A study of the logical model of capital market complexity theories

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哈佛大学教授研究讲座英语作文

哈佛大学教授研究讲座英语作文Captivating the intellectual sphere, a recent lecture by a Harvard University professor delved into the intricate tapestry of the English language, offering insights that were nothing short of revelatory. The erudite scholar, with a command of language that was both authoritative and engaging, unraveled the complexities of linguistic evolution within the academic context of the prestigious institution.The lecture hall, a bastion of learning, was filled with an eclectic mix of students and academics, all eager to absorb the wisdom being imparted. The professor's discourse was a masterclass in eloquence, weaving through the history of the English language, its rich literary traditions, and the nuances that make it a versatile tool for communication and expression.Exploring the themes of syntax and semantics, the lecture was a testament to the professor's deep understanding of the subject. The audience was taken on a journey from the Old English of Beowulf to the modern-day vernacular, with stops at the works of Shakespeare and the intricacies of contemporary English literature.The professor emphasized the importance of adaptabilityin language, highlighting how English has borrowed from other languages to expand its lexicon and expressiveness. This adaptability, they argued, is a key factor in the language'sglobal prevalence and its role as a lingua franca in the international community.Throughout the lecture, the professor's passion for the subject was palpable, and their ability to make complex linguistic concepts accessible to the audience was truly commendable. The discourse was punctuated with thought-provoking questions and interactive segments, encouraging the audience to ponder the significance of language in shaping thought and culture.As the lecture concluded, the professor left the audience with a profound message: the study of English is not merely an academic pursuit but a gateway to understanding theworld's diverse narratives and a means to engage in dialogue across cultural boundaries.The lecture was not just an educational experience; it was an invitation to a deeper appreciation of the English language and its profound impact on human expression and understanding. It was a reminder that language is a living, breathing entity, constantly evolving and enriching the human experience.。

地理相关英语词汇（2）

地理相关英语词汇(2)entisol 新成土entrenched meander 嵌入曲流；深切曲流entrenched stream 嵌入河；深切河entrenched valley 嵌入〔河〕谷；深切〔河〕谷entrepot 转口港entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurial factor 企业管理因素environmental capacity 环境容量environmental conservation 环境保护environmental constraint 环境限制environmental degradation 环境退化environmental education 环境教育environmental gradient 环境梯度environmental hazard 环境灾害；环境危害environmental impact 环境影响environmental impact statment 环境影响报告environmental improvement 环境改善environmental lapse rate 环境〔温度〕递减率；环境〔温度〕直减率environmental perception 环境感观environmental planning 环境规则environmental pollution 环境污染environmental quality 环境质素environmental resources 环境资源environmental risk 环境风险eocene epoch 始新世epeirogenic movement 造陆运动ephermeral (1)短生植物，(2)短生ephermeral stream 季节性河流；间歇〔性〕河〔流〕epicdermis 表皮epicentre 震央；震中epiphyte 附生植物equator 赤道equatorial air mass 赤道气团equatorial climate 赤道气候equatorial low 赤道低〔气〕压equatorial rain forest 赤道雨林equatorial trough 赤道低压槽eradication of disease 消除疾病erg (sandy desert) 砂质荒漠；砂质沙漠erodibility 可侵蚀性erosion 侵蚀erosion cycle 侵蚀循环erratic 漂石eruption 爆发escarpment 单斜山；马头丘estancia 大牧场(南美)estate (1)大农场，(2)estuarine delta 河口三角洲estuary 河口湾ethnic area 种族区ethnic group 种族群ethnic minority 少数种族ethnic segregation 种族隔离eurasia 欧亚大洲eustasy 海面升降；海面进退eustatic movement 海面升降运动eutrophic 富养分eutrophication 富养化〔作用〕evaporation 蒸发〔作用〕evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾作用even (regular) slope 均匀坡evergreen forest 常绿林evolution 演化；进化excavation (1)掘蚀，(2)挖掘excessive urbanization 过度城市化exchange capacity 交换量exchangeable cation 交换性阳离子；交换性正离子exfoliation 剥离〔作用〕；页状剥落〔作用〕exhaust gas 废气；排气exhumation 剥露〔作用〕exogenic process 外力作用；外成作用exotic river 外源河exponential curve 指数曲线export 出口export-oriented industry 出口导向工业exposed coast 裸露海岸；暴露海岸extended family 大家庭extensive farming 粗放式农业；广耕法external economies 外部经济效益external force 外〔营〕力external migration 国外迁移；境外迁移extinct species 已灭绝生物品种extinct volcano 死火山extinction of species 品种灭绝extrapolation 外推法；外插法extreme climate 极端气候extreme environment 极端环境extreme event 极端事件extreme value 极值extrusion 喷出；挤出extrusive rock 喷出岩extrusive vulcanicity 喷出火山作用eye of tropical cyclone 〔热带气旋〕风眼fabricating industry 装配工业factor of location 区位因素；布局因素factor of production 生产因素factor substitution 因素代替fahrenheit scale 华氏温度表fall-line 瀑布线（美）fallow 休耕fallow time 休耕时间family planning 家庭计划；计划生育family-life cycle 家庭生活周期farm size 农场面积farm unit 农场单位farmer's calender 农民行事历farming 农业；耕作farming efficiency 农耕效率farming landscape 农业景观farming method 耕作方法farming practice 农耕方式farming research 农业研究farming season 农事季节farming settlement 农业聚落farming system 农业系统farmland 农地farmstead 农庄fathom line 〔等〕噚线fault 断层；断裂fault breccia 断层角砾岩fault line 断层线；断裂线fault plane 断层面fault scarp 断层崖faulting 断层〔作用〕；断裂〔作用〕fault-line scarp 断层线崖fauna 动物群；动物区系fazenda 大农场（巴西）feature 形貌；特征feedback 反馈feedback loop 反馈环feeder road 支线公路feeding habit 摄食习性fell-field (1)荒高地，(2)稀矮植物区felspar (feldspar) 长石fen 沼泽fern 羊齿类动物；蕨ferrallitic soil 铁铝土ferrel's law 费利尔定律ferricrete 铁质壳ferruginous soil 铁质土；富铁土fertility (1)肥力，(2)生育力，(3)出生率fertilizer 肥料fetch 吹程；浪程field boundary 农田边界field capacity (field moisture capacity) 田间持水量field crop 杂粮；大田作物field investigation 实地调查field moisture capacity (foeld capacity) 田间持水量field observation 实地观察；野外观察field of view 视野；视场field reconnaissance 实地查勘；野外查勘；实地初测；野外初测field size 农地面积field sketching 实地描绘；野外描绘field study 实地考察；野外考察field survey 实地调查；野外调查filtration 过滤financial centre 金融中心fine texture soil 幼质地土壤fine-grained rock 幼粒岩石finger lake 指状湖finished product 制成品finite population 有限总体fiord (fjord) 峡湾firebreak 隔火路firn (neve) 粒雪；永久积翮；永久冰雪fish pond 鱼塘fishing ground 渔场fissure eruption 裂缝喷发fixed cost 固定成本fixed dune 固定沙丘fjord (fiord) 峡湾flash flood 洪滥；山洪暴发flat rock 平岩flatted factory 分层工厂大厦flat-topped hill 平顶山floating dock 浮坞floating population (1)浮动人口，(2)水上人口flocculation 絮凝〔作用〕flood (1)泛滥，(2)洪水flood abatement 消洪；灭洪flood alleviation 缓洪flood control 防洪；洪水控制flood crest (peak) 洪峰flood damage 洪〔水灾〕害flood detention 滞洪flood discharge 洪水流量flood diversion 分洪flood duration (period) 汛期；洪水期flood forecasting (prediction) 洪水预报flood frequency 洪水频率flood hazard 洪患flood hydrograph 洪水过程线flood insurance 洪水保险flood irrigation 漫灌；淹灌flood level 洪水位flood peak (crest) 洪峰flood period (duaration) 汛期；洪水期flood prediction (forecasting) 洪水预报flood proofing 防洪flood protection 防洪；防汛flood regulation 洪水调节flood relief channel (floodway) 分洪道flood season 洪水季；汛期flood stage 洪水位flood storage 蓄洪flood wall 防洪墙flood warning 洪水警报flooding routing 洪水演算flooding wave 洪水波floodplain 泛滥平原floodplain management 泛滥平原管理floodway (flood relief channel) 分洪道flora 植物群；植物区系flow chart 流程图flow diagram 流程图flow line 流向线flow of energy 能量流动flow of resources 资源流动flow of structure 流状构造flow-line map 流向线图fluvial deposit 河流沉积物fluvial landform 河流地貌；河流地形fluvial morphology 河流形态fluvial process 河流作用fluviological deposit 冰水沉积物focal point 汇点；焦点focal region 汇点区fodder crop 饲料作物foehn (fohn) 焚风fog 雾fog drip 雾滴fohn (foehn) 焚风fold 褶曲；褶皱fold mountain 褶曲山；褶皱山folding 褶曲〔作用〕；褶皱〔作用〕foliated structure 菊状结构food chain 食物链food crop 粮食作物food processing industry 食品加工业food web 食物网foodhill settlement 山麓聚落footloose industry 无导向工业；随意区位工业forced migration 强迫迁移foreground 前景foreland 前地foreshock 前震foreshore 前滩forest 森林；树林forest floor (1)林地，(2)林床；林地被覆物forest reserve 护林区forestry 林业form ratio 宽深比（河流）forward bearing 向前方位fossil 化石fossil oil 化石燃料fracture zone 裂缝带fragment 碎屑free face 崖壁；直坡free-market economy 自由市场经济freeze-thaw action 冻融作用freezing 结冰freezing level 结冰高度freight rate 运费率；运价frequency 频数；频率；次数frequency distribution 频率分布frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形fresh rock 新鲜岩石friable rock 酥炸土friction 摩擦；阻力friction of distance 路程阻力frictional drag (resistance) 摩擦曳力；摩擦阻力frictional layer 摩擦层frictional resistance (drag) 摩擦阻力；摩擦曳力frigid zone 寒带fringing reef 岸礁；边礁；裙焦front 锋frontal fog 锋面雾frontal precipitation 锋面降水frontal rain 锋面雨frontogenesis 锋生〔作用〕frontolysis 锋消〔作用〕frost 霜frost action (frost shattering) 冻裂〔作用〕frost wedging 冻楔作用frost-free days (period) 无霜期fruit gathering 野果采摘fuel 燃料fumarole 喷气孔fume 烟function 功能functional classification 功能分类functional hierarchy 功能层系functional segregation 功能分化functional specialization 功能专门店functional unit 功能单位functional zone 功能区fungicide 杀真菌剂fungus 真菌furrow irrigation 沟灌gabbro 辉长岩galaxy 星系gale 大风；烈风gallery forest 走廊林gap 山峡gap town 峡口城市garden city 花园城市garment industry 制衣业；成衣业gaseous waste 气体废料gauging station 测水站；水文测量站gelifaction 胶凝〔作用〕genetics 遗传学gentle slope 缓坡geo 海蚀隙geochemical cycle 地球化学循环geographical (true) north 正北geographical inertia 地理惯性geographical information system (gis) 地理信息系统geologic (geological) time scale 地质年〔代〕表geological age 地质年代geology 地质学geometric distribution 几何分布geometric progression 几何等级geostrophic wind 地转风geosyncline 地槽geothermal power 地热能geyser 间歇喷泉ghetto 〔城市中〕少数民族区gill netting 刺网法glacial deposit (drift) 冰川沉积物；冰碛glacial landform 冰川地貌；冰川地形glacial plain 冰成平原glacial recession (retreat) 冰川后退glacial snout 冰川鼻；冰川前端glacial till (till) 冰川沉积物；冰碛物glacial trought 冰川槽glaciated valley 冰川谷glaciation 冰川作用glacier 冰川；冰河glaciofluvial deposit 冰水沉积；冰河沉积；冰川沉积gleization (gleying) 潜育〔作用〕gley soil 潜育土gleying (gleization) 潜育〔作用〕global circulation 全球环流global warming 全球增温globe 地球仪gneiss 片麻岩gondwanaland 冈瓦那古陆gorge 峡谷gour (mushroom rock, pedestral rock) 菌状石；风蚀柱graben (rift valley) 地堑；裂谷grade (1)均夷，(2)粒级，(3)等级，(4)地度graded profile 均衡剖面gradient 坡度gradient wind 梯度风grain diameter 粒径grain elevator 谷物仓库granite 花岗岩granular distintegration 粒状崩解granule 团粒；颗粒graph 图表graphical interpretation 图表阐析graphical representation 图示；以图样表达grassland (1)草原，(2)草地gravel 砂砾gravity 重力；地心吸力gravity flow 重力水流gravity model 引力模式；重力模式grazing 放牧great circle 大图圈green area 绿化地区green belt 绿化带green manure 绿肥green philosophy 绿色哲学green revolution 绿色革命greenhouse effect 温室气体greenwich (prime) meridian 本初子午线grey desert soil 灰钙土grey desert steppe soil 灰色荒漠草原土grey-brown desert soil 灰棕色荒漠土grey-brown forest soil 灰棕色森林土grid 〔方〕格网；图网grid line 格网线；图网线grid method 格网法；图网法grid north 格网北；图网北grid pattern 格网状grid reference 格网坐标；图网坐标grid road pattern 格网状道路型式grid square 格网方格；图网方格gridiron method 方格法grike 〔岩〕溶沟；〔石炭〕岩沟grinding 研磨作用gross domestic product (gdp) 国内生产总值；本地生产总值gross national product (gnp) 国民生产总值gross national product (gnp) per capita 人均国民生产总值gross primary production 总第一级生产量；总初级生产量gross raw material 毛量原料ground moraine 底碛ground photograph 地面照片ground radiation 地面幅射ground water 地下水ground water recharge 地下水补给groundmass 基质grouped data 分组数据；分组资料；分类数据；分类资料growing season 生长期growth centre 成长中心growth form 生长型groyne 海堤guard cell 保卫细胞gully 冲沟gully control 沟蚀防治gully erosion (gullying) 冲沟侵蚀；沟蚀gust 阵风gypsum 石膏habitat 生境hachuring 晕滃法hadley cell 哈得来环流圈haematite (hematite) 赤铁矿hail 雹hailstone 雹块hailstorm 雹暴halo 晕；日晕halomorphic soil 盐成土halophilous plant (halophyte) 盐生植物hamada (hammade, rocky desert) 石〔质荒〕漠；石〔质沙〕漠；岩漠hamlet 小村庄hammade (hammade, rocky desert) 石〔质荒〕漠；石〔质沙〕漠；岩漠hand specimen 手标本handicraft industry 手工业hanging glacier 悬冰川hanging valley 悬谷hardness 硬度hardpan 硬盘hardwood 硬木harris & ullman's multi-nuclei model 哈里期和乌尔复核心模式harvest 收成；收获haulage 运费hazard 灾害；公害haze 霾head of navigation 通航终点headland 岬headwater erosion 向源侵蚀；溯源侵蚀headwater erosion 源头heat (thermal) capacity 热容量heat (thermal) pollution 热污染heat absorption 热吸收heat balance 热量平衡heat budget 热量收支heat island 热岛heat release 放热heat transfer 热量输送heat wave 热浪heath 荒原heavy industry 重工业heavy metal 重金属heavy soil 黏重土〔壤〕hectare 公顷hectopascal (hpa) 百帕斯卡hematite (haematite) 赤铁矿herb 草本植物herbicide 除草剂；除莠剂herbivore 食草动物hercynian mountain-building movement 海西造山运动herding 畜牧hertz 赫（频率单位）heterogeneous 异类；异质heterotroph 异养生物hierarchy 层系；阶层high class residential zone 高等阶层住宅区；高尚住宅区high density development 高密度发展high order function 高级功能high order goods 高档商品high pressure area 高压区high pressure system 高压系统high technology 高科技high tide 高潮；满潮highland climate 高山气候high-order manufacturing 高级工业high-rise building 高建楼宇high-rise development 高建发展high-water mark 高潮线；高水位线highway transport 公路运输hill-shading 晕渲法；阴影法hinterland 腹地histogram 直方图historical factor 历史因素historical inertia 历史惯性histosol 有机土；泥灰土；沼泽土hoar frost 白霜hobby-farmer 业余农民holocene epoch 全新世home ownership scheme 居者有其屋计划homeostasis 自动平衡；体内平衡homestead 家园；田园；宅地homogeneous 同类；同质honeycomb weathering 蜂窝状风化〔作用〕horizantal integration 水平式合拼；横向合并；横向联合horizantal linkage (lateral linkage) 水平式联系；横向联系horizon (1)地平线，(2)土层horizontal distance (equivalent) 水平距离horizontal scale 水平比例〔尺〕horn (pyramidal peak) 角峰horse latitudes 亚热带无风带horst 地垒horticulture 园艺〔业〕host 寄主hot desert 热带荒漠；热带沙漠hot spring 温泉household 户；户口housing estate 屋housing problem 房屋问题hoyt's sector theory 霍伊特楔形模式；霍伊特扇形模式human adjustment 人为调节；人为调节的行动humic acid 腐殖酸humid climate 湿润气候humidity 湿度humification 腐殖质化〔作用〕humus 腐殖质hurricane 飓风hybrid 杂种hydration 水化〔作用〕；水合〔作用〕hydraulic action 水力作用hydraulic head 〔压力〕水头hydraulic radius 水力半径hydridaisation 杂交；杂化hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物hydro-electric power 水力发电hydrograph 水文过程线hydrological (water) cycle 水分循环hydrology 水文学hydrolysis 水解〔作用〕hydromorphic soil 水成土hydrophyte 水生植物hydrosphere 水圈；水界hygrometer 湿度计hygrophyte 湿生植物hygroscopic nuclei 吸湿核心hygroscopic water 浅成岩hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验ice age 冰河时期；冰期ice cap 冰盖；冰冠ice cap climate 冰盖气候；冰冠气候ice crystal 冰晶；冰晶体ice nuclei 冰核ice sheet 冰原；冰盖iceberg 冰山ice-dammed lake 冰堰湖igneous activity 岩浆活动igneous rock 火成岩illiteracy rate 文盲率illuvial horizon 淀积层immature soil 未成年土immigrant 移民immigration 国外移入impended drainage 不良排水impermeable 不透水impermeable rock 不透水岩impervious rock 不透水岩import 进口import substitution 代替进口；进口取代in situ 原位incineration 焚化；焚烧incised meander 深切曲流inclination of the earth's axis 地轴倾斜度independent variable 自变量；自变数index 指数；指标indicator species 指示物种indigenous population 土著indigenous species 本地品种induced earthquake 诱发地震industrial activity 工业活动industrial agglomeration 工业集聚industrial area 工业区industrial base 工业基地industrial chain 工业链锁industrial development 工业发展industrial dispersion 工业离散industrial district 工业区industrial estate 工业industrial growth 工业增加industrial inertia 工业惯性industrial land use 工业土地利用industrial landscape 工业景观industrial linkage 工业联系industrial location 工业区位industrial pattern 工业型式industrial population 工业人口industrial relocation 工业区位转移industrial revolution 工业革命industrial sector 工业部门；工业部份industrial shift 工业转移industrial sururb 市效工业区industrial waste 工业废料industrial zone 工业区industrialization 工业化industry (1)工业，(2)行业infant mortality rate 婴儿死亡率infanticide 杀婴infiltration rate 下渗率；渗润率infinite population 无限总体inflation 通货膨胀inflitration 下渗〔作用〕；渗润〔作用〕informal recreational activities 非形式化康乐活动infrared radiation 红外线幅射infrastructure 基本建设；基本设施inland drainage 内陆水系inland port 内陆港inlet 小湾in-migration 国内人口迁移；向内人口迁移inner city 内城区inner city decay 内城衰落inorhanic pollutant 无机污染物input 投入；输入insecticide 杀虫剂inselberg 岛山；残丘inshore fishing 近岸捕鱼insolation 日射instability 不稳定〔状态〕institutional factor 制度因素institutional influence 制度影响institutional land use 社团土地利用instrusion 侵入instrusive rock 侵入岩instrusive vulcanicity 侵入火山活动integrated iron and steel works 钢铁联合企业intensity of development 发展密度intensity of rainfall 降雨强度intensive farming 精耕法；集约式农业interception (1)截留，(2)截取intercropping 间种〔法〕interdependence 相互依赖interflow 间层流；表层流interlocking spur 交错山咀intermediate technology 中等科技intermittent stream 间竭河流；断续河流；季节河流intermontance basin 山间盆地internal force 内〔营〕力internal migration 国内迁移；境内迁移internal structure of city 城市内部结构international date line 国际日期〔变更〕线interpolation 插值〔法〕interquartile range 四分位数间距interrelationship 相互关系interrupted stream 中断河intertropical convergence zone (itcz) 热带幅合带inter-tropical front 热带锋inter-urban interaction 城市间相互作用inter-urban migration 城市间人口迁移interviewing 访问intervisibility 互见度intra-urban interaction 市内相互作用intra-urban migration 市内人口迁移intra-urban mobility 市内流动intra-urban transport 市内运输intrazonal soil 隐域土invasion 〔植物〕侵入inversion layer 逆温层investment 投资ionisation 电离〔作用〕；离子化〔作用〕iron and steel industry 钢铁业irregular (uneven) slope 不均匀坡irrigation 灌溉irrigation canal 灌溉渠island arc 岛弧isobar 等压线isobaric surface 等压面isodapane 等总运费线isohyet 等雨量线isolated state 孤立国isoline (isopleth) 等值线isoline map 等值线地图isopleth 等值线isoseismal line 等震线isostasy 地壳均衡isostatic adjustment 〔地壳〕均衡调节isotherm 等温线isotim 等运费线isthmus 地峡jet stream 射流；〔对流层顶〕急流joint 节理joule 焦耳journey to school 上学旅程journey to shop 购物旅程journey to work 上班旅程jurassic period 侏罗纪kame 冰砾阜kame terrace 冰砾阶地kaolin 高岭土karez 坎儿井karst region 岩溶地区；喀斯特地区katabatic wind 下坡风kettle (kettle hole) 锅穴key 图例kilojoule 千焦耳kinetic energy 动能knick point 裂点；节点knoll 圆丘knot (1)浬/小时；浬，(2)山结koppen's climate classification 柯本气候分类〔法〕krasnozem 红壤k-value k值labour 劳力；劳动力；劳工labour mobility 劳工流动[性]labour resources 劳力资源labour-intensive industry 劳工密集工业labour-oriented industry 劳工导向工业laccolith 岩株; 岩盖lacustrine deposit 湖泊沉积lacustrine plain 湖成平原ladang 迁移农业 ; 移动性农业 ; 游耕 (东南亚)lafe expectancy 预期寿命lagoon (1)舄湖 , (2)气化塘laissez-faire policy 自由放任政策lake 湖泊laminar flow 层流 ; 片流land breze 陆风land extensive industry 广占土地工业land intensive industry 土地集约工业land pollution 陆地污染 ; 土地污染land reform 土地改革land rent 地租land subsidence 土地沉陷 ; 地陷 ; 地面沉降land tenure 土地占有制land use (utlization) 土地利用land use adjustment 土地利用调整land use classification 土地利用分类land use intensity 土地利用密度land use map 土地利用图land use pattern 土地利用型式land use survey 土地利用调查land use type 土地利用类型land use zone 土地用途区land use zoning 土地用途分区制land utilization (use) 土地利用land value 地价landfill 堆填区landform 地貌 ; 地形landlocked country 内地国家landlordism 地主所有制landmark 地界标志landmass 陆块land-ownership 土地拥有权landscape 景观landscape evaluation 景观评价landslide (landslip) 山泥倾泻 ; 山崩lapilli 火山砾lapse rate [温度]递减率 ;[温度]直减率large scale map 大比例[尺]地图latent heat 潜热lateral erosion 侧蚀 ; 旁蚀lateral linkage (horizontal linkage) 水平式联系 ; 横向联系lateral moraine 侧[冰]碛laterite 砖红壤laterization 砖红壤化[作用]latitude 纬度latitudinal extent 纬度相距 ; 纬线跨度latosol 砖红壤性土laurasia 劳亚古陆lava 熔岩lava cone 熔岩锥lava dome 熔岩穹lava flow 熔岩流lava pleateau 熔岩高原layer colouring (tinting) 分层着色法leaching 淋溶[作用] ; 淋滤[作用]least cost 最低成本least-cost location 最低成本区位leeward slope 背风坡legend 图例 ; 图式leguminous crop 豆科作物less developed country 欠发达国家levee (natural dyke) 天然堤levee failure 崩堤 ; 决堤level of development 发展水平level crossing 平交道levelling (1)削平 ; 夷平[作用], (2)平整土地 , (3)水准测量ley (1)临时性草地 , (2)轮作草地ley crop 休闲期作物ley farming 休闲期耕作liana 藤本植物lichen 地衣life cycle 生命周期life form 生活型life table 生命表light industry 轻工业light intensity 光强度light soil 轻质土lightening 闪电lignite 褐煤limb of fold 褶曲翼lime 石灰lime accumulation 石灰累积[作用]limestone 石灰岩limiting factor 限制因素limon 黄土(欧洲)line (linear) scale 直线比例尺line fising (lining) 绳钓法line graph 线形图line of weakness 弱线line transect 横切线 ; 线状样条linear (line) scale 直线比例尺linear city 长形城市linear settlement 带状聚落lining (line fishing) 绳钓法linkage 联系lithosol 石质土lithosphere 岩石圈litter (1)枯枝落叶 ; 枯死地被物 , (2)垃圾littoral zone 滨海带 ; 海岸带livestock rearing 畜养[业] ; 饲养[业] ; 畜牧[业] livestock waste collection 禽畜废物收集load 搬运物 ; 负载物loam 壤土loamy sand 壤质沙土local wind 地方性风 ; 本地风locality 地点location 区位locational analysis 区位分析locational factor 区位因素locational pattern 区位型式locational quotient 区位商数locational rent 区位租locational requirment 区位需求locational triangle 区位三角形lock 船闸 ; 水闸lode 矿脉loess 黄土log graph 对数图logarithm 对数logging 伐木long (longitudinal)profile 纵剖面long lining 延绳[钓]法long term planning 长期规划long wave 长波long=range forecasting 长期预报longitude 经度longitudinal (concordant)coast 顺向海岸 ; 纵式淤岸longitudinal (long) profile 纵剖面longitudinal dune 纵向沙丘longitudinal extent 经度相距 ; 经线跨度longitudinal wave 纵波longshore drift 沿岸漂移lorenz curve 罗兰氏曲线low class residential zone 低等阶层住宅区low density development 低密度发展low order function 低级功能low order goods 低级商品low pressure area 低压区low pressure system 低压系统low technology 低科技low tide 低潮lower class limit 组下限lower course 下游lower-income group 较低收入组别lowland 低地low-order manufacturing 初级工业low-rise development 低建发展low-water mark 低潮线 ; 低水位线lumbering 伐木[业]macronutrient 主要营养素magma 岩浆magnetic declination (variation) 磁偏角magnetic north 磁北magnetic variation (declination) 磁偏角magnitude 强度main stream 干流mallee scrub 桉树灌丛（澳洲）malnutrition 营养不良malthusian theory 马尔萨斯〔人口〕理论mangrove 红树林man-land ratio 人地比率man-land relationship 人地关系man-made earthquake 人为地震manpower resources 人力资源mantle (1)地幔；(2)风化覆盖层mantle plume 地幔热柱manufactured goods 制成品manufacturing industry 制造业manure 粪肥map enlargement 地图放大〔法〕map extract 地图摘录map interpretation 地图阐释；地图判读map projection 地图投影map reading 地图阅读map reduction 地图缩小〔法〕map symbol 地图符号mapping 地图编绘；绘图marble 大理岩；大理石marginal cost 边际成本marginal land 边际用地；边际地marine (martime) climate 海洋〔性〕气候marine organism 海洋生物maritime (marine) climate 海洋〔性〕气候maritime air mass 海洋气团market area 市场区market gardening (truck farming) 园艺农业；蔬菜耕种market threshold 市场限值market town 墟镇marketing principle 市场原则market-oriented industry 市场导向工业marsh 沼泽；湿地mass movement (mass wastage, mass wasting) 块体移动；块体运动；物质坡移mass production 大量生产；大规模生产mass transit 集体运输mass wasting (mass movement, mass wastage) 块体运动；块体移动；物质坡移material index 原料指数matrix 〔矩〕阵mature soil 成年土maximum temperature 最高温度maximum thermometer 最高温度计meadow soil 草甸土mean 平均值mean annual temperature 年平均温度mean daily temperature 日平均温度mean deviation 平均差；平均偏差mean sea level 平均海平面meander 曲流；河曲measurement 量度mechanical (physical) weathering 机械性风化；物理性风化mechanically formed sedimentary rock 机械作用形成的沉积岩mechanization 机械化medial moraine 中〔冰〕碛median 中位数mediterranean agriculture 地中海式农业mediterranean climate 地中海〔式〕气候megahertz 兆赫（频率单位，千周/秋）megalopolis 大城市群区；巨大城市带；巨大都会带megathermal climate 高温气候melting pot 各种族融化地（美）meltwater 融水mental map 意象图mercury barometer 水银气压计meridian 子午线；经线merino sheep 麦兰奴种绵羊mesa 方山；平顶山mesophyte 中生植物mesothermal climate 中温气候mesozoic era 中生代metabolism 代谢作用metamorphic rock 变质岩metamorphism 变质作用meteorology 气象学methane 甲烷；沼气metropolis 都会metropolitan area 都会区metropolitan primacy 大都会首市现象mica 云母microclimate 微气候；小气候microclimatic survey 微气候测量；小气候测量micron 微米micronutrient 微量营养素micro-organism 微生物microrelief 微地形microthermal climate 低温气候mid-atlantic ridge 大西洋中脊middle course 中流middle-class residential zone 游中等阶层住宅区middle-income group 中等收入组别mid-latitude desert 中纬度荒漠；中纬度沙漠mid-latitude zone 中纬度地带midnight-sun 夜半太阳mid-oceanic ridge 大洋中脊mid-year population 年中人口migration 迁移migratory dune 流动沙丘milestone 里程碑milky way 银河millet (1)小米，(2)狗尾草属植物millibar 亳巴million city 百万人口城市minamate disease 水鈱病（日）；甲基汞中毒mineral 矿物mineral resources 矿物资源mineral soil 矿物质土壤mineralization 矿化作用minimum temperature 最低温度minimum thermometer 最低温度计mining 采矿minority group 少数群minority race 少数民族miocene epoch 中新世miracle rice 奇迹米misfit stream 不〔相〕称河；缩量河mist 薄雾mistral 密史脱拉风（地中海北岸）mixed farming 混合农业mixed land use 混合土地利用mobile belt 活动带mobility 流动性modal class 众数组mode 众数mode of transport 运输方式model (1)模式，(2)模型moderately populated 中量人口密度mohorovicic discontinuity (moho) 莫霍〔洛维奇〕不连续面；莫霍〔洛维奇〕界面moisture 水分；湿气；水汽molasse (1)磨砾石，(2)稠糖浆mollisol 软土molten rock 熔岩monadnock 残丘monitoring 监测；监察monoculture 单一作物种monopoly 独占；垄断；专卖monsoon 季〔候〕风monsoon climate 季风气候monsoon forest 季风林montane (mountain) forest 高山树林mor 粗腐殖质；酸性有机质moraine 冰碛moraine-dammed lake 冰碛堰塞湖more developed country 较发达国家mortality rate 死亡率moss 藓motor-car industry 汽车制造业mottled zone 斑纹带mountain 高山mountain (montane) forest 高山树林mountain arc 山弧mountain barrier 高山屏障mountain breeze (wind) 山风mountain building 造山运动mountain climate 高山气候mountain range 山脉mountain root 山根mountain wind (breeze) 山风mud-flat 泥滩mudflow 泥流mudstone 泥岩mulch 覆盖物mull 细腐殖质multi-function city 多功能城市multinational enterprise 跨国企业multiple cropping 复种；多造耕作multiple nuclei model 多核心模式multiplier effect 乘数效应multi-purpose scheme 多目标计划；多用途计划multi-purpose trip 多目标旅程multi-storey building 多层建筑物municipality 〔直辖〕市mushroom rock (gour, pedestal rock) 菌状石；风蚀柱nappe 逆掩褶曲；推覆体national primacy 国家性首市现象nationality 国籍natural arch 天然拱natural disaster 自然灾害natural dyke (levee) 天然堤natural ecosystem 自然生态系统natural environment 自然环境natural harbour 天然港natural hazard 自然灾害natural increase 自然增长natural landscape 自然景观natural resources 自然资源natural selection 自然选择natural system 自然系统natural vegetation 自然植被nature conservation 自然保护nature reserve 自然保护区nature trail 自然教育径nearest neighbour analysis 最近邻分析negative correlation 负相关negative feedback 负反馈negative population growth 负人口增长negative relationship 负关系；负相关negative skewness 负偏态neighbourhood shopping centre 邻近购物中心neo-natal mortality rate 新生婴儿死亡率nesting 镶嵌net migration 净移民〔量〕net primary production 净第一级生产量；净初级生产量net solar radiation 净太阳辐射net terrestrial radiation 净地面辐射network 网；网络neve (firn) 粒雪；永久积雪；永久冰雪new town 新市镇niche (1)雪，(2)小生境nimbostratus 雨层云nimbus 雨云nitric acid 硝酸nitrification 硝化作用nitrogen cycle 氮循环nitrogen fixation 固氮作用nitrogen-fixing bacteria 硝化细菌nocturnal cooling 夜间冷却nodal city 中心市nodal region 核心区node 集点nodule 球；结核noise barriers 隔音板noise pollution 噪音污染nomadic herding 游牧业nominal scale 名目分类non-basic sector 非基础部门non-biodegradable 不能生物降解non-renewable resources 非再生资源norm 规范；标准；常模normal curve 正态〔分布〕曲线；常态〔分布〕曲线normal distribution 正态分布；常态分布normal fault 正断层normal lapse rate 正常〔温度〕递减率；正常〔温度〕真减率north pole 北极northeast trades 东北信风northern hemisphere 北半球northing 北行线notch 〔海蚀〕地nourishment 营养物nuclear energy 核能nuclear family 核心家庭nuclear fission 核分裂；核裂变nuclear fusion 核聚变nuclear pollution 核〔能〕污染nuclear power 核动力nuclear power plant 核电厂nuclear reactor 核反应堆nucleated pattern 核心型式nucleated settlement 核心聚落nucleation 聚集null hypothesis 虚假设nullah 渠number line 数线nutrient 养分nutrient cycling 养分循环nutrient enrichment 养分富集oasis 绿洲；沃洲oasis farming 绿洲农业；沃洲农业oblique aerial photograph 倾斜航空照片；倾斜空中照片obsequent stream 逆向河occluded front 锢囚锋occlusion 锢囚〔作用〕occupational structure 职业结构ocean 海洋ocean basin 海洋盆地ocean current 洋流ocean trench 海沟oceanic (marine) climate 海洋〔性〕气候oceanic circulation 海洋环流oceanic crust 大洋地壳oceanic plate 海洋板块offensive trade 厌恶性行业offshore bar 滨外沙洲offshore fishing 深海捕鱼；远洋捕鱼作业offshore wind 离岸风。

现代大学英语精度1第一课

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To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 1 – Half a Day
Translation
I. Word Study
1) 风俗随国家不同而有所变化。 2) 人类本性，多种多样，变化多端，复杂难解。 3) 在各种各样做鸡蛋的方法中，我最喜欢煮鸡蛋。 4) 房价有很大的地方性差异。 5) 实验存在太多的变量，无法准确预测实验结果。 6) 消费者的喜好是如此反复无常以致于不可能形成
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Translation
踏入电脑软件这个行业，带点妄想并不是件坏事，因为在这个行业里，业者间分分合合，科技日新月异，互依的关系错综复杂，制定长期发展策略反倒危险。
Lesson 1 – Half a Day
I. Word Study
5. overlook vt. a. to have a view of sth. from above b. to fail to see or notice; pay no attention to
Synonyms
neglect ignore
WB T L E
I. Word Study
Lesson 1 – Half a Day
6. variety (1)
n. number or range of different things
Examples: The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors. The students come from a variety of different backgrounds.
Synonyms spin

Field Theory and Standard Model

Abstract This is a short introduction to the Standard Model and the underlying concepts of quantum ﬁeld theory.
Lectures given at the European School of High-Energy Physics, August 2005, Kitzb¨ uhel, Austria
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Theoretical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Phenomenological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Quantisation of Fields 2.1 Why Fields? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Quantisation in Quantum Mechanics . . 2.1.2 Special Relativity Requires Antiparticles 2.2 Multiparticle States and Fies, Creation and Annihilation . . . . 2.2.2 Charge and Momentum . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Field Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Canonical Quantisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Canonical Quantisation of Fermions . . . 2.5 Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 φ4 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Gauge Theories 3.1 Global Symmetries v Gauge Symmetries 3.2 Abelian Gauge Theories . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Non-Abelian Gauge Theories . . . . . . . 3.4 Quantisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Quantum Corrections 4.1 Anomalous Magnetic Moment . . . 4.2 Divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Dimensional Regularisation 4.2.2 Renormalisation . . . . . . . 4.2.3 Running Coupling in QED . 4.2.4 Running Coupling in QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 5 6 6 6 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 17 18 20 22 22 24 27 29 32 32 35 36 38 40 41

大学学术英语-Words&Collocations

Words &CollocationsUnit 1Make sense of=to understand 理解Gain control over sth. 控制……Involve sb. in sth. 使……做……Rough-and-ready fashion 权宜之计In terms of 以……为单位，就……而言Make observations about sth./on sb.观察关于……/观察……Size of the potato-crop土豆产量Over a succession of years连续的几年A collection of observations=data 观察的收集Come in=become necessary起作用Be cautious about对……谨慎Limited experience有限的经验Feel inclined to倾向于Prevalence of plant disease植物疾病的传播Let alone of/do更不用说Weighing up the chances权衡，盘算Be central to对……极为重要Recognize no 100% certainties不能完全确定Care to pick out精挑细选In the long run从长远看来Hold true ofsb……保持正确Make estimates or prediction 做出评价/预测Intuitively 直觉地inquisitively 好奇地instinct 天性Unit 2The advent of sth.……的出现Take anyone at random随意选取一个人About equally 大约相等A fairly fixed time schedule 一个比较固定的时间表Born deaf, blind 生下来就是聋的，瞎的In a critical stage of development 在一个关键的发展阶段Consumption of alcohol and drugs 酗酒，嗜毒Go through the sequence 经过这样的顺序In an upright position 以一个直立的姿势Have little verbal interaction with 很少有与……的口头交流Miniature 小型的malleable 可锻造的penchant 爱好，嗜好Malnutrition 营养不良heredity 遗传Unit 3Look ahead(=predict) and reason back预测和回推Put oneself in their shoes换位思考Impose sth on sb将……强加于……Perform in practice实践In contrast to与……相反A logical circle逻辑循环（例：石头剪刀布的推理）In ignorance of在不知道……的情况下There is no presumption that…在任何一种假设下都不会……Be drawn into= be involved in 被卷入Be left unspecified=sth. is not clearly explained 不清楚的Get a better deal得到更好的结果Harsh treatment粗暴的对待Fare better得到更好的结果Actions speak louder than words.行胜于言。

英文辩论常用词汇

矛盾contradiction – resolve contradiction 解决矛盾contradictory立论make a point 对立面立论antithesis驳论refutation, rebuttal论证过程process of reasoning逻辑体系logic systemarchitecture logical政策policy, strategy客观结果objective results主观愿望subjective desire理想主义idealism唯心的idealistic立足点(立脚点)foothold(立场) standpoint出发点jump-off placeout of… consideration三段论法syllogism前提premise 大前提major premise小前提minor premise推理(by) inference解决难题put the axe in the helve激化矛盾intensification of contradictions 激化intensify 四书four books 五经five classics文艺复兴Revival of Learning宗教改革Reformation罗马法复兴Reception of Roman Law社会进步social progress经济繁荣economic boom经济衰退economic recession经济萧条economic depression虚假繁荣borrowed prosperity人民币升值压力upward pressure on the RMB exchange rate 次贷危机subprime mortgage crisis信用额度credit line消费信心consumer confidence人均收入per capita income股市stock market赤字deficit 财政赤字financial deficit减少预算budget reduction财政finance货币政策monetary policy收支平衡break even降息reduction of interest退休金pension, superannuation养老保险endowment insurance医疗改革healthcare reformreforms to the public healthcare system民生问题bread-and-butter issueslivelihood issuespocketbook issues以人为本putting people firstpeople orientedpeople foremost不动摇不懈怠不折腾We don’t sway back and forth, relax our effort社会责任public responsibilitiesSocial accountability发挥道德模范榜样作用let paragons of virtue serve as role models of society宇航员美国宇航员astronaut苏联宇航员cosmonaut中国宇航员taikonaut教育改革educative reformeducation reform入学率enrollment rate辍学率dropout rate提高人口素质quality of population科技创新technological innovation就业问题problem of employment解决劳动力就业问题tackle the problem of labor force utilization产业结构调整adjustment of industrial structure学历academic qualification学分制the credit system专业课specialized courses选修课elective/optional courses必修课required/compulsory courses基础课basic courses通识课general knowledge courses四有新人new generation of people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, good education and strong sense of discipline国家科技进步奖national prize of progress in science and technological大国superpower国家形象image of a nation国际关系international relation(履行)国际义务(fulfill) international obligations台海和平稳定peace and stability in the Taiwan straits记者招待会press conference亚太问题the Asia-Pacific region中东问题Middle East affairs中东问题四方Quartet for Middle East peace化干戈为玉帛beat your sward into plowshares国家主权national sovereignty国家主权和领土完整national sovereignty and territorial integrity国家利益national interests和平崛起peaceful rising战略资源strategic resources战略资源室（英国贸工部）Strategy Unit沙文主义Chauvinism军国主义Kultur, Jingoism霸权Hegemony, Hegemonism帝国主义Imperialism强权政治power politics不平等条约treaty of inequalityunequal treaty经济封锁economic blockade禁运embargo实行禁运lay embargo on 解除禁运lift/remove the embargo on 第一岛链First Island Chain意识形态ideology关税保护tariff protection贸易壁垒trade barrierBarrier to trade贸易保护主义trade protectionism朝核问题the nuclear issue on Korea Peninsular六方会谈the Six-Party Talks反恐战争Anti-Terrorism War侵略战争aggressive warwar of aggressive战略威胁strategic threats中国威胁论the “China Threat” theory国家导弹防御National Missile Defense同盟alliance, league经济一体化economic integration欧元区Euro Area北约NATO北约东扩the eastward expansion of NATO一国两制One Country, Two System人权human rights生命权right to life自由权liberty财产权property rights1自由转让权rights to transfer2收入享受权exclusive right to derive income3私人使用权exclusive use right尊严权right to dignity获助权rights to getting help公正权equitable interests（现代社会的衍生）发展权rights to development民族自决权right of national self-determination物权法property law民主进程democratization加快民主进程speed up the pace of democracy指导思想guiding ideology民权运动Civil Rights Movement启蒙运动the Enlightenment低保basic living allowance资本主义民主Capitalist Democracy论法的精神the Spirit of the Law暴力机关organ of violence国家机器the state machinerythe state apparatus立法legislation立法机关legislative body全国人大National People’s Congress全国人大代表deputy to the National People’s Congress全国人大常委会Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress试点pilot project地方法规local lawsLocal Regulation城管urban management force执法law enforcement自卫self-defense , self-protection合理合法的legitimate合理性legitimacy法律面前人人平等Equality Before the Law加强执政能力建设特警special armed policeregimental police便衣plainclothes police突发性群体事件谈判negotiation, 讨价还价bargain缓和局势缓和矛盾mitigate a contradictionalleviate a contradiction群众监督supervision by the people加强党的执政能力建设strengthen the construction of governing capacity of CPC 执法犯法inside job行政透明Administrative Transparency 行政透明化Transparency in Procedure 维权safeguard legal rights上访appeal to the higher authorities for help社会矛盾social contradiction贫富分化polarization between the rich and the poor失业问题unemployment problem农民工migrant workers再就业reemployment社会保障social security医疗保险hospitalization insurancemedicare养老保险endowment insurance失业保险unemployment insurance救济金alms, relief fund血汗工厂sweatshop犯罪心理criminal mentalityguilty mind犯罪情节circumstance of a crime犯罪动机crime motive有组织犯罪Organized Crime网络犯罪Cyber Crime刑罚penalty刑法criminal law罪刑法定原则principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime 死刑death penalty在十字架上钉死crucifixion电椅hot seat被处死刑be put to death严刑torture 酷刑excruciation徒刑imprisonment无期徒刑life imprisonment 有期徒刑specified sentence劳教reeducation through labor劳改reform through labor罚款amerce, forfeiture危害公共安全endangered public security危害公共安全罪crime against public security危害国家安全罪crime threatening state security宽恕condone, mercy, forgiveness愿上帝宽恕你的罪过May God grant your pardon for your sins悔过resipiscence故意杀人voluntary manslaughter过失杀人manslaughter防卫过当excessive defense怯懦white feather。

（政治经济学专业论文）马克思的失业理论与当代中国失业问题研究

摘要／失业，是一个世界性难题。

由于它事关千家万户的切身利益，影响一国经济和社会的改革、发展和稳定的大局，更是一个富有挑战性的大问题。

我国是一个有近１３亿人口的大国，劳动力供过于求的矛盾将长期存在；而且，当前我国正处于体制转型、经济增长方式转变和经济结构调整的特殊时期，失业问题尤为复杂和突出：ｒ本文以如何解决当前中国的失业问题为出发点和＂－１宿点，深人挖掘和系统整理马克思的失业理论，在此基础上，运用马克思失业理论，给当前中国失业问题一个具有马克思主义经济学范式特点的初步解释，并提出相应的治理方略。

笔者尽量忠实马克思的原著、运用马克思主义经济学的范式，适当吸收现代经济学的理念和具体分析技巧，规范分析和实证分析相结合，力图做到“有所为，有所不为”，形成自身特色。

／本文由三个部分构成，共分为五章。

Ｌ第一部分，即第一章导论。

首先说明本文的选题意图和研究视角，强调本文研究的必要性、重要性和可能性。

其次，简要介绍了本文运用的研究方法。

最后．对本文的结构安排作了说明。

第二部分，为理论分析部分，包括第二章至第四章三章内容。

其中，前两章依据历史唯物主义的原则和方法，总体考察了失业这一社会历史现象的产生、发展和消亡，初步理清了马克思失业理论的逻辑结构。

最后一章，对马克思失业理论给予初步评价，既是一个理论总结，又为后续研究作了必要的铺垫。

第二章资本，’Ｅ义失业问题分析。

荫‘先，阐明马克思对失业内涵的科学界定。

探讨了失业产生的利：会经济条件及其历史命运；批判】’马尔萨斯等人的一种错误失业思想，Ｉ嘲述了失业实质的内容，ｊｆ：从ｌｆｌ引Ｉ｝Ｉ山“效率型”就业的概念。

从而，解决丁失业和就业的界定问题，为后文的分析准备了条Ｐｌ：。

Ｊ￡次。

在失业实质的基础上，对失业的不Ｉ司形式作了科学归类。

一方面说明了资本主义失业的制度根源和·ｌ·符争｜ｌｊｉｆ水成Ｊ１４；＂．力‘ｌ＾１．【』土：０，５兜犯ｌ火、ｌｌ＇．Ｊｑ！沦‘。

LeontiefParadox

Chapter12Leontief ParadoxThere exist two possible methods for the investigation,the inductive inference and deductive inference.The inductive inference collects empirical observations and infers the general conclusion from them.Although it is very useful for the practical purposes,the inductive inference cannot arrive to the deﬁnite conclusion. You observe as many white swans as you like in the northern hemisphere,but cannot conclude that swan is white,since you cannot exclude the possibility to see black swans in the southern hemisphere.You can collect all the cases in the past,but cannot conclude deﬁnitely,since you cannot know the possible cases in the future. To arrive at the deﬁnite conclusion,therefore,we have to rely on the deductive inference.It starts with some assumptions and derive logical conclusions from them.Some assumptions may be derived from inductive inference founded on the empirical observations while other assumptions are made merely as the simplifying assumptions.As far as the assumptions are admitted,and the logical operations are correct,the derived conclusion must be accepted.Since there is no assurance that assumptions are empirically true,however,the conclusion of the deductive inference cannot be assured to be empirically right. Such a conclusion must be subject to the empirical tests,since to test the empirical validity of assumptions themselves is,in general,more difﬁcult.If the conclusion is empirically refuted,something must be wrong with respect to assumptions.We have to discard at least some of them and replace them by new assumptions.With the new set of assumptions,then,the deductive inference and the empirical test of its conclusion must be repeated.If the conclusion is not refuted,however,it does not imply that it is empirically true.It merely means that it is not refuted temporarily,since we cannot exclude the possibility that it will be refuted by some other empirical tests in the future.When carefully planned experiments are possible,as in the case of some natural sciences,it is easy to refute empirically the conclusion of the deductive inferences.When it is not,as in the case of social sciences,the empirical test must rely on the observation of empirical data which we cannot control and it is very difﬁcult to see whether the data given is relevant and appropriate for the refutation of the conclusion.87 T.Negishi,Developments of International Trade Theory,Advances in Japanese Businessand Economics2,DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54433-3__12,©Springer Japan2014Our Heckscher–Ohlin theorem,discussed in Chap.10,is a typical example of the conclusion of the deductive inference logically derived from assumptions.From the assumptions on the production functions,consumer taste,the endowments of factors of production,etc.,the theorem is derived logically that a country exports those commodities which use intensively such factors of productions that are endowed abundantly,and imports those commodities which use intensively such factors of production that are endowed scarcely.It was Leontief(1954)who tried to check this theorem empirically.Leontief(1954)considered a Heckscher–Ohlin international trade model of two countries,the USA and the rest of the world.Two commodities considered are a composite commodity“US exports”and another composite commodity“US competitive import replacements.”Competitive import is deﬁned as the import of commodities which can be and are,at least in part,actually produced by domestic industries.In other words,two domestic industries are the export industry and the import competing industry.The question to be studied is,then,whether it is true that the United States exports commodities the domestic production of which absorbs relatively large amounts of capital and little labor and imports foreign goods which, if produced at home,would employ a great quantity of indigenous labor but a small amount of domestic capital.By applying his famous input–output analysis to the 1947input–output table of the US economy,Leontief computed the total(direct and indirect)input requirements of capital and labor per unit of two composite commodities.The result is that the capital–labor ratio is approximately14for US Exports and18for US Import replacements.In other words,USA exports labor-intensive commodities and imports capital-intensive commodities.This is called Leontief paradox,since USA was considered generally to be a capital abundant country relative to the rest of the world.Heckscher–Ohlin theorem seems to be empirically refuted.One might wonder,of course,whether Leontief’s result was relevant or appropriate to the empirical test of Heckscher–Ohlin theorem.As a matter of fact, Leontief himself was theﬁrst who wondered.If the labor is measured by using the man-years units and the capital,by dollars in1947prices,as was done in his study,certainly USA is a relatively capital abundant country.Since labor is more efﬁcient in USA than in the rest of the world,however,USA should be considered as a labor abundant country,if the labor is measured by using the efﬁciency units.“[W]ith a given quantity of capital,one man-year of American labor is equivalent to,say,three man-years of foreign labor.Then,in comparing the relative amount of capital and labor possessed by the United States and the rest of the world—the total number of American workers must be multiplied by three—.Spread thrice as thinly as the unadjustedﬁgures suggest,the American capital supply per“equivalent worker”turns out to be comparatively smaller,rather than larger,than that of many other countries.”Leontief’s empirical data,then,does not refute Heckscher–Ohlin theorem.Another possibility is that the choice of labor and capital as two factors of production,as was done by Leontief,might not be appropriate for the case of trade between USA and the rest of the world.In view of the fact,for example,that US oil-ﬁelds are less rich than those in Venezuela or in the Arabian countries, it is important to consider natural resources as factors of production.Then,the United States might import goods intensive in natural resources,which is the relatively less abundant factors there,and export goods intensive in capital and labor relative to natural resources.If so,again,Leontief’s empirical data does not refute Heckscher–Ohlin theorem.For the details of literature which insists on this possibility,see Gandolfo(1994,p.96).If one accept Leontief’s empirical result as the refutation of Heckscher–Ohlin theorem,on the other hand,some of assumptions of the theorem must be rejected. Among the assumptions of Heckscher–Ohlin theorem,one of the assumptions which can be most easily doubted is that of the identical consumption pattern between different countries.This may be particularly so in the case of Leontief paradox since the per-capita income level is much different between USA and the rest of the world.Suppose,relatively speaking,USA is abundantly endowed with capital and labor,scarcely.If Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is right as far as the pattern of incomplete specializations is concerned,USA is specialized in the production of those commodities which are relatively capital intensive,though the specialization is incomplete.Suppose,however,the domestic consumption pattern in USA is biased to capital intensive commodities.Even though the domestic supply of such capital intensive commodities is large,the domestic demand for them may be still larger. Then,the domestic excess demand for such capital intensive commodities should be supplied by the imports from the rest of the world,a country where capital is, relatively speaking,scarcely endowed.Since the information on technology is mobile internationally,we may assume the identical production functions between different countries.As people are not freely mobile between countries,however,we may not assume the identical level of income,which include not only wage income but also that from capital,1so that the consumption pattern can be different in different countries.It is well known that the ratio of the food consumption in the total expenditure is less for the high income families than for the low income ones(Engel’s law).Can we suppose high income USA families prefer the capital intensive commodities rather than the labor intensive commodities?Unfortunately,this is not certain.High income families may prefer such labor intensive commodities as expensive homemade goods like homespun cloth rather than to such capital intensive commodities as machine-made cheap goods produced in large-scale production factories.Another assumption of Heckscher–Ohlin theorem,which may be doubted,is that of no factor intensity reversal.It is assumed in the theorem that the commodity1, for example,is always more capital intensive(capital–labor ratio is higher)than the commodity2for any value of the wage–rental ratio,i.e.,k1>k2for any given w/r.Suppose,however,that the commodity1is more capital intensive than1If capital is abundantly endowed relative to labor,in comparison with the rest of the world,per-capita income level is higher in such a country than in the rest of the world,since per-capita income from capital is larger.Fig.12.1Factor intensityreversal Fig.12.2Wage–rental rationot equalizedthe commodity 2when the wage–rental ratio is high,w /r >(w /r )1;but is less capital intensive when the wage–rental ratio is low,w /r <(w /r )1,as is shown in Fig.12.1.Then in Fig.12.2,we cannot have the unique solution of w /r for the given value of p ,i.e.,the price of the second commodity in terms of the ﬁrst.For the same p in the international market,it is possible that w /r for the country 1is Oa while it is Ob for the second country.The commodity 1is less capital intensive (k 1<k 2)in the ﬁrst country while it is more capital intensive (k 1>k 2)in the second country.Then,Heckscher–Ohlin theorem cannot be valid generally,since the exportables have the same kind of factor intensity in both countries.It remains valid for one country only.The case like Fig.12.1occurs if the production functions are of CES (constant elasticity of substitution)type,Y =[aL −b +(1−a )K −b ]−1/b (0<a <1,b >−1)(12.1)Bibliography91 where Y,L,and K denote,respectively,the output,the labor input,and the capital input,while a and b are given constants.2Using production functions of this type, Minhas(1962)found that factor intensity reversals were quite frequent in the real world.This suggests that,theoretically speaking,Leontief paradox is very likely to occur.What is most important with respect to Leontief paradox is,however,that the presence of the paradox could be by no means systematically conﬁrmed by the subsequent studies carried out with respect to both USA and other countries.How, then,should we interpret the signiﬁcance of this almost single empirical evidence against Heckscher–Ohlin theorem?It depends on the nature of the theorem.If it is the exact theorem which insists that each country always exports the commodity which uses her more abundant factor more intensively,it should be refuted by a single empirical evidence against it.In view of the long-run and the aggregate nature of Heckscher–Ohlin two-country two-commodity two-factor model,however,we should rather interpret the theorem that most of the countries generally export the commodities which use,on the average,their abundantly endowed factors more intensively.Then,we have to retain such a theorem on the long-run average tendency,unless it is repeatedly and systematically refuted empirically.This is the reason why,in spite of Leontief’s paradox,Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is still in the textbooks of international trade theory as one of the basic theorems.12.1Problems12.1.Demonstrate that there is no factor intensity reversal if the production functions are of Cobb–Douglas type.12.2. a.Demonstrate that w/r=[a/(1−a)]k b+1,where w/r is the wage–rentalratio and k is the capital–labor ratio,if the production function is of the constant elasticity of substitution type,i.e.,(12.1).Consider the elasticity of k with respect to(w/r)and show it is constant.b.Explain,then,that we have a case of Fig.12.1,if two commodities havethe identical production function,i.e.,the constant elasticity of substitution production function but with different values of b.BibliographyGandolfo,G.(1994).International economics,I.Berlin:Springer.Kemp,M.C.(1964).The pure theory of international trade.Englewood Cliff,NJ:Prentice Hall. 2For the constant elasticity of substitution production functions,see Kemp(1964,pp.22and57). See also Problem12.2.9212Leontief Paradox Leontief,W.(1954).Domestic production and foreign trade;the American capital position re-examined.Economia Internazionale,7,3–32.Minhas,B.S.(1962).The homohypallagic production functions,factor intensity reversals,and the Heckscher–Ohlin Theorem.Journal of Political Economy,70,140–168.。

顾建光《公共管理英语》修订版词汇汇总

Lesson1citizen 公民municipalgovernment 市政府administrativeaffairs 行政事务行政事务 transparency 透明度accomplishment 成就，成绩financialbudget 财政预算财政预算 implementation 实施，实行obligation 义务，责任lagbehind 落后于落后于 bulletin 公告，公报naturaldisaster 自然灾害togrant 授予，认可授予，认可 license 许可证booth 货摊，小摊civilaffairs 国内事务国内事务domicileregistration 居民登记matrimonialregistration 婚姻注册婚姻注册e-government 电子政府tofacilitate 使更容易regulation 规章制度，条例规章制度，条例 healthcare 医疗卫生HandlingAffairsOnline 在线事务办理在线事务办理toretain 保留，保存保留，保存Lesson2 bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风bureaucraticconstrain 官僚式约束官僚式约束 toinhibit 抑制，约束citizenry 平民，公民toespouse 信奉信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者torender 表现，使成为quasi-market 准市场准市场tostreamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化slackenoff 放慢，放缓放慢，放缓 inconjunctionwith 与。

结合起来statusquo 现状现状rewardandappraisalsystem 奖励与褒扬制度toreshuffle 改组改组commitment 承诺承诺Lesson3publicadministration 公共管理，公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化thrust 冲击centralization 权力集中化权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断impetus 推动力，刺激permanenttension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入revival 复兴，恢复consolidation 联合，统一联合，统一autonomy 自治，自治权infrastructure 基础设施jurisdiction 司法权，裁判权 innovation 创新，革新responsiveness 回应interdependence 互相依赖互相依赖 remit 汇出atodds 争议，争吵localauthority 地方政府地方政府centralauthority 中央政府ceiling 上限，天花板performance 绩效，成就绩效，成就 emergence 出现statute 条例，法令条例，法令Lesson4privatesector 私营部门，民营部门togenerate 产生，造成产生，造成judicialservices 法律服务know-how 技术秘诀regulation 管制管制oversight 疏忽，失察entrepreneur 企业家企业家grossnationalincome grossnationalincome（（GNI GNI）国民总收入）国民总收入）国民总收入 Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值publicsector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的tolevy 征税progressivity 进步incentive 动机动机 monopoly 垄断budget 预算accessibility 可达性，可获得性可达性，可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性stark 完全的，巨大的完全的，巨大的Lesson5community 社区interpersonal 人与人之间的predisposition 倾向倾向toembody 使具体化，具体表现indelible 不可或缺的，永恒的不可或缺的，永恒的toexile 放逐，流散totranscend 超越static 静止的，静态的静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物遗产，继承物 Lesson6performancemanagement 绩效管理toforge 打造，锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的，一体化的holistic 总体的，全部的mission 使命使命 unitarist 一元论的alogicalprogression 一种逻辑级数一种逻辑级数performanceappraisal 绩效评估diagnosis 诊断诊断Lesson7indicator 指标inaggregate 总起来看，总起来说总起来看，总起来说systemofnationalaccounts 国民账户体系statistics 统计，统计数据统计，统计数据 currency 流通货币grossnationalincome grossnationalincome（（GNI GNI）国民总收入）国民总收入）国民总收入unincorporatedbusiness 综合经营的商业multipleexchangerate 多重汇率多重汇率 Lesson8 disparity 不同，差距coastal 沿海的interior 内陆的内陆的financialsector 经济部门surge 波动，汹涌drought 干旱干旱housingmortgageloan 住宅抵押贷款disposableincome 税后收入，可支配收入税后收入，可支配收入 totrigger 引发，引起state-ownedenterprises 国有企业国有企业fiscalrevenue 财政收入expenditure 支出，花费allowance 津贴，补助extra-budgetaryfunds 预算外资金unauthorizedspending 未授权的花费未授权的花费 treasurybond 国库券stockmarket 股票市场A-shareA 股Indices Indices（（index 的复数）指标，指示物quota 配额torebound 反弹反弹tandem 纵列的consecutivefiscalstimulus 连续的财政鼓励rebaterate 折扣率折扣率 aggravatedeflationary 加重通货紧缩phytosanitary 植物检疫的，控制植物病害的害的 Lesson9well-off 小康的，富裕的incomprehensive 范围有限的toshakeoff 摆脱，甩掉摆脱，甩掉 toillustrate 例示，说明multiplicationscenario 乘法情境乘法情境divisionscenario 除法情境toconformtothetideofthetimes 符合时代潮流符合时代潮流 toendeavortofoster 努力培育householdcontractsystem 家庭联产承包责任制家庭联产承包责任制 initiative 进取性tousherin 引进wrestling 对抗，斗争对抗，斗争resourceshortage 资源短缺positivefactor 积极因素，有利因素hegemony 霸权unswervinglyboost 坚定不移地推进坚定不移地推进Lesson10recipient 接受者foreigndirectinvestment foreigndirectinvestment（（FDI FDI）外商直接投资）外商直接投资）外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头beattributedto 归因于，由于。

大学英语六级考试阅读模拟试题

大学英语六级考试阅读模拟试题Passage OneMedia摘要：本文作者在给出对大众传媒持否定态度的人的意见后，立刻表明了自己的观点，传媒的益处比缺点要多得多。

Every day we are all influenced by the mass media (television, movies, radio, magazines, newspapers and the like). Although some critics of the media claim that these means of communication are used primarily to control our thinking and get us to buy products that we don’t need, the media also contribute to keeping people informed. In other words, while dangers to exist, the benefits of the media far outweigh the disadvantages. Most of the messages brought to viewers, listeners, and readers are designed either to inform or to entertain---and neither of these goals can be considered dangerous or harmful.If consumers of the media could be taught at an early age to examine messages critically---i.e., to think carefully about what is being communicated --- they would be able to take advantage of the information and enjoy the entertainment without being hurt by it. The key to critical thinking is recognizing the purposes of the news or script writers, the advisors, and so on. Are both sides of an issue being presented? Is the amount of the violence and killing shown necessary to the point of a story? Have enough facts about a product being advertised been presented?Furthermore, in a country with a democratic form of government, the people can be kept informed by the mass media. To be able to express their views and vote intelligently, citizens need the opportunity to hear news, opinions, and public affairs programming. Information about current events is presented in depth on publicly funded TV channels and radio stations as well as in newspapers. In addition, the public broadcasting media can help viewers and listeners to complete or further their education. Recent immigrants, for example, can improve their command of English through TV. and radio, and, in addition, some college courses are taught on educational television. Another recognized advantage of the media is that it gives the people the information they need in their daily lives: weather and traffic reports are good examples. While commercials and advertising do not necessarily present accurate information, they do make people aware of the availability of products that could improve their lives. In addition, they create a larger demand for some items, which may lead to a reduction in their price.While the media can be a valuable means of educating the public, when most people turn on the TV set or the radio, they want to be entertained. As a result, most programming consists of movies, plays, music, comedies, game shows, and sports events. Some of these offerings are of low quality, but, on the other hand, many are fun to watch and interesting, written and presented well.Even though the mass media can be misused, most of effects are positive. We are all influenced by television, movies, radio, magazines, and newspapers, and---if we are careful to examine their massages critically--- these can all be of benefit to our lives.Notes:1. 1.script n. 手稿，剧本2. 2.availability n. 可用性，有效性1.1.The main point the author tries to make in this passage is most probably that _______.A)A)advertising is harmful when it presents inaccurate informationB)B)the positive effects of the mass media outweigh the negative onesC)C)people should learn to take advantage of the media’s benefitsD)D)Television is more useful as a means of entertainment than as a means of providinginformation2.2.According to the author, the two main purposes of the mass media are to ______.A)A)control our thinking and get us to buy useless productsB)B)provide people with information and entertainmentC)C)making people aware of the availability of products and create a large demand for someitemsD)D)express the views of t he public and help improve recent immigrants’ English3.3.The author feels that consumers of the mass media should be taught at an early age to ____.A)A)bring their imagination into full play when watching programmes of low qualityB)B)buy products advertised in commercials so that the demand increaseC)C)turn off the TV set when ridiculous program comes onD)D)think critically about the messages brought to them4.4.It can be learned from paragraph 3 that citizens will be in a better position to express theirviews and make their choices if they are _____.A)A)highly educated through TV and radioB)B)well protected by the governmentC)C)highly paid by the employersD)D)well informed by the mass media5.5.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A)A)the mass media offers information needed in our daily lives.B)B)Publicly funded broadcasting does not present information about current wents in depth.C)C)Information provided by commercials and advertising is always accurate.D)D)Many TV and radio programmes are not interesting.答案：Passage One:1．1． B. 参照短文第一段，作者在给出对大众传媒持否定态度的人的意见后，立刻表明了自己的观点，传媒的益处比缺点要多得多。

视神经炎和早期多发性硬化患者的认知损害研究

0. 018, 0. 036) ; I DON 2 A 组及 MS组的执行功能较正常对照组损害明显 ( P = 0. 000, 0. 001, 0. 036, 0. 020) ,与 I DON 2 N 组比较差异
无统计学意义。 I DON 2 A 组与早期 MS组所有成绩差异均无统计学意义 ; I DON 2 N 组大部分测验成绩与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。 I DON 和早期 MS患者的认知损害与病程长短、神经功能缺损具有弱相关性。结论 I DON 患者和早期 MS患者已有明确认知损害 ,主要包括信息处理速度、注意力、执行功能、言语和空间记忆力等方面。【关键词】视神经炎 ; 多发性硬化 ; 认知障碍 ; 神经心理学测验【中图分类号】 R 747. 9
C ogn it ive Im pa irm en t i n O p t ic Neu r it is an d Ea r ly Sta ge of M u lt ip le Scler osis
PENG J ing2ting, ZHANG Xiao2jun , GAO Yu 2hong, S UN Hou2liang, SUN Yan2bin, LU Yang, CH I Ke 2 me i (D epa rtm en t of N eurology, Beijin g Tong ren H osp ita l, Cap ita lM ed ica l U n iversity)
N and con trol groups ( P = 0. 000, 0. 001, 0. 003, 0. 018, 0. 036 ). Executive function was statistically worse ( P = 0. 000, 0. 001, 0. 036, 0. 020 ) in I DON 2 A and M S group s than in control group, but not significantly different from I DON 2 N gr oup. No significant diffe rence s were found be tween the I DON 2 N group and control group in almost all neurop sychologica l tests . Cognitive func tions were weak ly correlated with disease dura tion and EDSS scores. C onc lusion Cognitive capac ity damage, espec ially infor m ation p rocessing speed, attention, verba l and spa tia lm emo ry, executive func tion, can appear in ve ry ea rly stage of M S and even in c linical I DON stage.

社会医学-中英文名词对照

中英文名词对照中文英文章-节2000年人人享有卫生保健Health For All BY 2000, HFA/2000 17-1 3E Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness 12-1 4E Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Equity 12-1 7P营销组合product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, process 9-3 MAP-IT实施框架Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track 14-3 OTC药品over-the-counter drugs 16-1 PDAC循环Plan, Do, Check, Action , PDCA 8-2 PEST分析法PEST analysis 3-3 POWER SWOT分析法POWER SWOT analysis 3-3 SMART原则Specific, Measurable, Realistic, Time bound 12-1 SWOT分析法SWOT analysis 3-3 t 检验t-test 3-3 TOPSIS法Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Solution 12-1 Topsis法Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Solution 3-3 Wilcoxon符号秩检验Wilcoxon signed-rank test 3-3A《阿拉木图宣言》Declaration of ALMA-ATA 17-1 安全性safety 16-1 按床日付费Per Diem 7-3 按服务单元付费Episode-based payment 7-3 按绩效付费Pay For Performance 7-3 按人头付费Capitation 7-3 按项目付费Fee For Service 7-3 澳大利亚国家卫生信息化和信息管理委员会National E-Health Information Principal Committee，NEHIPC 11-2B半结构式访问semi-structured interview 3-2 保健组织学health histology 1-3 保密性confidentiality 12-3 背景评估context evaluation 10-3 标准差standard deviation 3-3C参考定价reference-based pricing，RBP 16-2 参数估计parameter estimation 3-3 参与观察participant observation 3-2 层次分析法Analytical Hierarchical Process，AHP 18-2 层次分析法analytic hierarchy process，AHP 3-3 差异营销differentiated marketing 9-2 产出outputs 12-1 尘肺病pneumoconiosis 14-2成果评估product evaluation 10-3 筹资financing 12-2 筹资的公平性fairness of financing 12-3 初级卫生保健Primary Health Care, PHC 17-1 储蓄医疗保险模式meidisave 15-2 处方药prescription drugs 16-1 处理因素treatment factor 3-2 传染病communicable diseases 14-2 传统药traditional medicines 16-1 垂直公平性vertical equity 6-1D大病保险计划Medishield 5-2 单向方差分析one way analysis of variance 3-3 单样本t检验one sample t-test 3-3 德尔菲法Delphi method 3-2 等级与优先Rank and prioritize 3-3 地方病endemic disease 14-2 第三方组织Non-governmental organization，NGO 5-1 第一First 18-2 点估计point estimation 3-3 动态原理Dynamic Principle 2-2 队列研究cohort study 3-1F反馈Feedback 18-2 反馈控制feedback control 2-3 反应Response 18-2 反应性responsiveness 12-2 方差variance 3-3 方差分析Analysis of variance，ANOVA 3-3 访问法interview method 3-2 非参数检验Nonparametric test 3-3 非参与观察non-participant observation 3-2 非处方药nonprescription drugs 16-1 非结构式访问unstructured interview 3-2 非专利药non-patent drugs 16-1 费用expenditure 16-2 分项预算Line-item Budget 7-3 风险Risk 18-2 风险分摊risk pooling 6-1 风险管理Risk Management 18-2 服务计点Punkte System 15-4 服务提供provision 12-2 妇幼保健管理maternal and child health care management 14-2G感觉Feeling 18-2 革新Reform 18-2 个人经验Personal experience 3-3 个体访问personal interview 3-2 工作分析job analysis 10-1 工作规范job specification 10-1 工作说明书job description 10-1 公共卫生public health 14-1 公共卫生服务public health service 14-1 公共卫生服务管理public health service management 14-1 公共卫生项目public health project 14-3 公共选择理论Public Choice Theory 2-1 供方支付制度Provider Payment System 7-1 共鸣性empathy 8-4 构成比constituent ratio 3-3 故障树分析法Fault Tree Analysis, FTA 18-2 关键绩效指标Key Performance Indicators，KPI 18-2 关键路径法critical path method,CPM 3-3 观测指标标识符逻辑命名与编码系统Logical Observation Identifiers，Names and Codes，LOINC 11-2 观察法observation method 3-2 管理stewardship\ governance 12-2 管理原理principle of management 2-2 管理职能management functions 2-3 规划plan 4-1 规划工作planning 4-1 规则Order 3-3 规制stewardship 12-2 国际标准化组织International Organization for Standardization，ISO 11-1 国际标准化组织The International Organization for Standardization，ISO 18-2 国际功能、残疾和健康分类法International Classification of Functioning，Disability and Health，ICF 11-2国际红十字会与红新月会联合会International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies，IFRCRCS 5-1国际护理实践分类法International Classification of Nursing Practice，ICNP 11-2国际疾病分类法International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems，ICD-10 11-2国家卫生服务托拉斯NHS Trusts 21-4 国家卫生服务制度National Health Service, NHS 5-2 国家卫生计划National Health Plan，NHP 5-2 国家卫生系统绩效委员会The National Health Performance Committee, NHPC 12-4 国家药物政策National Drug Policy，NDP 16-2 国家医疗保险模式National Health Service，NHS 15-2过程process 12-1 过程评估process evaluation 10-3H合理使用rational use 16-2 合用性fitness for use 8-1 核心能力Core Competence 18-2 横向研究cross-sectional study 3-1 环境扫描Environmental Scanning 4-2 皇冠健康企业Crown Health Enterprises 21-4 恢复Recovery 18-2 混杂因素confounder 3-2 活动、兴趣、意见Activity, interest, opinion, AIO 9-2J机会opportunities 4-2 机会opportunity 3-3 基本设施质量quality of basic amenities 12-3 基本卫生服务包essential health package 7-1 基本药物essential drugs or medicine 16-2 绩效performance 12-1 绩效管理performance management 10-1 绩效评价performance assessment 12-1 激励motivation 2-3 激励motivation 10-1 激励机制Incentives 7-2 及时关注prompt attention 12-3 急救医疗服务体系emergency medical service system，EMSS 13-5 疾病基金会Sickness Funds 5-2 疾病控制disease control 14-2 疾病预防控制中心Centers for Disease Control，CDC 11-3 疾病预防与控制中心Center For Disease Control and Prevention，CDC 5-1 集体访问group interview 3-2 集中营销concentrated marketing 9-2 几何均数geometric mean 3-3 计划plan 2-3 计算机化医嘱Computerized Physician Order Entry, CPOE 8-3 技术变革Technical Change 5-3 技术的Technology 3-3 继续医学教育continuing medical education, CME 19-1 加权Weighting 3-3 价格price 16-2 价值改变value change 9-2 假设hypotheses 3-1 假设检验hypothesis test 3-3 间接医学教育费Indirect Medical Education，IME 7-2减寿人年数potential years of life lost, PYLL 12-3 建构类属construct category 3-3 健康health 1-1 健康公民计划healthy people 14-3 健康期望寿命active life expectancy, ALE 12-3 健康维护组织Health Maintenance Organizations，HMOs 5-2 健康状况health status 12-3 结构式访问structured interview 3-2 结构式观察structed observation 3-2 结果outcome 12-1 经济的Economic 3-3 精确性precision 12-1 竞争性标杆法competitive benchmarking 8-4 决策decision 2-3 均数mean 3-3 均一性uniformity 16-1K卡方检验Chi-square distribution 3-3 可持续发展Sustainable Development 4-1 可获得性accessibility 16-2 可靠性reliability 8-4 可信性assurance 8-4 控制controlling 2-3L蓝盾Blue Shield 15-4 蓝十字Blue Cross 15-4 离群值Outliers 7-2 立法regulation 12-2 利益相关者stakeholder 12-1 利益相关者分析stakeholder analysis 3-3 联邦机构整合工作组Federal Interagency Workgroup, FIW 14-3 联合国儿童基金会United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund，UNICEF 5-1 联机分析处理On-Line Analysis Processing, OLAP 11-3 两样本t检验two-sample/group t-test 3-3 劣势weakness 4-2 劣势weakness 3-3 临床决策支持系统Clinical Decision Support System，CDSS 11-3 临床路径clinical pathway 13-3 灵活性Flexibility 18-2 六西格玛Six Sigma 8-1 率rate 3-3 论坛Forum 18-2 逻辑分析logic analysis 3-3M慢性非传染性疾病non-communicable diseases, NCDs 14-2 慢性阻塞性肺疾患chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD 14-2 美国的健康维护组织Health Maintenance Organizations，HMOs 15-4美国国家卫生信息技术协调办公室The Office of the National Coordinator for Health InformationTechnology，ONC 11-2美国健康和社会服务部United States Department of Health and Human Services, HHS 14-3美国老年保险和穷人保险中心CMS7-2美国卫生信息传输标准Health Level 7，HL7 11-2 美国卫生信息管理协会American Health Information Management Association，AHIMA 11-1 美国卫生与人类服务部Department of Health and Human Service，HHS 11-2 美国医学科学院Institute of Medicine 12-4 美国医院协会American Hospital Association 15-4 描述性解释descriptive explanatory 3-3 目标objectives 4-2 目标市场target market 9-2P培训项目training program 10-3 培训与开发training and development 10-1 赔偿Restitution 18-2 配对样本t检验paired/matched t-test 3-3 配置效率allocating efficiency 6-3 频数frequency 3-3 平均数average 3-3Q前馈控制feedforward control 2-3 情景分析scenario analysis 3-3 区间估计interval estimation 3-3 趋势研究trend study 3-1 全距Range 3-3 全科医疗general practice 17-1 全科医生general practitioner，GP 17-1 全科医师General Practitioner, GP 5-2 全面质量管理Total Quality Management , TQM 8-2 权变管理Contingency Management 2-2R人本原理Anthropic Principle 2-2 人均国内生产总值per capita GDP 6-1 人力资源human resource 10-1 人力资源管理human resource management，HRM 10-1 人员规划human resource planning 10-1 认知改变cognition change 9-2 软指标soft measurements 8-4S伤残调整期望寿命disability-adjusted life expectancy, DALE 12-3 伤残调整寿命年disability adjusted life year, DALY 12-3 伤残损失健康生命年years lived with disability, YLDs 12-3 商业保险private insurance 6-2 商业医疗保险模式private health insurance 15-2 社会保险social insurance 6-2 社会的Society 3-3 社会健康保险Statutory Health Insurance，SHI 5-2 社会卫生学social hygienics 1-3 社会卫生与组织保健学social hygiene and health histology 1-3 社会医疗保险模式social health insurance 15-2 社会营销social marketing 9-1 社会营销策略social marketing strategy 9-2 社会营销计划social marketing plan 9-2 社会支持social support networks 12-3 社区筹资community financing 6-2 社区卫生服务community health services，CHS 17-1 生涯管理career management 10-1 失效模式与原因分析法Failure Mode and Effects Analysis，FMEA 18-2 实验室实验laboratory experiment 3-2 世界健康调查World Health Survey 12-3 世界卫生报告World Health Report 12-2 世界卫生组织World Health Organization，WHO 5-1 世界银行World Bank 12-2 市场细分market segmentation 9-2 市场营销marketing 9-1 事件树分析法Event Tree Analysis, ETA 18-2 事实Factual 18-2 试验对象object 3-2 试验法experimental method 3-2 试验效应experimental effect 3-2 首次接触first-contact 17-1 首次在中国销售的药品drugs to be marketed in china for the first time 16-1 输入评估input evaluation 10-3 水平公平性horizontal equity 6-1 死亡损失健康生命年years of life lost, YLLs 12-3 四分位间距quartile range 3-3 搜寻质量search quality 8-1 速度Fast 18-2 缩减Reduction 18-2T坦率Frank 18-2 体验质量experience quality 8-1 通用药generic drugs 16-1同组研究panel study 3-1 统计变量statistical variables 9-2 统计推断statistical inference 3-3 头脑风暴法Brain-Storming 3-2 投入inputs 12-1 投入-产出分析法input-output analysis 3-3 突发公共卫生事件Public Health Emergency 18-1 突发事件Emergency 18-1W危机Crisis 18-1 危机沟通Crisis Communication 18-2 威胁threats 4-2 威胁threats 3-3 卫生health 1-1 卫生保健服务health care delivery 1-3 卫生保健组织health care organization 1-3 卫生部门health sector 21-1 卫生部门改革health sector reform，HSR 21-1 卫生筹资health financing 6-1 卫生服务管理health service administration 1-3 卫生服务组织Healthcare Service Organization 5-1 卫生规划health planning 4-1 卫生活动health action 12-2 卫生计划与管理health planning and management 1-3 卫生监督health supervision 14-2 卫生监督组织Health supervision organization 5-1 卫生决策支持系统Health Decision Support System，HDSS 11-3 卫生人力health workforce 10-1 卫生人力测评health workforce evaluation 10-4 卫生人力规划health workforce planning 10-1 卫生人力规划health workforce planning 10-2卫生人力和卫生服务协调发展coordinated health and human resources development，COHHRD10-1卫生人力绩效考核health workforce performance assessment 10-4卫生人力培训health workforce training\in-service training of health workforce 10-1,10-3 卫生人力培训in-service training of health workforce 10-3卫生人力资源health human resource 10-1卫生人力资源的使用health workforce management 10-1卫生人力资源规划health human resource planning 10-2卫生事业管理health service management 1-2卫生事业管理\卫生服务管理health service administration1-3卫生系统health system 12-2 卫生系统绩效health system performance 12-2卫生信息health information 11-1 卫生信息标准health information standards 11-2 卫生信息管理health information management 11-1 卫生信息系统health information system 11-3 卫生信息资源规划Health Information Resource Planning，HIRP 11-2 卫生行政组织Health Administration Organization 5-1 卫生应急Health Emergency Response 18-1 卫生应急沟通Health Emergency Communication 18-2 卫生政策分析与评价analysis and evaluation of health policies 1-3 卫生政策管理health policy management 1-3 卫生支付Health Payment 7-1 卫生资源配置health resource allocation 6-3 卫生总费用Total Expenditure on Health，TEH 6-3 卫生组织Health Organization 5-1 卫生组织体系Health Organization System 5-2 稳定性stability 16-1 无残疾期望寿命life expectancy free of disability, LEFD 12-3 无差异营销undifferentiated marketing 9-2 无结构式观察unstructured observation 3-2 无形产品intangible products 9-3X系统分析方法system analysis method 3-3 系统理论System Theory 2-2 系统评估systmatic review 21-1 系统原理System Principle 2-2 显著性检验significance test 3-3 现场控制field control 2-3 现场实验field experiment 3-2 现代药modern medicines 16-1 相对比relative ratio 3-3 相对值单位Relative Value Units，RVUs 7-2 项目管理project management 14-3 消减Mitigation 18-2 小丑和恶棍Villain，V2 18-2 效度validity 12-1 效果effect 2-2 效率efficiency 2-2 效益benefit 2-2 效益原理Benefit Principle 2-2 心理变量psychological variables 9-2 新公共管理理论The New Public Management Theory 2-1 新药new drugs 16-1 薪酬组合compensation management 10-1 信度reliability 12-1信息information 11-1 信息安全information security 11-2 信息安全管理体系Information Security Management System, ISMS 11-2 信息标准information standards 11-2 信息管理Information Management, IM 11-1 信誉质量credence quality 8-1 行动改变action change 9-2 行为变量behavioral variables 9-2 行为改变behavior change 9-2 选择性choice of providers 12-3 血液管理blood management 13-6 循证政策分析evidence-based policy analysis 3-3Y药品标准drug standard 16-4 药品监督管理drug administration 16-4 《药品经营质量管理规范》认证Good Supplying Practice, GSP 16-4 《药品生产质量管理规范》认证Good Manufacturing Practice, GMP 16-4 药品准入管理drug access administration 13-2 一般性税收筹资general revenue 6-2 一致性比率consistency ratio，CR 3-3 一致性指数consistency index，CI 3-3 医疗安全medical safety 13-4 医疗保险储蓄Medisave 5-2 医疗保障制度medical security system 15-1 医疗保障组织Medical Insurance Organization 5-1 医疗保障组织体系Medical Insurance Organization System 5-2 医疗并发症medical complications 13-4 医疗补助计划Medicaid 15-4 医疗差错medical errors 13-4 医疗服务medical service 13-1 医疗服务管理medical service administration 13-1 医疗服务体系medical service system 13-1 医疗服务质量quality of medical service 13-3 医疗服务质量监管quality supervision and management of medical service 13-3 医疗服务质量控制quality control of medical service 13-3 医疗机构制剂pharmaceutical preparations dispensed by medical institutions 16-1 医疗急救管理emergency medical service management 13-5 医疗纠纷medical dispute 13-4 医疗救助计划Medicaid 16-2 医疗事故medical negligence 13-4 医疗意外medical accidents 13-4 医疗照顾计划Medicare 15-4医学教育管理medical education management 19-1 医学科技管理medical scientific research management 19-2 医学系统命名法-临床术语Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms，SNOMED-CT 11-2 医院感染nosocomial infection，NI\hospital acquired infection\ health-careassociated infection，HAI 13-4 医院感染管理hospital acquired infection management\health-care associated infectionmanagement 13-4 医院管理hospital administration 1-3 医院信息系统Hospital Information System，HIS 11-3 遗憾Regret 18-2以疾病诊断相关分组为基础的预付制Diagnosis Related Groups—Prospective Payment System ，DRGs-PPS7-3应变量dependent variable 3-2 应答性responsiveness 8-4 应急Emergency Response 18-1 应急管理Emergency Management 18-1 营销组合marketing mix 9-3 影响impact 12-1 硬指标hard measurements 8-4勇于承担责任者的受害者Victim，V118-2优势strengths 4-2 优势strength 3-3 有效性effectiveness 16-1 有形产品tangible products 9-3 有形性tangibles 8-4 预备Readiness 18-2 预防Prevention 18-2 员工关系与争议labor relations and coordination between employers and employees 10-1Z灾难事件Disaster 18-1 在职培训in-service training 10-1 甄选selection of job candidates 10-1 诊断相关分组Diagnosis Related Group System，DRGs 15-4 诊疗规范best practice 21-1 证实资料evidence-based practice 3-3 政府捐赠基金Medifund 5-2 政治的Politics 3-3 支付payment 7-1 支付方式Payment Method 7-2 知情人物访谈key informant interview 12-3 职业病occupational diseases 14-2 职业性危害occupational hazard 14-2指数定价index pricing 16-2 治理理论Governance Theory 2-1 质量quality 16-2中国初级卫生保健基金会Primary Health Care Foundation of China，PHCFC5-1中国肝炎防治基金会Chinese foundation for hepatitis prevention and control，CFHPAC 5-1 中国红十字会Red Cross Society of China，RCSC 5-1 中国医师协会Chinese Medical Doctor Association，CMDA 5-1 中国医学基金会China Medical Foundation，CMF 5-1中国医药卫生事业发展基金会China Health & Medical Development Foundation5-1中国医院协会Chinese Hospital Association，CHA 5-1 中华护理学会Chinese Nurse Association，CNA 5-1 中华人民共和国卫生部Ministry of Health of The People’s Republic of China5-1 中华医学会Chinese Medical Association，CMA 5-1 中华预防医学会Chinese Prevention Medicine Association，CMPA 5-1 中华中医药学会China Association of Chinese Medicine，CACM 5-1 中位数median 3-3 中医药Traditional Chinese Medicine，TCM 20-1 重视细节Emphasize detail 3-3 专利药patent drugs 16-1 转轨Transition 5-3 转型Transformation 5-3 准备Preparedness 18-2 准备Preparation 18-2 准入管理access administration 13-2 资源开发resource generation 12-2 自变量independent variable 3-2 自费支付out-of-pocket payment 6-2 自主性autonomy 12-3 综合指数synthetic index analysis 3-3 总额预付Global Budget 7-3 纵向研究longitudinal study 3-1 组织organization 2-3 组织organization 5-1 组织变革Organizational Change 5-3 组织发展Organizational Development 5-3 组织结构Organization Structure 5-1 组织体系Organization System 5-1 最高可能的健康水平”highest possible level of health 17-1 尊严dignity 12-3。

2019年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编：专题11 自主命题省份阅读理解

专题11 自主命题省份阅读理解一、2019年高考真题1、【2019江苏卷】请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics. such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物)weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿)require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge,especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.2、【2019天津卷】阅读短文,按照题目要求用英语回答问题。

高级英语模拟题

阜阳师范学院2001－2002学年第2学期高级英语（第二册）A卷Directions:1.Write all your answers on the Answer Sheet2.You must hand in both your test book and your Answer SheetI. Vocabulary (10%)1. I was feeding one of the (s) in the public garden.a. gazelleb. gazettec. geesed. game2. Most of Morocco is so that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it.a . barren b. desolate c. bleak d. dull3. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of those problems which divide us.a. bespeakingb. beholdingc. belaboringd. befriending4. United, there is little we cannot do in a of co-operative ventures.a. toastb. mostc. costd. host5. Keen , calculating, perspicacious , acute and ……I was all of them.a. astrideb. astralc. asteroidd. astute6. “Oh yes ” He cried, clutching the greasy ____ to him .a. feltb. meltc. peltd. belt7. And the whole they have set upon thin, brick piers .a. prevaricateb. preposterousc. preponderantd. preparative8. I award this championship only after laborious research and _____prayer.a. indecentb. indentc. indeedd. incessant9. This they have converted into a thing of clapboards, with a narrow, low pitched roof.a. dingob. bingoc. lingod. dingy10. Meanwhile, the true intellectuals were far from .a. clatteredb. tatteredc. flatteredd. matteredII. Paraphrase the following sentences (20%)1. But there is one thought which every white man (and in this connection it doesn‟tmatter two-pence if he calls himself a socialist) thinks when he sees a black army marching past.2. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many ofthem old grandfathers with flowing grey beards, al clamoring for a cigarette. Evena blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumor ofcigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand.3. But in the American village and small town the pull is always toward ugliness, andin that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion。

重庆市2005年生态足迹的计算与分析

第33卷第10期2008年10月环境科学与管理ENVIRO N M E NTAL SC IE NC E AND M ANAGEM E NT Vo l 133No 110Oct .2008收稿日期:2008-03-19作者简介胡习邦(),男,湖北嘉鱼人,硕士,主要从事环境经济与管理研究。

文章编号:1673-1212(2008)10-0155-04重庆市2005年生态足迹的计算与分析胡习邦1,沈波2(1.中华职业技术学院,上海201404;2.宁波立信会计学院,浙江宁波315300)摘　要:生态足迹是一种定量测量人类对自然资源利用程度的全新方法。

在介绍了生态足迹的概念和生态足迹的模型与生态系统经济发展能力以及目前的研究成果基础上,根据《2006年重庆市统计年鉴》的资料数据,对重庆市2005年的生态足迹进行了实证计算与分析,结果表明重庆市2005年底的生态足迹为115709ha /cap,人均生态赤字为112442ha /cap 。

关键词:重庆市;生态足迹;可持续发展中图分类号:X22文献标识码:AThe Ca l culati on and Analysis of Ecol ogical Foot print of Ch ongqing in 2005Hu X ibang 1,Shen Bo 2(1.Z honghua Co llege,Shanghai,201404,China;2.N ingbo Lixin Account School,N ingbo 315300,China)A bstract:Ecol ogical foot p rint is a kind of new met hod of quantifiably measuring the extent of human using of nature re 2s ource.On the base of an i n troducti on t o t he concep t and calculati on model of eco l ogical foot p rint,as well as ecol ogical system e 2conomical developmen t cap acity and what the researchers have been done,the autho rs calculate and analyze the ecological foo t 2print of Chongqing in 2005according t o t he data of the statistical yearbook s of Chongq ing .According t o this calculation,the per capita ecological foot p rint of Chongqing Munici p ality is 1.5709ha/cap in 2005,and the p er cap it a ecological foot p rint deficit of Chongqing munici p ality is 1.2442ha /cap in 2005.Key word s:Chongqing munici pality ;ecological footprin t ;sustainable development 自可持续发展提出以来,如何有效地实施可持续发展战略使得可持续发展的定量测量和评估成为可持续发展研究的前沿和热点问题,也是可持续发展研究的重要内容之一。

大学英语六级改革适用(阅读)模拟试卷328(题后含答案及解析)

大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷328(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.87 days.Head spaceN)But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. In the company of Bhutanese writer Kunzang Choden, I wasn’t simply visiting exotic temples, but seeing them as a local Buddhist would. Transported by the imagination of Galsan Tschinag, I wandered through the preoccupations of a shepherd boy in Mongolia’s Altai Mountains. With Nu Nu Yi as my guide, I experienced a religious festival in Myanmar from a transgender medium’s perspective.O)In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered, bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.P)And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.Q)One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me —places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.11．In Niger, legendary stories were narrated in oral forms, as a result what was later recorded on the books lost some originality.正确答案：K解析：本题意为在尼日尔，神话故事以说书的形式讲出来，这就导致记录下来的故事少了些原汁原味。

福建师范大学2021年8月课程考试《高级英语(一)》作业考核(答案参考)

《高级英语（一）》答题纸答案务必写在答题纸上，否则不得分姓名：专业：学号：学习中心:成绩:IV. Translate the following sentences into English (20%)1.当我把书点了一下，我发现书架上总共有50本书。

When I clicked on the books, I found a total of 50 books on the shelf2.过分激烈的争论只会引起意见分歧与不和。

An excessively heated argument will only lead to differences of opinion and discord3.我们必须学会在错综复杂的矛盾中找出主要矛盾。

We must learn to find the principal contradiction in the complexity of the contradiction4.我不知道他是怎么回事，但是他似乎不想说话。

I don't know what's wrong with him, but he doesn't seem to want to talk.5.从某种程度上讲，他是中国儿童文学的先驱之一。

To someextent, he is one of the pioneers of Chinese children's literatureV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.( 20%)But you discover the great redeeming feature of poverty- the fact that it annihilates the future. Within certain limits, it is actually true that the less moneyyou have, the less you worry. Whenyou have a hundred francs in the world you are liable to the most craven panics. Whenyou have only three francs you are quite indifferent, for three francs will feed you till tomorrow, and you cannot think further than that. You are bored, but you are not afraid.你会发现最重要的一个贫穷的特点一那就是泯灭你对未来的期待。

《普通生态学》专英词汇

《普通生态学》专英词汇Ecology生态学Interaction相互作用Individual个体Population种群Community群落Ecosystem生态系统Assemblage集合Mixture混合体Biosphere生物圈Scale尺度Field approach野外研究法Experimental approach实验研究法Theoretical approach理论研究法Environment环境Macro environment大环境Micro environment小环境Marco climate大气候Micro climate小气候Biome生物群系Ecological factor生态因子Habitat生境Density dependent factor密度制约因子Density independent factor非密度制约因子Coevolution协同进化Liebig’s “law of minimum”利比希最小因子定律Law of limiting factors限制因子定律Limiting factor限制因子Law of tolerance耐受性定律Ecological amplitude生态幅Ecological valence生态价Eury-广，steno-狭Eurythermal广温性stenothermal 狭温性Euryhydric 广水性stenohydric 狭水性Euryhaline 广盐性stenohaline 狭盐性Euryphagic 广食性stenophagic 狭食性Euryphotic 广光性stenophot ic 狭光性Euryecious 广栖性stenoecious 狭栖性Euryedapic 广土性stenoedapic 狭土性Homeostasis 内稳性Epilimnion 上湖层Thermocline 斜温层、温梯层Hypolimnion 下湖层Photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射Etiolation phenomenon 黄化现象Photosynthetic capacity 光合任用Daily rhythm 昼夜节律Photoperiodism 或photoperiodicity 光周期现象Long day plant 长日照植物Short day plant 短日照植物Day intermediate plant 中日照植物Day neutral plant 日中性植物Long day animal 长日照动物Short day animal 短日照动物Diaqause 滞育Homeotherm 常温动物Poikilothem 变温动物Ectotherm 外温动物Endotherm 内温动物The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Temperature coefficient 温度系数Freeze injury 冻害Chilling injury 冷害Developmental threshold temperature 发育阈温度Biological zero 生物学零度Sum of heat 总积温Sum of effective temperature 有效积温Phtsiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Acclimation 驯化Acclimatization 气候驯化Bergmann`s rule 贝格曼规律Allen`s rule 阿伦规律Countercurrent heat cxchange 逆流热交换Nonshivering thermogenesis 非颤抖性产热Brown adipose tissue 褐色脂肪组织Heterothermy 异温性Daily torpor 日麻痹Hibernation 冬眠Estivation 夏眠Heterotherm 异温动物Adaptive hypothermia 适应性低体温Polar nature 极性性质High heat capacity 高热容量Precipitation 降雨量Atmosphere humidity 大气湿度Relative humidity 相对湿度Transpiration 蒸腾Field capacity 田间持水量Hygrophyte 湿生植物Mesad 中生植物Siccocolous 旱生植物Apuatic plant 水生植物Water balance 水平衡Hypertonic 高渗性的Hypotonic 低渗性的Isotonic 等渗的Water loss 失水Countercurrent exchange 逆流交换Urea 尿素Uricacid 尿酸Humidity 湿度Snow cover 雪被Energy metabolism 能量代谢Hypoxia adaptation 高海拔低氧的适应2、3-diphosphoglycreate，DPG 2、3-二磷酸甘油酸Pco2 分压Green-house effect 温室效应Texture 土壤质地Soil structure 土壤结构Soil moisture 土壤水分Fossorial mammal 地下兽Soil temperature 土壤Soil acidity 土壤酸度Humus 腐殖质Psammophyte 沙生植物Crown fire 林冠火Surface fire 地面火Population 种群Unilary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Species 物种Size 大小Evolutionary individual进化个体Internal distribution pattern 内分布型Dispersion 分布Random 随机的Uniform 均匀的Clumped 成群的Architecture 建筑学结构Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Demography 种群统计学Age pyramid 年龄锥体Stage structure 时期结构Size classes个体大小群Sex ratio 性比Life table 生命表Cohort 同生群Cohort analysis 同生群分析Agespecific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Life expectancy 生命期望Killing power致死力Net reproductive rate净生产率Key factors关键因子k-factor analysis K-因子分析killing factor致死因子survivorship curve存活曲线generation time世代时间innate rate of increase内禀增长率density-independent growth与密度无关的种群增长per-capita rate of population growth每员增长率density-dependent growth 与密度有关的种群增长carrying capacity环境容纳量logistic equation逻辑斯谛方程minimum viable population最小可存活种群ecological invasion生态入侵nutrient recovery hypothesis营养物恢复学说Wyune-Edwards 行为调节学说(温-爱德华学说) Christian内分泌调节学说(克里斯琴学说) Chitty奇蒂学说Metapopulation集合种群Local population局域种群Patch斑块Local scale局域尺度Metapopulation scale集合种群尺度Geographical scale地理尺度Local breeding population局域繁殖种群Turnover周转Genotype基因型Phenotype表现型Diploid二倍体Homologous同源Gene基因Allele等位基因Locus座位Homozygous纯合的Herterozygous杂合的Codominant共显性的Dominant显性的Recessive隐性Polygenic多基因的Gene pool基因库Genotypic frequency基因型频率Gene frequency基因频率Hardy-Weinberg Law哈代-魏伯格定律Variation变异Gelelectrophoresis凝胶电泳Allozyme别构酶Polymorphism多态现象Geopraphic variation地理变异Cline渐变群Subspecies地理亚种Natural selection自然选择Fitness适合度Selective coefficient选择系数Genetic drift遗传漂变Fixation固定Evolutionary forces进化动力Founder effect建立者效应Founder population建立者种群Stabilizing selection稳定选择Directional selection定向选择Disruptive selection分裂选择Gamete selection配子选择Kin selection亲属选择Group selection群体选择Sexual selection性选择Speciation物种形成Gene flow基因流Geographical theory of speciation地理物种形成学说Reproductive isolating mechanism繁殖隔离机制Polyploidy多倍体Adaptive radiation适应辐射Life history生活史Body size身体大小Growth rate生长率Reproduction繁殖Longevity寿命Bionomic strategy生态对策Life history strategy生活史对策Darwinian demons达尔文魔鬼Trade-off权衡Energy allocation能量分配Semelparity单次繁殖Parental care亲体关怀Current reproduction当前繁殖Future reproduction未来的繁殖Reproductive value生殖价Bet—hedging两面下注Diapause滞育Dormancy休眠Seed bank种子库Crytobiosis潜生现象Torper蛰伏Hibernation冬眠Aestivation夏眠Migration迁徙Dispersal扩散Morphological form形态学形状Generation世代Metamorphosis变态Optimization in habitat utilization生境利用最优化Mechanistic level 机械水平Mutation-accumulation突变积累Antagonistic pleiotropy拮抗性多效Competition竞争Cannibalism自相残杀Predation捕食Parasition寄生Mutualism互利共生Parasitoidism拟寄生Commensualism偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生Intraspecific relationship种内关系Intraspecific competition 种内竞争Territoriality领域性Law of constant final yield最后产量法则Self-thinning自疏Ecology of ***性别生态学Parental investment亲代投入Hermaphrodite雌雄同体Self-compatibility自我兼容Cleistogamous闭花受精Recombine重组Red Queen effect红皇后效应Fisher’s *** ratio theory Fisher氏性比理论Rare typeadvantage稀少型有利Equal investment相等投入Local resource competition局域资源竞争Local mate competition局域交配竞争Sexual selection性选择Intra***ual selection性内选择。

2021年6月大学英语六级阅读短文

2021年6月大学英语六级阅读短文【导语】成功=时间方法，自制力是这个等式的保障。

世上无天才，高手都是来自刻苦的练习。

而大家往往只看到“牛人”闪耀的成绩，忽视其成绩背后无比寂寞的勤奋。

以下为“年月大学英语六级阅读短文”，欢迎阅读参考！更多相关讯息请关注！【篇一】年月大学英语六级阅读短文ludwig van beethoven was one of the greatest musicians in the th century. john lennon was one of the greatest musicians in the th century. although there is a period of about years between them, they are quite similar in certain ways.both men expressed the spirit of their time in their music. beethoven lived in the period of rising capitalism. at that time, people were trying to break the shackles of feudalism , and they were pursuing freedom, equality, and universal love. this social trend, especially the french revolution, greatly inspired beethoven. his music was very active, passionate, and vigorous. some of his works praised heroism, some conveyed the love for nature, and some extolled harmony among people. similarly, lennon’s music revealed his time. in the s and s, the youth in america were deeply frustrated by the discrimination and injustice in the society and were longing to build a new one . most of lennon’s songs expressed the ideas of the youth. in one of his songs entitled imagine, he sings,“imagine all the people , living under peace ”, and“the world will be united together as one”. these words show his anti-war attitude and his hope for peace , and reflect the spirit of the s and s.both men were social rebels to some extent. they refused to bow to social conventions and power. beethoven was a devotedrepublican . when napoleon was in power, who claimed to be a defender of republicanism, beethoven admired him so much that he dedicated his symphony no. , the theme of which is heroism, to him. but then napoleon crowned himself and became an emperor. beethoven was so angry that he openly declared he took back what he had said about napoleon, regardless of possible persecution. lennon was also considered a trouble-maker by the authorities because of his support for youth movements. for a time he was not even allowed to give public performances. but he ignored all this and stuck to his belief.【篇二】年月大学英语六级阅读短文one often hears it said that travel broadens the mind: if you stay in your own country the whole time , your ideas remain narrow; whereas if you travel abroad you see new customs, eat new foods, do new things, and come back home with a broader mind.but does this always ― or even usually ― happen? an acquaintance of mine who lives in england and had never been outside it until last summer, decided to go over to france for a trip. when he returned, i asked him how he liked it.“terrible, ”was his answer.“ i couldn’t get a nice cup of tea anywhere . thank goodness i’m back. ”i asked him whether he hadn’t had any good food while he was there .“oh, the dinners were all right, ”he said.“i found a little place where they made quite good fish and chips. not as good as ours, mind you, but they were passable. but the breakfasts were terrible: no bacon or kippers. i had fried eggs and chips, but it was quite a business getting them to make them. they expected me to eat rolls. and when i asked for marmalade , they brought strawberry jam. and do you know, they insisted that it was marmalade? the trouble is they don’t know english. ”i thought it useless to explain that we borrowed the word‘marmalade ’from french, and that it means, in that language, any kind of jam. so i said,“but didn’t you eat any of the famous french food?”“what? me?”he said.“of course not! give me good old english food every time! none of these fancy bits for me! ”obviously travel had not broadened his mind.this does not, of course, happen only to englishmen in france: all nationalities, in all foreign countries, can be found judging what they see, hear, taste and smell according to their own habits and customs. people who are better educated and who have read a lot about foreign countries tend to be more adaptable and tolerant, but this is because their minds have already been broadened before they start travelling. in fact, it is easier to be broad-minded about foreign habits and customs, if one’s acquaintance with these things is limited to books and films. the american smiles tolerantly over the absence of central heating in most english homes when he is himself comfortably seated in his armchair in his centrally heated house in chicago; the english man reads about the sanitary arrangements in a certain tropical country, and the inhabitants of the latter read about london fogs, and each side manages to be detached and broad-minded. but actual physical contact with things one is unaccustomed to is much more difficult to bear philosophically.perhaps the ideal would be if travel could succeed in making people tolerant of the habits and customs of others without abandoning their own. the criterion for judging a foreigner could be: does he try to be polite and considerate to others? instead of: is he like me?【篇三】年月大学英语六级阅读短文dr. heinrich applebaum recently completed a study on the effectsof television on children. in his case, though, he wasn’t concerned with violence , but how television gives children a false sense of reality.dr. applebaum told me,“the greatest danger of television is tha t it presents a world to children that doesn’t exist, and raises expectations that can never be fulfilled. ” “ i don’t understand, doctor, ”i said. “well, let me cite one example. have you ever seen a television show where a person in an automobile doesn’t immediately find a parking place on the very first try?” “come to think of it, ”i said,“i haven’t. ”“not only is there always a parking spot available but the driver doesn’t even have to back into it. there are two parking spaces available whenever someone in a tv show needs one . children are being led to believe that when they grow up they will always be able to find a parking place when and where they want it. can you imagine the trauma when they discover that in real life you can drive around a bl ock for three hours and still not find a place to put your car?”“ i never thought of it but it’s true . what else do they show on television which gives a distorted picture of the real world?” “have you noticed that whenever a character walks out of a restaurant or office building or apartment and says to the doorman,‘get me a taxi, ’the taxi immediately arrives? millions of children are under the impression that all a doorman has to do is blow his whistle and a taxi will be there. i have never seen a show where the doorman has said, ‘ i’m sorry. i can’t get you a taxi. you better take the bus. ’” “of course , ”i said.“i never knew before what bothered me about those tv action programs, but now i do. there is always a yellow taxi waiting off screen. ” “now, ”said applebaum,“ have you ever said to a taxi driver,‘ follow that car and don’t lose him’?”“not really. ” “well, if you had, the driver would have told you toblow it out your ear. no taxi driver is in a mood to follow another car because that means he ’s going to get involved.but on tv every cabdriver looks as if he ’d like nothing better to do than to drive miles an hour through a rain-swept street trying to keep up with a carful of hoods. and the worst thing is that the kids believe it. ”。

磷的化学元素符号

P 磷的化学元素符号P solubility 磷可溶性P translocation 磷转移P turnover 磷循环PA=polled Angus 无角安格斯牛Padan=Cartap 巴丹,沙蚕胺,卡普塔[丙烷盐酸盐,胃毒性杀虫剂。

对鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫特别有效]Paddock 围栏分区放牧地paddock grazing 分区轮牧paintbrush bluestem (Andropogon ternaricus Michx.) 刷状须芒草paired feeding = equalized paired feedingpalace stock car 饲喂车厢[火车运输畜群时装有分栏饲槽饮水器,•通风等装置的车厢] palaearctic sweet potato hornworm (Herse convolvuli ) 旋花天蛾幼虫palatability index 适口性指数palatability 适口性[饲用植物(或饲料)对动物味觉的适应性,或对动物采食的引诱力] palatability-rating 适口率[根据草原植物适口对草地进行分级的系统]palatable 适口的[味觉反应愉快]palea 内稃[禾本科种子内侧的苞片,较外稃(lemma)为小而薄]Palestine strawberry clover 巴勒斯坦草莓三叶草[草莓三叶草的一个栽培种(参:strawberry clover )]palm 棕榈[棕榈科(Palmae 或Palmaceae )植物之通称,分布于热带、亚热带]palmate 掌状的palmately compound leaf 掌状复叶palmitic acid =hexadecanoic acid 棕榈酸,十六酸.软脂酸pampas 南美大草原,潘帕斯(群落)pampas deer 南美草原鹿pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana ) 潘帕斯蒲苇[蒲苇属的一种,•原产于南美的密丛禾本科草] pan 土磐,磐层panel=panel plot ,hurdle plot 保护小区[以铁丝网保护的小试验区,用以比较草地不同处理之产间的差异,多用活动围篱作成]panel plot=panelpangola =pangolagrasspangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent )=spreading crabgrass •俯仰马唐[热带多年生禾本科草,有地下茎，可蔓生,适于中性到酸性土壤,原产南非]panic grass ①黍草[禾本科黍属(Panicum) 牧草之通称] ②外形似黍草的牧草[如稗属(Echinochloa ) 牧草等]panicle 圆锥花序[在花序的主轴上有分枝,有穗状圆锥花序(如猫尾草)•及开放圆锥花序(如无芒雀麦)之分] Panicum antidotale Retz. = blue panicumPanicum L. 黍属[禾本科植物之一属，多为重要一年生牧草]Panicum maximum jacq.大稷，羊草[禾本科黍属。

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