(完整)初中英语现在完成时详解.doc

在完成
一、在完成构成
构成：在完成由助have + 去分构成，助have 有人称和数的化。

第三人
称数用has，其余用have.
在完成的否定式直接在助后面加上not、疑式是把助提到主之前。

以study 例，其否定式、疑式和回答形式如下：
否定式疑式
I have not (haven ’ t) studied ⋯. Have I studied ⋯?
You have not (haven ’ t) studied ⋯. Have you studied ⋯?
He has not (hasn ’ t) studied ⋯. Has he studied ⋯?
否定疑式回答（肯定 /否定）
Have I not (Haven ’ t I) studied ⋯? Yes, you have. No, you haven ’ t.
Have you not (Haven ’ t you) studied ⋯?Yes, I have. No, I haven ’ t.
Has he not (Hasn ’ t he) studied ⋯? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’ t.
二、在完成用法
1、在完成通常表示在之前已完成的作或存在的状。

人的是作
或状在的果或影响。

My daughter has just gone out.我女儿出去。

I ’ m sure we’ ve met before我肯.定我以前面。

She has arrived. 她到了。

2、表示持到在的作或状，往往和包括在在内的表示一段的状用，如
recently, already, just, lately, for⋯, sinceyt等⋯,。

如：
I haven’ t heard from her these days.些日子我没有收到她的信。

We haven ’ t seen you recently.最近我没有到你。

They have been away for two years.他离开已两年了。

She has been with us since Monday.
①for+ 段
②since+去一个点（：自从⋯⋯以来）
③ since+段 +ago
④ since+从句（去）
⑤It is+ 段 +since+从句（去）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注意：
since 和 for 的区别
since 后接时间点，如1993， last term, yesterday, the time I got there
for 后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days 等。

3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和
表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。

因此，不能说：
He has come here for 2 weeks.×
The old man has died for 4 months.×
They have left only for 5 minutes.×
4、 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) : 去了 (现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到)
Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) : 去过（已不在去过的地方）
My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago,
just now, when I came in ，但可以和 already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用。

不能与 when 连用。

现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
例如：
She has already come.她已经来了。

I haven’ t read it yet我.还没读过这个。

I have met him before.我从前曾见过他。

Ma Hong has always been a good student.马红一直是个好学生。

I have often seen him in the street.我经常在街上看见他。

They have never been to Yan他’们an从.未去过延安。

I haven't seen him lately.我近来没看到他。

三、现在完成时的标志
1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这
种含义 :
* 以 already, just 和 yet 志
He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。

He has just seen the film.他看影。

He hasn't come back yet.他没有回来。

* 以 ever 和 never 志
This is the best film I have ever seen.是我曾看的最好的一部影。

He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到北京。

*以作生的次数志
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他他已去美国三次了。

* 以 so far（到目前止）+before
He has got to Beijing so far.到目前止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam so far. 到目前止她已通了考。

2.去已开始的作一直延到在, 甚至有可能延下去,我可以从作“延”的特性和“ ”点段的区分入手,一步学在完成。

①for+ 段② since+去一个点（去从句）志四、瞬
buy, die, join, come ， go ,leave, join 不⋯⋯能直接与for since 用。

要改
buy----have borrow -----keep
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
go out----be out leave ----be away
begin-----be on finish----be over
open----be open close -----be closed
die----be dead
1、 have 代替 buy
My brother has had( 不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrow
I have kept( 不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用 be 替代 become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用 wear 代替 put on
6、用“ be＋形容”代止性
be＋ married 代 marry be＋ ill 代 fall (get) ill
be＋ dead 代 die be＋ asleep 代 fall (get) asleep
be＋ awake 代 wake/wake up be＋ gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave
be＋ open 代 open be closed 代 close/shut
be＋ missing(gone,lost) 代 lose
7、用“ be＋副”代止性
be＋ on 代 start begin“ be＋up”代get up
“ be＋back(to) 代”return to, come back to, go back to
“ be here (there)代 come(arrive,” reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there 8、用“ be＋介短”代止性
1.“ be in/at地+点”代替 go to /come to
2.用 be in the army 代替 join the army
3. “ be in/at地+点”代替 move to
常用瞬延性表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→ have been in sw./at相⋯的介
2. have come/gone back/returned→ have been back
3. have come/gone out→ have been out
4. have become→ have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up→ have been；up
7.have died→ have been；dead
8.have left sw.→ have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been ；asleep
10. have finished/ended/completed → have；been over
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have； done sth.
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought → have kept/had
15. have lost → haven ’ t had
16. have put on → have worn
17. have caught /get a cold→ have；had a cold
18. have got to know→ have known
19. have/has gone to→ have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
been in/have been the Party’ s member/the league member/the soldier member→haveof/ havbeenea ⋯。