Practice and Evaluation: Management of Acupuncture Needle Disinfection and Sterilization

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教育技术专家 罗伯特

教育技术专家 罗伯特




1995年,在Gary J. Anglin主编的《教学技术:过去、现代与未来》(第二版,1995 年)中R. A. Reiser与David F. Salisbury合著发表了《教学技术与美国公共教育的未来 十年(Instructional Technology and Public Education in the United States: The Next Decade)》一文,考察了当时美国教学技术的现状及未来十年其在美国教育中的 发展趋势。 Reiser引用教学技术协会Kurland(1970)年对教学技术的评价和美国技术评估部门 (Office of Technology Assessment)1988年当时计算机在美国公共教育的影响的评 价回顾了自1970年以来教学技术(instructiol technology)对美国公共教育的影响, 发现教学技术对美国教育影响甚微。 当时,Kurland认为教学技术其实就是两大教学媒体:教师和课本的辅助手段,即 使没有技术,教育也不会停滞不前(go on with hardly a missed lesson),而1988年 美国技术评估部门也认为当时尽管学校中开始拥有越来越多的计算机,但是教学 过程并没有发生实质性的变化(…but most elements of the instructional process remains the same.)。正是在这一背景下,Reiser开始反思教育技术未能在学校教育 中发挥重要作用的原因(play a significant role in the public schools)。为了探究这一 现象的根源,他从教学技术的定义入手,认为人们一般将教学技术等同于教学媒 体(instructional media),从而由于媒体硬件和软件可获取性、软件的质量与适用 性、教师的使用程序和固有的教学传统(tradition of teaching)等问题的存在使得 教学媒体难以在教学中发挥重要的作用。因此,Reiser认为提出应该将教学技术视 为一种发现教学问题,并设计、实施、评价和不断改进解决这些问题的方法的系 统化手段(systematic means)。

Supplier Management供应商管理程序(中英文)

Supplier Management供应商管理程序(中英文)

1.0 PURPOSE 目的1.1 The procedure standards the general rules for selection, evaluation and management ofsuppliers to ensure all what purchased including products and service aligned with company requirements.规范供应商的选择、评估和管理流程,确保所采购的产品和服务符合公司的要求。

2.0 SCOPE 范围2.1 Apply to all suppliers which provide products and service to company.适用于向公司提供产品和服务的所有供应商。

3.0 DEFINITIONS 定义3.1 Three types Suppliers 三类供应商:Type A: Suppliers which provide finished-goods, raw material in BOM and process subcontractin Routing.A类:提供成品,BOM中的原材料和产品加工工艺路线中的工序外包服务的供应商。

Type B: Suppliers which provide raw material and process subcontract for mould.B类:提供模具材料和模具加工供应商。

Type C: Other suppliers except type A, type B.C类:A、B类以外的其他供应商4.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 参考文件4.1 ISO/TS 16949:2009 Clause 7.4 Purchasing 采购5.0 RECORDS 记录5.1 FN-PU-001 Supplier Audit Form 供应商调杳表5.2 FN-P∪-002 Approved Supplier List 合格供方名录5.3 FN∙PU∙003 Back Up Supplier List 备用供方名录5.4 FNFU-005 Supplier On S让e Audit Form 供应商现场评审我5.5 FN-PU-006 Supplier Performance Evaluation Form 供应商业绩考核表6.0 RESPONSIBILITY 职责6.1 .Purchasing department responsible for organizing the activities of research, selection, evaluate,monitor and control for suppliers of raw material in BOM and process subcontract in Routing, set up and revised "Approved Supplier LisΓ.采购部负责组织采购产品供方、外协加工方的选择、评价和监督控制,供方的审核评估、建立及修订“合格供方名单”;6.2 Quality department responsible for incoming inspection and quality evaluation, establishsuppliers1 quality records, and provide coaching and support for suppliers5 quality improvement when needed.质量部负责物料性能检验及产品品质评价,建立供方质量档案,并对供方的质量方面提供辅导。

ICHQSEM指导原则有哪些?马上给您列出来

ICHQSEM指导原则有哪些?马上给您列出来

ICHQSEM指导原则有哪些?马上给您列出来一、总目录类别主要内容ICH指导原则数量Quality Guidelines 质量指导原则化工、医药、质量保证相关指导原则44Safety Guidelines 安全性指导原则实验室动物实验等临床前研究相关指导原则16Efficacy Guidelines有效性指导原则人类临床研究相关指导原则30Multidisciplinary Guidelines多学科指导原则内容交叉涉及以上三个分类,不可单独划入任何一类的指导原则59总数149二、分目录2.1质量(Quality Guidelines)编号英文题目中文译文发布时间Q1 Stability/稳定性Q1A(R2): Stability Testing ofNew Drug Substances andProductsQ1A(R2):新型原料药和药品的稳定性测试2003.2.6Q1B: Stability Testing:Photostability Testing of NewDrug Substances and ProductsQ1B: 稳定性测试: 新型原料药和药品的光稳定性测试1996.11.6Q1C: Stability Testing for NewDosage FormsQ1C:新剂型的稳定性1996.11.6测试Q1D: Bracketing and MatrixingDesigns for Stability Testingof New Drug Substances andProductsQ1D :新型原料药和药品稳定性测试的交叉和矩阵设计 2002.2.7Q1E: Evaluation for StabilityDataQ1E :稳定性数据的评价2003.2.6Q1F: Stabilitiy Guidelines_WHO Q1F :WHO 稳定性指导原则2009Q2 Analytical Validation/分析方法验证 Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures Text and Methodology Q2(R1): 分析过程和方法的确证2005.11 Q3A - Q3DImpurities/杂质Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances Q3A(R2): 新型原料药中的杂质问题 2006.10.25Q3B(R2): Impurities in New DrugProductsQ3B(R2): 新型药品中的杂质问题2006.6.2Q3C(R6): Impurities Guideline for Residual Solvents Q3C(R6):杂质:残留溶剂的指导原则2016.10.20Q3D: Guideline for Elemental Impurities Q3D :元素杂质的指导原则2014.12.16Q4 - Q4BPharmacopoeias/药典 Q4B: Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions Q4B :ICH 区域所用药典文本的评价和建议2007.11.1Q4B Frequently Asked Questions Q4B :常见问题与解答2012.4.26Q4B Annex 1 (R1): Residue onIgnition/Sulphated Ash General ChapterQ4B 附录1(R1): 关于灼烧残渣/灰分 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 2 (R1): Test for Extractable Volume of Parenteral Preparations General Chapter Q4B 附录2(R1): 关于注射剂可提取容量测试2010.9.27常规篇Q4B Annex 3 (R1): Test for Particulate Contamination: Sub-Visible Particles General Chapter Q4B 附录3(R1): 关于颗粒污染物测试:不溶性微粒 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 4A (R1):Microbiological Examination ofNon-SterileProducts: MicrobialEnumeration Tests GeneralChapterQ4B 附录4A(R1):非无菌药品的微生物检查:微生物计数试验 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 4B (R1):Microbiological Examination ofNon-Sterile Products Tests for Specified Micro-OrganismsGeneral ChapterQ4B 附录4B(R1): 非无菌产品的微生物检查—特定微生物 常规篇 2010.9.27Q4B Annex 4C (R1):Microbiological Examination ofNon-SterileProducts: AcceptanceCriteria for PharmaceuticalPreparations and Substancesfor Pharmaceutical UseGeneral ChapterQ4B 附录4C(R1): 非无菌产品的微生物检查:药物制备以及药物使用物质的接受标准 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 5 (R1):Disintegration Test General ChapterQ4B 附录5(R1):崩解试验 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 6 Uniformity of Dosage Units General Chapter Q4B 附录6: 统一剂量单位常规篇2013.11.13Q4B Annex 7 (R2): Dissolution Test General Chapter Q4B 附录7(R2): 溶出试验 常规篇2010.11.11Q4B Annex 8 (R1): Sterility Test General Chapter Q4B 附录8(R1): 无菌2010.9.27试验 常规篇Q4B Annex 9 (R1): Tablet Friability General Chapter Q4B 附录9(R1): 片剂易碎性 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 10 (R1):Polyacrylamide GelElectrophoresis GeneralChapterQ4B 附录10(R1): 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 常规篇2010.9.27Q4B Annex 11: Capillary Electrophoresis General Chapter Q4B 附录11:毛细管电泳 常规篇2010.6.9 Q4B Annex 12: AnalyticalSieving General ChapterQ4B 附录12:分析筛选 常规篇 2010.6.9Q4B Annex 13: Bulk Density andTapped Density of Powders General ChapterQ4B 附录13:粉末的堆密度和振实密度 2012.6.7Q4B Annex 14: BacterialEndotoxins Test GeneralChapterQ4B 附录14:细菌内毒素试验 常规篇2012.10.18Q5A - Q5E Quality of Biotechnological Products/生物技术产品质量 Q5A(R1): Viral Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products Derived from Cell Lines of Human or Animal Origin Q5A(R1):人或者动物细胞系来源的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估 1999.9.23Q5B: Analysis of the Expression Construct in Cells Used for Production of r-DNA Derived Protein Products Q5B: 关于重组DNA 来源的蛋白质产品生产所用的细胞中表达构建的分析1995.11.30 Q5C: Stability Testing ofBiotechnological/BiologicalProductsQ5C: 生物技术/生物产品的稳定性试验1995.11.3Q5D:Derivationand Q 5D: 用于生1997.7.16Characterisation of Cell Substrates Used for Production of BiotechnologicalBiological Products 产生物技术/生物产品的细胞底物的起源和特征描述Q5E: Comparability of BiotechnologicalBiological Products Subject to Changes in their Manufacturing Process Q5E: 基于不同生产工艺的生物技术产品/生物产品的可比较性2004.11.18 Q6A- Q6BSpecifications/规格 Q6A: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances Q6A: 质量规格:新原料药和药品的检验程序和可接收标准:化学物质 1999.10.6 Q6B: Specifications: TestProcedures and AcceptanceCriteria for Biotechnological/Biological ProductsQ6B: 质量规格:生物技术/生物产品的检验程序和可接收标准1999.3.10Q7 GoodManufacturingPractice/GMP Q7: Good ManufacturingPractice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Q7: 原料药GMP 指南 2000.11.1Q7 Questions and Answers Q7 问答部分2015.6.10Q8 Pharmaceutica l Development/药物研发 Q8(R2): Pharmaceutical DevelopmentQ8(R2): 药物研发 2009.8Q8, Q9 and Q10 Questions & Answers (R4) Q8/Q9/Q10问答部分(R4)2010.11.11Q9 Quality RiskManagement/质量风险管理Q9: Quality Risk ManagementQ9: 质量风险管理 2005.11.09Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System/药物质量体系Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System Q10: 药物质量体系2008.6.4Q11 Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances/化Q11: Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances (Chemical Entities and Q11:化学药品的研发与生产(化2012.5.1学药品的研发与生产 Biotechnological/BiologicalEntities)学实体以及生物科技/生物制品)Q11:Questions and AnswersQ11:问答部分 2016.10.132.2安全性(Safety Guidelines)编号英文题目 中文译文 发布时间S1A - S1C Carcinogenicity Studies/致癌性研究S1A: Need for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals S1A: 药物致癌性的研究需求 1995.11.29 S1B: Testing forCarcinogenicity of PharmaceuticalsS1B: 药物致癌性测试1997.7.16S1C(R2): Dose Selectionfor Carcinogenicity Studies of PharmaceuticalsS1C(R2): 药物致癌性研究的剂量选择2008.3.11S2 GenotoxicityStudies/基因毒性研究S2(R1): Guidance on Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for Pharmaceuticals Intended for Human Use S2(R1): 关于人用药基因毒性试验和数据解读的指导原则2011.11.9S3A - S3BToxicokinetics andPharmacokinetics/毒代动力学和药代动力学S3A: Note for Guidance onToxicokinetics: TheAssessment of Systemic Exposure inToxicity StudiesS3A :毒理动力学指导原则说明:毒性研究中系统性暴露的评价1994.10.27S3A Implementation Working Group Questions and Answers S3A 实施工作组问答:毒代动力学指导原则说明:毒性研究中的全身暴露量评价集中于微量采样(中文版:征求意见稿)2016.1.19 S3B: Pharmacokinetics Guidance for Repeated Dose S3B :关于重复剂量组织1994.10.27TissueDistribution Studies分布研究的药代动力学指导原则 S4 ToxicityTesting/毒性试验S4: Duration of Chronic Toxicity Testing in Animals (Rodent and Non Rodent Toxicity Testing) S4:动物慢性毒性试验的持续时间(啮齿动物和非啮齿动物毒性试验)1998.9.2S5 Reproductive Toxicology/生殖毒性 S5(R2):Detection ofToxicity to Reproductionfor Medicinal Products &Toxicity to Male FertilityS5(R2): 检测药品的生殖毒性以及对雄性生殖能力的毒性 2000.11S6 Biotechnological Products/生物技术产品 S6(R1): Preclinical SafetyEvaluation ofBiotechnology-Derived PharmaceuticalsS6(R1): 生物科技来源药品的临床前安全性评价2011.6.12S7A - S7B Pharmacology Studies/药理学研究 S7A: SAFETY PHARMACOLOGY STUDIES FOR HUMAN PHARMACEUTICALS S7A :人用药的安全性药理学研究 2000.11.8 S7B: The Non-ClinicalEvaluation of thePotential forDelayed Ventricular Repolarization (QTInterval Prolongation) byHuman PharmaceuticalsS7B :人用药延迟心室复极化(QT 间期延长)潜力的非临床评价2005.5.12S8 Immunotoxicology Studies 免疫毒理学研究 S8: Immunotoxicity Studiesfor Human PharmaceuticalsS8:人用药免疫毒性研究2005.9.15S9 NonclinicalEvaluation forAnticancerPharmaceuticals/抗癌药物的非临床评价S9: Nonclinical Evaluation for Anticancer Pharmaceuticals S9:抗癌药物的非临床评价2009.10.29S9 Implementation Working Group Questions and Answers S9 实施工作组问答部分2016.6.8S10 Photosafety Evaluation/光安全性评价 S10: Photosafety Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals S10:药物的光安全性评价2013.11.132.3有效性(Efficacy Guidelines)编号英文题目中文译文发布时间E1 Clinical Safety for Drugs used in Long-Term Treatment/长期使用的药物的临床安全性 E1: The extent of PopulationExposure to Assess ClinicalSafety for Drugs Intended for Long-term Treatment of Non-life-threateningConditionsE1: 用于评估长期治疗非危及生命性疾病的药物临床安全性的人群暴露程度1994.10.27E2A - E2FPharmacovigilance/药物警戒性E2A: Clinical Safety DataManagement: Definitions and Standards for Expedited ReportingE2A: 临床安全性数据管理:快速报告的定义和标准(中文版:征求意见稿) 1994.10.27E2B(R3):ImplementationGuide for ElectronicTransmission ofIndividual Case SafetyReports (ICSRs) E2B(R3)Data Elements and MessageSpecificationE2B(R3):个例安全报告(ICSR )电子传输执行指导原则 E2B (R3)数据元素和信息规范元素(中文版:征求意见稿) 2016.11.10 E2B(R3) QA document_v2_1 E2B(R3) 问答文件(中文版:征求意见稿) 2017.6.1E2C(R2): Periodic Benefit-Risk Evaluation Report E2C(R2):定期获益—风险2012.12.17间评估报告E2C(R2) Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers E2C(R2)实施工作组问答部分2014.3.31E2D: Post-Approval SafetyData Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited ReportingE2D: 上市后安全性数据的管理:快速报告的定义和标准(中文版:征求意见稿) 2003.11.12E2E: Pharmacovigilance Planning E2E:药物警戒规性划2004.11.18E2F: Development Safety Update Report E2F: 研发安全性更新报告 2010.8.17E3 Clinical StudyReports/临床研究报告 E3: Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports E3: 临床研究报告的结构与内容 1995.11.30E3 Questions & Answers(R1) : Structure and Content of Clinical Study ReportsE3 实施工作组 问答部分2012.7.6E4 Dose-Response Studies/剂量反应研究 E4: Dose-Response Information to Support Drug Registration E4: 用于支持药物注册的剂量反应信息 1994.3.10E5 Ethnic Factors/种族因素E5(R1): Ethnic Factors in the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data E5(R1):国外临床数据可接受性的种族因素1998.2.5E5 Implementation WorkingGroup Questions & Answers(R1)E5 实施工作组 问答部分(R1)2006.6.2间E6 GCP/药物临床试验管理规范 E6(R1): Guideline for Good Clinical Practice E6(R1):药物临床试验管理规范指导原则 1996.6.10E6(R2):Integrated Addendum to Good Clinical Practice (GCP) E6(R2):药物临床试验管理规范综合附录2016.11.9E7 Clinical Trials inGeriatric Population/老人中开展的临床试验E7: Studies in Support of Special Populations: GeriatricsE7: 特殊人群的支持性研究:老人病学 1993.6.24E7 Questions & AnswersE7 问答部分 2010.7.6E8 GeneralConsiderations for Clinical Trials/临床试验的一般性考虑 E8: General Considerations for Clinical Trials E8: 临床试验的一般性考虑1997.7.17E9 StatisticalPrinciples for Clinical Trials/临床试验的统计原则E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials E9: 临床试验的统计原则1998.2.5E10 Choice of Control Group in Clinical Trials/试验中对照组的选择 E10: Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials E10: 临床试验中对照组的选择以及相关问题2000.7.20E11 Clinical Trials inPediatric Population/儿童人群临床研究 E11: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population E11:儿科人群药物临床试验 2000.7.20E11(R1): Addendum: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population E11(R1): 儿科人群药物临床试验补充2017.8.18 E12 Clinical Evaluation by Therapeutic Category/根据治疗类别进行临床评价 E12: Principles for Clinical Evaluation of New Antihypertensive Drugs E12: 新型抗高血压药物的临床评价原则2000.3.2间E14 Clinical Evaluationof QT/QT 临床评价E14: The Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc Interval Prolongation and Proarrhythmic Potential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs E14:非抗心律失常药物QT/QTc 间期延长及致心律失常潜力的临床评价2005.5.12E14 Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers (R3) E14 实施工作组 问答部分(R3)2015.12.10 E15 Definitions in Pharmacogenetics/Pharmac ogenomics/药物基因组学以及遗传药理学相关定义 E15: Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmac ogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories E15: 基因组生物标志物、药物基因组学、遗传药理学、基因组数据以及样本编码分类的定义2007.11.1 E16 Qualification of Genomic Biomarkers/基因组生物标志物的合格条件 E16: Biomarkers Related to Drug or Biotechnology Product Development: Context, Structure and Format of Qualification Submissions E16:与药物或生物制品研发相关的生物标志物:资质提交材料的背景、结构以及格式2010.8.20 E17 Multi-Regional Clinical Trials/多地区临床试验 E17: General principle on planning and Designing Multi-Regional Clinical Trials E17:计划和设计多地区临床试验的一般性原则2016.5.6 E18 Genomic Sampling/基因组取样 E18: Genomic Sampling and Management of Genomic Data E18:基因组采样和基因组数据管理指导原则(中2015.12.10间文版:征求意见稿)2.4多学科(MultidisciplinaryGuidelines)编号 英文题目中文译文 发布时间M1 MedDRA Terminology 监管活动医学词典 MedDRA Data Retrieval and Presentation: Points to Consider MedDRA 数据检索与呈现: 考虑要点(中文版:征求意见稿) 2017.9.1 MedDRA Term Selection: Points to Consider MedDRA 术语选择: 考虑要点(中文版:征求意见稿)2017.9.1 M2 Electronic Standards 电子标准 ICH M2 EWG Work Plan M2专家工作组工作计划2017.3.27 M2: ElectronicStandards for the Transfer of Regulatory Information Final Concept PaperM2监管信息转移的电子标准终版概念文件1994.10.27 ElectronicTransmission of Individual Case Safety Reports Message Specification个例病例安全性报告的电子传输信息规范 2000.11.9 ICH M2 EWG The eCTDBackbone File Specification for Study Tagging FileseCTD 研究标签文件主文件规范2008.6.3 Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) General Recommendation -Procedure监管信息转移的电子标准一般性建议—程序 2015.6.11 Electronic Standards for the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) General Recommendation – ESTRI 监管信息转移的电子标准一般性建议—ESTRI 网关 2015.6.11Gateway Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) File Format Recommendation – PDF监管信息转移的电子标准文件格式建议—PDF2011.4.5Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) File Format Recommendation – XML监管信息转移的电子标准文件格式建议—XML2005.11.10 Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) File Format Recommendation – PDF/A监管信息转移的电子标准文件格式建议—PDF/A2014.6.2Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) File Format Recommendation – DOCX监管信息转移的电子标准文件格式建议—DOCX2015.6.11Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer ofRegulatory Information (ESTRI) Controlled Vocabularies Recommendation -Genericode监管信息转移的电子标准控制词汇建议—代码2015.6.11Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) Information Transfer Recommendation – EDIINT AS1/AS2监管信息转移的电子标准信息转移建议—EDIINT AS1/AS22010.6.10Electronic Standardsfor the Transfer of Regulatory Information (ESTRI) File Integrity – MD5监管信息转移的电子标准文件完整性—MD52010.6.10Electronic Standards for the Transfer of 监管信息转移的电子标准文件完2015.6.11Regulatory Informaation (ESTRI) File IntegrityRecommendation - SHA-256整性建议—SHA-256M2 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations M2术语和简写词汇表2015.6.11 ICH M2 File Format Criteria M2文件格式标准 2014.11.10Use of OIDs & UUIDs in ICH Messages OIDs & UUIDs 在ICH 信息中的使用2015.6.11 M3 Nonclinical Safety Studies 非临床研究 M3(R2) Questions and Answers (R2)M3(R2)问答 (R2) 2012.3.5 M3(R2): Guidance onNonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorization for PharmaceuticalsM3(R2):关于实施药物人体临床试验以及上市批准非临床安全性研究的指导原则2009.6.11M4 : The Common Technical Document 通用技术文件 M4 (R4): Organization of the Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human UseM4(R4):人用药物注册通用技术文档的组织(中文版:征求意见稿) 2016.6.15 M4 Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers (R3) M4执行工作组问答(R3)(中文版:征求意见稿) 2004.6.10 The Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use: Quality – M4Q(R1)M4Q (R1):人用药物注册通用技术文档:药学部分(中文版:征求意见稿) 2002.9.12 M4Q Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers (R1) M4Q 执行工作组问答(R1)(中文版:征求意见稿)2003.7.17 The Common Technical Document for the M4S (R2):人用药物注册通用技2002.12.2Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use: Safety – M4S(R2)术文档:安全性部分(中文版:征求意见稿)M4S Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers (R4) M4S 执行工作组问答 (R4)(中文版:征求意见稿)2003.11.11 Efficacy- M4E(R2) M4E (R2):人用药物注册通用技术文档:有效性部分(中文版:征求意见稿)2016.6.15M4E Implementation Working Group Questions & Answers (R4) M4E 执行工作组问答(R4)(中文版:征求意见稿)2004.6.10 M5 Data Elements and Standards for Drug Dictionaries 药物词典的数据要素和标准 The Re-development ofthe Standard forE2B(R3) and the Development of Standards for the Identification of Medicinal Products(IDMP)(ICH M5)ICH M5:E2B(R3)标准的再制定及医药产品鉴定标准的制定2010.11.1 ICH E2B(R3)Implementation Working Group ICH E2B(R3) Guideline: Electroni c Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) E2B(R3)实施工作组个例病例安全报告的电子传输问答部分 2016.11.10 Appendix I (B) to theImplementation Guide for Electronic Transmission of Individual Case SafetyReports (ICSRs)个例病例安全报告的电子传输实施指南附录 I (B) 2016.11.10 Appendix I (G) to theImplementation Guide for Electronic Transmission of Individual Case Safety个例病例安全报告的电子传输实施指南附录 I (G)2016.11.10Reports (ICSRs) Implementation Guidefor Electronic Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports(ICSRs)个例病例安全报告的电子传输实施指南 2016.11.10 M6 Gene Therapy 基因治疗 Final Concept Paper M6: Guideline on Virus and Gene Therapy Vector Shedding and TransmissionM6: 病毒和基因治疗载体的脱落和传播终版概念文件 2009.8.26 General Principles to Address Virus and Vector Shedding 解决病毒和基因治疗载体脱落的基本原则 2009.6An inventory of shedding data from clinical gene therapy trials临床基因疗法试验脱落数据目录2007.7.30 Final Business Plan M6: Guideline on Virus and Gene Therapy Vector Shedding and TransmissionM6: 病毒和基因治疗载体的脱落和传播终版业务计划 2009.8.27 M7 Genotoxic Impurities 遗传毒性杂质 M7: Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk M7:评估和控制药物中的DNA 活性(致突变)杂质以限制潜在的致癌风险 2014.6.23 M7(R1): Addendum to M7: Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic RiskM7(R1): 评估和控制药物中 DNA 反应性(致突变)杂质以限制潜在的致癌风险(中文版:征求意见稿) 2017.3.31 M8 Electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) 电子通用技术文件 Electronic Common Technical Document Specification V3.2.2电子通用技术文件规范 V3.2.2 2008.7.16 M8 : Electronic Common M 8: 电子通用2015.12.9Technical Document Concept Paper 技术文件概念文件ICH M8 EWG/IWG Work Plan M8: 电子通用技术文件工作计划2017.3.13 Support Documentation for M8: eCTD EWG eCTD v4.0 Implementation Package v1.2 M8:eCTD 专家工作组eCTD v4.0实施包 v1.2 支持性证明文件2016.11 Orientation Material forM8: eCTD EWG eCTD v4.0 Implementation Package v1.2 M8:eCTD 专家工作组eCTD v4.0实施包 v1.2 培训材料2016.11 ICH Electronic CommonTechnical Document (eCTD) v4.0 Implementation Guidev1.2ICH eCTD v4.0 实施指南 v1.2 2016.11.10 eCTD v4.0 Implementation Package v1.2eCTD v4.0 实施包 v1.2 USFDA eCTD v4.0 Implementation Package History v1.1 美国FDA eCTDv4.0 实施包历史 v1.1USFDA Module 1Electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) v4.0 ImplementationGuide v1.1美国FDA 模块1 eCTD v4.0 实施指南 v1.1 2017.2.20 ICH eCTD v4.0 Requirements ICH eCTD v4.0 要求ICH M8 Expert WorkingGroup Specification for Submission Formats for eCTDeCTD 提交格式规范 2016.11.1Change Control Process for the eCTD eCTD 变更控制过程2017.4 Request for change 请求变更表M9 Biopharmaceutic s Classification System-based M9: Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based Biowaivers Final M9:基于生物药剂学分类系统的生物豁免业务计2016.10.7Biowaivers 基于生物药剂学分类系统的生物豁免 endorsed Business Plan划ICH M9 EWG Work Plan M9 专家工作组工作计划2017.2.9 M9: Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based Biowaivers Final endorsed Concept PaperM9:基于生物药剂学分类系统的生物豁免概念文件 2016.10.7 M10 Bioanalytical Method Validation 生物样品分析的方法验证 M10: Bioanalytical Method Validation Final endorsed Business Plan M10: 生物样品分析的方法验证业务计划 2016.10.7ICH M10 EWG Work Plan M10: 专家工作组工作计划 2017.3.10 M10: Bioanalytical Method Validation Final endorsed Concept Paper M10: 生物样品分析的方法验证概念文件2016.10.7文章来源:龙腾整理。

创伤性主动脉损伤病例分享

创伤性主动脉损伤病例分享
• 诊断标准:术后发热(T>38℃)持续大于1天,白细胞大于12G/L,排除感染 • 指南建议:缺乏相关研究,治疗需个体化,如需治疗,推荐非甾体类抗炎药,可使用激素
2019胸主动脉腔内治疗围手术期管理中国专家共识
病例3
10月6日拔除气管插管 10月10日转骨科治疗
思考
临床上需重视主动脉损伤,怎么样避免漏诊或延误诊断?
病史资料-化验结果
化验结果 (D1)
血常规:
a
WBC 12.46G/L, NEUT% 88.1%, Hb 108G/L,
PLT 159G/L
肝肾电:
b
白蛋白33.5g/L,余正常
血气分析:
c
氧合指数280mmHg
病史资料
病史资料
下肢CT:左股骨转子间粉碎性骨折,断端错位,邻近软组织肿胀 右髌骨骨折,邻近软组织肿胀
病例3
• 入ICU第4天(9月26日),行头臂干、主动脉造影+腔内成形术 • 术后患者出现发热,最高39.2℃,并心律失常 • 完善病原学检查、纤支镜、更换抗生素(22-27日头孢哌酮他唑巴坦+莫西沙星,28日
更换为倍能+万古霉素)、机械通气等治疗
警惕植入后综合征!
病例3
• 置入后综合征(post imolantation syndrome, PIS):主动脉支架置入后出现非感染性的发 热和炎症反应升高
Demetriades D. Blunt thoracic aortic injuries: crossing the rubicon. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;214(3):247-259.
钝性创伤性主动脉损伤(Blunt traumatic aortic injury,BTAI)

NSFC国家自然科学基金管理学部介绍

NSFC国家自然科学基金管理学部介绍

National Natural Science Foundation of China
Mechanism of evaluation
评审机制与原则

Rely on experts
Develop democracy Choose the best to support Be fair and just
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Part One
National Natural Science Foundation of China
国家自然科学基金委员会
An organization which supports creative research and talent training in basic science
Program
项目的类型
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Fund for Outstanding Young Scientists General Program Key Program
Free Application Young Scientist’s Fund
~90%
Mail Review
15~20%
NSFC Approval
Panel Review
~35 %
Success Rate around 20%
最终资助率为
National Natural Science Foundation of China
NSFC Total Proposals accepted in 2005 over 52000 2005年基金会共受理申请项目53000多项,今年已达 63000多项。其中,面上申请项目:

Educational

Educational

Educational Technology名词解释1. (Educational technology) 教育技术学04定义Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.教育技术指通过创造、使用和管理适当的科技过程和资源以达到帮助学习和改善表现的研究和民族性实践。

教育技术是为了促进学习和改善绩效,对各种恰当的技术资源和技术过程进行创造、利用和管理的研究与合乎伦理道德的实践。

2.(summative evaluation)总结性评价(sometimes referred to as external) is a method of judging the worth of a program at the end of the program activities (summation). The focus is on the outcome.3. (formative evaluation) 形成性评价Formative evaluation involves gathering information on adequacy and using this information as a basis for further development. It help to measure the learning outcomes of a unit so as to identify students’successes and deficiencies in order to bring about adjustments in instruction and learning.4.(Virtual reality)虚拟现实Virtual reality is a computer-generated environment that is capable of immersing the user in the illusion of a computer-generated world and of permitting the user to navigate through this world at will.虚拟现实是一个由计算机生成的环境,它使人沉浸于计算机生成的虚幻世界中,产生一种身临其境、完全真实的感觉,人们在其中自由穿梭行动,并能动手操作其中的对象。

AECT94与AECT05定义有何异同

AECT94与AECT05定义有何异同

04定义:教育技术是通过创造,使用,管理适当的技术过程和资源,促进学习和改善绩效的研究与符合道德规范的实践. 该定义有以下内涵:(1) 界定的概念名称是"教育技术"(Educational Technology).而不是"教学技术"(Instructional Technology). (2) 教育技术有两大领域:"研究"和"符合道德规范的实践". (3) 教育技术有双重目的:"促进学习"和"改善绩效". (4) 教育技术有三大范畴:"创造""使用""管理".与AECT94定义比较,相当于将94定义中的五大范畴整合为2004定义中的三大范畴.其对应关系是:将94定义中的"设计""开发"两个范畴合为一个范畴"创造";将94定义中的"利用"范畴改成了一个较简单的词"使用";将94定义中的"管理"与"评价"两个范畴化为"管理"一个范畴. (5) 教育技术有两大对象" "过程"和"资源". 与94定义中的"学习过程""学习资源"有一定区别.2004定义中的"过程"和"资源"之前有一个限定词"适当的技术性的"过程与资源. (6)教育技术的主要特征在于其技术性.94定义:“教育技术是为了促进学习,对有关的过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践”。

该定义包含以下内涵:1)一个目标,目标是为了促进学习,强调学习的结果,阐明学习是目的,而教是促进学的一种手段。

教育技术94定义和05定义比较

教育技术94定义和05定义比较

教育技术94定义和05定义比较——教育技术0802班张念AECT:教育技术1994定义(英文):Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.AECT:教学技术是对学习过程和学习资源进行设计、开发、使用、管理和评价的理论与实践。

AECT:教育技术2005定义:(英文)Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating、using、managing appropriate technological processes and resources.教育技术是通过创造、使用和管理合适的技术性的过程和资源,以促进学习和提高绩效的研究与符合伦理道德的实践。

94定义和05定义的变化:1. instructional 改为了educational;2. study替代了theory;3. 在“practice”前面加了限定词“ethical”;4.facilitating learning and improving performance替代了for learning;5. 教育技术的范畴从5个(design, development, utilization, management,6.. evaluation)转化为3个(creating, using, managing)7.Creating不仅替代了design, development这两个范畴8.“利用”(utilization)范畴改成了“使用”(using)9.“管理”(management)转化为“管理”(managing)10. 将evaluation整合在creating, using, managing三个范畴中11. 在processes and resources前加了限定词appropriate technological具体的说:94定义的表述中,"为了学习"是目的,对过程和资源的设计等各项活动是手段,表述中"过程与资源"指教学过程与资源,是促进学习的外部条件。

ICH-指导原则文件目录

ICH-指导原则文件目录

ICH 的论题主要分为四类,因此ICH 根据论题的类别不同而进行相应的编码分类:1.“Q”类论题:Q 代表QUALITY,指那些与化工和医药,质量保证方面的相关的论题。

Q1/Q2...Q10 都属于这种。

2.“S”类论题:S 代表SAFETY,指那些与实验室和动物实验,临床前研究方面的相关的论题。

3.“E”类论题:E 代表EFFICACY ,指那些与人类临床研究相关的课题。

4.“M”类论题:M 代表MULTIDISCIPLINARY,指那些不可单独划入以上三个分类的交叉涉及的论题。

1. Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验2. Q1B: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products新原料药和制剂的光稳定性试验3. Q1C: Stability Testing for New Dosage Forms新剂型的稳定性试验4. Q1D: Bracketing and Matrixing Designs for Stability Testing of Drug Substances and DrugProducts原料药和制剂稳定性试验的交叉和矩阵设计5. Q1E: Evaluation of Stability Data稳定性数据的评估6. Q1F: Stability Data Package for Registration Applications in Climatic Zones III and IV在气候带III 和IV,药物注册申请所提供的稳定性数据7. Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology分析程序的验证:正文及方法论8. Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances新原料药中的杂质9. Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products (Revised Guideline)新制剂中的杂质10. Q3C(R5): Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents杂质:残留溶剂指南11. Q3C(R6): Impurities: Guideline for Residual SolventsPDE for Triethylamine and PDE for Methylisobutylketone杂质:残留溶剂指南三乙胺的日允许接触剂量及甲基异丁基酮的日允许接触剂量12. Q3D: Guideline for Elemental impurities主要杂质指南13. Q4A: Pharmacopoeial Harmonisation 药典的协调14. Q4B: Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH RegionsICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议15. Q4B Annex1(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter附录1 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议灼烧残渣/灰分通则16. Q4B Annex2(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Test for Extractable Volume of Parenteral Preparations General Chapter附录2 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议注射剂可提取体积测试通则17. Q4B Annex3(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Test for Particulate Contamination: Sub-Visible Particles General Chapter 附录3 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议颗粒污染物测试:不溶性微粒通则18. Q4B ANNEX 4A(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use inthe ICH Regions on Microbiological Examination of Non-sterile Products :Microbial Enumerations Tests General Chapter附录4A(R1) 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议非无菌产品微生物检验:微生物计数法通则19. Q4B ANNEX 4B(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use inthe ICH Regions on Microbiological Examination of Non-sterile Products :Test for Specified Micro-organisms General Chapter附录4B(R1) 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议非无菌产品微生物检验:控制菌检查法通则20. Q4B ANNEX 4C(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use inthe ICH Regions on Microbiological Examination of Non-sterile Products :Acceptance Criteria For Pharmaceutical Preparations and Substances for Pharmaceutical Use General Chapter附录4C(R1) 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议非无菌产品微生物检验:药物制剂及原料药的认可标准通则21. Q4B ANNEX 5(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Disintegration Test General Chapter附录5(R1) ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议崩解试验通则22. Q4B ANNEX 6 Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Uniformity of dosage units General Chapter附录6 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议含量均匀度通则word 格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持23. Q4B ANNEX 7(R2) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Dissolution Test General Chapter附录7(R2) ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议溶解度测试通则24. Q4B ANNEX 8(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Sterility Test General Chapter附录8(R1) ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议无菌检查通则25. Q4B ANNEX 9(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Tablet Friability General Chapter附录9(R1) ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议片剂脆碎度检查通则26. Q4B ANNEX 10(R1) Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use inthe ICH Regions on Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis General Chapter附录10(R1) ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳通则27. Q4B ANNEX 11 Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Capillary Electrophoresis General Chapter附录11 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议毛细管电泳通则28. Q4B ANNEX 12 Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Analytical Sieving General Chapter附录12 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议分析筛选通则29. Q4B ANNEX 13 Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Bulk Density and Tapped Density of Powders General Chapter附录13 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议粉末的松密度与密切度30. Q4B ANNEX 14 Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in theICH Regions on Bacterial Endotoxins Test General Chapter附录14 ICH 地区使用的药典正文评估和建议细菌内毒素检测通则31. Q5A(R1): Viral Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products Derived from Cell Lines ofHuman or Animal Origin来源于人或者动物细胞系的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估32. Q5B: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Analysis of the Expression Construct in CellsUsed for Production of r-DNA Derived Protein Products生物技术产品的质量:rDNA 衍生蛋白质产品生产细胞的表达构建体分析33. Q5C: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Stability Testing of Biotechnological/BiologicalProducts生物技术产品的质量:生物技术产品/生物制品的稳定性试验34. Q5D: Derivation and Characterization of Cell Substrates Used for Production ofBiotechnological/Biological Products用于生产生物技术产品/生物制品的细胞基质的来源和鉴定35. Q5E: Comparability of Biotechnological/Biological Products Subject to Changes in TheirManufacturing Process生产工艺变更后生物技术产品/生物制品的可比性质量标准36. Q6A: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances andNew Drug Products: Chemical Substances (including decision trees)规范:新原料药和新制剂的检测方法和可接收标准:化学物质(包括决定过程)37. Q6B: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/BiologicalProducts规范:生物技术产品/生物制品的检验方法和可接收标准38. Q7A: Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients药物活性成份的GMP 指南39. Q8(R2): Pharmaceutical Development药物开辟40. Q9: Quality Risk Management质量风险管理41. Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System药物质量体系42. Q11:Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances (Chemical Entities andBiotechnological/Biological Entities)原料药的开辟与创造(化学实体与生物技术/生物制品实体)1. S1A: Guideline on the Need for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals药物致癌试验的必要性2. S1B: Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals药物致癌试验3. S1C(R2): Dose Selection for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals药物致癌试验的剂量选择4. S2(R1) : Guidance on Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for PharmaceuticalsIntended for Human Use人用药物的遗传毒性试验和数据分析指导原则5. S3A: Note for Guidance on Toxicokinetics: The Assessment of Systemic Exposure in ToxicityStudies毒物代谢动力学指南的注释:毒性研究中全身暴露的评价6. S3B: Pharmacokinetics: Guidance for Repeated Dose Tissue Distribution Studies药物代谢动力学:重复给药的组织分布研究指导原则7. S4: Duration of Chronic Toxicity Testing in Animals (Rodent and Non Rodent ToxicityTesting)动物体内慢性毒性持续时间的检验(啮齿类和非啮齿类毒性试验)8. S5(R2) : Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products and Toxicity to MaleFertility药品的繁殖毒性检测及雄性生育力毒性9. S6: Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals生物技术药品的临床前安全性试验10. S7A: Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals人用药物的安全性药理研究11. S7B: The Non-clinical Evaluation of the Potential for Delayed Ventricular Repolarization (QTInterval Prolongation) by Human Pharmaceuticals 人用药延迟心室复极化(QT 间期延长) 潜在作用的非临床评价指导原则12. S8: Immunotoxicity Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals人用药品的免疫毒理学研究13. S9: Nonclinical Evaluation for Anticancer Pharmaceuticals抗癌药物的临床前评价14. S10: Photosafety Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals药物的光安全评价1. E1: The Extent of Population Exposure to Assess Clinical Safety for Drugs Intended forLong-Term Treatment of Non-Life-Threatening Conditions对非危及生命的疾病的长期治疗药物进行临床安全性评估的人群暴露程度2. E2A: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting快速报告的定义和标准3. E2C(R2): Periodic Benefit-Risk Evaluation Report上市药品定期风险效益评估报告4. E2D: Post-Approval Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for ExpeditedReporting 批准后安全性数据管理:快速报告的定义和标准5. E2E: Pharmacovigilance Planning 药物警戒计划6. E2F: Development Safety Update Report 安全性更新报告7. E3: Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports临床研究报告的结构与内容8. E4: Dose-Response Information to Support Drug Registration新药注册所需量-效关系的资料9. E5(R1): Ethnic Factors in the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data对国外临床研究资料的种族因素的可接受性10. E6(R1): Good Clinical Practice: Consolidated Guideline药品临床研究规范(GCP)一致性指导原则11. E6(R2): Integrated Addendum to ich E6(R1): Guideline for Good Clinical Practice E6(R1)整合的附录:药品临床研究规范指南12. E7: Studies in Support of Special Populations: Geriatrics老年人群的临床研究13. E8: General Considerations for Clinical Trials临床研究总则14. E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials临床研究统计原则15. E10: Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials临床研究对照组的选择及相关问题16. E11: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population儿童人群的临床研究17. E12: Principles for Clinical Evaluation of New Antihypertensive Drugs抗高血压新药的临床评价指导原则18. E14: The Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc Interval Prolongation and ProarrhythmicPotential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs非抗心律失常药物致QT/QTc 间期延长及潜在心律失常作用的临床评价19. E15: Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, GenomicData and Sample Coding Categories基因组生物标记物、药物基因组学、遗传药理学、基因组数据和样本编码分类的定义20. E16: Biomarkers Related to Drug or Biotechnology Product Development: Context, Structureand Format of Qualification Submissions与药物或者生物技术产品相关的生物标记物研发: 申请资料的内容、结构和格式21. E17: General principle on planning/designing Multi-Regional Clinical Trials规划多地区临床试验的普通原则22. E18: Guideline on Genomic Sampling and Management of Genomic Data基因组数据采集与管理的指导原则1. M3: Guidance on Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials andMarketing Authorization for Pharmaceuticals药物进行人体临床试验和上市许可申请的临床前安全性研究指导原则2. M4(R3): Organisation of the Common Technical Document for the Registration ofPharmaceuticals for Human Use人用药物注册申请的通用技术文件组织结构3. M4E(R1): The Common Technical Document for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for HumanUse Clinical人用药物注册申请的通用技术文件:临床4. M4E(R2): Revision of M4E Guideline on Enhancing Format and Structure of Benefit-riskInformation in ICH EfficacyM4E 指南修订,优化临床研究风险评估的格式与结构5. M4Q(R1): The Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals forHuman Use: Quality人用药物注册申请的通用技术文件:质量6. M4S(R2): The Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals forHuman Use: Safety人用药物注册申请的通用技术文件:安全性7. M4E(R1): The Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals forHuman Use: Efficacy人用药物注册申请的通用技术文件:有效性8. M7: Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals toLimit Potential Carcinogenic Risk为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA 活性(诱变性)杂质进行的评估和控制。

【2012考研必备资料】教育技术名词解释

【2012考研必备资料】教育技术名词解释

1教育技术:AECT94定义:Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning 教育技术是为了促进学习,对有关的过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论和实践AECT2004定义:Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating、using、managing appropriate technological processes and resources.教育技术是通过创造,使用,管理适当的技术过程和资源,促进学习和改善绩效的研究与符合道德规范的实践。

[二者比较]从2004定义来看,缩小了它的内涵,不再提理论体系了,而只提研究和合乎伦理或道德的实践领域,这与国外只将教育技术看成一个应用领域是直接相关的,与国人一定要将它学科化是相反的。

同时实践的范畴也只提创设,使用,管理呢,不再是以前的设计,开发,利用,评价,管理,但其实本质的过程是没有多大的变化的。

关键在于它们后面加了“appropriate technological processes and resources”作宾语,翻译成“适切的与技术相关的过程与资源”,可以作如下理解,学习与教学过程中与技术相关的过程与资源可以作为教育技术的实践与研究领域,其它不相关的则不再是我们的研究与实践的领域,而这一点明显比94定义更切符合教育技术的实质了,否则的话,依据94定义,“与技术相关”各“与技术不相关”的processes and resources for learning 都是我们的专业的,有些抢饭碗之嫌!在现在,这个技术尤指信息技术!这一点好像印证了greenforrest以前的观点,教育技术就应该研究信息技术环境下的教与学。

国家认可机构管理办法

国家认可机构管理办法

2
法律意志的集中体现 Relevant laws :
《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》(1989年颁布、2002年修订) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection (promulgated 1989, amended2002 )
7、《饲料认证管理办法》 Rules for Feed Certification
8、《实验室资质认定评审员管理办法》 Rules for Laboratory Auditors
11
(四)国家立法:体系建设扩展 New laws: Expansion of the regulatory system
Inspection Bodies
9
(三)制定文件:体系建设补充 Normative Documents: supplement
22件规范性文件,主要包括: 22 normative documents, including:
1、《国家认可机构管理办法》 Rules for National Accreditation Body
《中华人民共和国认证认可条例》 (2003年颁 布)
Regulations on Certification and Accreditation of the People's Republic of China (promulgated in 2003)
6
几项基本制度的确立 Established systems
1、国家实行统一的认证认可监管制度the unified certification and
accreditation supervision system

老年痴呆患者疼痛评估及管理最佳证据总结

老年痴呆患者疼痛评估及管理最佳证据总结

2021年3月第28卷第5期护理学报Journal of Nursing"China#March,2021Vol.28No.532【循证护理】老年痴呆患者疼痛评估及管理最佳证据总结朱玮玮1a,许阳子1a,霍婉君1:,陈慈玉1c,李远添1c,凌冬兰2(1.广东药科大学附属第一医院a.护理部;重症医学科;c.神经内科,广东广州510080;2.广州医科大学附属第二医院护理部,广东广州510260)[摘要]目的总结老年痴呆患者疼痛评估及管理的最佳证据,为老年痴呆患者疼痛的评估和管理提供证据支持,改善老年痴呆患者的疼痛护理质量%方法用PICO模型构建循证护理问题,按照&6S'证据金字塔模型依次检索2010年1月1日一2020年2月29日发布在UpToDate)BMJ Best Practice、JBI、NICE、RNAO、CINAHL、中国生物医学数据库、知网、万方等数据库的相关文献,2名具备硕士学位的循证护理师独立进行文献质量评价及证据筛查,证据汇总后由项目团队综合归类。

结果共纳入文献12篇:证据总结3篇,指南2篇,系统评价5篇,随机对照试验2篇。

从纳入的文献中共提取55条证据,最终综合成26条最佳证据共6个维度,分别是疼痛评估时机与量表、疼痛评估方法、干预措施、疼痛管理、培训与教育、组织保障。

结论临床管理者需重视老年痴呆患者疼痛评估,用疼痛评估具,,医老年痴呆患者疼痛的培训,在证据应用的过程中应评估临床情景及现有的医疗环境,的老年痴呆患者疼痛管理计划。

[关键词]老年痴呆;疼痛;评估;管理;循证护理[中图分类号]R473.74[文献标识码]A[DOI]10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2021.05.032Best Evidence Summary for Assessment and Management of Pain in Elderly Patients with Dementia ZHU Wei-wei1a,XU Yang-zi1a,HUO Wan-jun1b,CHEN Ci-yu1c,LI Yuan-tian1c,LING Dong-lan2 (la.Dept.Nursing Administration;Ib.Dept.of Intensive Care Unit;Ic.Dept.of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou510080?China;2.Dept.of Nursing Administration,the Second Afiliated Hospitalof Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou510260,China)Abstract:Objective To summarize the best evidence of pain assessment and management in elderly patients with dementia,and provide reference for improving the quality of pain care for elderly patients with dementia.Methods The PICO was used to construct evidence-based nursing problems.Accor'ing to the“6S”evidence pyramid model,we searched relevant literature published in UpToDate,BMJ Best Practice,JBI,NICE,RNAO,CINAHL,CBM,CNKI and Wanfang Data from January1,2010to February29, 2020.Two qualified researchers with master degree independently evaluated the quality of literature by using different appraisal tools. Then the evidence was summarized and integrated from eligible studies.Results Twelve articles were selected,including2guidelines, 3evidence summaries,5systematic reviews and2randomized controlled trials.A total of55pieces of evidence on the evaluation and management in elderly patients with dementia were extracted and finally integrated into26pieces of best evidence and6dimensions: timing and scales of pain assessment,methods of pain assessment,intervention measures,pain management,training and education and organization guarantee.ConClusion Great importance should be attached to pain assessment for elderly dementia patients. Suitable pain assessment tools and methods,targeted intervention measures,pain-related training for medical staff and specific clinical situation and current medical environment are conducive to conducting individualized pain management for elderly dementia patients. Key words:dementia;pain;assessment;management;evidence-based nursing痴呆是一种慢性神经退行性病变。

1、94定义和05定义

1、94定义和05定义
Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriatetechnological processes and resources. 教育技术是通过创造、使用和管理,适当的技术过程和资源以优化学习和改进绩效的研究 和符合道德规范的实践。
AECT 1994 定义:
Instructionaltechnology is the theory andpractice of design, development, utilization, management, andevaluation of processes and resources for learning. 教学技术是对教学过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价以促进学习的理论与实 践。
1.Creating 不仅替 代了设计和开发这 两个范畴, 而且还包 括创建学习材料, 学 习环境, 档案评价袋 等。2."利用" (utilization)范畴 改成了"使用" (using),"使用" 包括利用、推广革 新、 整合、 制度化等。 使用比利用更注重 要将学习者带入真 实的环境之中, 是以 实际行动为中心的。 3.名词表示一种性 质和状态, 动名词表 示一种动态的过程, 管理是一个动态过 程。4.evaluation 每一个范畴都包含 有评价, 因此没有单 独列出。
区别
‘教育'指的 "研究"指的是超越 强调过程和资 “为了学习”强调 是支持学习 传统研究 源的技术性与 的只是“学”; “促 的各类活动 (research)意义 合适性。技术 进学习”则关注 和资源,‘教 上的知识收集和分 性是主要特 “学”与“教”的整 学'指由学习 析,它包括量的研 征,也是本领 个过程,所以由 者以外的人 究、质的研究以及 域的核心。 “技 “为了学习”转向 组织的、指向 其它形式的研究, 术性的过程” “促进学习”是教 特定目的的 教育技术作为一个 是指基于有价 育思想、观念的 活动。教育技 专业领域,需要不 值的目标的研 转变与提高。绩 术是一个更 断的以“研究和反 究过程、反思 效的提法强调了 广义的概念, 思性实践”来建构 性的实践过 学习的含义,不 教学技术是 其理论体系。 程。 “技术性的 单指获取知识, 这个广义概 教育技术应该重视 资源”主要指 更强调能力和发 念的一个子 伦理道德,形成教 的是通常意义 展。 集。能更好的 育技术行业道德规 上的各种媒体 描绘出领域 (硬件与软 范 现状,设计更 广的范围以 及未来的发 展趋势。 件)。适当的 技术应与当地 的用户、当地 的文化相联 系,并可在当 地的经济环境 中持续发展。 "

临床导尿管外固定方式及影响因素分

临床导尿管外固定方式及影响因素分

【摘要】 目的 调查某三级甲等医院患者留置导尿管不同外固定方式的现状,并进行影响因素分析。

方法 选取某三级甲等综合性医院2021年第四季度所有科室留置导尿管患者为研究对象,调查记录患者性别、年龄、科室、尿管外固定的部位及方式等,并基于“人机料法环”理论视角探讨护士临床应用不同导尿管外固定方式的原因,为护理管理者制订护理方案提供参考。

结果 全院留置尿管总例数为131例,其中不同导尿管外固定的部位有三处,分别是大腿内侧、大腿上侧及腹股沟处;不同导尿管外固定的方式有10种。

造成此现象的原因涉及人力、材料、方法、环境要素。

结论 护士临床应用不同导尿管外固定方式是多种因素共同作用的结果,护理管理者需要制订统一的导尿管外固定方式 ,从而有效进行临床导尿管固定质量管理和评价。

【关键词】 导尿管外固定方式;导尿管的有效固定;护士;原因分析;影响因素;护理管理中图分类号R471 文献标识码A DOI:10.3969/j.issn. 1672-9676.2022.15.033临床导尿管外固定方式及影响因素分析基金项目: 山西省卫生计生委科研课题项目(编号:2018053)作者单位: 030001 山西省太原市,山西医科大学护理学院(张媛);山西医科大学第二医院(郭锦丽)通信作者:郭锦丽,女,硕士,教授,主任护师张媛 郭锦丽Analysis of clinical external catheter fi xation methods and the infl uencing factors ZHANG Yuan, GUO Jinli( Nursing Collage of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China)【Abstract 】 Objective To investigate the status of diff erent external fi xation methods of catheter in a Grand III hospital, and to analyze the infl uencing factors. Methods To select a Grade Ⅲ comprehensive hospital patients with urethral catheter for all departments in the fourth season of 2021 as the research objects, investigation record patients' gender, age, admitted departments, urine tube parts and the method of external fi xation, etc., and based on the theory of "man-machine material ring" perspective to explore nurses clinical application of diff erent catheter fi xed way, to provide reference for nursing managers to make nursing plan. Results The total number of indwelling catheter in the hospital was 131 cases, among which there were three diff erent external catheter fi xation sites, namely inner thigh, upper thigh and groin. There were 10 diff erent methods of external catheter fi xation. The reasons for this phenomenon involve human resources, materials, methods and environmental factors. Conclusion The clinical application of diff erent external catheter fi xation methods by nurses was the result of multiple factors, nursing managers need to formulate a unifi ed external catheter fi xation method, so as to eff ectively carry out the quality management and evaluation of clinical catheter fi xation.【Key words 】 External catheter fixation; Effective fixation of urethral catheter; Nurse; Cause analysis; Infl uencing factors; Nursing management留置导尿管是临床常用的护理操作技术,导尿管的有效固定更是导尿管护理的重要环节。

现代教育技术基础理论

现代教育技术基础理论

AECT94:教育技术是Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design,development,utilization,management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.为了促进学习,对有关的过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践。

(1)一个目标(2)两大对象(3)五个范畴(4)两大领域AECT05:教育技术是通过创设、使用、管理合适的技术性的过程和资源, 以促进学习和改善绩效的研究与符合道德规范的实践。

Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources。

(1)界定的概念名称是“教育技术”(Educational Technology),而不是“教学技术”(Instructional Technology)。

(2)教育技术有两大领域:“研究”(study)和“符合道德规范的实践”(ethical practice)。

Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources。

(1)界定的概念名称是“教育技术”(Educational Technology),而不是“教学技术”(Instructional Technology)。

教育技术94和05定义的比较

教育技术94和05定义的比较

教育技术94和05定义的⽐较教育技术94和05定义的⽐较AECT(Association for Educational Communications and Technology,AECT)1994年定义Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.“教育技术是关于学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应⽤、管理和评价的理论和实践。

”05定义Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.教育技术是通过创造、使⽤和管理适当的技术的过程和资源,以促进学习和提⾼绩效的研究与符合伦理道德的实践。

1.instructional 改为了educational,界定的概念名称是“教育技术,⽽不是“教学技术”;2.study替代了theory、在“practice”前⾯加了限定词“ethical”,据此推断,所有教育技术实践活动的参与者要遵守⼀定的道德规范;3.教育技术有双重⽬的:“促进学习”(facilitating learning)和“改善绩效”(improvingper formance)。

由此看出,随着事业的发展,教育技术的⽬的已从“为了学习”扩展到进⼀步“促进学习”,扩展到学习之外的“绩效”的改善⽅⾯,扩展到对学校教育与企事业⼈员培训的双重考虑,扩展到教学效果、企业效益与教育投⼊(成本)等多因素的整体评价;4.将1994年定义中的五⼤范畴整合为2005年定义中的三⼤范畴;5.教育技术有两⼤对象:“过程”(processes)和“资源”(resources)。

——教育技术的定义

——教育技术的定义

——教育技术的定义一、教育技术AECT94与AECT2004定义教育技术AECT94:Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization,management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning 教育技术是关于学习过程与学习资源的设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践。

AECT2004定义:Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning andimproving performance by creating、using、managing appropriate technological processes andresources.教育技术是通过创造,使用,管理适当的技术过程和资源,促进学习和改善绩效的研究与符合道德规范的实践.04年定义表明:(1) 界定的概念名称是"教育技术"(Educational Techonology).而不是"教学技术"(Instructional Technology).(2) 教育技术有两大领域:"研究"和"符合道德规范的实践".(3) 教育技术有双重目的:"促进学习"和"改善绩效".(4) 教育技术有三大范畴:"创造""使用""管理".与AECT94定义比较,相当于将94定义中的五大范畴整合为2004定义中的三大范畴.其对应关系是:将94定义中的"设计""开发"两个范畴合为一个范畴"创造";将94定义中的"利用"范畴改成了一个较简单的词"使用";将94定义中的"管理"与"评价"两个范畴化为"管理"一个范畴.(5) 教育技术有两大对象" "过程"和"资源". 与94定义中的"学习过程""学习资源"有一定区别.2004定义中的"过程"和"资源"之前有一个限定词"适当的技术性的"过程与资源.(6)教育技术的主要特征在于其技术性.二、教育技术AECT94与AECT2004定义比较通过对2004年定义和1994年定义进行比较分析,我们可以得到以下几点结论: 1(关于定义的术语。

语言教育技术学-教学设计

语言教育技术学-教学设计

一、学习者分析
初始能力分析 特定主题的已有能力分析
针对学习内容和授课模式的态度分析
学习动机分析 教育水平和学习能力分析 学习倾向分析 针对学习组织的态度分析 群体特征分析
二、目标环境分析
管理层或监督者是否支持
工作环境的物理条件
社会环境
所学习的能力和工作处所需要的相关性等。
教学媒体材料选择及制作的原则:ARCS
A =Attention(引起注意)
R =Related(相关性)
C =Confidence(信心)
S =Satisfaction(满足感)
开发教学策略
安排教学策略要素 组合教学内容 学生分组 选择媒体、手段 是 设定单元目标 选择巩固材料
有设定 的授课 系统吗
语言教育技术
程洪金
教育技术的定义
Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. —— AECT’1994
三、学习环境分析
学习条件和教学所需要的条件之间的差距。 学习条件和工作环境之间的兼容性。 学习条件和需要运用的不同教学策略及授课模式之间的兼容性
第五章 编写学习(绩效)目标 一、学习(绩效)目标所包含的要素: 行为、条件、标准(MAGER)。 条件、动作、对象、标准(加涅)。
二、评估目标的方法 目标能否作为测试学生学习结果的依据

选择授课系统
选择或开发最优的 授课系统
第八章 开发、选择教学材料 授课系统与媒体选择 1) 已有媒体 2)开发和使用媒体的限制条件

用英语写管理制度

用英语写管理制度

用英语写管理制度IntroductionA management system is a set of policies, procedures, and practices that organizations use to ensure that they achieve their objectives in an effective and efficient manner. It provides a framework for decision-making, planning, implementation, and evaluation to drive the organization towards success. This document outlines the key elements of a management system and how it can be implemented in an organization.Key Elements of a Management System1. Leadership and CommitmentLeadership plays a crucial role in the success of a management system. Top management must demonstrate their commitment to the system by actively supporting its implementation and integration into the organization's culture. They should set clear objectives and goals for the system and provide the necessary resources to ensure its effectiveness.2. Policy and PlanningA clear policy statement outlines the organization's commitment to quality, safety, and continuous improvement. It sets the direction for the management system and provides a basis for planning and decision-making. Planning involves setting objectives, identifying risks and opportunities, and developing strategies to achieve the desired outcomes.3. Implementation and OperationThe implementation phase involves putting the policies and procedures into practice. This includes training employees, setting up communication channels, and monitoring performance. Operation refers to the day-to-day management of the system, including conducting audits, reviewing performance, and taking corrective actions when necessary.4. Evaluation and ImprovementRegular evaluation of the management system is essential to ensure its effectiveness. This involves measuring performance against objectives, reviewing processes and procedures, and identifying areas for improvement. Continuous improvement is an ongoing process that involves making changes to the system to achieve better results.5. Documentation and RecordsDocumentation is a critical aspect of a management system as it provides a record of policies, procedures, and processes. Records are used to capture key information related to the system's performance and compliance with requirements. Proper documentation and record-keeping ensure transparency, accountability, and traceability.6. Communication and TrainingEffective communication is essential for the successful implementation of a management system. It involves sharing information, exchanging feedback, and promoting a culture of openness and collaboration. Training ensures that employees understand their roles and responsibilities within the system and have the necessary skills to perform their tasks effectively.Implementing a Management SystemImplementing a management system requires a systematic approach that involves the following steps:1. Define the scope and objectives of the system2. Conduct a gap analysis to identify areas for improvement3. Develop a detailed implementation plan with clear milestones and responsibilities4. Allocate resources and establish a project team to oversee the implementation process5. Communicate the system's requirements and expectations to all employees6. Provide training and support to employees to ensure they understand their roles and responsibilities7. Monitor performance and progress towards achieving the system's objectives8. Conduct regular reviews and evaluations to identify areas for improvement and make necessary changes9. Continuously improve the system based on feedback and resultsBenefits of a Management SystemA well-implemented management system offers several benefits to organizations, including:1. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in achieving objectives2. Enhanced customer satisfaction and loyalty3. Reduced risks and costs associated with non-compliance and errors4. Increased employee morale and motivation5. Greater transparency and accountability in decision-making6. Enhanced reputation and brand image7. Competitive advantage in the marketplaceConclusionA management system is a valuable tool for organizations to achieve their goals and objectives in a structured and systematic manner. By implementing a comprehensive system that addresses key elements such as leadership, policy, planning, implementation, evaluation, and improvement, organizations can enhance their performance, productivity, and competitiveness in the market. It is essential for organizations to invest in developing and maintaining a management system to ensure long-term success and sustainability.。

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