考研英语(阅读)-试卷37.doc

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考研英语(阅读)-试卷37
(总分:60. 00,做题时间:90分钟)
一、Reading Comprehension(总题数:6,分数:60. 00)
1.Section II Reading Comprehension (分数:10. 00)
解析:
2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.(分数:10. 00)
解析:
Dieting, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal^s energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet. Amid the hype(intensive publicity), it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. This study, known as CALERIE(Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by Americans National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their
calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight. The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy. At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels一both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study〃s authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.(分数:10. 00)
(1). The evidence since the 1930s has inspired people to (分数:2. 00)
A.live longer and healthier.
B.invent a calorie-restricting drug.
C.believe in calorie restriction. J
D.get rid of constant hunger.
解析:解析:推理判断题。

根据1930s定位文章第一段,其中提到人们忍受饥饿,以期换得长寿和健康。

而挨饿的本质即是减少卡路里摄人量,因此选C项。

to place tries to appear to be say who
(2) . Which of the following is true about the CALERIE study?(分数:2.00)
A. It proves that calorie restriction works in humans. V
B. It has 24 male subjects and the same number of female ones.
C. It is the first investigation into the effects of calorie restriction.
D. It lasted for six months and had the final results published.
解析:解析:事实细节题,考查是非细节.文章第二段提到之前无人证明限制卡路里摄入量对人类同样有 效,而CALERIE 填补了之前的研究空白,意即此项研究证明了限制卡路里摄入量对人类有效,A 项符合文 -i*r.
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(3) . What makes the CALERIE study a significant one in the field?(分数:2.00)
A. It used the subjects of both genders and different ages.
B. It selected people of normal weight as the subjects. V
C. It rectified the misconception of dieting.
D. It was systematic in research method and based on evidence.
解析:解析:事实细节题,考查例证细节。

第三段首句指出,CALERIE 研究之所以是一座里程碑是因为选 取的研究个体为体重正常或轻微偏重的个体,B 项符合。

(4) . By saying "CALERIE suggests these advantages are real(Line 1, Paragraph 4)〃,the author is dealing with the results of the study from a (分数:2. 00)
A. general view.
B. subjective view.
C. macro view.
D. micro view. V
解析:解析:词汇理解题。

本题实质上考查的是引述内容前面的At a molecular level 这一说法的含 义。

molecular 意为“分子的”,因此这句话是从微观的角度阐述的,故选D 项。

(5) . It can be inferred from the last paragraph that (分数:2. 00)
A. the metabolic adaptation solely resulted from weight loss.
B. the metabolic adaptation can be achieved by dieting. V
C. semi-starvation was seen as an effective means for weight loss.
D. people had no idea about the metabolic adaptation before CALERI
E.
解析:解析:判断推理题,考查是非细节。

文章最后一段提到一些人寻找能够引发新陈代谢调节能力的新 方法。

而不仅仅是通过节食导致的半饥饿献态来引发;可见节食可以引发新陈代谢调节能力,因此选B 项。

Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning. They also hold out the tantalizing possibility of fame and fortune should the program ever beat a human champion. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program
running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front. There is one game, however, where humans still reign supreme Go. Yet here too their grip is beginning to loosen. Go was invented more than 2, 500 years ago in China. It is a strategic contest in which two players take turns stones on the
intersections of a grid with 19 lines on each side. Each player out territory
and surround his opponent. The rules are simple but the play is extraordinarily
complex. During a game, some stones will 〃die 〃, and some will dead but spring
back to life at an ill-timed moment. It is often difficult to winning right
until the end. Deep Blue beat Mr. Kasparov using the "brute force" technique. Rather than search for the best move in a given position, the computer considers all whitens moves,
and all black〃s possible replies, and all whitens replies to those replies, and so on for, say, a dozen turns. The resulting map of possible moves has millions of branches. The computer combs through the possible outcomes and plays the one move that would give its opponent the fewest chances of winning. Unfortunately, brute force will not work in Go. First, the game has many more possible positions than chess does. Second, the number of possible moves from a typical position
in Go is about 200, compared with about a dozen in chess. Finally, evaluating a Go position is fiendishly difficult. The fastest programs can assess just 50 positions a second, compared with 500,000 in chess. In the past two decades researchers have explored several alternative strategies with indifferent results. Now, however, programmers are making impressive gains with a technique known as the Monte Carlo method. Given a position, a program using a Monte Carlo algorithm contemplates every move and plays a large number of random games to see what happens. If it wins
in 80% of those games, the move is probably good. Otherwise, it keeps looking. The result is a new generation of fast programs that play particularly well on small versions of the Go board.
(分数:10. 00)
(1). According to Paragraph 1, computer games could (分数:2. 00)
A.promote the researches of human intelligence.
B.help researchers avoid work.
C.serve to improve the program designing. V
D.bring fame and fortune to the human champion.
解析:解析:事实细节题。

文章首段第二句指出“游戏为探究更智能机器设计提供了一个非常理想的框架”,C项符合文意。

(2). The victory of Deep Blue shows that (分数:2. 00)
A.the chess game is too simple for computers to play.
B.the supercomputer is very good at calculation. J
puters will dominate every front of games.
D.humans should prepare for the attack of computers.
解析:解析:事实细节题,考查例证细节。

文章在第二段提到“深蓝”战胜了卡斯帕罗夫,第四段又具体分析了取胜所使用的“暴力破解”战术,即依靠快速的计算穷尽所有棋盘上的可能性,可见“深蓝”具有非常强大的计算能力,因此选B。

(3). Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 3?(分数:2. 00)
A.Go was a strategic contest invented in China long ago. V
B.Stones of Go could be placed on everywhere of a grid.
C.The play of Go is too complex to win.
D.People often don〃t know who wins a play of Go.
解析:解析:判断推理题。

第三段首句介绍围棋是2500年前发明于中国的一种策略游戏,A项符合。

(4). The word "fiendishly” (Line 8, Paragraph 4)most probably means (分数:2. 00)
A.astoundingly.
B.unexpectedly.
C.oddly.
D.extremely. V
解析:解析:语义理解题。

第四段倒数第二句中提到评估围棋棋位是一件fiendishly difficult的事
情。

而该段最后一句具体说明了最快的程序每秒可以评估50万个象棋棋位,但只能评估50个围棋棋位,足以见得评估围棋棋位是一件“极其”困难的事情。

因此选D项。

(5). It can be inferred from the text that (分数:2.00)
A.human beings" dominant position in Go board starts to shake. V
puter program will randomly choose a step to see what happens.
C.Monte Carlo method is much cleverer than other programs.
puters could become great competitors to human beings.
解析:解析:判断推理题。

文章第二段最后一句说明人类在围棋领域的控制力正开始变弱,A项中的dominantposition 对应文中的grip,而starts to shake 则对应文中的is beginning to loosen, A 项符
合文意,故为正确答案。

A few years back, many hospitals in America were embarrassed by revelations that some of their neediest patients, the uninsured, were being charged the most. These patients were getting slammed with the full list price for health care while those with insurance got negotiated discounts. The outcry prompted congressional hearings and state inquiries. All not-for-profit hospitals in
Illinois have adopted voluntary guidelines, set by the Illinois Hospital Association, to dole out free or discounted care. But Illinois attorney general Lisa Madigan says that〃s not nearly enough. Madigan announced recently that most Illinois hospitals spend less than 1 percent on charitable care. She proposed that hospitals be required by law to spend at least 8 percent of their
operating costs on charity: free health care, community clinics. This is a terrible idea. For starters—amazing as this may sound— Madigan hasn't calculated how much this law would cost hospitals. No overall cost, nor the cost to any single hospital in the state. The Illinois
Hospital Association says her bill would require 133 hospitals to spend $739 million more a year
on charity care. That, the IHA says, would push 45 of those hospitals into the red, and 28
hospitals that already operate at a loss would be pushed closer to bankruptcy. Madigan disputes those figures. How did Madigan settle on the magic 8 percent? She cites her officers investigation of hospitals and a task force she convened. But the task force didn〃t issue a report and may
never do so. She all but acknowledges that her claim that Illinois hospitals provide a miserly 1 percent in charitable care isrTt the whole story. That figure excludes much of what hospitals absorb, including the gap between what they spend on Medicaid patients and what they receive for that care. The IHA argues convincingly that mandating a high percentage of revenues to be spent on free care ignores the reality that many hospitals operate in the red. Draining more money would weaken hospitals—and encourage cost-cutting in nursing care, equipment or other essentials. Why are we talking about charitable giving by hospitals, as opposed to muffler shops, fast-food restaurants or beauty salons? Because most hospitals are tax-exempt by law: They don〃t pay any federal, state or local taxes. In return, they^re required to provide services to the needy. But the law doesrTt say exactly how much. So they do have a charitable obligation. And some hospitals—even some not-for-profit hospitals— have hefty revenues. It〃s useful to see how much they〃re giving back to their communities. But the hospitals also have an obligation to stay solvent. No one profits when a hospital closes its doors. Madigan〃s proposed mandate carries too much risk.(分数:10. 00)
(1). Many American hospitals were troubled by the exposure of the fact that (分数:2. 00)
A.some of their neediest patients were uninsured.
B.the patients were interfering with their daily operation.
C.the IHA forced them to dole out free or discounted health care.
D.the uninsured patients had to pay much more than the insured. V
解析:解析:细节推断题。

第一段讲到美国医院对没有医保的患者收取全价,而对有医保的患者却给予折扣,因此D项符合文意。

(2). The IHA cited several figures to indicate that (分数:2.00)
A.Madigan"s bill was asking for too much from the hospitals in Illinois. V
B.the hospitals in Illinois were in bad financial situation.
C.the hospitals in Illinois had already done well in charitable care.
D.Madigan"s bill was not welcomed by the hospitals in Illinois.
解析:解析:事实细节题,考查例证细节。

根据IHA和figures定位到第三段。

IHA以数据来说明Madigan 的议案会使医院亏损甚至破产,A项asking for too much与文中此意相近。

(3). When mentioning "She all but acknowledges... isrTt the whole story.〃(Lines 2-4, Paragraph
4), the author means that (分数:2. 00)
A.Illinois hospitals were rather miserly in providing medical care.
B.Madigan did not tell the whole story about Illinois hospitals.
C.Illinois hospitals would have to spend more on free medical service.
D.Madigan thought the hospitals spent less than 1 percent on Medicaid patients. V
解析:解析:推理判断题。

the whole story意为“全情,详情”,马迪根几乎承认伊利诺斯州医院投入
慈善医疗的区区1%可能实际上还并没有这么多,可见D项与之相符。

(4). IHA objected to MadigarTs proposal based on the argument that (分数:2. 00)
A.hospitals didn〃t make as much profit as Madigan claimed. V
B.the quality of medical services in hospitals would decline.
C.Madigan"s task force didn〃t and wouldn〃t issue a report.
D.many hospitals were operated in a dangerous situation.
解析:解析:事实细节题。

根据IHA objected to MadigarTs mandate定位到第四段后半部分。

IHA认为,Madigan的提议忽视了许多医院正在亏损经营这一事实,A项与原文一致。

(5). What can be inferred from the last paragraph?(分数:2. 00)
A.The author supports Madigan〃s argument and the 8 percent mandate.
B.Hospitals are obligatory to spend 1 percent of revenues on charitable service.
C.Balance is important between hospitals" proper daily operation and charitable service. V
D.Under no circumstances should hospitals not fulfill their charitable obligations. 解析:解析:事实细节题。

文章在末段指出,医院在履行慈善义务的同时也要考虑到自身的财政情况,C 项是其同义表达。

Move over, organic, fair trade and free range一the latest in enlightened edibles is here: food with "embedded" positive intentions. While the idea isrTt new—cultures like the Navajo have been doing it for centuries—for-profit companies in the U. S. and Canada are catching on, infusing products with good vibes through meditation, prayer and even music. Since 2006, California company H20m has sold water infused with wishes for 〃love, 〃〃joy〃 and "perfect health" via the words, symbols and colors on the label(which "create a specific vibratory frequency," according to co-founder Sandy Fox)and the restorative music played at their bottling warehouse. At Creo Mundi, a Canadian maker of protein powder, employees gather around each shipment and state aloud the benefits they hope to infuse it with for their consumers一increased performance, balance and vitality. Intentional Chocolate, founded in 2007 by chocolatier Jim Walsh, uses a special recording device to capture the electromagnetic brain waves of meditating Tibetan monks; Walsh then exposes his desserts to the recording for five days per batch. We hear your eyes rolling. But some claim there〃s actually something to the idea that humans can alter the physical world with their minds, and they offer research to prove it. Dean Radin, a senior scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences in Petaluma, Calif., conducted a test in which, he says, subjects who ate Intentional Chocolate improved their mood 67% compared with people who ate regular chocolate. 〃If the Pope blessed water, everyone wants that water. But does it actually do something?” Radin asks. 〃The answer is yes, to a small extent.〃 James Fallon, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at the University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, is skeptical. 〃So I take a rutabaga, a round yellow root vegetable with a brown or purple skin, and put it close to my head, and it somehow changes the food and improves the mood of the person who ate it?〃 he asks. 〃Nah. 〃 Trick or not, in this economy any product that promises a spiritual pick-me-up could be in high demand. Since the recession, says Phil Lempert, editor of health-food site Supermarketguru, com "everyone is ready to jump off a bridge. 〃 With the right marketing, he says, embedded foods "could be huge. 〃 Still, not everyone is keen on the idea of packaging spirituality. Once the profit motive comes into play, 〃it〃s difficult to keep things pure, " says George Churinoff, a monk at Deer Park Buddhist Center in Oregon, Wis., who was involved with Intentional Chocolate in its early stages. "Then the product may not be blessed in any way with motivation except maybe to make money.”(分数:10. 00)
(1). Food with "embedded" positive intentions is (分数:2. 00)
A.brand-new in human cultures.
B.for meditation and prayer.
C.beneficial to human health.
D.fashionable in business circles. V
解析:解析:事实细节题。

首段第二句提到现在不少公司通过冥思、祈祷甚至音乐的形式为产品注入美好的情感,令为食品加持美好祝愿这种做法再次流行起来,可以确定D项为答案。

(2). Intentional Chocolate is (分数:2. 00)
ing symbols on the label to infuse good wishes for the consumers.
B.asking its employees to mimic the meditating Tibetan monks.
ing a special device to get recordable meditation of monks. V
D.trying to convince its consumers that the products are healthy.
解析:解析:事实细节题,考查例证细节。

根据Intentional Chocolate(“意念巧克力”)定位到首段末句。

该句提到该工厂使用特殊录音设备来捕捉西藏喇嘛坐禅冥思时的脑电磁波,故选C项。

(3). Dean RadirTs research shows that (分数:2.00)
A.Intentional Chocolate does improve the mood of some consumers. V
B.the Pope blessed water is quite different from the ordinary water.
C.people's mind will turn actual realities better.
D.people〃s mood can be passed on through food.
解析:解析:推理判断题。

根据Dean Radin定位到第二段。

该科学家主持开展的一项实验表明食用过意念巧克力的人的确心情改善了很多,故选A项。

(4). James Fallon holds that (分数:2. 00)
A. a rutabaga is not powerful enough to change a personas mood.
B.people cannot alter the physical reality with their minds. J
C.if a person eats the blessed food, he will probably feel different.
D.human behaviors have nothing to do with the food they eat.
解析:解析:观点态度题。

根据James Fallon定位到第三段。

文中提到詹姆斯对加持食品的作用持怀疑态度,甚至用了Nah(无稽之谈)一词来强调自己的观点态度,故选B项。

(5). It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that (分数:2. 00)
A.food with "embedded" positive intentions is all the rage. V
B.economic depression has pushed people to pay attention to health.
C.some people are afraid that embedded food might not be clean.
D.driven by money, the embedded food industry is likely to fail.
解析:解析:推理判断题。

文中提及只要产品能起到振奋精神作用,都会有很高的需求量,可见这种食品很流行,A项正确。

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