorded on a sample or lot basis.Setup Configuration(Digital Setup File Name and Contents)Calibration Procedure and Calibration/Reference Standards usedTransducerManufacturerModelCenter frequencySerial numberElement diameterFocal length in waterScan SetupScan area(X-Y dimensions)Scan step sizeHorizontalVerticalDisplayed resolutionHorizontalVerticalScan speedPulser/Receiver SettingsGainBandwidthPulseEnergyRepetition rateReceiver attenuationDampingFilterEcho amplitudePulse Analyzer SettingsFront surface gate delay relative to trigger pulseSubsurface gate(if used)High passfilterDetection threshold for positive oscillation,negative oscillationA/D settingsSampling rateOffset settingPer Sample SettingsSample orientation(top or bottom(flipped)view and location of pin1or some other distinguishing characteristic) Focus(point,depth,interface)Reference planeNon-default parametersSample identification information to uniquely distinguish it from others in the same group11IPC/JEDEC J-STD-035April1999Appendix DReference Procedure for Presenting Applicable Scanned Data(continued) Reference Procedure for Presenting Scanned DataImagefile types and namesGray scale and color image legend definitionsSignificance of colorsIndications or definition of delaminationImage dimensionsDepth scale of TOFDeviation from true aspect ratioImage type:A-mode,B-mode,C-mode,TOF,Through TransmissionA-mode waveforms should be provided for points of interest,such as delaminated areas.In addition,an A-mode image should be provided for a bonded area as a control.12Standard Improvement FormIPC/JEDEC J-STD-035The purpose of this form is to provide the Technical Committee of IPC with input from the industry regarding usage of the subject standard.Individuals or companies are invited to submit comments to IPC.All comments will be collected and dispersed to the appropriate committee(s).If you can provide input,please complete this form and return to:IPC2215Sanders RoadNorthbrook,IL 60062-6135Fax 847509.97981.I recommend changes to the following:Requirement,paragraph number Test Method number,paragraph numberThe referenced paragraph number has proven to be:Unclear Too RigidInErrorOther2.Recommendations forcorrection:3.Other suggestions for document improvement:Submitted by:Name Telephone Company E-mailAddress City/State/ZipDate ASSOCIATION CONNECTING ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIESASSOCIATION CONNECTINGELECTRONICS INDUSTRIESISBN#1-580982-28-X2215 Sanders Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-6135Tel. 847.509.9700 Fax 847.509.9798。
EN 15785-2009
EN 15785-2009IntroductionEN 15785-2009 is a European Standard that provides guidelines and requirements for the design, construction, and operation of air separation units (ASUs) used in the production of industrial gases. This standard aims to ensure the safety and efficiency of ASUs and to promote uniformity in their design and operation across European countries.ScopeEN 15785-2009 covers various aspects of ASUs, including design criteria, technical requirements, and operational considerations. It applies to ASUs used in the generation of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and argon through the cryogenic distillation process.The standard is applicable to ASUs with production capacities ranging from small-scale units to large industrial facilities. It provides guidance for the installation and operation of ASUs in different settings, including on-site installations at customer sites and remote locations.Design CriteriaEN 15785-2009 sets out specific design criteria that ASU manufacturers and operators must comply with. These criteria ensure the safe and efficient operation of ASUs and address various factors that can affect their performance.Some key design criteria outlined in the standard include:•Safety considerations, such as the prevention of leaks, fires, and explosions.•Thermal efficiency, to minimize energy consumption and enhance the economic viability of ASUs.•Reliability and availability, to ensure uninterrupted operation and minimize downtime.•Environmental considerations, such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and compliance with relevant regulations.•Flexibility, to allow for the production of different gases and accommodate varying demands.The standard also provides guidance on the selection and sizing of equipment, including compressors, heat exchangers, distillation columns, and storage tanks. It outlines requirements for materials used in construction, control systems, and instrumentation.Operational ConsiderationsEN 15785-2009 emphasizes the importance of proper operation and maintenance of ASUs to ensure their reliable and safe performance. It provides guidance on various operational considerations, including:•Start-up and shut-down procedures, to minimize risks and ensure smooth operation.•Calibration and routine testing of instrumentation, to maintain accuracy and reliability of processmeasurements.•Monitoring and control of process parameters, to optimize efficiency and product quality.•Maintenance practices, including preventive maintenance and regular inspections.•Safety measures, such as the implementation of safety procedures, emergency response plans, andemployee training programs.•Record-keeping and documentation, to track ASU performance, maintenance activities, and compliance with regulations.Compliance and CertificationEN 15785-2009 specifies certain requirements that ASU manufacturers and operators must meet to demonstrate compliance with the standard. These requirements include:•Thorough documentation of design and construction, including drawings, specifications, and calculations.•Factory acceptance testing, to verify theperformance of ASUs before installation.•On-site acceptance testing, to ensure proper installation and integration of ASUs.•Regular inspections and audits, to monitor compliance with the standard and identify areas forimprovement.•Compliance with relevant European and national regulations, including health, safety, and environmentalguidelines.Upon meeting the requirements of EN 15785-2009, ASU manufacturers and operators can obtain certification to demonstrate their compliance with the standard. This certification serves as an assurance of the quality and safety of ASUs and can enhance the reputation and marketability of the products.ConclusionEN 15785-2009 is a comprehensive standard that provides guidelines and requirements for the design, construction, and operation of air separation units used in the production of industrial gases. By complying with this standard, ASU manufacturers and operators can ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of their facilities, while also promoting uniformity in the industry. Certification to EN 15785-2009 can provide a competitive advantage and demonstrate compliance with European regulations.。
Q1A(R2)中英文对照
人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会ICH三方指导文件新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验 Q1A(R2)现第四版2003年2月6日制定Q1A(R2)文件历程现第四版新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验Q1A(R)修订说明本修订的目的为了明确由于采用了ICH Q1F“在气候带Ⅲ和Ⅳ注册申请的稳定性数据包”而使Q1A(R)而产生的变更。
这些变更如下:1. 在下面章节中将中间储存条件从温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%修改为温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%:2.1.7.1 原料药-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.1 制剂-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.3 在半渗透性容器中包装的制剂3 术语-“中间试验”2. 在下面章节中可以使用温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%替代温度25℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%作为长期稳定性试验的条件:2.1.7.1 原料药-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.1 制剂-储存条件-一般情况3.在温度25℃±2℃/相对湿度40%±5%的基础上增加了温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度35%±5%作为长期稳定性试验条件,并且在后面的章节中包括了失水比率相关举例的相关情况:2.2.7.3 在半透性容器中包装的制剂在试验阶段中间将中间将储存条件从温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%调整为温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%是可以的,但相应的储存条件和调整的日期要在注册申报资料中清楚地说明和列出。
如果适用的话建议ICH三方在公布和执行此修订指南三年后,注册申请资料中完整的试验能够包含在中间储存条件,即温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%下的实验资料。
S TABILITY T ESTING OF N EW D RUGS UBSTANCES AND P RODUCTS1. INTRODUCTION1.1. Objectives of the GuidelineThe following guideline is a revised version of the ICH Q1A guideline and defines the stability data package for a new drug substance or drug product that is sufficient for a registration application within the three regions of the EC, Japan, and the United States. It does not seek necessarily to cover the testing for registration in or export to other areas of the world.The guideline seeks to exemplify the core stability data package for new drug substances and products, but leaves sufficient flexibility to encompass the variety of different practical situations that may be encountered due to specific scientific considerations and characteristics of the materials being evaluated. Alternative approaches can be used when there are scientifically justifiable reasons.1.2. Scope of the GuidelineThe guideline addresses the information to be submitted in registration applications for new molecular entities and associated drug products. This guideline does not新原料药和制剂稳定性试验1. 导言1.1. 目的下述的指导原则是ICH Q1A的修订版本,并且它为新原料药和制剂在欧洲、日本、美国三个地区注册所需要的稳定性资料做出规定要求。
欧洲电池标准列表
EN 60952-2-1993
EN 2993-1996
航空航天系列F型规格的镍镉电池
Aerospace series - Nickel-cadmium batteries of format F type
EN 45510-2-3-2000
发电站设备的采购指南第2-3部分:电气设备固定电池组和充电器
Guide for procurement of power station equipment - Part 2-3: Electrical equipment - Stationary batteries and chargers
EN 60904-2-1993+A1-1998
光伏器件 第2部分:基准太阳能电池的要求
Photovoltaic devices; part 2: requirements for reference solar cells (IEC 60904-2:1989)
EN 60904-5-1995
光伏器件 第5部分:用开路电压法测定光伏器件的等效电池温度
EN 60254-1-1997
牵引用铅酸蓄电池组 第1部分:一般要求和试验方法
Lead-acid traction batteries - Part 1: General requirements and methods of test (IEC 60254-1:1997)
EN 60254-2-1997
EN 60623-2001
可再充电的开启式柱形镍-镉电池
罗克韦尔 泵面板规格 数据表
Technical DataPump Panel SpecificationsBulletin Numbers 1232 and 1233Topic PageSpecifications2Electrical Ratings (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)2Mechanical Ratings (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)3Construction (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)3Environmental (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)3Short Circuit Rating4Approximate Dimensions5Type 3R (Enclosure Code "N") Rainproof. Enclosures5 (6)Additional ResourcesThese documents contain additional information concerning related products from Rockwell Automation. Resource DescriptionNEMA Contactor and Starter Specifications, publication 500-TD014Provides specifications for Bulletin 500 product lines.Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1Provides general guidelines for installing a Rockwell Automation® industrial system. Product Certifications website, Provides declarations of conformity, certificates, and other certification details.Y ou can view or download publications at /global/literature-library/. T o order paper copies of technical documentation, contact your local Allen-Bradley distributor or Rockwell Automation sales representative.2Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 2017Pump Panel SpecificationsSpecificationsElectrical Ratings (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)NEMA SizeLoadVoltageContinuousCurrent Rating Service Limit Current Rating(1)(1)Service-Limit Current Ratings — The service-limit current ratings that are shown represent the maximum rms current, in amperes, which the controller is permitted to carry for protracted periods in normal service. At service-limit current ratings, temperature rises are permitted to exceed those obtained by testing the controller at its continuous current rating. The current rating of overload relays or the trip current of other motor protective devices that are used, should not exceed the service-limit current rating of the controller.Maximum HpRating (Non-plugging and Non-jogging Duty)Maximum Hp Rating (Plugging and Jogging Duty)(2)(2)Plugging or Jogging Service — The listed horsepower ratings are recommended for those applications requiring repeated interruption of stalled motor current that is encountered in rapid motor reversal in excess of fiveopenings or closings per minute and should not be more than ten in a ten minute period.Transformer Primary Switching kVa Rating (Inrush Current ≤ 20 Times Continuous Current)Transformer Primary Switching kVa Rating (Inrush Current = 20…40 Times Continuous Current)Capacitor Switching kVAR (3)(3)If maximum available current (at capacitor terminals) is greater than 3000 A, contact your local Rockwell Automation Sales Office, Allen-Bradley Distributor, or NEMA ICS-2 Standard.Maximum Circuit Closing Inrush Current [A] Peak Including Offset [V][A][A]1∅3∅1∅3∅1∅3∅1∅3∅3∅3∅111520023038046057527322—3————7-1/27-1/21010101—2————335551.2—2.4—4.96.2—3.64.3—8.5110.6—1.2—2.53.1—1.82.1—4.35.3——6—13.517288211520023038046057545523—7-1/2————10152525252—5————7-1/210151515 2.1—4.1—8.310—6.37.2—14181—2.1—4.25.2—3.13.6—7.28.9——12—25314833115200230380460575901047-1/2—15————25305050507-1/2—15————1520303030 4.1—8.1—1620—1214—28352—4.1—8.110—6.17.0—1418——27—53679474115200230380460575135156———————405075100100———————2530506060 6.8—14—2734—2023—4759 3.4—6.8—1417—1012—2329——40—8010015815115200230380460575270311———————75100150200200———————607512515015014—27—5468—4147—94117 6.8—14—2734—2024—4759——80—16020031636115200230380460575540621———————150200300400400———————12515025030030027—54—108135—8194—18823414—27—5468—4147—94117——160—3204006326Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 20173Pump Panel SpecificationsMechanical Ratings (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)Construction (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)Environmental (Bulletins 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X)NEMA Size Mechanical Life (Millions of Operations)Maximum Number of Auxiliary ContactsOperating Time [ms]Pick-up (Average)Drop-out (Average)110822142108271335837204582720558251865425 (79)10 (22)NEMASize Wire Size for Power Te rminals R equired T orque on Power Terminal Wire Clamps and Pressure Connectors or LugsT ype of Power T e rminal Contact MaterialR equirements for Sizing of Wir ePower ContactsAuxiliary Contacts1#14…8 AWG 20 lb•in Saddle or wire clampsSilver alloySilverAll wire rated 167 °F (75 °C) o r higher must be sized per the local Electrical Code for 167 °F (75 °C) wir e .2#14…4 AWG 45 lb•in Pressure terminals3#8…1/0 AWG 150 lb•in 4#6…4/0 AWG 275 lb•in 5#4 AWG…500 MCM375 lb•in6Lugs sold separately/Motor-Control/NEMA-Contactors/Bulletin-500NEMA Size Operating PositionOperating Temperature Range AltitudeC orr osion-Resistance1Vertical Starters with eutectic alloyoverload r elay–13…+149 °F (–25…+65 °C)Starters with solid-state overload r elay –13…+131 °F (–25…+55 °C)(provided condensation is pr evented)10 000 feet before deratingAll metal parts are treated forcorrosion-resistance23456Horizontal4Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 2017Pump Panel SpecificationsShort Circuit RatingCombination contactors and starters with disconnect switch: Bulletins 1232X and 1233XCombination Contactors and Starters with Disconnect Switch: Bulletin 1232XNEMA Size Fuse Type Available Short Circuit AmperesRMS Symmetrical [A]Maximum Voltage[V]0…3H, K 50006004…5H, K 10 0000…5J, R 100 0006L 18 000Combination Contactors and Starters with Circuit Breaker: Bulletin 1233XEnclosure Type NEMA Size Available Short Circuit AmperesRMS Symmetrical [A]Maximum Voltage[V]3R0…565 000480618 0003R0 (4)25 00060056Size Bulletins: 1233C, 1233F Bulletins: 1232C, 1232F Size Bulletins: 1232S, 1233S Thermal Magnetic BreakerFusible DisconnectThermal Magnetic Breaker25 5 00070 00090...18010 00030...13510 000310...32018 000201...25118 000361 (520)30 000317…36130 00069 00048042 000Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 20175Pump Panel SpecificationsApproximate DimensionsApproximate dimensions are shown in inches (millimeters). Dimensions are not intended for manufacturing purposes.Bulletins 1232, 1232C, 1232D, 1232F, 1232S, 1232X, 1233, 1233C, 1233D, 1233F, 1233S, 1233XBulletin No.Size Approximate Dimensions in Inches (Millimeters)Approximate Shipping Weight[lb (kg)]A HeightB WidthC DepthD MountingE MountingF Mounting GHandle DepthH J1232D, 1233D all contact factory for information1232, 1233 1...227.50(698)10.5(267)8.26(210)28.88(733)(2)(2)Sizes 1 and 2 have one top-mounting hole that is located on the center line. All sized in large enclosures have two top mounting holes that are located as shown.7(178) 5.56(141)29.75(756)—40(18.14)1232X, 1233X 1...230(762)20.5(521)8.72(221)34.88(886)10(254)10(254)5.56(141)36.38(924)—90(40.82)1232, 123331232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 25…43 A 1232X, 1233X 3…450(1270)22(559)9.90(251)54.88(1394)15.25(387)15.25(387)5.56(141)56.38(1432)—250(113.4)1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 108…135 A1232X, 1233X 556(1422)30.5(775)13.78(350)65.68(1668)11(279)33.84(860)7.62(194)—9.68(246)360(163.3)1233X 61232C, 1232F, 1232S, 1233C, 1233F, 1233S 201 A 1232X (1) (1)Fusible disconnect switch with Class R fuses.660(1524)37.38(949)16(406)69.68(1769.9)11(279)40.72(1034)7.62(194)—9.68(246)420(190.5)1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 251…351 A1232X, 1233X 784(2134)39.5(1003)18(457)93.68(2379.5)11(279)42.84(1088)7.62(194)—9.68(246)650(294.8)1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F480 A6Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 2017Pump Panel SpecificationsApproximate dimensions are shown in inches (millimeters). Dimensions are not intended for manufacturing purposes.Bulletins 1232, 1232C, 1232D, 1232F, 1232X, 1233, 1233C, 1233D, 1233F, 1233X•Type 3R (Enclosure Code "N") Rainproof EnclosuresBulletin No.NEMA SizeApproximate Dimensions in Inches (Millimeters)NPRTInsideOutsideInsideOutsideInsideOutsideInsideOutside1232D, 1233D all contact your local Rockwell Automation sales office for information 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X 1…21-3/8 (35)1 in. Hub1-23/32 (44)1-1/4 in. Hub 7/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub1-23/32 (44)1-1/4 in. Hub1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub7/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 25…43 A 1232, 123337/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub2-15/32 (63)2 in. Hub1-3/8 (35)1 in. Hub1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub1-3/8 (35)1 in. Hub1-23/32 (44)1-1/4 in. Hub1232X, 1233X 3…41232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 108…135 A1232X, 1233X 57/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub——1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub2-15/32 (63)2 in. Hub1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub2-15/32 (63)2 in. Hub1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F201 ABulletin No.NEMA SizeApproximate Dimensions in Inches (Millimeters)UVWInsideOutsideInsideOutsideInsideOutside1232D, 1233D all contact your local Rockwell Automation sales office for information 1232, 1232X, 1233, 1233X 1 (2)7/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub——7/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub 1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 25…43 A 1232, 123337/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub1-31/32 (50)1-1/2 in. Hub2-15/32 (63)2 in. Hub3 (76)2-1/2 in. Hub3 (76)2-1/2 in. Hub1232X, 1233X 3…41232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F 108…135 A1232X, 1233X 57/8 (22)1/2 in. Hub1-1/8 (29)3/4 in. Hub3 (76)2-1/2 in. Hub3-5/8 (96)3 in. Hub3 (76)2-1/2 in. Hub3-5/8 (96)3 in. Hub1232C, 1232F, 1233C, 1233F201 APump Panel Specifications Notes:Rockwell Automation Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 20177Allen-Bradley, Rockwell Software, Rockwell Automation, and LISTEN. THINK. SOLVE are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Publication 1232-TD001A-EN-P - March 2017Copyright © 2017 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.Rockwell Automation SupportUse the following resources to access support information.Documentation FeedbackY our comments will help us serve your documentation needs better. If you have any suggestions on how to improve this document, complete the How Are W e Doing? form at /idc/groups/literature/documents/du/ra-du002_-en-e.pdf .Technical Support CenterKnowledgebase Articles, How-to Videos, FAQs, Chat, User Forums, and Product Notification /knowledgebase Local Technical Support Phone Numbers Locate the phone number for your country./global/support/get-support-now.pageDirect Dial Codes Find the Direct Dial Code for your product. Use thecode to route your call directly to a technical support engineer./global/support/direct-dial.pageLiterature LibraryInstallation Instructions, Manuals, Brochures, and Technical Data./literatureProduct Compatibility and Download Center (PCDC)Get help determining how products interact, check features and capabilities, and find associated firmware./global/support/pcdc.pageRockwell Otomasyon Ticaret A.Ş., Kar Plaza İş Merkezi E Blok Kat:6 34752 İçerenköy, İstanbul, T el: +90 (216) 5698400Rockwell Automation maintains current product environmental information on its website at /rockwellautomation/about-us/sustainability-ethics/product-environmental-compliance.page .。
认证证书及认证标志使用规则-强制性产品认证
上海挪亚检测认证有限公司Shanghai Noa Test & Certification Co., Ltd.认证证书及认证标志使用规则Rules for Use of the Certificate andCertification MarkNumber:NOAQC/OD-07Controlled: Yes■ No□Issue Number:4Revise No.:2Draw up: Marketing Dept.Reviewed by: Cheryl ChenApproval:Jack SongImplementation Date:Jul.24,2015Initial Publication Date: Aug.28,2012 Issue Date: Jul.24,2015认证证书及认证标志使用规则1 挪亚和获证组织的权利和义务1.1 获证组织的权利和义务a)获证组织的权利——获证组织可按本文件有关规定,使用挪亚颁发的认证证书和标志,宣传其认证资格;——获证组织可要求获取最新版本的《认证证书及标志使用规则》文件;——对挪亚发出的误用证书和标志的更改通知,可发表意见,以保护自身利益。
b)获证组织的义务——始终遵守认证规范和本文件的有关规定。
——正确的使用认证证书和认证标志。
——获证组织应及时向挪亚报告其对管理体系拟实施的更改或其他可能影响其符合性的更改,如管理手册的更改、组织机构的调整、中心地址的变更等,以便认证机构能掌握最新的变更信息,未能提供这些变更信息的将被视为对认证证书的误用,并按本规则采取相应措施。
——获证组织应及时向挪亚报告重大的顾客投诉、重大的产品质量事故、安全事故和/或环境污染事故。
获证组织应建立处理顾客和相关方投诉的程序并保留其处理记录。
——及时缴纳认证有关费用。
1.2挪亚的权利和义务a)挪亚的权利——对认证证书和认证标志拥有所有权;——制定管理体系和一般工业产品/服务认证证书和认证标志的使用规则;——通过定期的监督审核检查和必要的不定期抽查(如:获证组织出现重大的顾客投诉、重大的产品/服务质量事故、安全事故和/或环境污染事故),持续验证组织对法律法规的符合性;——对误用或错用认证证书和认证标志有权采取必要的措施予以纠正,直至撤销认证和采取其他法律手段。
Alpha Wire电线产品说明说明书
Customer Specification PART NO. 172619ConstructionApplicable Specifications Environmental Alpha Wire | 711 Lidgerwood Avenue, Elizabeth, NJ 07207 Tel: 1-800-52 ALPHA (25742), Web: Diameters (In)1) Component 1 1 X 1 HOOKUPa) Conductor 26 (19/38) AWG TC 0.020b) Insulation 0.010" Wall, Nom. PVC 0.040+/- 0.002(1) Color(s) WHITE, BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, BROWN ORANGE, SLATE, VIOLET1) Military MIL-W-16878E/1 105°C / 300 V RMS1) EU Directive 2011/65/EU(RoHS2):All materials used in the manufacture of this part are in compliance withEuropean Directive 2011/65/EU regarding the restriction of use of certainhazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Consult AlphaWire's web site for RoHS C of C.2) REACH Regulation (EC 1907/2006):This product does not contain Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)listed on the European Union's REACH candidate list in excess of 0.1%mass of the item. For up-to-date information, please see Alpha's REACHSVHC Declaration.3) California Proposition 65:The outer surface materials used in the manufacture of this part meet the requirements of California Proposition 65.PropertiesPhysical & Mechanical Properties1) Temperature Range-55 to 105°C2) Bend Radius 10X Cable Diameter3) Pull Tension 2.39 Lbs, MaximumElectrical Properties(For Engineering purposes only)1) Voltage Rating 600 V RMS2) Inductance0.06 µH/ft, Nominal3) Conductor DCR37 Ω/1000ft @20°C, NominalOtherPackaging Flange x Traverse x Barrel (inches)a) 5000 FT 6.5 x 6 x 1.9 Continuous lengthb) 1000 FT 6.5 x 2 x 1.9 Continuous lengthc) 500 FT 3.5 x 3 x 1.125 Continuous lengthd) 100 FT 2.75 x 1 x 1.125 Continuous lengthe) Bulk(Made-to-order)[Spool dimensions may vary slightly]Alpha Wire | 711 Lidgerwood Avenue, Elizabeth, NJ 07207Tel: 1-800-52 ALPHA (25742)Although Alpha Wire (“Alpha”) makes every reasonable effort to ensure there accuracy at the time of publication, information and specifications described herein are subject to errors or omissions and to changes without notice, and the listing of such information and specifications does not ensure product availability.Alpha provides the information and specifications herein on an “AS IS” basis, with no representations or warranties, whether express, statutory or implied. In no event will Alpha be liable for any damages (including consequential, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or exemplary) whatsoever, even if Alpha had been advised of the possibility of such damages, whether in an action under contract, negligence or any other theory, arising out of or in connection with the use, or inability to use, the information or specifications described herein.ALPHA WIRE - CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARYNotice to persons receiving this document and/or technical information. This document is confidential and is the exclusive property of ALPHA WIRE, and is merely on loan and subject to recall by ALPHA WIRE at any time. By taking possession of this document, the recipient acknowledges and agrees that this document cannot be used in any manner adverse to the interests of ALPHA WIRE, and that no portion of this document may be copied or otherwise reproduced without the prior written consent of ALPHA WIRE. In the case of conflicting contractual provisions, this notice shall govern the status of this document. <br /><br />©2019 ALPHA WIRE - all rights reserved.EU/China ROHS CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCETo Whom It May Concern:Alpha Wire Part Number: 172619172619, RoHS-Compliant Commencing With 7/1/2005 ProductionNote: all colors and put-upsThis document certifies that the Alpha part number cited above is manufactured in accordance with Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament, better known as the RoHS Directive (commonly known as RoHS 2), with regards to restrictions of the use of certain hazardous substances used in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment. This certification extends to amending Directive 2015/863/EU which expanded the list of restricted substances to 10 items (commonly known as RoHS 3) The reader is referred to these Directives for the specific definitions and extents of the Directives. No Exemptions are required for RoHS Compliance on this item. Additionally, Alpha certifies that the listed part number is in compliance with China RoHS “Marking for Control of Pollution by Electronic Information Products” standard SJ/T 11364-2014.Substance Maximum Control ValueLead0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Mercury0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Cadmium0.01% by weight (100 ppm)Hexavalent Chromium0.1% by weight (1000 ppm )Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) ,Including Deca-BDE0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)0.1% by weight (1000 ppm)The information provided in this document and disclosure is correct to the best of Alpha Wire's knowledge, information and belief at the date of its release. The information provided is designed only as a general guide for the safe handling, storage, and any other operation of the product itself or the one that it will become part of. The intent of this document is not to be considered a warranty or quality specification. Regulatory information is for guidance purposes only. Product users are responsible for determining the applicability of legislation and regulations based on their individual usage of the product.Authorized Signatory for the Alpha Wire:Dave Watson, Director of Engineering & QA4/11/2022Alpha Wire711 Lidgerwood Ave.Elizabeth, NJ 07207Tel: 1-908-925-8000。
艾伦DE1可变速启动器说明书
Eaton 177371Eaton DE1 Variable speed starter, Rated operational voltage 400 V AC, 3-phase, Ie 11.3 A, 5.5 kW, 7.5 HPGeneral specificationsEaton DE1 Variable speed starter 1773714015081718313169 mm 230 mm 90 mm 1.6 kgCE UL 508C RoHS, ISO 9001Safety requirements: IEC/EN 61800-5-1 UL Category Control No.: NMMS, NMMS7 IEC/EN 61800-3 RCMUL report applies to both US and CanadaCertified by UL for use in Canada CSA-C22.2 No. 14 IEC/EN61800-3Specification for general requirements: IEC/EN 61800-2 UL File No.: E172143 ULIEC/EN61800-5 CULOverload cycle for 60 s every 600 sDE1-34011NN-N20NProduct NameCatalog Number EANProduct Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Certifications Catalog NotesModel CodeParameterization: drivesConnect Parameterization: drivesConnect mobile (App) Parameterization: Fieldbus Parameterization: KeypadPC connection C2 ≤ 10 m, Radio interference level, maximum motor cable lengthC3 ≤ 25 m, Radio interference level, maximum motor cable lengthModbus RTU, built inOP-Bus (RS485), built inYesIn conjunction with DX-NET-SWD3 SmartWire DT moduleIP20NEMA Other1st and 2nd environments (according to EN 61800-3)FS2Variable speed starterFinger and back-of-hand proof, Protection against direct contact (BGV A3, VBG4)EtherNet/IPOther bus systemsMODBUSC2, C3: depending on the motor cable length, the connected load, and ambient conditions. External radio interference suppression filters (optional) may be necessary.Optional external radio interference suppression filter for longer motor cable lengths and for use in different EMC environments15 g, Mechanical, According to IEC/EN 60068-2-27, 11 msBranch circuits, (UL/CSA)Features Fitted with:Cable length Communication interface Connection to SmartWire-DT Degree of protection Electromagnetic compatibility Frame sizeProduct category ProtectionProtocolRadio interference classShock resistanceSuitable forVibrationResistance: According to EN 61800-5-1Max. 2000 mAbove 1000 m with 1 % derating per 100 m-10 °C60 °C-10 °C50 °C-40 °C70 °C< 95 average relative humidity (RH), no condensation, nocorrosion12 A< 10 mA (DC-operated)< 3.5 mA (AC-operated)Maximum of one time every 30 seconds 380 V 11 A11.3 A11.3 A11 AAltitudeAmbient operating temperature - minAmbient operating temperature - maxAmbient operating temperature at 150% overload - min Ambient operating temperature at 150% overload - max Ambient operating temperature detailsAmbient storage temperature - minAmbient storage temperature - maxClimatic proofingInput current ILN at 150% overload Leakage current at ground IPE - max Mains switch-on frequencyMains voltage - min Assigned motor current IM at 220 - 240 V, 60 Hz, 150% overload Assigned motor current IM at 230 V, 50 Hz, 150% overload Assigned motor current IM at 400 V, 50 Hz, 150% overload Assigned motor current IM at 440 - 480 V, 60 Hz, 150% overload Derating between 50 °C and60 °C:None if fPWM ≤ 16 kHzNone if Iₑ ≤ 10.6 A andfPWM ≤ 20 kHzNone up to a max. of 57 °C480 VU/f controlSpeed control with slip compensation0 Hz300 Hz400 V AC, 3-phase480 V AC, 3-phase16.95 A10 V DC (Us, max. 0.2 mA)45 Hz66 Hz11.3 A at 150% overload (at an operating frequency of 16 kHz and an ambient air temperature of +50 °C)5.5 kW480 V AC, 3-phase400 V AC, 3-phase0.025 Hz (Frequency resolution, setpoint value)15 A, UL (Class CC or J), Safety device (fuse or miniature circuit-breaker), Power Wiring200 %, IH, max. starting current (High Overload), For 1.875 seconds every 600 seconds, Power section50/60 Hz 7.5 HP7.5 HP7.62 kVA9.15 kVAMax. 30 % MN, Standard - Main circuitAdjustable to 100 %, DC - Main circuit1 (parameterizable, 0 - 10 V DC, 0/4 - 20 mA)4 (parameterizable, 10 - 30 V DC)1 (parameterizable, N/O, 6 A (250 V, AC-1) / 5 A (30 V, DC-1))159 W0 W0 WMains voltage - maxOperating modeOutput frequency - minOutput frequency - maxOutput voltage (U2)Overload current IL at 150% overloadRated control supply voltageRated frequency - minRated frequency - maxRated operational current (Ie)Rated operational power at 380/400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase Rated operational voltageResolutionShort-circuit protection ratingStarting current - maxSupply frequency Assigned motor power at 230/240 V, 60 Hz, 1-phase Assigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phaseApparent power at 400 VApparent power at 480 VBraking torqueNumber of inputs (analog)Number of inputs (digital)Number of outputs (analog)Number of outputs (digital)Number of relay outputsEquipment heat dissipation, current-dependent Pvid Heat dissipation capacity PdissHeat dissipation per pole, current-dependent Pvid16 kHz, 4 - 32 kHz adjustable (audible), fPWM, Power section, Main circuit480 V 11.3 A0 WOperation (with 150 % overload)Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Switching frequency Voltage rating - max Rated operational current for specified heat dissipation (In) Static heat dissipation, non-current-dependent PvsHeat dissipation details10.2.2 Corrosion resistance10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosures10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heat10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effects10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiation10.2.5 Lifting10.2.6 Mechanical impact10.2.7 Inscriptions10.3 Degree of protection of assemblies10.4 Clearances and creepage distances10.5 Protection against electric shock10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connectionsIs the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.The panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.The device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.Quick-Start-Guide DE11 (english)The OP System Bus - Parameterizing - ControlConnecting drives to generator suppliesConformal CoatingI/O ConfigurationAccess to Parameter Level 2 Parameter Lock Load Default Motor data Motor Protection V/f curves Slip CompensationSet point settingFire modeStarting, Stopping and OperationElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Update DX-COM-STICK3Start, Stopp und BetriebQuick-Start-Guide DE1 (english)DX-COM-STICK3_ConnectionHow does the internal motor protection work?HVAC, water/wastewater and industrial mediums - brochure Number 1 in efficiency The easiest way of variable motor speed PowerXL DE1 Variable Speed StarterDA-SW-drivesConnect USB Driver DX-COM-PCKITDA-SW-Codesys 3 SWD for DC1 and DE1DA-SW-drivesConnectDA-SW-USB Driver DX-COM-STICK3-KITDA-SW-Driver DX-CBL-PC-3M0DA-SW-DE1 ModbusRTU V1_00 LibraryDA-SW-Codesys 2 SWD for DC1 and DE1DA-SW-USB Driver PC Cable DX-CBL-PC-1M5DA-SW-drivesConnect - InstallationshilfeDA-SW-drivesConnect - installation helpDrives - Product range catalogProduct Range Catalog Drives EngineeringDA-DC-00004556.pdfDA-DC-00004551.pdf10.8 Connections for external conductors10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strength10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltage10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating material10.10 Temperature rise10.11 Short-circuit rating10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility10.13 Mechanical functionApplication notesBrochuresCataloguesCertification reportsEaton Corporation plc Eaton House30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland © 2023 Eaton. All rights reserved. Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks areproperty of their respectiveowners./socialmediaeaton-frequency-inverter-dimensions-010.eps eaton-frequency-inverter-3d-drawing-018.eps DA-CE-ETN.DE1-34011NN-N20N IL040005ZU PowerXL DE1 variable speed starter MN040011_EN MN040003_EN MZ040046_EN MN040018_EN DA-CS-de1_fs2_ip20DA-CD-de1_fs2_ip20DrawingseCAD modelInstallation instructions Installation videosManuals and user guides mCAD model。
PAHs欧盟最新标准2014版
Product Safety Commission (AfPS)GS SpecificationTesting and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the course of awarding the GS mark- Specification pursuant to article 21(1) no. 3 of the Product Safety Act (ProdSG) –AfPS GS 2014:01 PAKState of revision: August 4th, 2014Disclaimer: G erman i s t he o riginal t ext v ersion. I n c ase o f a ny d oubt, l ack o f c larity o r a ny o ther n on clear interpretation the content of the original version is valid.Management: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthFriedrich-Henkel-Weg 1 – 2544149 DortmundTelefon: 0231/9071-0Telefax: 0231/9071-2364 '.Table of ContentsPreliminary observations (3)1 Purpose / Intention (3)2 Basics (3)3 Procedure (3)3.1 Risk assessment (3)3.2 Categorisation (4)3.3 Testing and assessment (6)4 Transitional regulations/periods (6)4.1 GS mark certificates, issued from July 1st, 2015 onwards (6)4.2 GS mark certificates, issued before July 1st, 2015 (6)4.3 Reissuing of existing GS mark certificates – exemptions (6)Annex: Testing instructions (8)1 Aim and purpose (8)2 Method (8)2.1 Brief description (8)2.2 Equipment (8)2.3 Chemicals and solutions (8)3 Preparation and execution (9)3.1 Sample preparation (9)3.2 Measuring procedure (10)3.3 Special characteristics (11)Annex: Measuring conditions for gas chromatography (for information) (12)Testing and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the course of awarding the GS markPreliminary observationsOn Aug. 4th 2014 the Product Safety Commission (AfPS) has assigned the requirements of PAH testing in the course of GS mark certification as specification according to art. 21 Product Safety Act (ProdSG) para. 1 no. 3. The implementation is achieved by means of this PAH document.1. Purpose / IntentionProducts (pursuant to the Product Safety Act) must comply with legal requirements to avoid health risks, e.g. art. 30 & 31 of the LFBG (Foodstuffs, Consumer Goods and Feedstuffs Code –LFGB), the Prohibition of Chemicals Ordinance, and the art. 3 of the ProdSG (Product Safety Act). This document and, in particular, the testing instructions (see Annex) specify the requirements with respect to the level of PAHs in products. In addition, the document harmonises the testing methodology for assessment by GS bodies.2. BasicsPAH contamination of materials is primarily due to the use of:- PAH contaminated softening oils in rubber and flexible (soft) plastics- PAH-contaminated carbon black as a black pigment in rubber, plastics and paints.PAH contamination has previously been detected not only in rubber but also in various types of plastic, e.g. ABS and PP, and various paints/coatings, as well as in a variety of natural materials.3. ProcedureThe GS body must take the following steps into account both in the process of awarding a new GS mark and within the framework of monitoring existing GS mark certificates:1. Risk assessment2. Categorisation3. Testing and assessment3.1 Risk assessmentThe GS body must carry out a risk assessment and, in doing so, define which relevant contact/grip and operating surfaces of the product are to be considered for testing and which are not, and must make a record of these (this means that the GS body must first specify the contact/grip and operating areas to which the requirements of the PAH document must be applied (specification of PAH relevance)). The risk assessment should be not applied, where appropriate, if the respecti ve “Erfahrungsaustauschkreis” (“Exchange of Experience Group”, EK) has already defined a procedure for the product or product group with regard to the contact/gripand operating surfaces to be tested. A reference to the EK’s definition is to be included in the documentation accordingly.Materials that cannot be accessed or that can only be accessed by using tools need not be assessed, with the exception of samples with a conspicuous odour.In principle, account must be taken of all contact/grip and operating surfaces that can come into direct contact with the skin or that can be put into the mouth during proper or foreseeable use (but not misuse).13.2 CategorisationDepending on the results of the risk assessment, the corresponding product parts are then to be categorised (see Table 1) and to be analysed on their actual PAH content according to the analysis method below. Existing test reports can be taken into account if they are compliant with the “Grundsatzbeschluss” (“principle decision”) ZEK-GB-2012-01 of the ZEK (“Central Exchange of Experience Group”) and the requirements of this PAH document. Categorisation can be dispensed with if the respective ”Erfahrungsaustauschkreis” (“Exchange of Experience Group”, EK) has already defined a categorisation of the contact/grip and operating surfaces for a product or product group. Definitions for products or product groups from the individual EKs are published on the ZLS website2 and apply from the time of publication.Table 1 presents the maximum levels of PAH in product materials, which must not be exceeded. The provisions of this document with regard to the PAH content do not apply if other legislation lays down corresponding or further requirements for the PAH content. This applies only to the material or component/assembly and not to the product as a whole. Materials and parts of the product that are not covered by other legislative provisions must be assessed within the framework of the procedure for awarding the GS mark in accordance with the requirements of the PAH document.It must be ensured that the method of testing can actually achieve the limit of quantification of 0.2 mg/kg for each individual PAH component3.At the same time, method and matrix effects, as well as the measurement uncertainty, the efficiency of extraction and losses during purification must be considered.Based on the findings of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (according to the list in the ZEK document 04-11), the total of 18 PAHs (extended substance list of the AtAV, the predecessor committee of the AfPS) only considers PAH components whose level in the material is found to exceed 0.2 mg/kg.1 However, in order to ensure a consistent and appropriate procedure during the awarding of GS mark, it is not generally necessary to analyse all freelyaccessible surfaces. It is this document’s intention to limit the consideration to relevant contact/grip and operating surfac es. It is not expedient to test all product parts or surfaces in order “to be on the safe side”.2 Homepage of ZLS (Central Authority of the Laender for Safety):3 Example: Water-carrying parts in coffee machines that come into contact with foodstuffs (e.g. water, etc.) are subject to the Food and Feed Code legislation and are therefore excl uded from the PAH document’s field of application. However, grip surfaces on the coffee machine must still be assessed accord ing to the requirements of the PAH document.Table 1: Maximum PAH levels to be complied with for the materials in relevant contact/grip and operating surfaces that are to be categorised based on the results of the risk assessment.* Wording “short-term repetitive skin contact” from supplement to REACH annex XVII no. 50 (REGULATION (EU) No 1272/2013)3.3 Testing and assessmentThe testing instructions found in the annex describe the steps of sample preparation, extraction of the PAHs, purification of the extract, identification and quantification; these must be applied uniformly by all laboratories carrying out testing.The GS body assesses the test results and decides whether the GS mark can be awarded in compliance with the other requirements.4. Transitional regulations/periodsFrom July 1st 2015 (issue date of the GS mark certificate), it is compulsory to apply this document when awarding the GS mark to products.The document ZEK 01.4-08 will cease to be valid from June 30th 2015.Since testing for PAH levels in products constitutes an overarching requirement for almost all of the members of all of the ”Erfahrungsaustauschkreise” (“Exchange of Experience Groups”), the following procedure is defined:4.1 GS mark certificates, issued from July 1st 2015 onwards(incl. ongoing procedures that are concluded after July 1st 2015)Compulsory application of this GS specification from July 1st 2015 onwards (exception: see 4.3).4.2 GS mark certificates, issued before July 1st2015Existing GS mark certificates initially remain valid.Within the framework of regular checks to monitor the manufacturing process (at the latest within one year or, in cases where the regular monitoring period is two years, within two years), the requirements under no. 3 of the ZEK (“Central Exchange of Experience Group”) document with regard to the risk assessment must be taken into account, regardless of whether the product was found in the manufacturing facility or not. If, in the process, it is found that the corresponding requirements are not met, the GS mark certificate must be withdrawn immediately. T he ZEK ”Grundsatzbeschluss” (“principle decision”) ZEK-GB-2006-01 must be complied with.4.3 Reissuing of existing GS mark certificates – exemptionsFor the reissuing of an existing GS mark certificate, immediate consideration is not required in the following circumstances:If the company name is changed, new GS mark certificates are usually issued. However, since the product does not change in terms of construction or other properties, and the reissuing of the GS mark certificate is more or less a pure formality, it is not necessary to consider the requirements of the PAH decision until the time of the check which must be performed for the purposes of monitoring the manufacturing process.(Please note: The reissuing of the GS mark certificate does not alter the previously defined periods for carrying out checks on the product’s manufacturing process.)The same applies by analogy when the holder of the GS mark certificate changes address provided none of the product’s properties change and the product does not r equire an additional safety check.The above procedure can also be applied in relation to duplicate certificates (also referred to as OEM certificates). In such cases, a review pursuant to the requirements of the PAH document must strictly be carried out by the time of the next product-manufacturing check according to the periods already defined in the “main certificate” or, at the latest, by December 28th 2015. Monitoring intervals beyond this date are not permissible in such cases.With regard to the OE M certificates and therefore also the “main certificates”, the PAH document – as specified – must be applied by December 28th 2015 at the latest.Annex: Testing instructionsHarmonised method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polymers1 Aim and purposeDetermination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polymer samples.2 Method2.1 Brief description2.1.1 Standard methodA representative partial sample is taken of the material and cut up into pieces with a maximum size of 2–3 mm using scissors, wire cutters, etc. Then, 500 mg of the sample is weighed into a container and extracted with 20 ml of toluene (to which an internal standard has been added) for 1 h at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath. An aliquot is taken from the extract once it has cooled down to room temperature. In the case of polymers (e.g. plastics or rubber products) for which matrix problems arise during the analysis, an additional purification step is carried out using column chromatography. Quantification is performed on a gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD) using the SIM method.2.1.2 Method for insufficient quantitiesIf the total mass of material to be analysed is less than 500 mg, one should proceed as follows: Identical materials from the product can be combined and considered as one sample. However, additional product specimens must not be used.If less than 50 mg of material is available for individual samples, these are not tested.If the available mass of chopped-up material is between 50 mg and 500 mg, the sample must be tested according to 2.1.1 and the quantity of toluene converted or adapted in proportion. The actual mass of the sample is to be recorded in the test report accordingly.2.2 Equipment•Ultrasonic bath with a minimum power of 200 W and a bath area of 706 cm2, corresponding to 0.28 W/cm2, without a basket and with an internal or external thermostat•Gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector2.3 Chemicals and solutions2.3.1 Chemicals•Toluene•Internal standardso Standard 1: Naphthalene-d8o Standard 2: Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10o Standard 3: Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzeneAt least three internal standards must be used; these are added to the extraction solvent (toluene).•External standard: 18 PAH substances according to Table 1 or those listed under no. 3.2, as a mix or individually•Petroleum ether•Silica gel•Sodium sulfate2.3.2 Calibration solutionsThe concentrations of the calibration solutions must be chosen so that a three-point calibration covers a working range of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg in the samples. This corresponds to a concentration range of 2.5 to 250 ng/ml in the calibration solutions.3 Preparation and execution3.1 Sample preparationA representative partial sample is taken of the material. The fragments produced by chopping up the samples to be analysed (using scissors, wire cutters, pliers, etc.) should have a maximum size of 2 – 3 mm.3.1.1 Extraction500 mg of the sample is placed in a glass ”Bördelglas” (“vial”). To this 20 ml of tolue ne, previously amended with internal standards, are added. The sample is then extracted for 1 h in the ultrasonic bath at a temperature of 60 °C throughout. For this purpose, the vials are placed or suspended in the ultrasonic bath without using a basket. The vials are then removed, the extract is left to cool to room temperature and shaken briefly, and an aliquot is taken from the extract and measured either directly or following dilution with toluene.3.1.2 Column chromatography extraction stepFor some polymers (e.g. plastic or rubber products), especially those that dissolve well in toluene under the described extraction conditions, it is necessary to clean the extract using adsorption chromatography on silica gel.For this purpose, a clean-up column with “Hahnschliff” (“stopcock”) (approx. 220 mm x 15 mm) is filled with glass wool, 4 g of silica gel and 1 cm of sodium sulfate.The silica gel is deactivated beforehand by adding 10% water (the corresponding volume of water is added to the silica gel in a glass flask, and the mixture is homogenised on the rotaryevaporator for 1 h at standard pressure and room temperature. The silica gel can then be stored in the sealed glass flask at room temperature).The packed column is conditioned with 10 ml of petroleum ether.The aliquot of toluene extract is then evaporated to a volume of approx. 1 ml on the rotary evaporator and poured into the column. The pointed flask is rinsed out with approx. 20 ml of eluent, which is then also transferred to the clean-up column. Elution is performed with 50 ml of petroleum ether. The collected petroleum ether eluate is amended with 1 ml of toluene and evaporated to a volume of approx. 1 ml under a nitrogen stream (e.g. on the TurboVap). This is then made up to a defined volume with toluene, and the extract is analysed by GC-MS.3.2 Measuring procedureThe method of determination to be applied is gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector in the SIM mode.The following 18 PAHs are to be determined:•Naphthalene•Acenaphthylene•Acenaphthene•Fluorene•Phenanthrene•Anthracene•Fluoranthene•Pyrene•Chrysene•Benzo[a]anthracene•Benzo[b]fluoranthene•Benzo[k]fluoranthene•Benzo[j]fluoranthene•Benzo[a]pyrene•Benzo[e]pyrene•Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene•Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene•Benzo[g,h,i]perylene3.2.1 Measuring conditions for gas chromatographyThe equipment parameters (temperatures, columns, mass traces) may be chosen by the individual laboratory or are determined by the analytes.3.2.2 AnalysisInternal standards: at least three internal standards must be used. For these three standards, the internal standards and the correction ranges are defined as followed:Parameter Internal standards with recommended reference•Naphthalene Naphthalene-d8•Acenaphthylene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Acenaphthene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Fluorene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Phenanthrene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Anthracene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Fluoranthene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Pyrene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Benzo[a]anthracene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Chrysene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene•External calibration: for each individual PAH, at least a three-point calibration must be carried out with reference to the internal standardisation set out above. A working range of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg is recommended here.•Concentrations above the calibration range can be determined by diluting the extract.3.2.3 Limit of quantificationThe limit of quantification for material samples is 0.2 mg/kg per parameter.3.3 Special characteristicsBecause it is relatively volatile compared to the other 17 PAHs, naphthalene constitutes a parameter that is hard to assess in products that come into contact with the skin. Experience from the testing institutes indicates that it is possible to identify instances of both naphthalene depletion in materials and secondary contamination. The result obtained for naphthalene therefore only ever reflects the test specimen’s current situation at the time of measurement.Annex: Measuring conditions for gas chromatography (for information) Injected volume: 1 µl pulsed splitlessColumn: HT8 25m, ID 0.22mm, film thickness: 0.25µmInjector temperature: 280°CTransfer-line temperature: 260°CInitial temperature: 50°CInitial time: 2 min Heatingrate: 11°C/min Finaltemperature: 320°C Finaltime: 8 min3,418 D-naphthalene8,186 D-phenanthrene23,182 D-benzo[a]pyrene3,459 Naphthalene5,586 Acenaphthylene5,845 Acenaphthene6,634 Fluorene8,235 Phenanthrene8,337 Anthracene11,217 Fluoranthene11,914 Pyrene16,830 Benzo(a)anthracene16,982 Chrysene21,860 Benzo(b+j)fluoranthene21,964 Benzo(k)fluoranthene23,055 Benzo(e)pyrene23,302 Benzo(a)pyrene27,974 Indeno(ghi)perylene28,121 Dibenzo(ah)anthracene28,549 Benzo(ghi)perylene。
Thermo Fisher Scientific产品质量证书说明书
Common Name COMPONENT PART POLYCARBONATE COMPONENT PART POLYCARBONATE COMPONENT PART
POLYPROPYLENE, WHITE, INJ. POLYPROPYLENE, INJECTION
8-0099-34
1-1811-47 8-0071-11P 8-0071-06
Tel 585-586-8800 Fax 585-899-7605 75 Panorama Creek Drive, Rochester, NY 14625
Product Certificate Thermo Scientific Nalgene and Nunc Products
Thermo Fisher Scientific hereby certifies that the product identified below is manufactured and/or distributed according to the requirements of product and quality specifications as maintained in our quality management system which is compliant to ISO 13485:2016 (BSI Certificate Number: FM 653694) in the USA.
Lot#: 1305114
Manufactured: 12/09/2020
Part Number 1-1407-90 8-0056-31 1-1407-83 8-0056-31 1-1407-89
8-0071-11P 8-0071-06
RTK PEX7250爆炸防护报警器说明书
RTK PEX7250 explosion proof annunciator Operating instructionsEaton Electric Limited,Great Marlings, Butterfield, LutonBeds, LU2 8DL, UK.Tel: + 44 (0)1582 723633 Fax: + 44 (0)1582 422283E-mail:********************© 2021 EatonAll Rights ReservedPublication No. INS RTK PEX7250 Rev 9April 20211EUROPE (EMEA):+44 (0)1582 723633********************THE AMERICAS:+1 800 835 7075*********************ASIA-PACIFIC:+65 6 645 9888***********************The given data is only intended as a productdescription and should not be regarded as a legalwarranty of properties or guarantee. In the interestof further technical developments, we reserve theright to make design changes.IntroductionThis manual provides the information necessary to install, connect, test and maintain the RTK PEX7250 explosion proof alarm annunciator.DescriptionThe RTK PEX7250 explosion proof annunciator is available with 1 of 3 of our established products fully integrated within the enclosure. Option 1 = RTKP725, Option 2 = RTK725B/C and these versions are available using 30 x 30 mm, 30 x 60 mm or 60 x 60 mm window sizes. Option 3 = RTKSIL725 which is certified for SIL2 applications. This version is available in 30 x 60 mm or 60 x 60 mm window sizes.The standard enclosure is copper free cast aluminium alloy and is finished in a light grey two-part epoxy paint, colouredRAL7035, making it ideal for offshore applications. Systems are available in a range of formats and sizes and all carry the same approval to internationally recognised Zone 1 standards.InstallationThis product has been certified to be mounted in Zone 1,2,21 or 22 hazardous areas. Equipment must be installed in accordance to IEC60079-14 (Electrical installation in hazardous areas) or alternative national standards. Manual HandlingBelow are basic methods which should be observed while handling the equipment.• Assess the load (size, shape and weight). Is mechanical or human assistance is required?• Assess where the unit will be placed. Make sure there are no obstructions, and the route is clear.• Stand as close to the load as possible, with your feet shoulder width apart.• Bend your knees and try to keep the back’s natural, upright posture.• Grasp the load firmly as close to the body as you can.• Use the legs to lift the load in a smooth motion as this offers more leverage reducing the strain on your back.• Carry the load close to the body with the elbows tucked into the body.• Avoid twisting the body as much as possible by turning your feet to position yourself with the loadMountingUnit is supplied with mounting brackets for vertical or horizontal mounting.Connection detailRefer to wiring diagram supplied for terminal connections. All wiring inside the box must be carried out in compliance with the characteristics of the components. Use and ServiceAll the operations of installation and service will be carried out when the circuit is not powered. Take care in not damaging the coupling joints; always reapply the silicone grease tothe flanges before re-closing the box, and ensure all closing screws have been returned and fully tightened. Use screws of quality A2-70 according UNI 7323 with ultimate tensile strength of at least 700N/mm²Cable EntriesRefer to the General Arrangement drawing supplied with the unit for details on cable entries fitted to the RTK PEX7250 Annunciator.WARNING:Ensure only correctly sized cable glands are used and that any threaded hole within the lid or the body not being used is closed with certified blanking plugs.Cable entries shall also be suitably sealed if the enclosure is to be used in dust atmospheres.Specific Conditions of Use1. It is the responsibility of the installation engineer to ensure that suitably ATEX equipment certified Ex db IIB+H2 cable glands and blanking plugs are installed to ensure that the IP rating of IP66/67 is maintained on the Ex d enclosure.2. When the enclosure is fitted with an MTL5521, the enclosure must be mounted vertically.April 20212Annunciator InstructionsFor full detailed operating instructions refer to full Annunciator manual supplied with unit.LocationRTK PEX7250 has been certified for use in Zone 1, Zone2, Zone 21 or Zone 22 and with Gas Groups IIB+Hydrogen and IIIC LabellingThe RTK PEX7250 are shipped with one of the following labels:- • Certification label (Figures 3-4) showing all relevant certification information dependant on whichapplication is required.Option A – RTKP725 or RTKP752B/C with PSUFigure 1: Certification label for option A.(40°C ambient version)Option B – RTKP725 or RTKP752B/C with MTL5521 IS isolatorFigure 3: Certification label for option B.Special conditions for units with MTL5521• The unit must be mounted vertically.• Require a separate gland entry for the IS circuit only. No other electrical connections are allowed. •Maximum Ambient of 40°C allowedOption C – RTKSIL725Figure 4:Certification label for option CSafety InstructionsThese instructions are addressed to qualified personnel in compliance with the national laws. The equipment should be installed to local codes of practice and also IEC60079-14 and IEC60079-17 (when applicable) concerning the electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres.• The purchaser should make the manufacturer aware of any External effects or Agressive subtances that the equipment may be exposed to.• The enclosure will only be installed in the designated hazardous area as stated in the equipment certificate.• Comply with all data indicated on the enclosure • The enclosure will only be installed if it is wholly intact • Use exclusively spare parts from Eaton Electric Ltd • Routine maintenance and servicing will be carried out exclusively by qualified electricians with the supervision of“expert” personnel.Figure 2: Certification label for option A.(55°C ambient version)EUROPE (EMEA): +44 (0)1582 723633 ********************THE AMERICAS: +1 800 835 7075*********************ASIA-PACIFIC: +65 6 645 9888***********************The given data is only intended as a productdescription and should not be regarded as a legal warranty of properties or guarantee. In the interest of further technical developments, we reserve the right to make design changes.April 2021Eaton Electric Limited,Great Marlings, Butterfield, Luton Beds, LU2 8DL, UK.Tel: + 44 (0)1582 723633 Fax: + 44 (0)1582 422283E-mail:********************© 2021 EatonAll Rights ReservedPublication No. INS RTK PEX7250 Rev 9 200421April 20213Specification Standards:EN60079-1:2014, EN60079-0:2012+A11:2013,EN60079-31:2013, EN60079-11:2012Approved for :II 2 GDEx db IIB+H2 T6 Gb (Tamb -20°C to +40°C)Ex tb IIIC T85°C Db (Tamb -20°C to +40°C) IP66/67 or: II 2 GDEx db IIB+H2 T5 Gb (Tamb -20°C to +55°C) Ex tb IIIC T100°C Db (Tamb -20°C to +55°C) IP66/67 or, when fitted with MTL5521: II 2 (1) GDEx db [ia Ga] IIB+H2 T6 Gb (Tamb -20°Cto+40°C)Ex tb [ia Da] IIIC T85°C Db (Tamb -20°C to +40°C) IP66/67Certificate No :Baseefa06ATEX0089XMax Power Dissipation:116.3W@70% efficiency (Based On Largest sized RTKP725 with LED’s and repeat relays)30W max for units with SIL725CurrentMax Size System: 2.2AConnectionsTerminals for 2.5mm2 cable.ProtectionIP66EMC ComplianceImmunity to EN61000-6-2:2005Emissions to EN6100-6-4:2007LVD ComplianceEN61010-1:2010IEC61010-2-201 Ed.1Ambient TemperatureOperating: -20°C to +40°C for T85Operating: -20°C to +55°C for T100Storage: -20°C to +80°CAmbient temperature limited to +40°C for units fitted with MTL5521 and RTKSIL725.Humidity0-95% RH, non-condensingSystemLargest RTK725 or RTK725B/C Annunciator – 5 Modules wide x 3 Modules High (max dimensions 324W x 204H x 145D)Largest RTKSIL725 Annunciator - 3 Modules wide x 2 Modules High (max dimensions W x H x 145D)LargestPowerSupplyUnit60W/*************(max dimensions 159W x 97H x 38D)Cable EntriesCable entries are shown on the General Arrangement drawing supplied with the equipment. Ensure only correctly sized cable glands or blanking plugs are usedOutputsRTK725 Series and RTK725B/C units are equipped with dual group relays and dual horn relays as standard.Individual repeat relays and RS485 serial interface are available on request.RTKSIL725 units are supplied with SIL2 certified relay outputs for horn and group. Individual repeat relays and additional SIL2 certified relay outputs are available on request.。
Eaton DE11 变速开关说明书
Eaton 180654Eaton DE11 Variable speed starters, Rated operational voltage 230 V AC, 1-phase, Ie 7 A, 1.5 kW, 2 HP, Radio interference suppression filter DE11-127D0FN-N20NGeneral specificationsEaton DE11 Variable speed starter 180654DE11-127D0FN-N20N 4015081758197169 mm 230 mm 45 mm 1.04 kg UL 508CUL report applies to both US and Canada RCMSafety requirements: IEC/EN 61800-5-1 ULIEC/EN61800-5 CSA-C22.2 No. 14Specification for general requirements: IEC/EN 61800-2 UL File No.: E172143 IEC/EN61800-3 CECertified by UL for use in Canada RoHS, ISO 9001 IEC/EN 61800-3 CULUL Category Control No.: NMMS,Overload cycle for 60 s every 600 sProduct NameCatalog Number Model CodeEANProduct Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Certifications Catalog Notes240 V2.79 kVA7 A1.5 kW6.8 AIs the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.230 V AC, 1-phase240 V AC, 1-phaseMeets the product standard's requirements.1.5 kW250 VMeets the product standard's requirements.-40 °C200 VRadio interference suppression filterPC connection0 Hz60 °C DX-COM-STICK3_ConnectionUpdate DX-COM-STICK3How does the internal motor protection work?Access to Parameter Level 2 Parameter Lock Load DefaultSet point settingStarting, Stopping and OperationElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Conformal CoatingQuick-Start-Guide DE1 (english)The OP System Bus - Parameterizing - ControlFire modeMotor data Motor Protection V/f curves Slip Compensation Connecting drives to generator suppliesI/O ConfigurationQuick-Start-Guide DE11 (english)HVAC, water/wastewater and industrial mediums - brochure Number 1 in efficiency The easiest way of variable motor speed PowerXL DE1 Variable Speed StarterDA-SW-drivesConnectDA-SW-Codesys 2 SWD for DC1 and DE1DA-SW-drivesConnect - InstallationshilfeDA-SW-DE1 ModbusRTU V1_00 LibraryDA-SW-DE11 CANopen CODESYS2 LibraryDA-SW-drivesConnect - installation helpDA-SW-Codesys 3 SWD for DC1 and DE1DA-SW-USB Driver DX-COM-STICK3-KITDA-SW-DE11 CANopen ConfigFile 210DA-SW-DE11 CANopen CODESYSV3 LibraryDA-SW-USB Driver PC Cable DX-CBL-PC-1M5DA-SW-drivesConnect USB Driver DX-COM-PCKITDA-SW-DE11 CANopen ConfigFile 203DA-SW-Driver DX-CBL-PC-3M0Product Range Catalog Drives EngineeringDrives - Product range catalogMains voltage - maxApparent power at 230 VRated operational current for specified heat dissipation (In) Rated operational power at 220/230 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase Assigned motor current IM at 440 - 480 V, 60 Hz, 150% overload 10.11 Short-circuit ratingRated operational voltage10.4 Clearances and creepage distancesOutput at quadratic load at rated output voltage - maxOutput voltage - max10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosuresAmbient storage temperature - minMains voltage - minFitted with:Output frequency - minAmbient operating temperature at 150% overload - max Starting current - max Application notes Brochures Catalogs200 %, IH, max. starting current (High Overload), For 1.875seconds every 600 seconds, Power section6.3 A60 °CModbus RTU, built inOP-Bus (RS485), built inCANopen®, built in2 HP300 Hz230 V AC, 3-phase240 V AC, 3-phase16 kHz, 4 - 32 kHz adjustable (audible), fPWM, Power section, Main circuitParameterization: drivesConnectParameterization: drivesConnect mobile (App) Parameterization: FieldbusParameterization: KeypadOperation (with 150 % overload)-10 °C≤ 0.6 A (max. 6 A for 120 ms), Actuator for external motor brakeDoes not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.7 A DA-DC-00004551.pdfDA-DC-00004556.pdfeaton-frequency-inverter-dimensions-009.eps eaton-frequency-inverter-3d-drawing-017.epsDA-CE-ETN.DE11-127D0FN-N20NIL040005ZUPowerXL DE1 variable speed starterMN040003_ENMN040018_ENMN040019_ENMZ040046_ENMN040011_ENDA-CS-de1_fs1_ip20DA-CD-de1_fs1_ip20Assigned motor current IM at 230 V, 50 Hz, 150% overload Ambient operating temperature - maxCommunication interfaceAssigned motor power at 115/120 V, 60 Hz, 1-phase Output frequency - maxOutput voltage (U2)Switching frequencyFeaturesHeat dissipation detailsAmbient operating temperature - minBraking currentNumber of HW-interfaces (serial TTY)10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components Nominal output current I2N Certification reports DrawingseCAD model Installation instructions Installation videos Manuals and user guidesmCAD modelAssigned motor current IM at 220 - 240 V, 60 Hz, 150% overload 6.8 A10.2.6 Mechanical impactDoes not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.10.3 Degree of protection of assembliesDoes not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Assigned motor current IM at 115 V, 50 Hz, 150% overload6.3 AProduct categoryVariable speed starterRadio interference classC2, C3: depending on the motor cable length, the connected load, and ambient conditions. External radio interference suppression filters (optional) may be necessary.C1: for conducted emissions onlyOptional external radio interference suppression filter for longer motor cable lengths and for use in different EMC environmentsAssigned motor current IM at 110/120 V, 60 Hz, 150% overload 6.8 AHeat dissipation capacity Pdiss0 WAssigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase2 HPNumber of HW-interfaces (RS-422)Mains current distortion120 %ProtocolMODBUSEtherNet/IPOther bus systemsCAN10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strengthIs the panel builder's responsibility.Overvoltage categoryIIIDegree of protectionIP20NEMA OtherAmbient storage temperature - max70 °CRated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp)2000 VOutput at linear load at rated output voltage - max1.5 kWLeakage current at ground IPE - max< 3.5 mA (AC-operated)< 10 mA (DC-operated)Converter typeU converterFrame sizeFS110.2.2 Corrosion resistanceMeets the product standard's requirements.Supply frequency50/60 Hz10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiationMeets the product standard's requirements.10.2.7 InscriptionsMeets the product standard's requirements.Shock resistance15 g, Mechanical, According to IEC/EN 60068-2-27, 11 msApplication in domestic and commercial area permittedYesNumber of inputs (analog)1 (parameterizable, 0 - 10 V DC, 0/4 - 20 mA)Number of phases (output)310.12 Electromagnetic compatibilityIs the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.10.2.5 LiftingDoes not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Number of HW-interfaces (RS-485)1Number of HW-interfaces (industrial ethernet)10.8 Connections for external conductorsIs the panel builder's responsibility.ProtectionFinger and back-of-hand proof, Protection against direct contact (BGV A3, VBG4)Number of relay outputs1 (parameterizable, N/O, 6 A (250 V, AC-1) / 5 A (30 V, DC-1))Application in industrial area permittedYesClimatic proofing< 95 average relative humidity (RH), no condensation, no corrosionConnection to SmartWire-DTIn conjunction with DX-NET-SWD3 SmartWire DT moduleYesStatic heat dissipation, non-current-dependent Pvs0 W10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltageIs the panel builder's responsibility.Voltage rating - max240 VOverload current IL at 150% overload10.5 AInput current ILN at 150% overload17.4 ANumber of HW-interfaces (RS-232)Number of inputs (digital)4 (parameterizable, 10 - 30 V DC)Rated control supply voltage10 V DC (Us, max. 0.2 mA)Cable lengthC3 ≤ 25 m, Radio interference level, maximum motor cable lengthC2 ≤ 10 m, Radio interference level, maximummotor cable lengthC1 ≤ 5 m, Radio interference level, maximum motor cable length10.5 Protection against electric shockDoes not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Mounting positionVerticalMains switch-on frequencyMaximum of one time every 30 seconds10.13 Mechanical functionThe device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating materialIs the panel builder's responsibility.Heat dissipation per pole, current-dependent Pvid0 WElectromagnetic compatibility1st and 2nd environments (according to EN 61800-3)Resolution0.03 Hz (Frequency resolution, setpoint value)Assigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz2 HPRelative symmetric net voltage tolerance10 %Equipment heat dissipation, current-dependent Pvid59 WRated operational current (Ie)7 A at 150% overload (at an operating frequency of 16 kHz and an ambient air temperature of +50 °C)Number of outputs (analog)Suitable forBranch circuits, (UL/CSA)Apparent power at 240 V2.91 kVANumber of HW-interfaces (USB)Operating modeSpeed control with slip compensationU/f controlRated frequency - min45 HzDelay time< 10 ms, On-delay< 10 ms, Off-delayNumber of outputs (digital)Power consumption59 W10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heatMeets the product standard's requirements.10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effectsMeets the product standard's requirements.Number of HW-interfaces (other)Rated frequency - max66 HzVibrationResistance: According to EN 61800-5-1Short-circuit protection (external output circuits)Type 1 coordination via the power bus' feeder unit, Main circuit10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connectionsIs the panel builder's responsibility.Braking torqueMax. 30 % MN, Standard - Main circuitAdjustable to 100 %, DC - Main circuitAmbient operating temperature at 150% overload - min-10 °CRelative symmetric net frequency tolerance10 %10.10 Temperature riseThe panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Eaton Corporation plc Eaton House30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland © 2023 Eaton. All Rights Reserved. Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks areproperty of their respectiveowners./socialmedia6.3 A2 HP137 W at 25% current and 0% speed 37 W at 25% current and 50% speed 44.6 W at 50% current and 0% speed 44.9 W at 50% current and 50% speed 51.6 W at 50% current and 90% speed 62.4 W at 100% current and 0% speed 68.9 W at 100% current and 50% speed 78.4 W at 100% current and 90% speed 20 A, UL (Class CC or J), Safety device (fuse or miniature circuit-breaker), Power Wiring 0Max. 2000 mAbove 1000 m with 1 % derating per 100 mAssigned motor current IM at 400 V, 50 Hz, 150% overload Number of HW-interfaces (parallel)Assigned motor power at 230/240 V, 60 Hz, 1-phase Number of phases (input)Heat dissipation at current/speed Short-circuit protection ratingNumber of interfaces (PROFINET)Altitude。
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V ol.14, No.1 ©2003 Journal of Software 软 件 学 报 1000-9825/2003/14(01)0054 三机冗余容错系统的描述和验证∗郭 亮, 唐稚松 (中国科学院 软件研究所 计算机科学重点研究实验室,北京 100080)Specification and Verification of the Triple-Modular Redundancy Fault-Tolerant SystemGUO Liang +, TANG Zhi-Song(Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China) + Corresponding author: Phn: 86-10-62562796, Fax: 86-10-62562533, E-mail: gls@Received 2001-07-32; Accepted 2002-04-10Guo L, Tang ZS. Specification and verification of the triple-modular redundancy fault-tolerant system. Journal of Software , 2003,14(1):54~61.Abstract : XYZ/E is used to specify and verify the triple-modular redundancy fault-tolerant system. Assuming that each computer is loaded with a determined sequential program P which continuously outputs data to the outer environment, the case P running on single processor is illustrated by an XYZ/E program SingleProcess P , and the property of program P is specified by a temporal logical formula Spec P . Finally, it is proved that the program TripleProcessors P obtained from the triple-modular redundancy way can still satisfy Spec P in spite of hardware errors.Key words : temporal logic language XYZ/E; fault-tolerant system; triple-modular redundancy; specification;verification摘 要: 使用XYZ/E 描述和验证三机冗余容错系统.考虑每台计算机加载了一个不断向外界环境输出数据的确定性顺序程序P ,用XYZ/E 程序SingleProcessor P 刻画程序P 在单机上运行,用时序逻辑式Spec P 刻画P 向外部环境输出的数据所满足的性质.最后证明,采用三机冗余模式所得到的程序TripleProcessors P 即使在出现硬件错误的情况下运行,也能满足性质Spec P .关键词: 时序逻辑语言XYZ/E;容错系统;三机冗余;描述;验证中图法分类号: TP311 文献标识码: A容错系统(fault-tolerant system)是一种即使有错误发生,也能满足其规范的系统.常用的程序容错方法有海明码、多机冗余、断点设置、恢复这几种.将形式化理论应用于容错系统[1~5]是当前容错系统研究工作的一个重要发展方向.本文着重讨论了如何使用XYZ/E 描述三机冗余容错系统并验证其容错性(fault-tolerance).∗ Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60073020 (国家自然科学基金); the National High Technology Development 863 Program of China under Grant No.863-306-ZT02-04-01 (国家863高科技发展计划)第一作者简介: 郭亮(1976-),男,江西吉安人,博士,主要研究领域为软件工程.郭亮等:三机冗余容错系统的描述和验证55三机冗余(triple-modular redundancy)是一种通用的容错方法,其思想核心为在使用3台相同的机器的同时运行相同的程序,由于两台机器硬件同时出错的概率趋近于0,因此3台机器可通过交互和表决,检测并修复出错的机器,使程序正常运行.三机冗余容错系统一般假定任意时刻最多只有一台机器硬件出错,而且错误不会发生在机器交互、表决和修复过程中.文献[3]基于TLA[6,7](temporal logic of actions)描述并验证了一个简单的三机冗余容错系统的容错性.单机系统可抽象为由一个处理器和一块内存组成,处理器通过发出读/写命令来读/写内存数据.机器硬件可能因出错而非法修改内存数据,使得处理器从内存读出错误值.为了使系统具有容错性,在硬件出错的情况下也能使处理器对内存进行正确的读、写操作,可以使用3块内存.当处理器向内存发出写命令时,将3块内存存储的数据设置为相同值;当处理器向内存发出读命令时,3块内存存储的数据通过表决,返回表决结果给处理器.在文献[3]中,硬件错误被建模为TLA中的动作(action),整个错误环境(fault environment)存在一个错误假定(faultassumption),即3块内存不会同时出错.系统的容错性定义为三机冗余系统在错误环境下的错误影响程序(fault-affected program)是单机系统的求精,容错性在定义两个程序之间的求精映射(refinement mapping)的基础上得以证明.在本文中,我们考虑一种相对复杂的情况.假定单机系统同样由一个处理器和一块内存组成,但内存中装载了一个确定性的顺序程序P.系统在运行时的任一时刻,或者处理器执行程序P的一条指令,以修改P要处理的变量的值,或者向外界环境输出这些变量的当前值.针对这种情况,我们首先分析P的行为,然后用XYZ/E[8,9]程序SingleProcessor P刻画装载了程序P的单机系统的行为,用时序逻辑式Spec P抽象出单机系统向外部环境输出的数据所满足的性质.由于硬件存在不可靠性,可能因发生错误而导致数据出错,此时性质Spec P不能满足.因此,需要考虑采用3台相同的机器同时运行程序P.在输出数据时,3台机器通过交互和表决来检测及修复错误.对于这样的三机冗余系统,我们可以用一个XYZ/E程序TripleProcessor P来刻画,其错误环境F被建模为一个状态转换集合,程序的容错性可以通过证明程序TripleProcessor P在错误环境F下运行时的错误影响版本程序TripleProcessor P-F仍能满足性质Spec P而得到.1 XYZ/E简介及对硬件错误环境建模XYZ/E是一种基于Manna-Pnueli线性时序逻辑的线性时序逻辑语言(LTLL).其最基本的元素是式(1)这种形式的可执行条件元(conditional element),它直接定义了相邻状态之间的转换关系.因此,全部由这种形式条件元组成的程序可以执行.LB=y∧R⇒$O(v1,v2,…,v n)=(e1,e2,…,e n)∧$O LB=z.(1)XYZ/E中引入了式(2)这种形式的选择语句来表示不确定性.若选择语句在某时刻存在多个分支的条件部分同时为真,则程序将在这些分支间作出不确定选择.具有相同标号且具有式(1)这种形式的一组条件元也可以用一个带相同分支数目的选择语句来表示.LB=y∧R⇒!![Cond1|>ExeAct1,…,Cond k|>ExeAct k]. (2) XYZ/E中表示算法的构件为如式(3)所示的单元(unit).其中A1,A2,...,A n是条件元(选择语句),符号“;”等同于逻辑联结词合取.若单元中所有条件元都可执行,则单元可执行.[A1;A2;…;A n] (3) XYZ/E可执行程序P由一组变量集合Var P、初始条件Init P和一个可执行单元Unit P三部分组成.此外,当程序P中出现不确定选择语句时,我们可能会希望对P所作的选择进行约束,使得P满足某性质Where P,此时,程序P的语义对应于时序逻辑式LF P,LF P=def Init P∧Unit P∧Where P. (4) 对于容错系统,需要刻画清楚程序P运行所在的硬件环境可能发生的错误以及各种错误对程序运行产生的动态影响,即对错误环境(fault environment)F进行建模.在文献[3~5]中,每种可能发生的硬件错误都被建模为一个动作(action),整个错误环境F则被建模为一个错误动作的集合.通过错误转换(fault transformation),可以给出程序P的错误影响程序(fault-affected program)F(P),P在F下的运行等价于程序F(P)在无错环境下的运行.56 Journal of Software 软件学报 2003,14(1)本文中,我们将XYZ/E 程序P 运行所在的错误环境F 中每种可能发生的错误建模为一个形式为FCond ∧$O FExeAct 的状态转换,FCond 和$O FExeAct 分别表示转换的使能条件部分和动作部分,F 则被建模为一个状态转换集合{F 1,F 2,…,F m },F 必须满足的错误假定可用一个时序逻辑式FaultAssumption F 来刻画.F 建模完毕后,设程序P 的可执行单元Unit P = [A 1;A 2;…;A n ],其中每个A i 都是一个选择语句,则与程序P 在F 下运行等价的错误影响程序P F 有Init PF =Init P ,Var PF =Var F ,Unit PF = [A 1⊕F ;A 2⊕F ;…;A n ⊕F ],Where PF =Where P ∧FaultAssumption F.(5)设A 为式(2)形式的选择语句,则等式(5)中形式为A ⊕F 的选择语句定义如下: (6)]|,...,| ,|,...,| [!!1111def mm k k FExeAct FCond FExeAct FCond ExeAct Cond ExeAct Cond R y LB F A >>>>=>∧==⊕2 刻画单机系统单机系统可以看做是由一个处理器和一块内存组成,内存中装载了一个确定的顺序可执行程序P (由代码段和数据段两部分组成).系统在运行的任一时刻,或者处理器执行程序P 的一条代码(由程序P 的代码段内容确定),以修改程序P 的数据段内容,或者处理器向外界环境输出这些变量的当前值.由于程序P 是确定性程序,由系统当前要执行的代码以及数据段的内容,即可得到系统下一时刻要执行的代码和数据段的内容.因此,单机系统可以被抽象地看作存在某值域VD 上取值的两个变量:变量d (对应程序P 数据段的内容和处理器将要执行的程序P 的下一条代码)和变量val (当处理器向环境输出数据时,将读出变量d 的值,赋给val .val 可被外部环境看到).当然,也可以假定val 在另一值域VV 上取值,且存在一个函数ƒ:VD →VV ,有val =ƒ(d ).后面我们针对系统向环境输出数据时val =d 情况下的三机冗余系统容错性证明思路,也同样适合于这种通用情况.由于P 是确定程序,则由P 可惟一确定一个函数fun P ∗:VD →VD ,使得系统每执行程序P 的一条指令就把d 的值赋为fun P (d ).此外,系统只可能在执行了P 的关键指令或者P 中的数据满足特定断言的时候,才向外界环境输出数据.这些指令和断言由P 惟一确定,因此可以假定存在断言needWrite P (d ),系统向环境输出数据,当且仅当断言needWrite P (d )成立.系统在运行时将检查d 的值是否符合断言needWrite P (d ),若符合,则将d 的值赋给val ;否则,执行程序P 的下一条指令.由上所述,单机系统的行为可用如下的XYZ/E 程序SingleProcessor P 来刻画.这里,我们引入了两个整数型变量n 和k ∗∗,n 表示处理器已经执行的程序P 的代码条数,k 表示系统最近一次向环境输出数据时n 的值.程序初始条件满足d 和val 都等于同一固定值v 0∈VD ,且needWrite P (v 0)为真.此外,我们把选择语句中的两个选择分量分别命名为t_cal 和t_write ,t_cal ,对应于处理器执行程序P 的一条指令;t_write 对应于处理器输出程序P 的计算结果.{LB =lb_running ∧val =d =v 0∧n =k =0∧needWrite P (v 0)} //P essor SingleProc Init SingleProcessor P ==[] [∗ 每个程序对应于一个三元组(V ,θ,Γ),V =(v 1,v 2,…,v n )表示变量集合,θ表示变量初始条件,Γ={τ1,τ2,…,τm }为一个有限状态转换集合,其中每个元素τi (i ∈1,...,m )定义了下一时刻状态和当前状态各变量取值之间的函数关系,形式为P i (v 1,v 2,…,v n )→$O(v 1,v 2,…,v n )= e i (v 1,v 2,…,v n ),P i 是谓词,e i 是表达式,且任一时刻存在且仅存在一个i (i ∈1,...,m ),有P i 为真.因此,函数fun P 可定义如下:fun P (v 1,v 2,…,v n )=def {e 1(v 1,v 2,…,v n ) if P 1(v 1,v 2,…,v n ),e 2(v 1,v 2,…,v n ) if P 2(v 1,v 2,…,v n ),…,e m (v 1,v 2,…,v n ) if P m (v 1,v 2,…,v n )}.∗∗ 引入变量n ,k 的目的在于使处理器向外界环境输出数据后能继续执行程序P 的代码,而不会由于输出语句t_cal 不修改变量d 的值,从而导致因断言needWrite P (d )一直满足而始终处于输出状态.郭亮 等:三机冗余容错系统的描述和验证57LB =lb_running ⇒!! [(k ≥n )∨¬needWrite P (d )|>$O d =fun P (d )∧$O n =n +1∧$O lb =lb_running , // t_cal(k <n )∧needWrite P (d )|>$O val =d ∧$O k =n ∧$O lb =lb_running // t_write ]] 我们可以证明程序SingleProcessor P 满足如下定义的性质Spec P ,其中fun P k 表示函数fun P 的第k 次迭代且fun P 0(x )=x .这可以通过证明如下定义的逻辑式Inv 为程序的不变量得到.Spec P =def (needWrite P (val )∧val =fun P k (v 0)),Inv =def d =fun P n (v 0)∧needWrite P (val )∧val =fun P k (v 0).由于硬件存在不可靠性,系统运行时可能因发生硬件错误而修改变量d 的值,使性质Spec P 不能得到满足.这就需要采取三机冗余的模式,对此错误进行容忍及恢复.3 刻画无错环境下的三机冗余系统现在假定机器在可能出错的硬件环境下运行.当硬件出现错误时,将修改变量d 的值.为使在错误发生的情况下,整个系统还能输出正确的数据,我们采用三机冗余的方式来修正错误,让3台机器同时运行同样的程序,并增加一个表决组件.在需要输出的时候,表决组件将运行,对各台机器输出给此表决组件的值进行表决,决定输出给外界环境的正确值及定位,并修复运行出错的机器.表决过程的有效性是建立在两台机器同时出错的概率为0的假定上的.假定3台机器输出的数据分别为x ,y,z (包括各台机器的变量d 和n 的值),则表决后输出的数值可由如下定义的函数vote 来表示.其直观意义就是,在表决时刻,3台机器输出的结果如果有两个相等,则表决结果为此等值;否则,等于一个无定义值⊥.其中,⊥∉Ζ且⊥∉VD ,后面我们将证明这种情况不可能出现.vote (x ,y ,z )=def {=x if x =y or x =z , =y else if y =z , =⊥ else}.整个三机冗余系统在无错环境下的运行可用XYZ/E 程序TripleProcessors P 来刻画.其中,语句t_cal i (i =1,2,3)与第i 台机器的t_cal 计算语句对应,语句t_vote 是表决输出语句(这里假定各台机器以切换方式执行计算指令语句和表决输出语句).变量d i 和n i 分别表示第i (i =1,2,3)台机器所执行程序的内部变量的值和已经执行的指令数.{LB =lb_running ∧d 1=d 2=d 3=val =v 0∧k =n 1=n 2=n 3=0∧needWrite P (v 0)} //P essors TripleProc Init TripleProcessors P ==[] [LB =lb_running ⇒!! [(k ≥n 1)∨¬needWrite P (d 1)|>$O d 1=fun P (d 1)∧$O n 1=n 1+1∧$O lb =lb_running , // t_cal 1(k ≥n 2)∨¬needWrite P (d 2)|>$O d 2=fun P (d 2)∧$O n 2=n 2+1∧$O lb =lb_running , //t_cal 2 (k ≥n 3)∨¬needWrite P (d 3)|>$O d 3=fun P (d 3)∧$O n 3=n 3+1∧$O lb =lb_running , // t_cal 3(k <n 1)∧(k <n 2)∧(k <n 3)∧needWrite P (d 1)∧needWrite P (d 2)∧needWrite P (d 3)|> //t_vote $O val =$O d 1=$O d 2=$O d 3=vote (d 1,d 2,d 3)∧$O k =$O n 1=$O n 2=$O n 3=vote (n 1,n 2,n 3)∧$O lb =lb_running]]4 错误环境建模和错误影响程序要证明程序TripleProcessors P 是一个容错系统,也即在错误环境下运行时仍满足性质Spec P ,需要先对此程序所在的硬件错误环境建模.现在假定程序TripleProcessors P 中存在3个错误指示变量f 1,f 2和f 3,f i (i =1,2,3)为真,表示对应的处理器i 运行出错,则错误环境F 可被建模为状态转换集合{F 1,F 2,F 3}.其中,F i 表示当错误发生时,将修改第i 台机器变量d i 的值,并将错误指示变量f i 置为真,其定义如下:58Journal of Software 软件学报 2003,14(1) F i =$T ∧$O f i =$T ∧$O d i ∈VD . (7)在程序开始运行时,假定一切正常,也即所有错误指示变量都为$F,则在错误环境F 建模以后,我们可以得到错误影响程序等价TripleProcessors P-F 如下:{LB =lb_running ∧d 1=d 2=d 3=val =v 0∧k =n 1=n 2=n 3=0∧f 1=f 2=f 3=$F ∧needWrite P (v 0)} //F P essors TripleProc Init -TripleProcessors P-F ==[] [LB =lb_running ⇒!! [(k ≥n 1)∨¬needWrite P (d 1)|>$O d 1=fun P (d 1)∧$O n 1=n 1+1∧$O lb =lb_running , //t_cal 1 (k ≥n 2)∨¬needWrite P (d 2)|>$O d 2=fun P (d 2)∧$O n 2=n 2+1∧$O lb =lb_running , // t_cal 2(k ≥n 3)∨¬needWrite P (d 3)|>$O d 3=fun P (d 3)∧$O n 3=n 3+1∧$O lb =lb_running , //t_cal 3 (k <n 1)∧(k <n 2)∧(k <n 3)∧needWrite P (d 1)∧needWrite P (d 2)∧needWrite P (d 3)|>$O val =$O d 1=$O d 2=$O d 3=vote (d 1,d 2,d 3)∧$O k =$O n 1=$O n 2=$O n 3=vote (n 1,n 2,n 3)∧$O f 1=$O f 2=$O f 3=$F ∧$O lb =lb_running // t_vote ,在表决的时候修复错误$T|>$O f 1=$T ∧$O d 1∈VD ∧$O lb =lb_running , //t_err 1 $T|>$O f 2=$T ∧$O d 2∈VD ∧$O lb =lb_running , // t_err 2$T|>$O f 3=$T ∧$O d 3∈VD ∧$O lb =lb_running //t_err 3 ]] where (¬((f 1∧f 2)∨(f 1∧f 3)∨(f 2∧f 3)))下一节我们将证明三机冗余系统的容错性,即程序TripleProcessors P-F 满足性质Spec P .5 容错性证明要证明程序TripleProcessors P-F 满足性质Spec P ,关键在于证明在执行表决语句时不可能出现d 1,d 2,d 3的值两两不等的情况.虽然这个命题比较直观,但若要严格证明则需要一定的技巧.我们将通过证明一系列命题的正确性来证明系统容错性.在证明之前,我们需要先给出一些辅助谓词:NormalValues ,Envote ,A i ,j 和B i ,j (i ,j =1,2,3,i ≠j ),A ,B ,C 和C i (i =1,2,3)的定义.定义.NormalValues =def k ≠⊥∧n 1≠⊥∧n 2≠⊥∧n 3≠⊥∧val ≠⊥∧d 1≠⊥∧d 2≠⊥∧d 3≠⊥,Envote (kx ,nx ,dx )=def (kx <nx )∧needWrite P (dx ),A i ,j =def (¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )→(d j =∧∀)(i n n P d fun i j −m :((n i ≤m ∧m <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n i ,)),)(i n m P d fun i −B i ,j =def ((¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j ))→(d i =d j ∧n i =n j ),A =def Λi ,j =1,2,3 i ≠j :A i ,j ,B =def Λi ,j =1,2,3 i ≠j :B i ,j ,C i ,=def (¬f i →(d i =)), C =)(0v fun i n P def Λi =1,2,3:C i .在程序运行的任一时刻,谓词NormalValues 为真,当且仅当各变量值有效(即不等于⊥).如果当前系统k 值为kx 且机器i 的n i 值为nx ,d i 值为dx ,则谓词Envote (kx ,nx ,dx )为真,当且仅当机器i 处于等待表决状态(机器已停止计算,正准备输出数据).谓词A i,j 的直观含义为:如果机器i 和j 都运行正常,且机器i 执行的代码条数n i 不大于机器j 执行的代码条数n j ,则d j =,且机器i 从当前状态运行任意小于n )(i n n P d fun i j −j −n i 的步数以后(若n i <n j ,则包括当前状态)都不可能处于等待表决状态.谓词B i ,j 的直观含义为:如果机器i 和j 运行都没有出错,且两台机器都处于等待表决状态,则n i =n j 且d i =d j .谓词C i 的直观含义为:如果机器i 当前运行正常,则d i =.)(0v fun i n P 命题1. (NormalValues ∧A i ,j )→(NormalValues ∧B i ,j ).整个证明过程由以下推理过程得到.这里,使用谓词NormalValues 是使变量之间的比较以及函数fun P 有意义.下面的推理过程的正确性都是建立在谓词NormalValues 成立的前提下的.在每个逻辑式的后面,我们都加上了注释,说明其推导过程.证明:郭亮 等:三机冗余容错系统的描述和验证59(1) A i ,j ∧(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )→∀m :((n i ≤m ∧m <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n i ,)). )))(i n m P d fun i − //由A i ,j 定义得到(2) A i ,j ∧(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )∧(n i <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n j ,d j ). //将m =n i 代入(1)得到(3) A i ,j ∧(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )→n i =n j . //由(2)及永真式// ((A ∧B ∧C )→¬A )↔((A ∧C )→¬B )直接得到(4) A i ,j ∧(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )∧n i =n j →d i =d j .//将n i =n j 带入A i ,j 中可以得到d j ==d )(i n n P d fun i j−i ,再由(3)可以得到 (5) A i ,j ∧(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i ≤n j )∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )→(d i =d j ∧n i =n j ). //由(3)、(4)得到 (6) A i ,j →B i ,j . //由(5)得到 在后面的证明中,我们要用到形如{P }τ{Q }的Hoare 三元组.其含义为:若程序当前状态满足断言P 且语句τ的使能条件满足,则执行语句τ以后,程序状态满足断言Q .这是一个完全正确性的概念.如果语句τ是一条赋值语句en (τ)∧$O x =e ,en (τ)为语句τ的使能条件,则证明{P }τ{Q }成立等价于证明逻辑式P ∧en (τ)→Q (e /x )成立,其中Q (e /x )为将Q 中所有自由变量x 用e (x )代替以后得到的逻辑式.命题2~命题8用于证明谓词A ∧NormalValues 是程序TripleProcessors P -F 的不变量.命题2. {A ∧NormalValues }t_vote {A ∧NormalValues }.证明:(1) ∃i ,j =1,2,3 i ≠j :(¬f i ∧¬f j ). //由于¬((f 1∧f 2)∨(f 1∧f 3)∨(f 2∧f 3))是程序的不变量(2) NormalValues ∧¬f i ∧¬f j ∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )→(n i =n j ∧d i =d j ).//由A →B i ,j 和B i ,j 得到,这里和下面的i ,j 可为任意一对满足¬f i ∧¬f j 的数值(3) NormalValues ∧¬f i ∧¬f j ∧Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )→(vote (d 1,d 2,d 3)≠⊥∧vote (n 1,n 2,n 3)≠⊥)).//由(2)及vote 函数的定义得到(4) {¬f i ∧¬f j ∧NormalValues ∧A i ,j } t_vote {d 1=d 2=d 3=val ∧n 1=n 2=n 3=n ∧NormalValues }.//由(3),A i ,j →B i ,j 和t_vote 的使能条件蕴涵了Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧Envote (k ,n j ,d j )得到(5) d 1=d 2=d 3=val ∧n 1=n 2=n 3=n ∧NormalValues →A ∧NormalValues .//由对任意i ,j =1,2,3,i ≠j ,有(d i =d j ∧n i =n j )→A i ,j 得到(6) {A ∧NormalValues }t_vote {A ∧NormalValues }. //由(1)、(4)和(5)得到命题3. 若i ,j ,k =1,2,3,且两两不等,则{A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_err k {A i,j ∧NormalValues }.由于t_err k 的执行不会改变谓词A i ,j 中出现的任意变量,因此命题3显然是正确的.命题4. 若i ,j =1,2,3,且i ≠j ,则{A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_err i {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.由于执行t_err i 将使f i 置为真,而f i →A i ,j ,因此命题4显然是正确的.命题5. 若i ,j =1,2,3,且i ≠j ,则{A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_err j {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.由于执行t_err j 将使f j 置为真,而f j →A i ,j ,因此命题5显然是正确的.命题6. 若i ,j ,k =1,2,3,且两两不等,则{A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_cal k {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.由于t_cal k 的执行不会改变谓词A i ,j 中出现的任意变量,因此命题6显然是正确的.命题7. 若i ,j =1,2,3,且i ≠j ,则{A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_cal i {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.证明: (1) ((¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i +1≤n j )∧NormalValues ∧A i ,j →d j =). )(i n n P d fun i j− //由=(fun )(i n n P d fun i j −1−−i j n n P fun P (d i ))和A i ,j 的定义得到(2) ((¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i +1≤n j )∧NormalValues ∧A i ,j →∀m :((n i ≤m ∧m <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n i ,))). (i n m Pd fun i − //由A i ,j 的定义得到(3) ∀m :((n i ≤m ∧m <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n i ,))→ (i n m Pd fun i − ∀m :((n i +1≤m ∧m <n j )→¬Envote (k ,n i ,(fun 1−−i n m P fun P (d i )))). //由(n i +1≤m →n i ≤m )得到60Journal of Software 软件学报 2003,14(1)(4) ¬Envote (k ,n i ,d i )∧A i ,j ∧NormalValues →A i ,j (fun P (d i )/d i ,n i +1/n i ). //由A i ,j (fun P (d i )/d i ,n i +1/n i )=(((¬f i ∧¬f j ∧n i +1≤n j )→(d j =(fun 1−−i jn n P fun P (d i )))∧∀m :((n i +1≤m ∧m <n j )→//¬Envote (k ,n i ,(fun 1−−i n m P fun P (d i )))))及(1)、(2)和(3)得到 (5) {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }t_cal i {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.//由(4)及t_cal i 使能条件满足¬Envote (k ,n i ,d i )得到命题8. 若i ,j =1,2,3且i ≠j ,则{A i ,j ∧A j ,i ∧NormalValues }t_cal j {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.证明: (1) (A i ,j ∧NormalValues ∧n i ≤n j )→(A i ,j (fun P (d j )/d j ,n j +1/n j )∧n i ≤n j ). //直接代入得到(2) (¬Envote (k ,n j ,d j )∧A j ,i ∧NormalValues ∧n i =n j +1)→(A i ,j (fun P (d j )/d j ,n j +1/n j )∧n i =n j +1). //直接代入得到(3) n i >n j +1→(A i ,j (fun P (d j )/d j ,n j +1/n j )∧n i >n j +1).(4) {A i ,j ∧A j ,i ∧NormalValues }t_cal j {A i ,j ∧NormalValues }.//结合{P }R {Q }的含义,(1)~(3)分别表示在n i 小于、等于、大于n j +1这3种情况,命题8都成立, //从而命题得证 由命题2~命题8以及→(A ∧NormalValues )显然成立,我们即可得到谓词A ∧NormalValues是程序TripleProcessors F P essors TripleProc Init -P-F 的一个不变量,从而谓词A 也是程序的不变量.此外,由命题1还可得到谓词B 也是程序的不变量.下面的命题9证明谓词C 是程序TripleProcessors F 的不变量,证明过程中我们用到了谓词NormalValues 和谓词B 是程序的不变量这个已经证明的结果.命题9. TripleProcessors P -F → C .证明:(1) →C .F essors TripleProc Init (2) 对任意j =1,2,3,{C }t_cal j {C }.(3) 对任意j =1,2,3,{C }t_err j {C }.(4) 存在i ,j =1,2,3,i ≠j ,使得¬f i ∧¬f j .(5) C →∃i ,j =1,2,3 i ≠j :(¬f i ∧¬f j ∧d i =∧d ))(0v fun i n Pj =). //由(4)得到 )(0v fun j nP (6) {¬f i ∧¬f j ∧d i =∧d (0v fun i n P j =}t_vote {C }. //由t_vote 使能条件及B 为程序不变量得到 )(0v fun j n P (7) {C } t_vote {C }. //由(5)、(6)得到(8) TripleProcessors F → C . //由(1)~(3)和(7)得到在命题10的证明过程中,我们用到了谓词NormalValues ,C 和∃i =1,2,3:¬f i 是程序的不变量这几个已经证明的结果.命题10. TripleProcessors P-F → (val =fun P k (v 0)).证明:(1) →val =fun F P essors TripleProc Init -P k (v 0). (2) 对任意j =1,2,3,{val =fun P k (v 0)}t_cal j {val =fun P k (v 0)}.(3) 对任意j =1,2,3,{val =fun P k (v 0)}t_err j {val =fun P k (v 0)}.(4) {NormalValues ∧val =fun P k (v 0)∧C ∧∃i =1,2,3:¬f i }t_vote {val =fun P k (v 0)}.(5) TripleProcessors P-F → (val =fun P k (v 0)). //由(1)~(4)得到由命题10,我们得到TripleProcessors P-F 满足性质Spec P .因此,我们采用三机冗余模式得到的程序TripleProcessors P 在错误环境下F 运行时仍满足性质Spec P . 6 结 语我们在XYZ/E 框架下对三机冗余容错系统进行了描述和验证.本文与文献[3]的主要区别在于,我们将各台郭亮等:三机冗余容错系统的描述和验证61机器抽象成为由一个处理器和一块加载了一个不断向外界环境输出数据的确定性顺序程序P的内存组成,处理器既可以向外界环境输出内存数据的值,也可以执行程序P的一条指令,从而修改内存数据的值,而不只是简单地对内存中存储的数据进行读写操作.这种抽象更符合三机冗余系统采用3台相同的机器运行相同的程序这一思想,因此更具有代表性.在本文中,我们只考虑了处理器向外界环境输出内存中存储的数据而没有考虑从环境读入数据的情况,这主要是为了简化我们从程序中抽象出来的性质Spec P.此外,虽然Spec P刻画出程序SingleProcessor P的重要性质,但并非完全等价.实际上,假定程序SingleProcess P′,TripleProcessors P′和TripleProcessors P-F′分别为考虑了内存中加载的程序P从外部环境读入数据的单机程序、三机冗余程序和三机冗余程序在错误环境F下的错误影响程序,如果不考虑公平性的问题,那么两个程序之间的求精关系即TripleProcessors P-F′→SingleProcess P′(这个结果比我们现在得到的结果更强)也是能够证明的.整个证明过程需要引入一些辅助的历史变量(history variables)和预言变量(prophecy variables)来建立两个程序之间的求精映射,相对比较复杂,我们将在今后的工作中尝试对此问题进行更深一步的研究.References:[1] Schepers H. 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