西方文化复习资料

Scholasticism经院哲学：Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100-1700。

It’s the most famous philosophy during the end of the middle age。

It always considered as a reconciliation between reason and belief,and applied in church’s beliefs and code.
启蒙运动：The enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use prejudice，unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State,it’s also called the Age of Reason.It was an elite cultural movement to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.
浪漫主义：
Romanticism （also the Romantic era or the Romantic period）was an artistic，literary，musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical.
现实主义Realism：Realism refers to the accurate，detailed，non-ornamented depiction of nature or of human life。

It advocates a close observation of outward appearances.It is a mode of writing or creative expression dates back to ancient times when some unearthed artifacts or literary fragments disclosed some close links to real life even at the time it was displayed。

It is both a way of thinking and a method of creation in the arts。

Socrates苏格拉底:Socrates’s status is so important in philosophy that almost all the philosophers of the 4th century BC invoked his idea either directly or indirectly and even since his teachings have circulated through western culture。

He asserted that one should pursue knowledge, while ignorance is an important source of evil and wrongdoing. One must gain knowledge to acquire virtue,while virtue is a source of knowledge. He shifted the focus from nature to people and social's essence. He think everything is because of kindness. He admired he was ignorance and object to one’s own desire. He think one should identify oneself, know oneself of what you are。

Plato柏拉图:Socrates death was a heavy blow to Plato’s political condition and led to his change of mind for his career。

From then on the purpose of politics, to his mind, was to reconstruct an ideal city，founded on knowledge of “the good” He later switched to an academic career，pursuing his interests in developing models for an ideal state. He came back to Athens and established the Academy—the first institution from the body and its tyranies。

One meets a new myth about the destiny of souls
after death towards the end Plato’s view of class is based on three elements of human nature, namely reason，will and lust. Private ownership is the root of all disasters，which needs to be abolished。

Except for daily necessities, all property should be shared。

He thinks the purpose of marriage is not to pursue fortune,power and position for family purpose, but to produce healthy children for the country。

Plato claims the sexual relationship should be equal, in terms of both education and career。

He thinks education is based on class.
Aristotle亚里士多德:His works cover wild—ranging areas such as philosophy，logic, rhetoric，literary，physics，biology and metaphysics。

He became increasingly concerned with science and practical matters of the world.He tried to work out how and why things originate and change，take shape and alter their shape。

For Aristotle，the relationship between body and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between matter and form。

Matters takes on form by degrees，and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between raw matter and pure form。

圣经对西方文化的影响：
1.First of all， the western culture is often seen as the heritage from the Bible civilizat ions， in which course we explore the Bible’s impact on western literature and art. Re ligion always has a great influence on literature。

The Bible， as the classic of Christianity， has permeated into all parts of social life i n the U.K。

and the U。

S.A。

Its attraction can be seen in a large number of literal works。

The Genesis, the Christ， the Fates of the Apostles are all based on the resources of the Bible。

2.At the same time, Biblical stories are also the principal themes of western masterpie ces of drawing, which inevitably involve some Biblical figures, especially during the period of Renaissance。

3.Second, it has a huge impact on western languages。

As is known to all, the influen ce of the Bible on western culture is profound and the Biblical literature has tremendo usly enriched the English language.
st but not least, the Biblical influence definitely deeply involves itself into wester ners
‟ daily life。

So the influence of the Bible on life style is deeply and widely. More peo ple are using the Bible as their scriptures and a guide of their future behaviors
为什么中世纪被称为The Age of Faith?
（1）During the medieval times, there was no central government to keep the order。

The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. It continued to gain widespread power and influence。

（2）In the late Middle Ages，almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the church。

（3）Christianity took the lead in polities，law, art，and learning for hundred years. It shaped people's lives, that’s why the Middle Ages is also called “Age of Faith”。

为什么中世纪被称为Dark age?
(1)During this period，Europe was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans has called savage。

The intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed. It as also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic church。

This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep—seated social contradictions and conflicts, which were first demonstrated in the distress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannic rulers ad their unrestrained demands for more power and territory。

填空
Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece
1 The city—states（城邦) including Thebes(底比斯), Miletus(米利都），Athens(雅典), Sparta(斯巴达）.
希腊的民主形式：国民大会Forms of democracy in Greece：Ecclesia
2 In Greek,①Political system：Ecclesia（国民大会），Boule(法律）, Supreme council(最高委员会).
②Characteristics of the system:democratic but unstable 。

③Peak of Greek civilization:Pericle’s region
3 Greek civilization came to its peak during Pericles’ (伯利克里）region.
4 There main philosophers:Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato（柏拉图‹‹Repulic››理想国)，Aristotle(亚里士多德)
5 Plato came back to Athens and established the Academy——the first institution of higher learning.
6 Epic poetry(史诗）:Homer’ work: ‹‹Ilida››伊利亚特，‹‹Odyssey››奥德赛
7 Lyric poetry(抒情诗歌):Sappho( 萨芙)and Pindar（品达）
8宙斯等都是希腊神话里的人物Zeus is a figure in Greek mythology
9三大悲剧作家Aeschylus：Promrtheus Bound
埃斯库罗斯:被缚的普罗米修斯
Sophocles：Oedipus the King
索福克里斯：俄狄浦斯王
Euripides：Medea
欧里皮德斯:美狄亚
10 Architecture：The grandest building in Athens was the Parthenon，a Doric temple for Athena，designed and decorated by Phidias.
11 Sculpture：The artists as Myron （迈伦）and Polyclitus（波利克里托斯）
12 Painting:The scope of Greek painting is largely illustrated by the kindred art of vase decoration.
13 The best—know mathematician was Euclid（欧几里得) who established the science of plane geometry. His famous work is Euclid's Elements.
14 Archimedes was a scientist。

As a mathematician，he discovered the ratio of radius of a circle in mathematician, and as a physicist, he found out the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere。

Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome
1 The signs of the completion of Rome：She-wolf
2 Representatives of the Republic of Rome：Caesar（凯撒)
3 Octavian came to be know as Augustus Caesar,and he became the first emperor of Rome.
4 Gallic War（高卢战记)：The historic record of Caesar
5 The Eastern Roman Empire was (or the Byzantine Empire(拜占庭帝国）build in Constantinople（君士坦丁堡)
6 The Western Roman Empire was build in Rome
7 希腊最有名神庙:卡尔斯神庙
8 The Justinian Law（查士丁尼法典）The Law of Twelve Tables(十二铜表法) Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament
Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament
1 The five books of Moses: Gensis（创世纪) Exodus（出埃及记) Leviticus（利未记) Numbers （民数记) Deuteronomy（申命记）
2 The Bible consists of two parts, The New Testament and The Old Testament。

3 The Old Testament consists of there parts，Pentateuch(摩西五书) Prophets(先知书) Hagiographa(圣录）Apocrypha(伪经)
4 Jerusalem is the Holy Land of the three religions.
Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture
1 Byzantine Culture:Neoplatonism (新柏拉图主义) Transcendentalism(先见主义）Chapter 6 Culture During the Renaissance
1 The three great masters of fine art or three towering figures：Da Vinci达芬奇, Michelangelo米开朗基罗，Rafael拉斐尔
2 In Italy Dante with his The Divine Comedy(但丁神曲)
Boccaccio with his Decameron(薄伽丘十日谈)
3 In France，Montagne with his prose（蒙田随笔全集）
4 Petrarch：The Canzonmere(彼得拉克歌集）
5四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet，《奥赛罗》Othello，《李尔王》King Lear，《麦克白》Macbeth
四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice,《仲夏夜之梦》A Mids ummer Night’s Dream,《皆大欢喜》As You Like It,《第十二夜》Twelfth night
6 The reasons why the Renaissance emerged in Italy
①Italy prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development.
②Its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emerged of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development
of cultural life.
③The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome.
④The use of Latin as a common language in Italy，which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture
7 The Renaissance first emerged in the city of Florence。

8 Representative painters of The Renaissance：Rafael 拉斐尔Titian 提香（The
Assumption of The Virgin）Da Vinci达芬奇
9 The Last Super and Mona Lisa are the work of Da Vinci
10 Religious Reform：Martin Luther
11 Don Quixote ：Cervantes 堂吉诃德是塞万提斯的作品
Chapter 7 Culture During the Enlightenment
1 Locke's famous work is An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
①He is the first to talk the division of power
②All men are created equal
2 Montesquieu：Spirit of Law 论法的精神
His most important contribution to political theory was a new concept of the division of power.
3 Rousseau：The Social Contract 社会契约论
4 Swift:①Gulliver's Travels ②A Modest Proposal斯威夫特格列佛游记一个
温和的建议
5 Fielding菲尔丁:Tom Jones
6 David:①The Death of Socrates ②The Death of Marat ③The Coronation of
Napoleon拿破仑加冕
7 The American Revolution and The French Revolution happened under the
background of The Enlightenment
8 Notre Dame DE Paris is a gothic church
9 Rode—colored window is the style of Baroque.
10 Music:Mozart an Bach 莫扎特和巴赫
Chapter 8 Romanticism，Realism and Naturalism
Romanticism
1 Goethe歌德:①The Sorrows of Young Werther ② Faust浮士德
2 Schiller席勒：Love and Intrigue阴谋与爱情
3 The Lakers湖畔诗人:Wordsworth ：Tintern Abbey华兹华斯的丁登寺
Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner柯勒律治的《老水手行》/《老水手的摇曲》
4 Byron拜伦:①Beppo ②Don Juan唐璜
5 Shelly雪莱:①Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯②Ode to the West
Wind西风颂
6 Victor Hugo:①Hunchback of Notre-Dame巴黎圣母院②Les Miserables悲
惨世界
7 George Sand乔治.桑：①Indiana安蒂亚娜②Valentine 华伦蒂娜③Lelia 莱莉亚
8 Pushkin普希金：Eugene Onegin尤金奥涅金
9 Beethoven贝多芬：①Fate 命运交响曲②Pastoral田园交响曲③Moonlight Sonata月光奏鸣曲
10 Schubert舒伯特：Serenade小夜曲
11 Tchaikovsky：①Swan Lake天鹅湖②The Nutcracker ③胡桃夹子The Sleeping Beauty睡美人
Romanticism
1 Stendhal司汤达:①The Red and the Black红与黑②The Charterhouse of Parma巴马修道院
2 Jane Austen：①Sense and Sensibility理智与情感② Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见③Emma爱玛
3 Balzac巴尔扎克：The Human Comedy人间喜剧
4 Flaubert福楼拜：Madame Bovary包法利夫人
5 Gogol果戈里：Dead Souls死魂灵
6 Turgenev屠格涅夫:①A Sportsman’s Sketches 猎人笔记②Fathers and Sons 父与子
7 Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基:①Crime and Punishment 罪与罚②The Idiot 白痴
8 Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰:①War and Peace ② Anna Karenina安娜卡列妮娜
9 Chekhov契诃夫:①Three Sisters 三姐妹②The Cherry Orchard樱桃园
10 Dickens迪根斯：①Bleak House荒凉山庄②Oliver Twist雾都孤儿
③David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔
11 William Thackeray萨克雷:Vanity Fair名利场
12 Bronte Sisters勃朗特三姐妹:①Jane Eyre 简爱②The Professor教师
③Vilette维莱特
Naturalism
1 The first major novelist was Zola左拉
2Vincent van Gogh梵高:The Potato Eaters吃土豆的人。