天津大学翻译课unit 4 讲义

Unit Four
句子翻译技巧
作为世界上丰富发达，使用人数众多的两大语言，英语和汉语在语法结构上都具有各自的不同特征。

体现在句子层面上，最大的区别莫过于汉语注重意合，英语注重形合。

汉语句了•根据逻辑思维的联系，简单明快，但形式略显松散；而英语句了以动词为核心，结构严谨清晰。

因此，在进行英汉互译时，要各自遵循相应的技巧和原则。

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英语句子的翻译技巧
一、分句、合句法
在进行句子的翻译时，有时我们可以保留原文的整个句子结构或只稍加变动。

但是，还有很多情况下则必须将原文的句子结构做较大的改变。

而改变原文句子结构有两个重要的方法，即分句法和合句法。

所谓分句法，是指把原文的-个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句了。

而合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。

1.分句法
1）把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1: They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，咨足不足为奇的。

（副词译成分句）
例2: That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
那地区是个麻烦的地方，羊晕大家段容易有得审亲的。

（形容词译成分句）
例3： As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret （raining base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.
作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处。

但作为完全新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是非常理想的。

宕坦处边陲，人们不易了解其中的活动。

（名词译成分句）
2）把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1: She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，职嬉推理着小巧房的丁如。

（分词短语译成分句）
M 2： I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
我头三年写了四本书，甘硕了以往的可显。

（名词短语译成分句）
例3： He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，咳也正合通」介词短语译成分句）
3）把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1: But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.
但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。

2.合句法
1）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。

例1: There are men here from all over the country. Many of ihem are from the Soulh.
从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。

2）把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。

例1: When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。

3）把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。

例1: The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。

将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。

亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也：亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。

先帝在时, 每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。

侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣, 愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。

先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。

后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。

受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。

今南方己定，兵甲己足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭弩饨, 攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。

此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。

至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。

若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨淑善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。

臣不胜受恩感激。

今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。

二、名词性从句的译法
英语中的名词性从句主要指主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四大类。

这些从句的翻译一般遵循按照原文语序翻译的原则。

1.主语从句的译法
1）以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。

彳列1: Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.
他购行胚四历图都给他留下了深刻的印象.
2）以it做形式主语所引出的真正主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。

彳列1: 1（seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have sunived the crash.
飞行早在飞机单毁考扁.菖S沔这看来是不可想象的。

彳列2：It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
真奇怪，姓莒若次有看小目目的籍度。

2.宾语从句的译法
1）用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句，汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

例I ： I also told him how appealing / found the offer.
我也告诉他，咨程供的机会冲我有务么大的吸刃力。

2）用it作形式宾语的句子，汉译时that引起的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it不译。

例 1 ：I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him.
我想您舍来跟他诙咨作事的。

3）有时在译文中也可将lhal引起的宾语从句提前
例 1 ：I regard it as an honor that / am chosen to attend the meeting.
嗖为彼本中参加零根而感到光荣。

3.表语从句的译法
英语中的表语从句和宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。

例1: What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.
他所再三强调的是，不管务名粤评.他们籍不学该巧珍半步。

4.同位语从句的译法
同位语从句在进行汉译时，根据情况可以提前，也可以不提前。

还可以采用增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开的译法。

例J 1: But I knew I couldn't trust him. There was always the possibility that he ww a political swindler.
但我知道不能轻信他。

他号政冷骐于这种可能性总是存在的。

（同位语从句提前）
例2： He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国米为I'』。

（同位语从句不提前）
彳列3： But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.
但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：联们叶J煎摸并不妙。

（用冒号分
开）
三、定语从句的译法
1.限定性定语从句的译法
1）前置法
把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。

例I: Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.
语言是人们飘以窄硕岑、想的工县。

2）后置法
如果定语从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得过长而不符合汉语的表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。

例1: They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，咨个理翠足辱个十国人所珍爱孙在也考,.市务中国人曾为了咨个理想而帅牲了自早的车命。

例2： It is he who received the letter that announced the death of her uncle.
是他接到那封信，涅姆的叔叔丰茸了。

3）溶合法
溶合法：将原句中的主句和定语从句溶合在一起译成-个独立的句子。

由于限制性定语从句与主句关系紧密，所以溶合法比较适用于翻译限制性定语从句。

英语中There be…的结构汉译时往往这样处理。

例1: There arc many people who want to see the film.
许务人零看咨郁电拳。

带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。

例I: We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎可：个削件都有国籍的革毕标善。

2 .非限定性定语从句的译法
1）前置法
一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限定性的定语从句，也可洋成带“的”的前置定语，
放在被修饰词前面。

这种处理方法不如用在英语限制性定语从句那样普遍。

1 列I: The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.
那个蕈天攀任玄层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。

2）后置法
在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

例 1 ：I told the story to John, who （=and he） told it to his brother.
我把这件事告诉了约翰，均簟又肯诉了他弟弟。

在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系词所代表的含义。

或在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

例1: After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，丁卓迭到探侦。

.
例2：The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, （flowers） which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.
这些花以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿
的美丽和意义了。

四、状语从句的译法
1.时间状语从句的译法
1）译成相应的表示时间的状语
例I: While she spoke, the （ears were running down.
她说话时，泪水直流。

2）译成“ 一……就……”的句式
例I: He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.
他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。

3）译成并列的分句
例1: They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。

2.原因状语从句的译法
1）译成表“因”的分句
例1: Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, we meet at a moment when wc can make peaceful cooperation a reality.
由于我们双方都准备在平等互尊的基础上行事，我们在这个时刻会晤就能够使和平合作成为现实。

2）译成因果偏正复句中的主句
例1: Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。

3）译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句
例I: After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.
反正关系不大，二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。

3.条件状语从句的译法
1）译成表条件的分句
彳列1: Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization,they were brought to Brussels.
他们丁早卷孳星组尊收T了，就被带到布鲁塞尔去。

2）译成表假设的分句
例1: If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.
刎果基十T个人号了，这种事时常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他过山。

3）译成补充说明情况的分句
例I: You can drive tonight if you are ready.
你今晚就可以出车，坦果创鼻堂的语。

4.让步状语从句的译法
1）译成表示让步的分句
彳列1: I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say.
弥算明遗得X：j,我仍认为你做错了
2）译成无条件的条件分句
M 1: No matter what misfortune befell him. he always squared his shoulders and said: "Never mind, I'll work harder."
不管他遭受什么不幸的事情，他总是把胸一挺，说：“没关系，我再加把劲儿。

”
5.目的状语从句的译法
1)译成表示“目的”的前置分句
例1: Wc should start early so that we might get there before noon.
为了正午以前赶到那里，我们应该早点动身。

2)译成表“目的”的后置分句
例1: Wouldn't it be better if we were somehow to organize an escape route so that these men could get back to Britain into the war again ?
要是我们有点什么办法来安排一条可供安全逃脱的路线，便咨牛人所四到亲国事濒玫入侦争,.咨不更好哼？
五、长句的译法
1.顺序法
有些英语长句所叙述的•连串动作基本上都是按照动作发生的先后顺序排列的，也有一些英语长句是按照内容的逻辑关系安排的，这与汉语的表达方法基本一致，因此在翻译时可以按照原文的顺序进行。

例I: The problem is (hat in the last generation or so we've come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as pretty well everything that by tradition women have done.
问题是，在过去的二三十年时间里，我们已经认定，妇女们应该能够并且应该想做男人们传统上所做的-•切，而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切一样好。

例2： Olaf is 6 fool 3 inches tall; he can walk and climb all day and he never feels tired.
奥来福身高6英尺3英寸；他能整天步行和爬山而不觉得疲劳。

2.逆序法
有些英语长句的语序与汉语的表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反。

那么，翻译时就应该将英语长句中所表达的信息在译文中分割成若干短句，然后按照汉语习惯表达法进行重新安排。

而很多时候，汉语译文中各分局的顺序和原文中信息铺陈的顺序正好相反。

例1: A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became (he classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
这是20世纪50年代后期在美国出现的一个真实现象：贫穷的知识分子在“垮掉的一代”这个颇为浪漫的姿态掩护下成为美国典型的穷人，正是在这个时候，一大批大学毕业生被赶进了“知识分子的贫民窟”。

3.插入法
插入法就是利用破折号、括号将原文句子中的某部分信息以插入成分的方式插入到译文中。

例1: The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten: by the river and the pond, on the hil] and in the valley.
雪，飘落在每一片森林、每一片田野上；河边、湖畔、山上、谷底等到处都是一一就连岩石上的裂缝中也都盖满了雪。

4.综合法
英语长句的翻译中，分别使用上述方法的情况并不多，更多时候是需要将以上方法或各种翻译方法进行综合运用，其关键在于透彻理解原文的意思，抓住原文的及精神实质，在
汉语表达时求得神似而不求形似。

例：What (he New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and
distasteful about New York—its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgment; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.
纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性，它的是非观念之严酷无情，那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局，这-切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所迷恋的。

汉语句子的翻译技巧
一、无主句的译法
在汉语中无主句是一种常见特殊句型。

这种句子的作用在于描述动作变化等情况，而在于“谁”或“什么”进行这一动作或发生这一变化，不需要特定的语言环境就能表达出完整而准确的意思。

无主句的翻译是英译汉的一个难点，通常要补出主语或改变句型。

1.补充主语
无主句英译时，可以根基上下文或原句中的逻辑关系来确定主语，使之符合英语的表达习惯。

例1：不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

You cannot catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger's lair. (No venture, no gain.)
2.译成英语的被动句' 、’
把原文中的宾语译成被动结构中的主语。

例I：那地方讲什么语言？
What language is spoken there?
3.译成英语中的祈使句
原文中表示命令、要求，以及标语、口号等的无主句可以译成英语中的祈使句。

例I：请勿践踏草坪！
Please keep off the lawn!
4.译成英语中的There be句型
例I：没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。

Without reform and opening to the outside world, there would be no economic development of today.
5.译成英语中的it句型
例I：要成功就要付出劳动。

Il will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.
6.译成英语中的倒装句
例I：大门两边各站着一名持枪的武警战士。

On either side of the gate stands an armed policeman.
二、连谓句和兼语句的译法
1.连谓句的译法
汉语中连谓句非常普遍。

在这样的句子中往往有两个或两个以上的动词，中间没有任何的关联词，这些动词拥有同•个主语。

在翻译时，应该根据英语的特点，将连谓句中的主要动词译成英语中的谓语动词，其余动词处理成相关的非谓语动词形式、介词短语或从句中的谓语动词等。

1)当连谓句中的动词之间是先后关系或同时发生的关系时，通常译成英语的并句，中间用and连接，或将其中一个动词用分词短语译出。

例1:他站起来走到窗边往外看了看。

He stood up, walked to the window and looked out of it for a while.
2）当连谓句中的动词表示手段、条件、方式、目的、因果等关系时，通常把主要动词译成英语中的谓语动词，将后一个动词译成介词短语或不定式充当的状语。

例1：去年，我和父母回老家去看了那里的亲朋好友。

Last year I went back to my hometown with my parents to visit the relatives and friends there.
3）连谓句的其他译法
例1：他站在门口笑。

He stood at the door, grinning.
例2：这个小孩打电脑游戏打输了总爱发脾气。

The kid is likely to lose his temper when he is defeated in playing computer games.
2.兼语句的译法
汉语中，谓语有两个动词，前一个动词的宾语又是后一个动词的主语，这样的句子就是兼语句。

因此，兼语句中前后两个动词是不共用一个主语的。

1）把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语"主语+谓语+宾语+补语”结构中的宾语补语，形式可以是非谓语动词、介词或介词短语、副词、形容词或名词。

例1：地震使大量的房子成为了废墟。

The earthquake reduced many a house to ruins.
2）把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语句子中的状语或状语从句。

此时兼语句中的第一个动词常常表示责怪、埋怨、批评、表扬之意。

例1：这位法国朋友称赞他法语好。

The French friend complimented him on his excellent French.
3）利用英语中具有“致使”、“促成”之意的动词来翻译兼语句中的动词。

例1：她卖掉房子的消息让大家感到震惊。

Her family were amazed at the news that she had sold the house.
4）兼语句的其他译法
例1：年轻人，我劝你少管闲事。

Young fellow, you'd better mind your own business.
例2：五年前当局禁止该片上映。

The film came under the ban of censor five years ago.
垮掉的一代/或称疲惫的一代（Beat Generation）是第二次世界大战之后出现于美国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。

这一名称最早是由作家杰克-克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。

extensions自主拓展
点翻■典小品文，运用所学到的翻译技巧。

这是一位美国女权主义者（一个有两个孩子的妈妈）的文章，IWantaWife,首先基于通篇语气（satirical）,将“I”译作“俺”，“wife”用了“娘子”的字眼儿。

I belong to that classification of people known as wives.I am a wife. And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother.
俺其寒是属于人们称之为“娘子”的那类人的。

（增译法）
Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce.He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while 1 was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?
前不久俺的-个朋板出现在我的面前，这常们刚离了婚。

（分译法）
I would like to go back to school so that I can become economically independent, support myself, and if need be, support those dependent upon me. 1 want a wife who will work and send me to school. And while I am going to school I want a wife to take care of my children. I want a wife to keep track of the children's doctor and dentist appointments. And to keep track of mine, too. / want a wife to make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean.I want a wife who will wash the children's clothes and keep them mended. I want a wife who is a good nurturant attendant to my children, who arranges for （heir schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate social life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc. I want a wife who takes care of the children when they are sick, a wife who arranges to be around when the children need special care, because, of course, I cannot miss classes at school. My wife must arrange to lose time at work and not lose the job. It may mean a small cut in my wife's income from time to time, but I guess I can tolerate that. Needless to say, my wife will arrange and pay for the care of the children while my wife is working.
俺想有一个能保证孩儿们依宣得岂、布着擎有的娘子。

（四字表达法）
I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I wanl a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me.I want a wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will see to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. 1 want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I want a wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of scene.
尊于大人前脚乱扔她后脚拾掇的娘子。

（合译法）
I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wife's duties.But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.
俺不想有这样的娘子，老是拿娘子分内的事来烦我，唠唠叨叨的。

（否定法）
I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social wife. When my wife and I arc invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it （o me and my friends, and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready fbr bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors d'oeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.
她要保证客人们跟前有烟灰缸、餐前有小吃，饭菜该加时候加、酒杯该斟满时斟满，还得会按客人口味上咖啡。

（意译法）
I want a wife who is sensitive to my sexual needs, a wife who makes love passionately and eagerly when I feel like it, a wife who makes sure that I am satisfied. And, of course, I want a wife who will not demand sexual attention when I am not in the mood for it. / want a wife who assumes the complete responsibility for birth control, because / do not want more children.I want a wife who will remain sexually faithful to inc so that I do not have to clutter up my intellectual life with jealousies. And I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy. I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible.
俺希望有个能负起计划生育全部责任的娘子，因为俺不想多要孩子。

（直译法）
If, by chance, I find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one. Naturally, I will expect a fresh, new life; my wife will take the children and be solely responsible for them so that I am left free.
俺娘子管孩子、全权负责，俺无牵无挂。

（省译法）
When 1 am through with school and have a job, I want niy wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife's duties.
当俺学业有成、上了班，俺要娘子辞掉工作，在家更全身心地尽娘子的本分。

My God, who wouldn 't want a wife?
天~谁不想要一个娘子呢？
出师表
两汉：诸葛亮
先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同。

若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。