大豆生长发育及各个时期国际划分标准
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国际植物遗传资源委员会将大豆小叶形状按照主茎中部发育完全的顶小叶长/宽比，划分为3种类型：
Oval
Lanceolate
大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出
Soybean root
大豆的形态特征根 系
大豆的根系有主根、侧根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。 主根深达180cm，横向扩展35~45cm，主要根系分布在0~20cm耕层内。
R4：Full pod
Pods are 3/4 inch (2 cm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Rapid pod growth & beginning seeds development From R4 to middle R5 critical for yield Rapid and steady dry matter accumulation Flowering is complete Young seeds & pods are most prone to abortion Yield reductive based on total pod# Is the main yield limiting factorSeed # per pod and seed size may also occur
长轴型，花序轴长10cm以上，每个轴上着生10-40朵花
02
中轴型，花序轴长3-10cm，每个花序着生8-10朵花
短轴型，花序轴较短，3cm以下，一般3-8朵花
04
A schematic diagram of soybean plant life cycle
1
种子萌发和出苗期
2
幼苗期
3
花芽分化期
大豆的生长发育
和各个时期国际划分
2023
01
大豆生长发育
02
大豆的时期
目录
- CONTENT -
大豆种子萌发出土-大豆种子结构
种脐 Hilum
胚根Radicle
胚芽
种皮Seed coat
胚轴Hypocotyl
子叶Cotyledons
生长点和幼叶
连接胚根胚芽的短轴
生长点和根冠组成
大豆种子萌发出土
Leaves are opposite
Unifoliate leaves unrolled suffciently so the leaf edges are not touching
No.2
No.1
V1 STAGE
2
V2 stage
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
V3 stage
1
大豆的根系
Soybean root
由分枝到开花，根的生长最旺盛，从开花末期到豆荚伸长期，根量达到最高峰，以后逐渐衰老。
大豆茎分若干节，是由茎尖分生组织细胞群（分生区）不断分生而产生。
（2）分枝
（1）主茎
大豆的茎比较坚韧，茎上有节，一般主茎有14-16节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特点与产量高低有较大关系。
Soybean Growth and Development
一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下，其生殖生长停滞，植株上部原有的花荚脱落，营养生长恢复，新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下，植株最上部4节中不会结荚鼓粒，而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到R7
Soybean Growth and Development
Duration of soybean development
Figure. Development and timing of vegetative growth, flowering, pod development, and seed filling
The temperature of soybean seeds germination
播种深度对出苗的影响
表 1-1 播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响播种越深，下胚轴越长，主根长度下茬不大，而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋势，这可能是因为，播种越深，下胚轴长，养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以4cm产量最高，多雨年份播深以3cm为宜，干旱年份以5cm为好。
Vegetative Stages
Reproductive Stages
VE - EMERGENCE
to 14 das after planting
01
02
Cotyledons above the soil surface
VC - COTYLEDON
No.3
Unifoliolate leaves have unrolled
大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序
大豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端，呈总状花序。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇。
花由苞片、花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊组成。花朵为苞片所包围，蝶形花冠有5个花瓣，雄蕊10枚，雌蕊1枚。
1
3
5
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序
根据花轴的长度和花数目，可将花序分为3种类型
95% of the pods have reached their full mature color;5-10 days of drying weather are required after R8, before the soybeans have less than 15 percent moisture
R7: Beginning maturity
Plants shedding leave is just prior to R7
02
one normal pod on the main stem has reached it's mature pod color
01
R8: Full maturity
大豆的主茎和分枝
大豆的生长习性
有限生长习性（Determinate）
大豆的生长习性
大豆的生长习性
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
”
亚有限生长习性（Semi-determinate）
大豆生长习性
大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性状。在地理分布上有着明显的规律和区域性。
南方雨水多，生长季节长，有限生长习性类型多。
02
北方雨水少，生长季节短，无限生长习性类型多。
4
开花结荚期
5
鼓粒期
6
成熟期
大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为6个时期：
大豆的生长发育过程
Development of the soybean growth stage system
•1949: Number system (Kaltonet al., 1949)–2: Three trifoliate leaves unrolled = V3–7: Small pods on top of plant with full pods at the bottom = R4 or R5•1977: Split development into a vegetative and reproductive stages (Fehr and Caviness, 1977)•2004: Slight change in definitions from the method devised in 1977 (Pedersen, 2004)
播深（cm）
下胚轴长度（cm）
出苗时主根长度（cm）
出苗时侧根数量（根）
下胚轴重量（mg/株）
2
2.7
15.9
20
27.6
4
4.1
13.0
24
35.0
6
6.2
12.8
17
42.6
8
8.7
13.2
12
60.7
Soybean Morphology
先出叶
第一对真叶（单叶）
4种不同类型：
三出复叶
子叶
大豆叶型
2
3
4
V6 Stage
01
02
03
R1 Stage: Beginning bloom
主茎任意节上有一朵花开放Flowering begins at 3rd to 6th node (V6 to V10 stage)Flowering period is 3 to 4 wk -begins 6 to 8wk after emergence -Peaks R2 to R3; ends –R5Vertical root growth rates increase rapidly -as much as 1.3 to 3.2 in /day
R5: Beginning seed
01
02
R6: Full seed
pod containing a green seed that fills the pod capacity at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf
R2: full bloom
1
2
3
4
5
R3: Beginning pod
pods are 3/16 inch (5 mm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Yield is a function of :base population pod numberSeeds per podSeed weightAbility to compensate for stress by modifying these factors decreases from R1 to R5
Oval
Lanceolate
大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出
Soybean root
大豆的形态特征根 系
大豆的根系有主根、侧根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。 主根深达180cm，横向扩展35~45cm，主要根系分布在0~20cm耕层内。
R4：Full pod
Pods are 3/4 inch (2 cm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Rapid pod growth & beginning seeds development From R4 to middle R5 critical for yield Rapid and steady dry matter accumulation Flowering is complete Young seeds & pods are most prone to abortion Yield reductive based on total pod# Is the main yield limiting factorSeed # per pod and seed size may also occur
长轴型，花序轴长10cm以上，每个轴上着生10-40朵花
02
中轴型，花序轴长3-10cm，每个花序着生8-10朵花
短轴型，花序轴较短，3cm以下，一般3-8朵花
04
A schematic diagram of soybean plant life cycle
1
种子萌发和出苗期
2
幼苗期
3
花芽分化期
大豆的生长发育
和各个时期国际划分
2023
01
大豆生长发育
02
大豆的时期
目录
- CONTENT -
大豆种子萌发出土-大豆种子结构
种脐 Hilum
胚根Radicle
胚芽
种皮Seed coat
胚轴Hypocotyl
子叶Cotyledons
生长点和幼叶
连接胚根胚芽的短轴
生长点和根冠组成
大豆种子萌发出土
Leaves are opposite
Unifoliate leaves unrolled suffciently so the leaf edges are not touching
No.2
No.1
V1 STAGE
2
V2 stage
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
V3 stage
1
大豆的根系
Soybean root
由分枝到开花，根的生长最旺盛，从开花末期到豆荚伸长期，根量达到最高峰，以后逐渐衰老。
大豆茎分若干节，是由茎尖分生组织细胞群（分生区）不断分生而产生。
（2）分枝
（1）主茎
大豆的茎比较坚韧，茎上有节，一般主茎有14-16节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特点与产量高低有较大关系。
Soybean Growth and Development
一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下，其生殖生长停滞，植株上部原有的花荚脱落，营养生长恢复，新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下，植株最上部4节中不会结荚鼓粒，而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到R7
Soybean Growth and Development
Duration of soybean development
Figure. Development and timing of vegetative growth, flowering, pod development, and seed filling
The temperature of soybean seeds germination
播种深度对出苗的影响
表 1-1 播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响播种越深，下胚轴越长，主根长度下茬不大，而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋势，这可能是因为，播种越深，下胚轴长，养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以4cm产量最高，多雨年份播深以3cm为宜，干旱年份以5cm为好。
Vegetative Stages
Reproductive Stages
VE - EMERGENCE
to 14 das after planting
01
02
Cotyledons above the soil surface
VC - COTYLEDON
No.3
Unifoliolate leaves have unrolled
大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序
大豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端，呈总状花序。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇。
花由苞片、花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊组成。花朵为苞片所包围，蝶形花冠有5个花瓣，雄蕊10枚，雌蕊1枚。
1
3
5
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序
根据花轴的长度和花数目，可将花序分为3种类型
95% of the pods have reached their full mature color;5-10 days of drying weather are required after R8, before the soybeans have less than 15 percent moisture
R7: Beginning maturity
Plants shedding leave is just prior to R7
02
one normal pod on the main stem has reached it's mature pod color
01
R8: Full maturity
大豆的主茎和分枝
大豆的生长习性
有限生长习性（Determinate）
大豆的生长习性
大豆的生长习性
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
”
亚有限生长习性（Semi-determinate）
大豆生长习性
大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性状。在地理分布上有着明显的规律和区域性。
南方雨水多，生长季节长，有限生长习性类型多。
02
北方雨水少，生长季节短，无限生长习性类型多。
4
开花结荚期
5
鼓粒期
6
成熟期
大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为6个时期：
大豆的生长发育过程
Development of the soybean growth stage system
•1949: Number system (Kaltonet al., 1949)–2: Three trifoliate leaves unrolled = V3–7: Small pods on top of plant with full pods at the bottom = R4 or R5•1977: Split development into a vegetative and reproductive stages (Fehr and Caviness, 1977)•2004: Slight change in definitions from the method devised in 1977 (Pedersen, 2004)
播深（cm）
下胚轴长度（cm）
出苗时主根长度（cm）
出苗时侧根数量（根）
下胚轴重量（mg/株）
2
2.7
15.9
20
27.6
4
4.1
13.0
24
35.0
6
6.2
12.8
17
42.6
8
8.7
13.2
12
60.7
Soybean Morphology
先出叶
第一对真叶（单叶）
4种不同类型：
三出复叶
子叶
大豆叶型
2
3
4
V6 Stage
01
02
03
R1 Stage: Beginning bloom
主茎任意节上有一朵花开放Flowering begins at 3rd to 6th node (V6 to V10 stage)Flowering period is 3 to 4 wk -begins 6 to 8wk after emergence -Peaks R2 to R3; ends –R5Vertical root growth rates increase rapidly -as much as 1.3 to 3.2 in /day
R5: Beginning seed
01
02
R6: Full seed
pod containing a green seed that fills the pod capacity at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf
R2: full bloom
1
2
3
4
5
R3: Beginning pod
pods are 3/16 inch (5 mm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Yield is a function of :base population pod numberSeeds per podSeed weightAbility to compensate for stress by modifying these factors decreases from R1 to R5