研究生英语综合教程崔校平Unit1课文翻译

Mango
The mango is native to Southern Asia, especially Burma and Eastern India. It spread early on to Malaya, Eastern Asia and Eastern Africa. Mangos were introduced to California (Santa Barbara)in 1880.
芒果原产于亚洲南部，特别是缅甸和印度东部。

它很早就传播到马来亚、东亚和东非。

1880年，芒果被引入加利福尼亚（圣巴巴拉）。

The mango exists in two races, one from India and the other from the Philippines and Southeast Asia. The Indian race is intolerant of humidity, has flushes of bright red new growth that are subject to mildew, and bears monoembryonic fruit of high color and regular form. The Philippine race tolerates excess moisture, has pale green or red new growth and resists mildew. Its polyembryonic fruit is pale green and elongated kidney-shaped.
芒果有两个种族，一个来自印度，另一个来自菲律宾和东南亚。

印度种族不耐潮湿，新长出的果实呈鲜红色，容易发生霉变，结出的单胚果颜色高亮，形状规则。

它的多胚胎果实为淡绿色，拉长的肾形。

Mangos basically require a frost-free climate. Flowers and small fruit can be killed if temperatures drop below 40'F,even for a short period. Young trees may be seriously damaged if the temperature drops below 30'F,but mature trees may withstand very short periods of temperatures as low as 25'F.The mango must have warm, dry weather to set fruit. Mangos luxuriate in summer heat and resent cool summer fog. Wet,humid weather favors anthracnose and poor fruit set.
芒果需要在无霜气候下生长。

气温低至华氏40度以下时，即便短时低温，花和小果会被冻死。

气温至华氏30度以下时，幼苗会严重冻伤，但成苗能抵御短时华氏25度的低温。

果实成形则需温暖干燥的气候。

在夏季，芒果能享受暑热，对凉爽的夏雾则不怎么喜欢。

湿潮的气候促生炭蛆生长，致果实成形不佳。

Mango trees make handsome landscape specimens and shade trees.They are erect and fastgrowing with sufficient heat,and the canopy can be broad and rounded,or more upright,witha relatively slender crown.I he tree is long-lived with some specimens knownyears old and still fruiting.In deep soil the taproot descends to a depth of 20 ft,and the profuse,wide-spreading feeder roots also send down many anchor roots which penetrate for several feet.
芒果树可用于美化环境，形成树荫。

热量充沛时，快速直立生长。

华盖呈圆形且宽阔，垂直生长，树冠则相对单薄。

芒果树寿命长，某些树种树龄超过300年依然产果。

深层土壤中，主根向下延伸达20英尺，发达的支根衍生出很多的末根往往延伸数英尺。

The leaves are dark green above and pale below, usually red while young. The midrib is pale and conspicuous and the many horizontal veins distinct. Full-grown leaves may be 4 to 12.5 in .long and 3/4 to 2 in .wide, and are generally borne in clusters separated by a length of naked
stem bearing no buds. These naked stems mark successive flushes of growth. Each flush of growth will harden off to a rich green color before the next flush of growth begins.
芒果叶上层为深绿色，下层呈浅绿色，嫩叶通常为红色。

中肋呈灰色，清晰可见，同层静脉分界明显。

成年树叶一般长4至12.5英寸，宽0.75至2.125英寸。

树干光秃，不见树芽，将一簇簇树叶间隔开来。

光秃秃的树干记载着连续的新梢生长。

新长成的新梢会因受寒而变硬，颜色渐成深绿，这一过程持续到下一个新梢开始生长为止。

The yellowish or reddish flowers are borne in inflorescences which appear at branch terminals ,in dense panicles of up to 2 000 minute flowers.These flowers respire a volatile substance,causing allergic and respiratory problems for some persons.Pollinators are flies, hoverflies,rarely bees.Few of the flowers in each inflorescence are perfect,so most do not produce pollen and are incapable of producing fruit.Pollen cannot be shed in high humidity orrain.Fertilization is also ineffective when night temperatures are below 55F.Mangos aremonoecious and self-fertile,so a single tree will produce fruit without cross pollination.Polyembryonic types may not require pollination at all.
黄色或红色花花序点缀枝头，茂密的圆锥形花序包含高达2000朵小花。

这些小花释放出挥发性物质，可致部分人群过敏性和呼吸系统疾病。

授粉昆虫是苍蝇、食芽铓，偶有蜜蜂做介质。

每朵花序中，完美花朵并不多见，因而多数花朵并不产花粉也不结果。

高潮湿和雨天，花粉无法流出。

夜间温度在55度以下时，受精也没什么效果。

芒果系雌雄同株植物，能自身授粉。

因此，即使无交叉授粉，单株芒果树也能产果。

多胚胎型可能根本不需要授粉。

The fruits grow at the end of a long,string-like stem (the former panicle),with sometimes two or more fruits to a stem.The fruits are 2 to 9 inches long and may be kidney shaped,ovate or (rarely)round.They range in size from 8 ounces to around 24 ounces.The leathery skin is waxy and smooth,and when ripe entirely pale green or yellow marked with red,according to cultivar.It is inedible and contains a sap that is irritating to some people.
果实生长在长长的线状树干上（前花序），每个树干偶有两个或以上果实生成。

果实一般2至9英寸长，呈肾状或卵形，较少圆形。

大小从8盎司到24盎司不等。

皮革样的果皮柔软光滑。

完全成熟后，根据树种不同，果皮为灰绿色或黄色间或有红色相间。

皮不能食，其中的树液对部分人群有刺激。

The flesh of a mango is peachlike and juicy ,with more or less numerous fibers radiating from the husk of the single large kidney-shaped seed .Fibers are more pronounced in fruits grown with hard water and chemical fertilizers .The flavor is pleasant and rich and high in sugars and acid.The seed may either have a single embryo ,producing one seedling ,or polyembryonic , producing several seedlings that are identical but not always true to the parent type.Some seedlings produce numerous tiny ,parthenocarpic fruits which fail to develop and abort.Mango trees tend to be alternate bearing.
果肉似桃，多汁。

数目不一的纤维从大个的肾状核呈放射状分布。

若在硬质水中长成和施化学肥料，果实纤维更为明显。

香味浓郁，富含糖、酸。

芒果核有单胚胎的，长出单颗幼苗，多胚胎的则长出多颗幼苗，这些幼苗完全相同，但未必与母苗一致。

有些幼苗结出细小的单性结实的芒果，但未能发育成果便凋落。

芒果树往往交替结果。

The mango grows to a good size and casts a dense shade,but the roots are not destructive.It requires full sun and perfect air drainage in winter.It does best at the top or middle level of a slope.A windbreak should be provided in exposed areas.The trees may also need staking.In the desert it needs the shade of other trees:or plant on the north side of the house.Mangos will grow in almost any well-drained soil whether sandy,loam or clay,but avoid heavy,wet soils.A pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferred.They are somewhat tolerant of alkalinity.For goodgrowth,mangos need a deep soil to accommodate their extensive root systems.
芒果树芒果能长到很大的尺寸，形成茂密树荫，但根系却不具破坏性。

在冬季，它需要日照充足，良好的通风。

在斜坡的中高段，芒果长势最佳。

在暴露开阔的区域应该造一片防护林。

芒果树有时也需要铆固。

在沙漠地带，芒果树需要其他树木遮荫，或者种植在房屋的北侧也是不错的选择。

不管是沙地、亚粘土还是粘土，只要具备良好的通风条件，芒果都能生长，但要避开湿重土壤。

pH在5.5至7.5之间是首选，因为芒果略微耐碱。

芒果需要深土容纳发达的根系，方能生长良好。

During the first two years,the trees should be given some protection such as an overheadcover during any frost threat.Once the tree is 3 to 4 feet high,overhead protection is difficultbut still worthwhile,especially if an unusual cold snap is predicted.Frost damage can also be avoided by erecting an overhead lath shelter,orchard heating,placing lights under the canopy, or using foam or straw trunk wraps.Do not prune dead parts until all frost danger is past.
最初两年，芒果树需要保护，譬如有霜冻威胁时要加盖头罩。

待果树长到3-4英尺高时，采用头罩保护就难了，但依旧值得去做，特别是出现异常寒潮预警时。

搭建板条防护罩、果园里面加热、树冠下面放置电灯、使用泡沫塑料或稻草外衣能避免霜冻。

待霜冻结束方能修剪枯枝。

Seedlings are a gamble.Supermarket fruits may have been treated to sterilize,or chilled too long to remain viable.These seeds are normally discolored gray.To grow mangos from seed,remove the husk and plant the seed (before it dries out)with the hump at soil level.Theseeds normally germinate in two to four weeks,and do best with bottom heat.Multiple polyembryonic seedlings should be carefully separated as soon as they have sprouted so not to loose the cotyledons.Seedling mangos will bloom and bear in three to six years.
幼苗栽培好似赌博，具有不确定性。

超市出售的芒果已经做了消毒处理或冷冻过久而失去生育能力。

这类种子往往因脱色而呈灰色。

用种子种植芒果时，要先去除外壳，将种子（需在种子干燥前）种在驼峰状土壤内。

正常情况下，种子会在1至2周内发芽，若有底热，则
情况最佳。

多株多胚胎幼苗一旦成芽，要及时分离，避免子叶疏松。

幼苗会在3至6年内开花结果。

The Mango is a suitable and productive tree for growing in a container or greenhouse.Start with established plants of named cultivars.Select the finest Indian cultivars,which are most rewarding for the effort involved.A large tub is required,with casters for easy moving.In the greenhouse,the atmosphere should be kept dry as possible to avoid anthracnose.Place a fan nearby to move the air around trees and use ventilators.The plants should be hosed down in the morning on a weekly basis to control mites.A regular spraying of appropriate pesticides for anthracnose and mealybug may also be needed.
芒果是一种产果树，适合在容器或温室中生长。

首先要确定有命名的品种。

选择最好的印度培育品种，该品种最值得一试。

培育时，需要一个带脚轮的大澡盆，便于移动。

温室环境尽可能保持干燥，避免碳蛆病。

附近放一把扇子使树周的空气流动并使用通风机。

果树在早上每周一次浇灌，如此可控制螨虫。

需要定期喷洒合适的杀毒剂杀灭碳蛆和水蜡虫。

Bacterial spot distorts and turns developing leaves black and disfigures developing fruit. Infection may spread to fresh young growth.Anthracnose can be controlled with bimonthly applications of copper spray or captan as a growth flush begins,and until the flowers open. Resume spraying when the fruits begin to form.Mango trees are very sensitive to root loss that can occur from digging,transplanting or gopher damage."Soft nose,"a physical disorder of shriveling at the fruit apex,seems associated with excessive nitrogen in soil.Exposed fruits sunburn in high temperatures.
细菌性斑点会使果树叶扭曲，使树叶变黑，使发育中的水果变形。

感染会传染到新鲜幼苗。

新果肉开始生长到芒果花开放这段时间，每两月一次喷洒铜粉或克菌丹可控制炭蛆菌。

当芒果成果时再喷洒一次。

挖掘、移植或囊地鼠破坏常致根系损伤，芒果树对此类损伤十分敏感。

软鼻病发于芒果尖端，是一种干皱性水果病，似与土壤中氮过量有关。

高温下，暴露的果实可致晒斑。

Mango fruit matures in 100 to 150 days after flowering.The fruit will have the best flavor if allowed to ripen on the tree,although winter-maturing fruits must be ripened indoors in coastal California.Ripening fruit turns the characteristic color of the variety and begins to soften to the touch,much like a mercial marketability requires 13%dissolved solids (sugars).When the first fruit shows color on tree,all of that size fruit or larger may be removed;repeat when remaining fruit colors.Do not store below 50F.The fruit ripens best if placed stem end down in trays at room temperature and covered with a dampened cloth to avoid shriveling.Less time is required to mature greenhouse fruit.
开花后100至150天，芒果果实成熟。

在加利福尼亚沿海地区，冬熟芒果必须在室内成熟，但若将果实留在树上自然成熟，果实气味最佳。

渐熟的果实颜色会变成该品种特有颜色
并开始变软，很像梨。

若要拿到市场出售需要13%溶解性固体（譬如糖）。

首颗芒果着色后，所有大小类似或更大的芒果都要采摘，剩下的芒果照此标准重复采摘。

采摘后的芒果不宜储存在50度以下。

若将一段树梢放在托盘里并置于室内温度下，加盖潮湿衣服避免褶皱，则果实成熟更佳。

温室栽培的芒果成熟期较短。

The mango is the apple (or peach)of the tropics,and one of the most commonly eaten fruits in tropical countries around the world.The fruit is grown commercially on a small scale in Florida.The quality of the fruit is generally comparable to Florida mangos,but has other advantages,i.e.the lack of fruit fly and seed weevil populations.Mexico,and to a lesser extent Central America,is a major supplier to U.S.markets today.
芒果是热带的苹果或梨，全世界热带地区最常吃的水果。

佛罗里达州的商业化种植规模较小。

该类芒果品质可与佛罗里达芒果媲美，还有其他有优势。

譬如，没有果蝇和象鼻虫群。

墨西哥，或者说整个中美洲，是当今美国市场芒果的主要供应商。

选词填空
Mangoes are tropical and very sensitive to frost and freeze damage, especially young trees. Fruit and flowers are damaged at 40 degrees Fahrenheit, permanent damage can occur in any size tree at 32 degrees F°. Luckily frost and light freezes are rare and when they do happen they are most often only for a few hours just before sunrise. Frost damage can be avoided or minimized by planting under a roof overhang or under the canopy of another tree. Covering with frost cloth is also a good idea but remember the cloth must extend to the ground in order to trap heat being released from the ground and must be removed in the day time when the temperature rises above freezing. Mulch traps ground heat so should also be removed during winter months. A hard freeze though not typical can occur in any year and covering alone is not enough. In these untypical years a heat source along with covering is your best defense. Since the cold nights correspond with the holiday months, old-fashioned Christmas lights are a great idea. Other suggestions are using a 60 watt or higher bulb suspended by a shop light
芒果是热带水果，对霜冻和冻害非常敏感，尤其是幼树。

果实和花朵在华氏40度时就会受损，任何大小的树木在华氏32度时都会发生永久性损害。

幸运的是，霜冻和轻度冰冻很少发生，即使发生，也往往只是在日出前的几个小时内。

霜冻损害可以通过种植在屋顶悬空处或其他树木的树冠下来避免或减少。

用防冻布覆盖也是一个好主意，但要记住，防冻布必须延伸到地面，以捕获从地面释放的热量，并且必须在白天温度上升到冰点以上时将其移除。

覆盖物可以捕获地面的热量，所以在冬季也应该被移除。

虽然不是典型的严寒，但在任何一年都可能发生，仅仅覆盖是不够的。

在这些不典型的年份，热源和覆盖物是你最好的防御。

由于寒冷的夜晚与假日月份相对应，老式的圣诞灯是一个好主意。

其他建议是使用60瓦或更高的灯泡，用商店的灯悬挂起来。

翻译（英译中）
Mangoes should be planted in full sun and well drained soil, however because of occasional frost in the salt river basin it is often a good idea to plant near your home or under the canopy of a larger tree. Think what would be the warmest part of your yard during the winter months and that will probably be the best suited location for your mango tree. Don't worry about summer sun and heat, they love it. When removing the tree from its container it is extremely important not to damage or disturb the roots, especially the tap root. Never pull the tree from the container by the trunk, it is most often the cause of irreversible shock. Loosen the soil 1-3 feet around the planting site, dig a hole twice as wide as the container and no deeper than the root ball, though do loosen the soil at the bottom of the hole. Carefully cut the bottom of the nursery container and place the tree with the remaining pot in the hole, the root ball should be 1-2 inches above the surrounding soil to allow for settling and better drainage. Next cut the sides and remove the container, and now you may back fill the hole. Use any remaining soil to build a berm around the tree 3-4 inches high and fill with water. Use B-1 also for the first few times you water, just follow the instructions on the bottle.
芒果应该种植在阳光充足、排水良好的土壤中，但是由于盐河流域偶尔会有霜冻，所以通常在你家附近或在较大的树冠下种植是个好主意。

想一想，在冬季，你院子里最温暖的地方是什么，这可能是最适合种植芒果树的地方。

不要担心夏天的阳光和热量，它们喜欢这样。

当把树从容器中移出时，极其重要的是不要损坏或干扰根部，特别是直根。

千万不要用树干把树从容器里拉出来，这往往是造成不可逆转的冲击的原因。

松开种植地点周围1-3英尺的土壤，挖一个两倍于容器宽度的洞，不深于根球，不过要松开洞底的土壤。

小心地切开育苗容器的底部，把树和剩余的盆子放在洞里，根球应高出周围土壤1-2英寸，以便沉淀和更好地排水。

接下来切开侧面，取出容器，现在你可以回填洞口。

用任何剩余的土壤在树周围建一个3-4英寸高的护堤，并注满水。

在最初几次浇水时也要使用B-1，只要按照瓶子上的说明即可。

或
芒果应该在充足的日照下和通风良好的土壤中种植。

然而，在索尔河谷，霜冻时有发生。

因此，靠近家或在大树下种植芒果不失为妙招。

想想看，在冬天那几个月里，你家后院何处最暖和，那便是你的芒果树最适宜的落脚地。

不用担心夏日的太阳和热浪，芒果喜欢着哩。

从容器中移动果树时，切不要伤及或惊扰了根系，特别是主根，这极其重要。

永远不要逮着树干将果树从容器中拔出，这往往给它造成不可逆转的冲击，是此类伤害的元凶。

在种植处疏松1-3英尺的土壤，掘一个两倍于容器大小的坑。

坑底须疏松一下土，但坑深不要超过根垛。

切割育苗容器的底部时，要仔细着点。

将树苗连同余下的罐一同放到坑里。

考虑到周围
环境和良好通风，根垛应高于周边土壤1-2英寸。

接下来，要修整各边，移走容器。

现在，你可以回填土啦！用余下的土绕树修一圈3-4英寸高的崖颈，里面灌满水。

翻译(中译英)
在中国装饰艺术中，花朵、果品和树木等画作往往代表了生活的不同方面。

了解一种植物的象征意义有助于理解隐藏的含义。

In Chinese decorative arts, paintings of flowers, fruits and trees often represent different aspects of life. Knowing the symbolic meaning of a plant helps to understand the hidden meaning.
所有的花、枝、叶都要点算清楚以保证画面无规则性。

奇数意味着传递生命力量本身的不规则性，因而更受欢迎。

花蕾要包含在盛开的花朵中，因为它代表了不间断的生命历程。

All flowers, branches and leaves are counted clearly to ensure the irregularity of the picture. Odd numbers are preferred as they imply the transmission of the irregularity of the life force itself. The buds should be included in the blooming flowers, as they represent the uninterrupted course of life.
水果的含义也大不相同。

一般说来，苹果的意思是爱好和平，杏代表着美的东西、美女、春天和好运，而竹子不仅是夏天的象征，还含有青春、力量、耐力、适应性和长寿等含义。

Fruits also have very different meanings. Generally speaking, apple means peace-loving, apricot represents beauty, beauty, spring and good luck, while bamboo is not only a symbol of summer, but also contains meanings of youth, strength, endurance, adaptability and longevity.
或
In Chinese decorative arts pictured flowers, fruits, and trees are presentations for various aspects of life. Knowing the symbolic meaning of a plant enables you to understand the hidden message.
Every flower, branch and leave is counted to ensure irregularity (especially in displays); an odd number is preferable since it is meant to convey the dynamic irregularity of the life force itself. Unopened buds should always be included among flowers in bloom, as they rep resent life’s continuous journey.
Generally, what fruits imply varies greatly. For example, apple means peace loving, apricot represents beauty, beautiful woman, spring and good fortune while bamboo is not only the symbol of summer but also implies youth, strength, endurance, flexibility and longevity.
Lion
Lion, a large, powerfully built cat, is second in size only to the tiger. Lions are most active at night and live in a variety of habitats but prefer grassland, savanna, dense scrub, and open woodland. Historically, they ranged across much of Europe, Asia, and Africa, but now they are found mainly in parts of Africa south of the Sahara. About 200 Asiatic lions constitute a slightly smaller race that lives under strict protection in India's Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary.
狮子是身体健硕的猫科动物，个头仅次于老虎，夜间最为活跃，栖息地各异，但最喜栖身于草地、热带草原、茂密矮树林及开阔树林间。

历史上，欧亚非均有狮子存在，但现在仅在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲部分地区发现还有狮子。

约200头狮子构成一个较小的种类，他们生活在印度的吉尔国家公园和野生动物保护区，受严格保护。

The lion is a well-muscled cat with a long body ,large head ,and short legs .Size and appearance vary considerably between the sexes .The male's outstanding characteristic is his mane ,which varies between different individuals and populations. In some lions the mane and fringe are very dark, almost black, giving the cat a majestic appearance .Manes make males look larger and may serve to intimidate rivals or impress prospective mates .The lion's coat is short and varies in color from buff yellow ,orange-brown ,or silvery gray to dark brown ,with a tuft on the tail tip that is usually darker than the rest of the coat.
狮子肌肉发达，体长头大，四肢短。

雌雄狮子的个头和外貌差异很大。

鬃是雄狮的显著特点，因个体和种群而异。

某些狮子的鬃和腮毛色泽极暗，几乎呈黑色，令狮子外表威严。

鬃让雄狮貌似强大，可用来恐吓对手或给未来伴侣留下印象。

狮子的毛发较短，从浅黄，黄褐色到银灰色或深褐色，颜色不一。

在尾梢处有一簇毛，颜色通常比其他处毛发暗。

Lions are unique among cats in that they live in a group, or pride. The members of a pride typically spend the day in several scattered groups that may unite to hunt or share a meal. A pride consists of several generations of lionesses, some of which are related, a smaller number of breeding males, and their cubs. The group may consist of as few as 4 or as many as 37 members, but about 15 is the average size. Each pride has a well-defined territory consisting of a core area that is strictly defended against intruding lions and a fringe area where some overlap is tolerated. Where prey is abundant, a territory area may be as small as 20 square km (8 square miles),but if game is sparse, it may cover up to 400 square km. Some prides have been known to use the same territory for decades, passing the area on between females. Lions proclaim their territory by roaring and by scent marking. Their distinctive roar is generally delivered in the evening before a night's hunting and again before getting up at dawn. Males also proclaim their presence by urinating on bushes, trees, or simply on the ground, leaving a pungent scent behind. Defecation and rubbing against bushes leave different scent markings.
在猫科动物中，狮子独特之处在于它群居，以小组或狮群而居。

典型的情况是，每个狮
群的成员白天与分散的小狮群在一起，他们联合狩猎或共享大餐。

一个狮群由几代有亲属关系的雌狮，少量有生育能力的雌狮和她们的幼崽组成。

每个小狮群数目不等，小则4只，大则37只，但均数约为15只。

每个狮群都有边界清晰的领地，包括核心区和边区。

核心区对入侵的狮子防御严格，边区则可以与其他狮群领地重叠。

若猎物充裕，领地面积或许20平方千米大小，若猎杀游戏较少，领地面积可扩至400平方千米。

据知，有些狮群几代狮子占用同一片领地，且只传给雌狮。

狮子宣示领地的方式是咆哮和气味标记。

它们的咆哮声各不相同，通常在晚上捕猎前和黎明起床前发出。

雄狮则通过在灌木丛、树木或直接在地上撒尿留下刺鼻的气味来宣示自己的存在。

排便和在灌木丛上摩擦留下不同的气味标记。

There are a number of competing evolutionary explanations for why lions form groups. Large body size and high density of their main prey probably make group life more efficient for females in terms of energy expenditure .Groups of females ,for example ,hunt more effectively and are better able to defend cubs against infanticidal males and their hunting territory against other females .The relative importance of these factors is debated ,and it is not clear which was responsible for the establishment of group life and which are secondary benefits.
对于狮子结成狮群的原因，许多解释相互矛盾且逐渐发展进化。

就雌狮捕猎时的能量消耗来说，体型庞大，猎物群密度高或许使得群居生活更高效。

譬如，雌狮群捕猎效率更高，更易于抵御捕杀幼狮的雄狮和入侵领地的其他雌狮。

这些因素的相对重要性尚存争论。

哪些因素与群居生活有关哪些是刺激效益尚不清楚。

Lions prey on a large variety of animals ranging in size from rodents and baboons to water buffalo and hippopotamuses,but they predominantly hunt medium-to large-sized hoofed animals such as wildebeests ,zebras ,and antelopes .They readily eat any meat they can find ,including carrion and fresh kills that they scavenge or forcefully steal from hyenas ,cheetahs ,or wild dogs .Lionesses living in open savanna do most of the hunting ,whereas males typically appropriate their meals from the female's kills .However ,male lions are also adept hunters ,and in some areas they hunt frequently .Pride males in scrub or wooded habitat spend less time with the females and hunt most of their own meals .Nomadic males must always secure their own food.
狮子可捕食的猎物众多，体形上看，从啮齿类动物，狒狒到水牛和河马，但主要捕食中大型有蹄类动物，如牛铃、斑马和羚羊。

凡找到的肉类，狮子皆喜食，包括腐肉，清扫污物所得的新鲜肉以及强行从土狗、印度豹和野狗处窃取的肉等等。

生活在热带草原的雌狮从事大部分狩猎活动，而雄狮则通常分享雌狮的猎物。

然而，雄狮也是打猎能手，在某些地区，它们经常狩猎。

狮群中的雄狮，生活在矮树丛或树林栖息地，很少和雌狮待在一起，大部分食物都是他们自己狩猎得来的。

流浪的雄狮必须自己猎食。

Though a group of hunting lions is potentially nature's most formidable predatory force on land ,a high proportion of their hunts fail .The cats pay no attention to the wind's direction (which can carry their scent to their prey),and they tire after running short distances. Typically ,they stalk
prey from nearby cover and then burst forth to run it down in a short, rapid rush .After leaping on the prey ,the lion lunges at its neck and bites until the animal has been strangled .Other members of the pride quickly crowd around to feed on the kill ,usually fighting for access .Hunts are sometimes conducted in groups ,with members of a pride encircling a herd or approaching it from opposite directions ,then closing in for a kill in the resulting panic .The cats typically gorge themselves and then rest for several days in its vicinity. An adult male can consume more than 34 kg (75 pounds)of meat at a single meal and rest for a week before resuming the hunt .If prey is abundant ,both sexes typically spend 21 to 22 hours a day resting ,sleeping ,or sitting and hunt for only 2 or 3 hours a day.
尽管一群捕食的狮子是自然界中潜在的最强大的陆上捕食者，但相当一部分捕猎活动并不成功。

这些大猫不注意观察风向（风向往往将它们的气味带给猎物），而且跑很短距离就疲惫不堪。

典型的情况是，它们从附近的隐身处悄悄接近猎物，然后向前扑出，以极短距离快速冲上去。

跃到猎物身上后，狮子直冲猎物脖颈，咬着不放直到猎物被卡死。

狮群中的其他成员则迅速围上来撕咬猎物，常常为争食而大打出手。

狮群有时群攻猎物，狮群成员包围一群猎物，从反方向接近猎物，然后围住猎物，致猎物惊慌失措。

狮子通常饱餐一顿，然后在附近休息几天。

一只成年狮子一餐能吃掉超过34公斤（75磅）肉，然后休息一个周的时间在开始捕猎。

如果猎物充裕，雌雄狮一般每天21到22小时休息、睡觉或坐着，仅2-3小时捕猎。

Both sexes are polygamous and breed throughout the year,but females are usually restricted to the one or two adult males of their pride.The gestation period is about 108 days,and the litter size varies from one to six cubs,two to four being usual.
雌雄狮是多配偶动物，可经年繁殖，但雌狮通常限于与狮群中的一到两只雄狮作配偶。

妊莀期约108天，同胎生崽数1-6只不等，2-6只常见。

Newborn cubs are helpless and blind and have a thick coat with dark spots that usually disappear with maturity.Cubs are able to follow their mothers at about three months of age and are weaned by six or seven months.They begin participating in kills by 11 months but probably cannot survive on their own until they are two years old.Although lionesses will nurse cubs other than their own,they are surprisingly inattentive mothers and often leave their cubs alone for up to 24 hours.There is a corresponding high mortality rate (e.g.,86 percent in the Serengeti),but survival rates improve after the age of two.In the wild,sexual maturity is reached at three or four years of age.Some female cubs remain within the pride when they attain sexual maturity,but others are forced out and join other prides or wander as nomads Male cubs are expelled from the pride at about three years of age and become nomads until they are old enough to try to take over another pride (after age five).Many adult males remain nomads for life.Mating opportunities for nomad males are rare,and competition between male lions to defend a pride's territory and mate with the。