Random Mechanical Properties of China Railway Grade B Cast Steel Wheel
混凝土细观力学研究进展及评述
混凝土细观力学研究进展及评述马怀发陈厚群黎保琨展，在细观层次上利用数值方法直接模拟混凝土试件或结构的裂缝扩展过程及破坏形态，直观地反映出试件的损伤破坏机理引起了广泛的注意。
近十几年来，基于混凝土的细观结构，人们提出了许多研究混凝土断裂过程的细观力学模型，最具典型的有格构模型（Ｌａｔｔｉｃｅｍｏｄｅｌ）、随机粒子模型（Ｒ跚ｄｏｍｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ啪ｄｅｌ）‘掣ＭｏｈａｍｅｄＡＲ【引等提出的细观模型、随机骨料模型（Ｒａｎｄｏｍａｇｇｌｌｅｇａｔｅｍｏｄｅｌ）及唐春安等人心８’２引提出的随机力学特性模型等。
这些模型都假定混凝土是砂浆基质、骨料和两者之间的粘结带组成的三相复合材料，用细观层次上的简单本构关系来模拟复杂的宏观断裂过程。
另外，文献［３０～３２］根据混凝土材料特性与分形维数的相关关系，运用分形方法定量描述了混凝土的损伤演化行为。
４．１格构模型格构模型将连续介质在细观尺度上被离散成由弹性杆或梁单元连结而成的格构系统，如图２。
每个单元代表材料的一小部分（如岩石、混凝土的固体基质）。
网格一般为规则三角形或四边形，也可是随机形态的不规则网格。
单元采用简单的本构关系（如弹脆性本构关系）和破坏准则，并考虑骨料分（ａ）格构杼件网络（ｂ）格构杆件属性布及各相力学特性分布的随机性。
计算时，图２格构模型在外载作用下对整体网格进行线弹性分析，计算出格构中各单元的局部应力，超过破坏阈值的单元将从系统中除去，单元的破坏为不可逆过程。
单元破坏后，荷载将重新分配，再次计算以得出下个破坏单元。
不断重复该计算过程，直至整个系统完全破坏，各单元的渐进破坏即可用于模拟材料的宏观破坏过程。
格构模型思想产生于５０多年前，当时由于缺乏足够的数值计算能力，仅仅停留在理论上。
２０世纪８０年代后期，该模型被用于非均质材料的破坏过程模拟ｎ８瑚’２１’３３。
６］’。
后来，ｓｃｈｌａｎｇｅｎＥ等人汹’２１’”“３将格构模型应用于混凝土断裂破坏研究，模拟了混凝土及其它非均质材料所表现的典型破坏机理和开裂面的贯通过程。
钢铁厂专用述语-中英文对照
Tap hole
出渣口，出铁口
Ladle
铁水包、钢水包
Converter
转炉
Baiting
上料
Skip
料车
150 T Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
150吨电弧炉
Oxygen Oil Burner
氧油烧嘴
The fifth hole continuous automatic charging
渗碳
Cementing
渗碳、烧结
Nitriding
渗氮
Corrosion
腐蚀、侵蚀
Casting Protection
保护浇注
Scrap Preheating
废钢预热
Foam Slag Melting
泡沫渣冶炼
Reserved Steel and Slag Operation
留钢留渣操作
Nominal Weight
计量科
President
总裁
Weekly plan
周计划
Monthly plan
月计划
Release plan
下达计划
Exclude plan
计划执行
Adjust plan
调整计划
Check Capacity
能力平衡
Check inventory
库存平衡
Materials request slip
领料单
工厂及设备
炼钢炼铁Iron and Steel Making
Iron Works
钢铁厂
Iron Making
炼铁
Steel Works / Steel Mill
钢厂
土木工程外文翻译-原文
外文原文Response of a reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure to removal of twoadjacent columnsMehrdad Sasani_Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering Center, Boston, MA 02115, UnitedStatesReceived 27 June 2007; received in revised form 26 December 2007; accepted 24January 2008Available online 19 March 2008AbstractThe response of Hotel San Diego, a six-story reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure, is evaluated following the simultaneous removal of two adjacent exterior columns. Analytical models of the structure using the Finite Element Method as well as the Applied Element Method are used to calculate global and local deformations. The analytical results show good agreement with experimental data. The structure resisted progressive collapse with a measured maximum vertical displacement of only one quarter of an inch mm). Deformation propagation over the height of the structure and the dynamic load redistribution following the column removal are experimentally and analytically evaluated and described. The difference between axial and flexural wave propagations is discussed. Three-dimensional Vierendeel (frame) action of the transverse and longitudinal frames with the participation of infill walls is identified as the major mechanism for redistribution of loads in the structure. The effects of two potential brittle modes of failure (fracture of beam sections without tensile reinforcement and reinforcing bar pull out) are described. The response of the structure due to additional gravity loads and in the absence of infill walls is analytically evaluated.c 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Progressive collapse; Load redistribution; Load resistance; Dynamic response; Nonlinear analysis; Brittle failure1.IntroductionThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safet y of structures. The “safety factor ”, which according t o modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the rati o between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of th e structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse o f the structure but also as unserviceability or, according t o a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “limit state ”which causes the construction not to acco mplish the task it was designed for. There are two categori es of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckli ng or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure intoa mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformati on or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alte rnating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive defo rmations and displacements without instability; early or exces sive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into: (1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are co nsidered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are co nsidered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed un der maximum loads are compared with the strength of the mat erial reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be propor tioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with pres cribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four poss ible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, t wo combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses . (2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states. The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at l east in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combine d to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structu re ); (2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fab rication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure; (4)Uncertainty related to the approx imation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ). Furthermore, proba bilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure; (2)Number of human lives which can be thr eatened by this failure; (3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure; (4) Predicted life of the structure. All these factors are related to economic and social consi derations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given saf ety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic ana lysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis t he laws of the distribution of the live load and its induc ed stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of mate rials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the st ructure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to i nterpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties ca n be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second i s an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some s implifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) . Aspart of mitigation programs to reduce the likelihood of mass casualties following local damage in structures, the General Services Administration [1] and the Department of Defense [2] developed regulations to evaluate progressive collapse resistance of structures. ASCE/SEI 7 [3] defines progressive collapse as the spread of an initial local failure fromelement to element eventually resulting in collapse of an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it. Following the approaches proposed by Ellinwood and Leyendecker [4], ASCE/SEI 7 [3] defines two general methods for structural design of buildings to mitigate damage due to progressive collapse: indirect and direct design methods. General building codes and standards [3,5] use indirect design by increasing overall integrity of structures. Indirect design is also used in DOD [2]. Although the indirect design method can reduce the risk of progressive collapse [6,7] estimation of post-failure performance of structures designed based on such a method is not readily possible. One approach based on direct design methods to evaluate progressive collapse of structures is to study the effects of instantaneous removal of load-bearing elements, such as columns. GSA [1] and DOD [2] regulations require removal of one load bearing element. These regulations are meant to evaluate general integrity of structures and their capacity of redistributing the loads following severe damage to only one element. While such an approach provides insight as to the extent to which the structures are susceptible to progressive collapse, in reality, the initial damage can affect more than just one column. In this study, using analytical results that are verified against experimental data, the progressive collapse resistance of the Hotel San Diego is evaluated, following the simultaneous explosion (sudden removal) of two adjacent columns, one of which was a corner column. In order to explode the columns, explosives were inserted into predrilled holes in the columns. The columns were then well wrapped with a few layers of protective materials. Therefore, neither air blast nor flying fragments affected the structure.2. Building characteristicsHotel San Diego was constructed in 1914 with a south annex added in 1924. The annex included two separate buildings. Fig. 1 shows a south view of the hotel. Note that in the picture, the first and third stories of the hotel are covered with black fabric. The six story hotel had a non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure with hollow clay tile exterior infill walls. The infills in the annex consisted of two withes (layers) of clay tiles with a total thickness of about 8 in (203 mm). The height of the first floor was about 190–800 m). The height of other floors and that of the top floor were 100–600 m) and 160–1000 m), respectively. Fig. 2 shows the second floor of one of the annex buildings. Fig. 3 shows a typical plan of this building, whose responsefollowing the simultaneous removal (explosion) of columns A2 and A3 in the first (ground) floor is evaluated in this paper. The floor system consisted of one-way joists running in the longitudinal direction (North–South), as shown in Fig. 3. Based on compression tests of two concrete samples, the average concrete compressive strength was estimated at about 4500 psi (31 MPa) for a standard concrete cylinder. The modulus of elasticity of concrete was estimated at 3820 ksi (26 300 MPa) [5]. Also, based on tension tests of two steel samples having 1/2 in mm) square sections, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths were found to be 62 ksi (427 MPa) and 87 ksi (600 MPa), respectively. The steel ultimate tensile strain was measured at . The modulus of elasticity of steel was set equal to 29 000 ksi (200 000 MPa). The building was scheduled to be demolished by implosion. As part of the demolition process, the infill walls were removed from the first and third floors. There was no live load in the building. All nonstructural elements including partitions, plumbing, and furniture were removed prior to implosion. Only beams, columns, joist floor and infill walls on the peripheral beams were present.3. SensorsConcrete and steel strain gages were used to measure changes in strains of beams and columns. Linear potentiometers were used to measure global and local deformations. The concrete strain gages were in (90 mm) long having a maximum strain limit of ±. The steel strain gages could measure up to a strain of ±. The strain gages could operate up to a several hundred kHz sampling rate. The sampling rate used in the experiment was 1000 Hz. Potentiometers were used to capture rotation (integral of curvature over a length) of the beam end regions and global displacementin the building, as described later. The potentiometers had a resolution of about in mm) and a maximum operational speed of about 40 in/s m/s), while the maximum recorded speed in the experiment was about 14 in/sm/s).4. Finite element modelUsing the finite element method (FEM), a model of the building was developed in the SAP2000 [8] computer program. The beams and columns are modeled with Bernoulli beam elements. Beams have T or L sections with effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Plastic hinges are assigned to all possible locations where steel bar yielding can occur, including the ends of elements as well as the reinforcing bar cut-off and bend locations. The characteristics of the plastic hinges are obtained using section analysesof the beams and columns and assuming a plastic hinge length equal to half of the section depth. The current version of SAP2000 [8] is not able to track formation of cracks in the elements. In order to find the proper flexural stiffness of sections, an iterative procedure is used as follows. First, the building is analyzed assuming all elements are uncracked. Then, moment demands in the elements are compared with their cracking bending moments, Mcr . The moment of inertia of beam and slab segments are reduced by a coefficient of [5], where the demand exceeds the Mcr. The exterior beam cracking bending moments under negative and positive moments, are 516 k in kN m) and 336 k in kN m), respectively. Note that no cracks were formed in the columns. Then the building is reanalyzed and moment diagrams are re-evaluated. This procedure is repeated until all of the cracked regions are properly identified and modeled.The beams in the building did not have top reinforcing bars except at the end regions (see Fig. 4). For instance, no top reinforcement was provided beyond the bend in beam A1–A2, 12 inches away from the face of column A1 (see Figs. 4 and 5). To model the potential loss of flexural strength in those sections, localized crack hinges were assigned at the critical locations where no top rebar was present. Flexural strengths of the hinges were set equal to Mcr. Such sections were assumed to lose their flexural strength when the imposed bending moments reached Mcr.The floor system consisted of joists in the longitudinal direction (North–South). Fig. 6 shows the cross section of a typical floor. In order to account for potential nonlinear response of slabs and joists, floors are molded by beam elements. Joists are modeled with T-sections, having effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Given the large joist spacing between axes 2 and 3, two rectangular beam elements with 20-inch wide sections are used between the joist and the longitudinal beams of axes 2 and 3 to model the slab in the longitudinal direction. To model the behavior of the slab in the transverse direction, equally spaced parallel beams with 20-inch wide rectangular sections are used. There is a difference between the shear flow in the slab and that in the beam elements with rectangular sections modeling the slab. Because of this, the torsional stiffness is setequal to one-half of that of the gross sections [9].The building had infill walls on 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th floors on the spandrel beams with some openings . windows and doors). As mentioned before and as part of the demolition procedure, the infill walls in the 1st and 3rd floors were removed before the test. The infill walls were made of hollow clay tiles, which were in good condition. The net area of the clay tiles was about 1/2 of the gross area. The in-plane action of the infill walls contributes to the building stiffness and strength and affects the building response. Ignoring the effects of the infill walls and excluding them in the model would result in underestimating the building stiffness and strength.Using the SAP2000 computer program [8], two types of modeling for the infills are considered in this study: one uses two dimensional shell elements (Model A) and the other uses compressive struts (Model B) as suggested in FEMA356 [10] guidelines.. Model A (infills modeled by shell elements)Infill walls are modeled with shell elements. However, the current version of the SAP2000 computer program includes only linear shell elements and cannot account for cracking. The tensile strength of the infill walls is set equal to 26 psi, with a modulus of elasticity of 644 ksi [10]. Because the formation ofcracks has a significant effect on the stiffness of the infill walls, the following iterative procedure is used to account for crack formation:(1) Assuming the infill walls are linear and uncracked, a nonlinear time history analysis is run. Note that plastic hinges exist in the beam elements and the segments of the beam elements where moment demand exceeds the cracking moment have a reduced moment of inertia.(2) The cracking pattern in the infill wall is determined by comparingstresses in the shells developed during the analysis with the tensile strength of infills.(3) Nodes are separated at the locations where tensile stress exceeds tensile strength. These steps are continued until the crack regions are properly modeled.. Model B (infills modeled by struts)Infill walls are replaced with compressive struts as described in FEMA 356 [10] guidelines. Orientations of the struts are determined from the deformed shape of the structure after column removal and the location of openings.. Column removalRemoval of the columns is simulated with the following procedure. (1) The structure is analyzed under the permanent loads and the internal forces are determined at the ends of the columns, which will be removed.(2) The model is modified by removing columns A2 and A3 on the first floor. Again the structure is statically analyzed under permanent loads. In this case, the internal forces at the ends of removed columns found in the first step are applied externally to the structure along with permanent loads. Note that the results of this analysis are identical to those of step 1.(3) The equal and opposite column end forces that were applied in the second step are dynamically imposed on the ends of the removed column within one millisecond [11] to simulate the removal of the columns, and dynamic analysis is conducted.. Comparison of analytical and experimental resultsThe maximum calculated vertical displacement of the building occurs at joint A3 in the second floor. Fig. 7 shows the experimental andanalytical (Model A) vertical displacements of this joint (the AEM results will be discussed in the next section). Experimental data is obtained using the recordings of three potentiometers attached to joint A3 on one of their ends, and to the ground on the other ends. The peak displacements obtained experimentally and analytically (Model A) are in mm) and in mm), respectively, which differ only by about 4%. The experimental and analytical times corresponding to peak displacement are s and s, respectively. The analytical results show a permanent displacement of about in mm), which is about 14% smaller than the corresponding experimental value of in mm).Fig. 8 compares vertical displacement histories of joint A3 in the second floor estimated analytically based on Models A and B. As can be seen, modeling infills with struts (Model B) results in a maximum vertical displacement of joint A3 equal to about in mm), which is approximately 80% larger than the value obtained from Model A. Note that the results obtained from Model A are in close agreement with experimental results (see Fig. 7), while Model B significantly overestimates the deformation of the structure. If the maximum vertical displacement were larger, the infill walls were more severely cracked and the struts were more completely formed, the difference between the results of the two models (Models A and B) would be smaller.Fig. 9 compares the experimental and analytical (Model A) displacement of joint A2 in the second floor. Again, while the first peak vertical displacement obtained experimentally and analytically are in good agreement, the analytical permanent displacement under estimates the experimental value.Analytically estimated deformed shapes of the structure at the maximumvertical displacement based on Model A are shown in Fig. 10 with a magnification factor of 200. The experimentally measured deformed shape over the end regions of beams A1–A2 and A3–B3 in the second floorare represented in the figure by solid lines. A total of 14 potentiometers were located at the top and bottom of the end regions of the second floor beams A1–A2 and A3–B3, which were the most critical elements in load redistribution. The beam top and corresponding bottom potentiometerrecordings were used to calculate rotation between the sections where the potentiometer ends were connected. This was done by first finding the difference between the recorded deformations at the top and bottom of the beam, and then dividing the value by the distance (along the height of the beam section) between the two potentiometers. The expected deformed shapes between the measured end regions of the second floor beams are shown by dashed lines. As can be seen in the figures, analytically estimated deformed shapes of the beams are in good agreement with experimentally obtained deformed shapes.Analytical results of Model A show that only two plastic hinges are formed indicating rebar yielding. Also, four sections that did not have negative (top) reinforcement, reached cracking moment capacities and therefore cracked. Fig. 10 shows the locations of all the formed plastic hinges and cracks.。
振动方面的专业英语及词汇
振动方面的专业英语及词汇振动方面的专业英语及词汇参见《工程振动名词术语》1、振动信号的时域、频域描述振动过程 (Vibration Process)简谐振动 (Harmonic Vibration)周期振动 (Periodic Vibration)准周期振动 (Ouasi-periodic Vibration)瞬态过程 (Transient Process)随机振动过程 (Random Vibration Process) 各态历经过程 (Ergodic Process)确定性过程 (Deterministic Process)振幅 (Amplitude)相位 (Phase)初相位 (Initial Phase)频率 (Frequency)角频率 (Angular Frequency)周期 (Period)复数振动 (Complex Vibration)复数振幅 (Complex Amplitude)峰值 (Peak-value)平均绝对值 (Average Absolute Value)有效值 (Effective Value，RMS Value)均值 (Mean Value，Average Value)傅里叶级数 (FS，Fourier Series)傅里叶变换 (FT，Fourier Transform)傅里叶逆变换 (IFT，Inverse Fourier Transform) 离散谱 (Discrete Spectrum)连续谱 (Continuous Spectrum)傅里叶谱 (Fourier Spectrum)线性谱 (Linear Spectrum)幅值谱 (Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱 (Phase Spectrum)均方值 (Mean Square Value)方差 (Variance)协方差 (Covariance)自协方差函数 (Auto-covariance Function)互协方差函数 (Cross-covariance Function)自相关函数 (Auto-correlation Function)互相关函数 (Cross-correlation Function)标准偏差 (Standard Deviation)相对标准偏差 (Relative Standard Deviation)概率 (Probability)概率分布 (Probability Distribution)高斯概率分布 (Gaussian Probability Distribution) 概率密度 (Probability Density)集合平均 (Ensemble Average)时间平均 (Time Average)功率谱密度 (PSD，Power Spectrum Density)自功率谱密度 (Auto-spectral Density)互功率谱密度 (Cross-spectral Density)均方根谱密度 (RMS Spectral Density)能量谱密度 (ESD，Energy Spectrum Density)相干函数 (Coherence Function)帕斯瓦尔定理 (Parseval''''s Theorem)维纳，辛钦公式 (Wiener-Khinchin Formula2、振动系统的固有特性、激励与响应振动系统 (Vibration System)激励 (Excitation)响应 (Response)单自由度系统 (Single Degree-Of-Freedom System) 多自由度系统 (Multi-Degree-Of- Freedom System) 离散化系统 (Discrete System)连续体系统 (Continuous System)刚度系数 (Stiffness Coefficient)自由振动 (Free Vibration)自由响应 (Free Response)强迫振动 (Forced Vibration)强迫响应 (Forced Response)初始条件 (Initial Condition)固有频率 (Natural Frequency)阻尼比 (Damping Ratio)衰减指数 (Damping Exponent)阻尼固有频率 (Damped Natural Frequency)对数减幅系数 (Logarithmic Decrement)主频率 (Principal Frequency)无阻尼模态频率 (Undamped Modal Frequency)模态 (Mode)主振动 (Principal Vibration)振型 (Mode Shape)振型矢量 (Vector Of Mode Shape)模态矢量 (Modal Vector)正交性 (Orthogonality)展开定理 (Expansion Theorem)主质量 (Principal Mass)模态质量 (Modal Mass)主刚度 (Principal Stiffness)模态刚度 (Modal Stiffness)正则化 (Normalization)振型矩阵 (Matrix Of Modal Shape)模态矩阵 (Modal Matrix)主坐标 (Principal Coordinates)模态坐标 (Modal Coordinates)模态分析 (Modal Analysis)模态阻尼比 (Modal Damping Ratio)频响函数 (Frequency Response Function)幅频特性 (Amplitude-frequency Characteristics)相频特性 (Phase frequency Characteristics)共振 (Resonance)半功率点 (Half power Points)波德图(Bodé Plot)动力放大系数 (Dynamical Magnification Factor)单位脉冲 (Unit Impulse)冲激响应函数 (Impulse Response Function)杜哈美积分(Duhamel’s Integral)卷积积分 (Convolution Integral)卷积定理 (Convolution Theorem)特征矩阵 (Characteristic Matrix)阻抗矩阵 (Impedance Matrix)频响函数矩阵 (Matrix Of Frequency Response Function) 导纳矩阵 (Mobility Matrix)冲击响应谱 (Shock Response Spectrum)冲击激励 (Shock Excitation)冲击响应 (Shock Response)冲击初始响应谱 (Initial Shock Response Spectrum)冲击剩余响应谱 (Residual Shock Response Spectrum) 冲击最大响应谱 (Maximum Shock Response Spectrum) 冲击响应谱分析 (Shock Response Spectrum Analysis)3 、模态试验分析模态试验 (Modal Testing)机械阻抗 (Mechanical Impedance)位移阻抗 (Displacement Impedance)速度阻抗 (Velocity Impedance)加速度阻抗 (Acceleration Impedance)机械导纳 (Mechanical Mobility)位移导纳 (Displacement Mobility)速度导纳 (Velocity Mobility)加速度导纳 (Acceleration Mobility)驱动点导纳 (Driving Point Mobility)跨点导纳 (Cross Mobility)传递函数 (Transfer Function)拉普拉斯变换 (Laplace Transform)传递函数矩阵 (Matrix Of Transfer Function)频响函数 (FRF，Frequency Response Function)频响函数矩阵 (Matrix Of FRF)实模态 (Normal Mode)复模态 (Complex Mode)模态参数 (Modal Parameter)模态频率 (Modal Frequency)模态阻尼比 (Modal Damping Ratio)模态振型 (Modal Shape)模态质量 (Modal Mass)模态刚度 (Modal Stiffness)模态阻力系数 (Modal Damping Coefficient)模态阻抗 (Modal Impedance)模态导纳 (Modal Mobility)模态损耗因子 (Modal Loss Factor)比例粘性阻尼 (Proportional Viscous Damping)非比例粘性阻尼 (Non-proportional Viscous Damping) 结构阻尼 (Structural Damping，Hysteretic Damping) 复频率 (Complex Frequency)复振型 (Complex Modal Shape)留数 (Residue)极点 (Pole)零点 (Zero)复留数 (Complex Residue)随机激励 (Random Excitation)伪随机激励 (Pseudo Random Excitation)猝发随机激励 (Burst Random Excitation)稳态正弦激励 (Steady State Sine Excitation)正弦扫描激励 (Sweeping Sine Excitation)锤击激励 (Impact Excitation)频响函数的H1 估计 (FRF Estimate by H1)频响函数的H2 估计 (FRF Estimate by H2)频响函数的H3 估计 (FRF Estimate by H3)单模态曲线拟合法 (Single-mode Curve Fitting Method) 多模态曲线拟合法 (Multi-mode Curve Fitting Method) 模态圆 (Mode Circle)剩余模态 (Residual Mode)幅频峰值法 (Peak Value Method)实频-虚频峰值法 (Peak Real／Imaginary Method)圆拟合法 (Circle Fitting Method)加权最小二乘拟合法 (Weighting Least Squares Fitting method) 复指数拟合法 (Complex Exponential Fitting method)4、振动测试的名词术语1 ）传感器测量系统传感器测量系统 (Transducer Measuring System)传感器 (Transducer)振动传感器 (Vibration Transducer)机械接收 (Mechanical Reception)机电变换 (Electro-mechanical Conversion)测量电路 (Measuring Circuit)惯性式传感器 (Inertial Transducer，Seismic Transducer)相对式传感器 (Relative Transducer)电感式传感器 (Inductive Transducer)应变式传感器 (Strain Gauge Transducer)电动力传感器 (Electro-dynamic Transducer)压电式传感器 (Piezoelectric Transducer)压阻式传感器 (Piezoresistive Transducer)电涡流式传感器 (Eddy Current Transducer)伺服式传感器 (Servo Transducer)灵敏度 (Sensitivity)复数灵敏度 (Complex Sensitivity)分辨率 (Resolution)频率范围 (Frequency Range)线性范围 (Linear Range)频率上限 (Upper Limit Frequency)频率下限 (Lower Limit Frequency)静态响应 (Static Response)零频率响应 (Zero Frequency Response)动态范围 (Dynamic Range)幅值上限 Upper Limit Amplitude)幅值下限 (Lower Limit Amplitude)最大可测振级 (Max．Detectable Vibration Level)最小可测振级 (Min．Detectable Vibration Level)信噪比 (S/N Ratio)振动诺模图 (Vibration Nomogram)相移 (Phase Shift)波形畸变 (Wave-shape Distortion)比例相移 (Proportional Phase Shift)惯性传感器的稳态响应(Steady Response Of Inertial Transducer)惯性传感器的稳击响应 (Shock Response Of Inertial Transducer) 位移计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Vibrometer)加速度计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Accelerometer)幅频特性曲线 (Amplitude-frequency Curve)相频特性曲线 (Phase-frequency Curve)固定安装共振频率 (Mounted Resonance Frequency)安装刚度 (Mounted Stiffness)有限高频效应 (Effect Of Limited High Frequency)有限低频效应 (Effect Of Limited Low Frequency)电动式变换 (Electro-dynamic Conversion)磁感应强度 (Magnetic Induction， Magnetic Flux Density)磁通 (Magnetic Flux)磁隙 (Magnetic Gap)电磁力 (Electro-magnetic Force)相对式速度传 (Relative Velocity Transducer)惯性式速度传感器 (Inertial Velocity Transducer)速度灵敏度 (Velocity Sensitivity)电涡流阻尼 (Eddy-current Damping)无源微(积)分电路 (Passive Differential (Integrate) Circuit) 有源微(积)分电路 (Active Differential (Integrate) Circuit)运算放大器 (Operational Amplifier)时间常数 (Time Constant)比例运算 (Scaling)积分运算 (Integration)微分运算 (Differentiation)高通滤波电路 (High-pass Filter Circuit)低通滤波电路 (Low-pass Filter Circuit)截止频率 (Cut-off Frequency)压电效应 (Piezoelectric Effect)压电陶瓷 (Piezoelectric Ceramic)压电常数 (Piezoelectric Constant)极化 (Polarization)压电式加速度传感器 (Piezoelectric Acceleration Transducer) 中心压缩式 (Center Compression Accelerometer)三角剪切式 (Delta Shear Accelerometer)压电方程 (Piezoelectric Equation)压电石英 (Piezoelectric Quartz)电荷等效电路 (Charge Equivalent Circuit)电压等效电路 (Voltage Equivalent Circuit)电荷灵敏度 (Charge Sensitivity)电压灵敏度 (Voltage Sensitivity)电荷放大器 (Charge Amplifier)适调放大环节 (Conditional Amplifier Section)归一化 (Uniformization)电荷放大器增益 (Gain Of Charge Amplifier)测量系统灵敏度 (Sensitivity Of Measuring System)底部应变灵敏度 (Base Strain Sensitivity)横向灵敏度 (Transverse Sensitivity)地回路 (Ground Loop)力传感器 (Force Transducer)力传感器灵敏度 (Sensitivity Of Force Transducer)电涡流 (Eddy Current)前置器 (Proximitor)间隙-电压曲线 (Voltage vs Gap Curve)间隙-电压灵敏度 (Voltage vs Gap Sensitivity)压阻效应 (Piezoresistive Effect)轴向压阻系数 (Axial Piezoresistive Coefficient)横向压阻系数 (Transverse Piezoresistive Coefficient)压阻常数 (Piezoresistive Constant)单晶硅 (Monocrystalline Silicon)应变灵敏度 (Strain Sensitivity)固态压阻式加速度传感器(Solid State Piezoresistive Accelerometer)体型压阻式加速度传感器(Bulk Type Piezoresistive Accelerometer)力平衡式传感器 (Force Balance Transducer)电动力常数 (Electro-dynamic Constant)机电耦合系统 (Electro-mechanical Coupling System)2）检测仪表、激励设备及校准装置时间基准信号 (Time Base Signal)李萨茹图 (Lissojous Curve)数字频率计 (Digital Frequency Meter)便携式测振表 (Portable Vibrometer)有效值电压表 (RMS Value Voltmeter)峰值电压表 (Peak-value Voltmeter)平均绝对值检波电路 (Average Absolute Value Detector) 峰值检波电路 (Peak-value Detector)准有效值检波电路 (Quasi RMS Value Detector)真有效值检波电路 (True RMS Value Detector)直流数字电压表 (DVM，DC Digital Voltmeter)数字式测振表 (Digital Vibrometer)A/D 转换器 (A/D Converter)D/A 转换器 (D/A Converter)相位计 (Phase Meter)电子记录仪 (Lever Recorder)光线示波器 (Oscillograph)振子 (Galvonometer)磁带记录仪 (Magnetic Tape Recorder)DR 方式(直接记录式) (Direct Recorder)FM 方式(频率调制式) (Frequency Modulation)失真度 (Distortion)机械式激振器 (Mechanical Exciter)机械式振动台 (Mechanical Shaker)离心式激振器 (Centrifugal Exciter)电动力式振动台 (Electro-dynamic Shaker)电动力式激振器 (Electro-dynamic Exciter)液压式振动台 (Hydraulic Shaker)液压式激振器 (Hydraulic Exciter)电液放大器 (Electro-hydraulic Amplifier)磁吸式激振器 (Magnetic Pulling Exciter)涡流式激振器 (Eddy Current Exciter)压电激振片 (Piezoelectric Exciting Elements)冲击力锤 (Impact Hammer)冲击试验台 (Shock Testing Machine)激振控制技术 (Excitation Control Technique)波形再现 (Wave Reproduction)压缩技术 (Compression Technique)均衡技术 (Equalization Technique)交越频率 (Crossover Frequency)综合技术 (Synthesis Technique)校准 (Calibration)分部校准 (Calibration for Components in system)系统校准 (Calibration for Over-all System)模拟传感器 (Simulated Transducer)静态校准 (Static Calibration)简谐激励校准 (Harmonic Excitation Calibration)绝对校准 (Absolute Calibration)相对校准 (Relative Calibration)比较校准 (Comparison Calibration)标准振动台 (Standard Vibration Exciter)读数显微镜法 (Microscope-streak Method)光栅板法 (Ronchi Ruling Method)光学干涉条纹计数法 (Optical Interferometer Fringe Counting Method)光学干涉条纹消失法(Optical Interferometer Fringe Disappearance Method)背靠背安装 (Back-to-back Mounting)互易校准法 (Reciprocity Calibration)共振梁 (Resonant Bar)冲击校准 (Impact Exciting Calibration)摆锤冲击校准 (Ballistic Pendulum Calibration)落锤冲击校准 (Drop Test Calibration)振动和冲击标准 (Vibration and Shock Standard)迈克尔逊干涉仪 (Michelson Interferometer)摩尔干涉图象 (Moire Fringe)参考传感器 (Reference Transducer)3 ）频率分析及数字信号处理带通滤波器 (Band-pass Filter)半功率带宽 (Half-power Bandwidth)3 dB 带宽 (3 dB Bandwidth)等效噪声带宽 (Effective Noise Bandwidth)恒带宽 (Constant Bandwidth)恒百分比带宽 (Constant Percentage Bandwidth)1/N 倍频程滤波器 (1/N Octave Filter)形状因子 (Shape Factor)截止频率 (Cut-off Frequency)中心频率 (Centre Frequency)模拟滤波器 (Analog Filter)数字滤波器 (Digital Filter)跟踪滤波器 (Tracking Filter)外差式频率分析仪 (Heterodyne Frequency Analyzer) 逐级式频率分析仪 (Stepped Frequency Analyzer)扫描式频率分析仪 (Sweeping Filter Analyzer)混频器 (Mixer)RC 平均 (RC Averaging)平均时间 (Averaging Time)扫描速度 (Sweeping Speed)滤波器响应时间 (Filter Response Time)离散傅里叶变换 (DFT，Discrete Fourier Transform) 快速傅里叶变换 (FFT，Fast Fourier Transform)抽样频率 (Sampling Frequency)抽样间隔 (Sampling Interval)抽样定理 (Sampling Theorem)抗混滤波 (Anti-aliasing Filter)泄漏 (Leakage)加窗 (Windowing)窗函数 (Window Function)截断 (Truncation)频率混淆 (Frequency Aliasing)乃奎斯特频率 (Nyquist Frequency)矩形窗 (Rectangular Window)汉宁窗 (Hanning Window)凯塞-贝塞尔窗 (Kaiser-Bessel Window)平顶窗 (Flat-top Window)平均 (Averaging)线性平均 (Linear Averaging)指数平均 (Exponential Averaging)峰值保持平均 (Peak-hold Averaging)时域平均 (Time-domain Averaging)谱平均 (Spectrum Averaging)重叠平均 (Overlap Averaging)栅栏效应 (Picket Fence Effect)吉卜斯效应 (Gibbs Effect)基带频谱分析 (Base-band Spectral Analysis)选带频谱分析 (Band Selectable Sp4ctralAnalysis)细化 (Zoom)数字移频 (Digital Frequency Shift)抽样率缩减 (Sampling Rate Reduction)功率谱估计 (Power Spectrum Estimate)相关函数估计 (Correlation Estimate)频响函数估计 (Frequency Response Function Estimate) 相干函数估计 (Coherence Function Estimate)冲激响应函数估计 (Impulse Response Function Estimate) 倒频谱 (Cepstrum)功率倒频谱 (Power Cepstrum)幅值倒频谱 (Amplitude Cepstrum)倒频率 (Quefrency)4 旋转机械的振动测试及状态监测状态监测 (Condition Monitoring)故障诊断 (Fault Diagnosis)转子 (Rotor)转手支承系统 (Rotor-Support System)振动故障 (Vibration Fault)轴振动 (Shaft Vibration)径向振动 (Radial Vibration)基频振动 (Fundamental Frequency Vibration)基频检测 (Fundamental Frequency Component Detecting) 键相信号 (Key-phase Signal)正峰相位 ( Peak Phase)高点 (High Spot)光电传感器 (Optical Transducer)同相分量 (In-phase Component)正交分量 (Quadrature Component)跟踪滤波 (Tracking Filter)波德图 (Bode Plot)极坐标图 (Polar Plot)临界转速 (Critical Speed)不平衡响应 (Unbalance Response)残余振幅 (Residual Amplitude)方位角 (Attitude Angle)轴心轨迹 (Shaft Centerline Orbit)正进动 (Forward Precession)同步正进动 (Synchronous Forward Precession) 反进动 (Backward Precession)正向涡动 (Forward Whirl)反向涡动 (Backward Whirl)油膜涡动 (Oil Whirl)油膜振荡 (Oil Whip)轴心平均位置 (Average Shaft Centerline Position) 复合探头 (Dual Probe)振摆信号 (Runout Signal)电学振摆 (Electrical Runout)机械振摆 (Mechanical Runout)慢滚动向量 (Slow Roll Vector)振摆补偿 (Runout Compensation)故障频率特征 (Frequency Characteristics Of Fault) 重力临界 (Gravity Critical)对中 (Alignment)双刚度转子 (Dual Stiffness Rotor)啮合频率 (Gear-mesh Frequency)间入简谐分量 (Interharmonic Component)边带振动 (Side-band Vibration)三维频谱图 (Three Dimensional Spectral Plot)瀑布图 (Waterfall Plot)级联图 (Cascade Plot)阶次跟踪 (Order Tracking)阶次跟踪倍乘器 (Order Tracking Multiplier)监测系统 (Monitoring System)适调放大器 (Conditional Amplifier)趋势分析 (Trend Analysis)倒频谱分析 (Cepstrum Analysis)直方图 (Histogram)确认矩阵 (Confirmation Matrix) 通频幅值 (Over-all Amplitude) 幅值谱 (Amplitude Spectrum) 相位谱 (Phase Spectrum)报警限 (Alarm Level)来源网络，侵删。
GBT_19494.1-2004煤炭机械化采样 第1部分采样方法-推荐下载
3.11 总样 gross sample 从一个采样单元取出的全部子样合并成的煤样。
3.12 分样 sub-sample 由均匀分布于整个采样单元的若干初级子样组成的煤样。
3.13 采样单元 sampling unit 从一批煤中采取一个总样的煤量。一批煤可以是1个或多个采样单元。
GB/T 19494.2 煤炭机械化采样 第2部分：煤样的制备（GB/T 19494.2—2004，ISO
13909-1：2001 Hard coal and coke-Mechanical sampling-Part 1:General
introduction，ISO 13909-4:2001 Hard coal and coke-Mechanical sampling-
为进行多个试验而采取的煤样。 3.4
水分煤样 moisture sample of coal 为测定全水分而专门采取的煤样。 3.5 一般分析试验煤样 general-analysis test sample of coal 破碎到粒度小于0.2mm并达到空气干燥状态，用于大多数物理和化学特性测定的煤样。
Part4:Coal Preparation of test samples,NEQ）
GB/T 19494.3
煤炭机械化采样 第3部分：精密度测定和偏倚试验（GB/T
19494.3—2004，ISO 13909-7：2001 Hard coal and coke-Mechanical sampling Part
注： 相当于ISO 13909中的sub-lot(一批煤中的部分煤量，其给出所需的一个试验结果。)
中国汉族人群瓣状甲出现频率的调查研究
第45卷 第10期 2018年10月天 津 科 技TIANJIN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYV ol.45 No.10Oct. 2018收稿日期：2018-09-05科学与社会中国汉族人群瓣状甲出现频率的调查研究俞路漫，周芸芸(同济大学铁道与城市轨道交通研究院 上海201804)摘 要：瓣状甲是小脚趾甲旁有“小趾甲”的体征性状，常见于中国人的汉族人群中。
采用抽样调查的方法探究了全国23个省级行政区汉族人群中瓣状甲的出现率及其性别间差异。
研究发现，仅有河南省汉族人群的瓣状甲出现率存在性别差异，安徽等11省级行政区的瓣状甲出现率高于40%，黑龙江省的瓣状甲出现率低于30%。
基于各省汉族人群中瓣状甲出现率的调查结果，提出“中部出现率最高，向四周逐渐降低”的瓣状甲出现率变化趋势。
关键词：瓣状甲 出现率 汉族中图分类号：Q984 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-8945(2018)10-0089-03Frequencies of the Petaloid Toenails of Chinese Han NationalityPopulation ：An InvestigationYU Luman ，ZHOU Yunyun(Institute of Rail Transit ，Tongji University ，Shanghai 201804，China )Abstract ：Petaloid toenail is a physical trait ，which is characterized by an additional tiny toenail on the small toe ．The frequencies of the petaloid toenails of Chinese Han population among 23 provincial administration regions were investigated and analyzed by using stratified random sampling ．Results showed that the sexual difference was only observed in Han ethnic group in He’nan province ．The frequency of petaloid toenail was above 40% in 11 provincial administration regions such as Anhui ．The frequency of petaloid toenail was below 30% in Heilongjiang province ．The frequency of petaloid toenail was highest in the middle region of China ，and reduced gradually towards southeast ，southwest ，northeast and northwest direc-tion.Key words ：petaloid toenail ；frequency ；Han nationality瓣状甲是在中国人中广泛存在的一种性状，具体表现为一侧或双侧脚的小脚趾趾甲分为两瓣或三瓣。
机械电子类专业英语资料
1机械专业英语词汇Date 约会金属切削metal cuttingServey 调查Liquid Crystal Display LCD机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft axis/'æksis]/弹性elasticity [,elæs'tisəti]频率特性frequency characteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig [dʒiɡ]动力学dynamic运动学kinematic [,kɪnɪ'mætɪk]静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics [mi'kæniks]拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor[ei'siŋkrənəs]几何形状geometrical精度precision [pri'siʒən]正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit ['sə:kit]机械加工余量machining allowance变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity[ri'dʒidəti]热处理heat treatment退火anneal[ə'ni:l]正火normalizing['nɔ:məlaiziŋ]脱碳decarburization[di,kɑrbjərɪ'zeʃən渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element [,semikən'dɔktə]反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch [klʌtʃ]绞孔fraising绞刀reamer ['riːmə(r)]螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement ofcutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle ['spindl]主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck [tʃʌk]2加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure /haɪ'drɔlɪk]/切线tangent ['tændʒənt]机电一体化mechanotronicsmechanical-electrical integration [,inti'ɡreiʃən]气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch [klʌtʃ]离合器；控制；手；紧急关头液压泵hydraulic pump [pʌmp]阀门valve[vælv]失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor['fæktə]可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix['hi:liks]键spline[splain]销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design 有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal3陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas 动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering4调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel机床行业部分英汉对照（1)：按英文字母排序3-Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库Aluminum continuous melting & holding fu rnaces 连续溶解保温炉Balancing equipment 平衡设备Bayonet 卡口Bearing fittings 轴承配件Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机Bearings 轴承Belt drive 带传动Bending machines 弯曲机Blades 刀片Blades,saw 锯片Bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Boring heads 搪孔头Boring machines 镗床Cable making tools 造线机Casting,aluminium 铸铝Casting,copper 铸铜Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁Casting,other 其他铸造Casting,steel 铸钢Chain drive 链传动Chain making tools 造链机Chamfer machines 倒角机Chucks 夹盘Clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统CNC bending presses 电脑数控弯折机CNC boring machines 电脑数控镗床CNC drilling machines 电脑数控钻床CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机CNC engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机CNC grinding machines 电脑数控磨床CNC lathes 电脑数控车床CNC machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件CNC milling machines 电脑数控铣床CNC shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机CNC toolings CNC 刀杆CNC wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机Conveying chains 输送链Coolers 冷却机Coupling 联轴器Crimping tools 卷边工具Cutters 刀具Cutting-off machines 切断机Diamond cutters 钻石刀具Dicing saws 晶圆切割机Die casting dies 压铸冲模Die casting machines 压铸机Dies-progressive 连续冲模Disposable toolholder bits 舍弃式刀头Drawing machines 拔丝机Drilling machines 钻床Drilling machines bench 钻床工作台Drilling machines,high-speed 高速钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle 多轴钻床Drilling machines,radial 摇臂钻床Drilling machines,vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头Electric discharge machines(EDM) 电火花机Electric power tools 电动刀具Engraving machines 雕刻机Engraving machines,laser 激光雕刻机Etchin g machines 蚀刻机Finishing machines 修整机Fixture 夹具Forging dies 锻模Forging,aluminium 锻铝Forging,cold 冷锻Forging,copper 铜锻Forging,other 其他锻造Forging,steel 钢锻Foundry equipment 铸造设备Gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机5Gears 齿轮Gravity casting machines 重力铸造机Grinde r bench 磨床工作台Grinders,thread 螺纹磨床Grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床Grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机Grinding machines 磨床Grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床Grinding machines,universal 万能磨床Grinding tools 磨削工具Grinding wheels 磨轮Hand tools 手工具Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Heat preserving furnaces 保温炉Heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉Honing machines 搪磨机Hydraulic components 液压元件Hydraulic power tools 液压工具Hydraulic power units 液压动力元件Hydra ulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸Jigs 钻模Lapping machines 精研机Lapping machines,centerless 无心精研机Laser cutting 激光切割Laser cutting for SMT stensil 激光钢板切割机Lathe bench 车床工作台Lathes,automatic 自动车床Lathes,heavy-duty 重型车床Lathes,high-speed 高速车床Lathes,turret 六角车床Lathes,vertical 立式车床Lubricants 润滑液Lubrication Systems 润滑系统Lubricators 注油机Machining centers,general 通用加工中心Machining centers,horizontal 卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical 立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column ty pe 立式双柱加工中心Magnetic tools 磁性工具Manifolds 集合管Milling heads 铣头Milling machines 铣床Milling machines,bed type 床身式铣床Milling machines,duplicating 仿形铣床Milling machines,horizontal 卧式铣床Millin g machines,turret vertical 六角立式铣床Milling machines,universal 万能铣床Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床Mold & die components 模具单元Mold changing systems 换模系统Mold core 模芯Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹Mold repair 模具维修Molds 模具Nail making machines 造钉机Oil coolers 油冷却器Overflow cutting machines for aluminium w heels 铝轮冒口切断机P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC 高分子防水PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机Planing machines 刨床Planing machines vertical 立式刨床Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳Pneumatic power tools 气动工具Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机presses,crank 曲柄压力机Presses,eccentric 离心压力机Presses,forging 锻压机Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床Presses,servo 伺服冲床Presses,transfer 自动压力机Pressing dies 压模Punch formers 冲子研磨器Quick die change systems 速换模系统6Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉Rollers 滚筒Rolling machines 辗压机Rotary tables 转台Sawing machines 锯床Sawing machines,band 带锯床Saws,band 带锯Saws,hack 弓锯Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯Saws,vertical band 立式带锯shafts 轴Shapers 牛头刨床Shearing machines 剪切机Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机Slotting machines 插床spindles 主轴Stamping parts 冲压机Straightening machines 矫直机Switches & buttons 开关及按钮Tapping machines 攻螺丝机Transmitted chains 传动链Tube bending machines 弯管机Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床Vises 虎钳Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机Wrenches 扳手螺丝词汇的中英文对照六角盖头螺帽HEX CAP NUTS六角锯齿螺帽HEX SERRATED NUTS六角轮缘螺帽HEX FLANGE NUTS 高脚螺帽HEX COUPLING NUTS(HIGH NUT S)圆螺帽ROUND NUTS四角螺帽SQUARE NUTS7HEAVY HEX NUTS不锈钢六角螺帽STAINLESS STEEL HEX NUTS不锈钢尼龙嵌入螺帽STAINLESS STEEL NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS普通六角螺帽HEX NUTS六角重型螺帽HEAVY HEX NUTS薄型螺帽HEX JAM NUTS尼龙嵌入防松螺帽NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS机械螺丝用六角螺帽HEX MACHINE SCREW NUT机械工具英语机械工具spanner 扳子(美作:wrench) doub le-ended spanner 双头扳子adjustable spanner, monkey wrench 活扳子,活络扳手box spanner 管钳子(美作:socket wrench) c alipers 卡规pincers, tongs 夹钳shears 剪子hacksaw 钢锯wire cutters 剪线钳multipurpose pliers, universal pliers 万能手钳adjustable pliers 可调手钳punch 冲子drill 钻chuck 卡盘scraper 三角刮刀reamer 扩孔钻calliper gauge 孔径规rivet 铆钉nut 螺母locknut 自锁螺母,防松螺母bolt 螺栓pin, peg, dowel 销钉washer 垫圈staple U形钉oil can 油壶jack 工作服grease gun 注油枪机械加工抛光polishing 安装to assem ble 衬套bushing外贸常用机械英语大全Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机8repair修理operator作业员QC 品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section 品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller 铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position 职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager 副理sectio n supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section supe risor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil 擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练9proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车外贸常用机械英语大全(续) compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt 螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list 标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/ 审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE 组装厂生产排配表model 机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total 合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ acceptedparts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods 处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet 栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot 导正筒trim 剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole 废料孔10feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin 定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut 剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction 感应induction light 感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex 凹short 射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit 沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒11grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium 镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill 锉plane刨grind磨drill 铝boring镗blinster 气泡fillet 镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys 花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison 联络单volatile 挥发性resistance电阻ion 离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机机械类常用英语：生产类PCS Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号阀门种类英汉术语对照Air valves 空气阀门Angle Stop valves 角式截止阀Angle Throttle Valves 角式节流阀Angle Type Globe Valves 门角式截止阀Ash valves 排灰阀Aspirating valves 吸（抽）气阀Auxiliary valves 辅助（副）阀Balance valves 平衡阀Bellows valves 波纹管阀Blowdown valves 泄料（放空，排污）阀Brake valves 制动阀Butterfly Type Non-slam Check 蝶式缓冲止回阀Butterfly Valves with Gear Actuator 蜗轮传动蝶阀Buttwelding valves 对焊连接阀Clamp valves 对夹式阀门Cock 二通Combination valves 组合阀CQ Thread Ball Valves CQ螺纹球阀Culvert valves 地下管道阀Deceleration valves 减速阀Diaphragm Valves 隔膜阀Decompression valves 泄压阀Double Disc Flat Gate Valves 双闸板平板闸阀Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves明杆平行式双闸板闸板Double Opening Exhaust Valves 双口排气球12Drainage valves 排水阀Electric Actuated Stop Valves 电动截止阀Electric Actuated Wedge Gate Valves 电动楔式闸阀Electric Double Disk Parallel Gate Valve s 电动平行式双闸板闸板Emergeny Cut-off Valves 紧急切断阀Exhaust valves 排气阀Free Float Type Steam Trap 浮球式疏水阀Flange Ball Valves 法兰球阀Flange Gate Valves 法兰闸阀Flange Globe Valves 法兰截止阀Gauge Valves 仪表阀Hand-operated valves 手动阀Hard Seal Butterfly Valves 金属密封碟阀High Temperature Pressure Power Statio n Gate Valves 高温高压电站闸阀High Temperature Pressure Power Statio n Globe Valves 高温高压电站截止阀Hydraulic relay valves 液压继动阀Lift Check Valves 升降式止回阀Lift Check Valves 升降式止回阀Limit valves 限位阀Lining Ball Valves 衬里球阀Lining Butterfly Valves 衬里碟阀Lining Check Valves 衬里止回阀Lining Cock 衬里二通Lining Globe Valves 衬里截止阀Lining T-Cock Valves 衬里三通旋塞阀Liquid Indicator 液位计LPG Pipe Fitting 液化气管件Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves 磁耦合截止阀Magnetism Forle Pumps 磁力泵Manual Oil Pumps Valves 手摇油泵(阀) Meter Needle Type Globe Valves 仪表针形截止阀Oblique Stop Valves 直流式截止阀Parallel Slide Valves 浆液阀Pintle valve 针形阀Piping Centrifugal Pumps 管道离心泵Plunger valves 柱塞阀Pressure valve 压力（増压）阀Piping Pumps 管道泵Piping Safety Valves 管道安全阀Plunger Globe Valves 柱塞截止阀Quick Draining Valves 快速排污阀Restrictor Valves 过流阀(或节流阀) Safety Valves 安全阀Screw Pumps 螺杆泵Scum Gate Valves 排渣闸阀S olenoid valves 电磁阀Single Disc Flat Gate Valves 单闸板平板闸阀Single Opening Exhaust Valves 单口排气球Slurry Pumps 泥浆泵Stop Valves 截止阀Strainer 过滤器Submerged Motor Pumps 潜水电泵(排污泵)Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀Tank Lorry Ball Valves 槽车球阀T-Cock 三通Thin Gate Valves 薄型闸阀Throttle Valves 节流阀Tiny Drag Slow Shut Check Valves 微阻缓闭止回阀Triple (tee) valves 三通阀Two-way valves 二通阀Under Water Pumps 液下泵Vacuum Pumps 水力喷射器(真空泵) Vertical Lift Check Valves 立式止回阀Wafer Check Valves 对夹式止回阀Wafer plate valves 对夹蝶板阀Wafer Type Butterfly Valves with Rubber Itning对夹式衬胶蝶阀Waste Valves 排污箱(阀)Water Seal Gate Valves 水封闸阀Wedge Gate Valves 楔式闸阀Y Type and Cylinder Filters Y型筒型过滤器阀门零部件英汉术语对照Axis Guide 轴套Ball 球、球芯13Ball seat 密封圈Blowdown Sealing Face 启、阀件密封面Body 阀体Bonnet 阀盖Disc 阀瓣Mut 螺母Screw 螺栓Sealing 密封件Spring 弹簧Stem 阀杆Stem Mut 阀杆螺母Stem seal 填料Wedge Disc 闸板阀门规范技术英语术语对照Applicable medium 适用介质Applicable temperature 适用温度Butt Clamp 对夹Chemical analysis 化学成份Connecting format 连接形式Double disc 双闸板Flexible disc 弹性闸板Flange 法兰Hoop 卡箍Inside thread 内螺纹Jacket 夹套Mains 电源Material chemical analysis and mechanical capacity材料化学成份和机械性能materials 材料Materials for main parts 主要零件材料Mechanical capacity 机械性能Max. Discharging Capacity 最大排水量Max. Operating Temperature 最高工作温度Max. Allowable Temperature 最高允许温度Max. Allowable Pressure 最高允许压力Model 型号Name of parts 零件名称nitrogen (N) 氮Nominal bore 公称通径Nominal Pressure 公称压力Nozzle 排气口Outside thread 外螺纹Oxidant 氧化性介质Parallel 平行Piping 管路Piston 活塞Reductant 还原性介质Rising stem 明杆Seal 阀座，密封面Seat testing pressure 压力气密封试验压力Socket 卡套Specifications 性能规范Single disc 单闸板Solid 刚性Strengh testing pressure 强度试验压力Steam , condensate 蒸汽,凝结水Stroke 冲程，行程Water,oil,steam 水,温度,气Wedge 楔式Welding 焊接阀门材质术语英汉对照Atbas metal 镍铬钢Buna-N rubber 丁晴橡胶Casting aluminium brass 铸铝黄铜Casting aluminium bronze 铸铝青铜Ceramic metal 陶瓷金属Chromel alloy 镍铬合金CHR rubber 氯晴橡胶Chrominm-molybdenum-vanadium steel铬钼钒钢Chromium stainless steel 铬不锈钢Chromium-molybdenum steel 铬钼钢Corrugation pad 波形垫Cuprum alloy 铜合金Ductile Cast iron 球墨铸铁Expanded graphite 柔性石墨Fine Steel Casting iron 优质碳素钢Fluorous rubber 氟橡胶Gray Cast iron 灰铸铁Hayne's alloy 钴铬钨合金High tem perature steel 高温钢Monel 蒙乃尔合金Low temperature steel 低温钢Nylon 尼龙塑料Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTEF) 聚四氟乙烯Polythene 聚乙烯Pure aluminium 纯铝Pure cupper 纯铜14Rubber graphite board 橡胶石墨板Spring steel 弹簧钢Stainless acid-resisting steel 不锈耐酸钢Stainless and Graphite 不锈钢/石墨Stainless steel 不锈钢Steel Casting iron 碳素钢铸件Shell Test Pressure 壳体试验压力Service Fluid 工作介质机械类常用英语：钢材类alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized ste el sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marg ing steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ?钢vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板塑件模具相关英文compre sion molding压缩成型flash mold 溢流式模具plsitive mold 挤压式模具split mold 分割式模具cavity型控母模core模心公模taper锥拔leather cloak仿皮革shiver饰纹flow mark流痕welding mark溶合痕post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值self tapping screw自攻螺丝striper plate脱料板piston 活塞cylinder汽缸套chip细碎物handle mold手持式模具encapsulation molding低压封装成型、射出成型用模具two plate两极式（模具）well type蓄料井insulated runner绝缘浇道方式hot runner热浇道runner plat浇道模块valve gate阀门浇口band heater环带状的电热器spindle 阀针spear head刨尖头slag well冷料井cold slag冷料渣air vent排气道welding line熔合痕eject pin顶出针knock pin顶出销return pin回位销反顶针sleave套筒stripper plate脱料板insert core放置入子runner stripper plate浇道脱料板15guide pin 导销eject rod (bar)（成型机）顶业捧subzero深冷处理three plate三极式模具runner system浇道系统stress crack应力电裂orientation定向sprue gate射料浇口，直浇口nozzle射嘴sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆)slag well冷料井side gate侧浇口edge gate侧缘浇口tab gate搭接浇口film gate薄膜浇口flash gate闸门浇口slit gate 缝隙浇口fan gate扇形浇口dish gate因盘形浇口diaphragm gate隔膜浇口ring gate环形浇口subarine gate潜入式浇口tunnel gate隧道式浇口pin gate针点浇口Runner less无浇道(sprue less)无射料管方式long nozzle 延长喷嘴方式sprue浇口;溶渣__。
焊接缺陷中英文对照知识讲解
焊接缺陷中英文对照焊接缺陷1.裂缝：crack （焊缝/弧坑/热影响区裂纹:weld metal/crater/heat-affected Zone (HAZ) crack）2.焊瘤:overlap3.冷隔：cold lap4.未焊满: under fill / incompletely filled groove5.咬边: undercut6.道间没有圆滑过渡/焊缝凹陷：bum effect / Excessive concave7.未溶合: lack of fusion / incomplete fusion8.气孔:gas pore / blowhole (针尖状气孔:pinhole; 密集气孔:porosity; 条虫状气孔:wormhole)9.夹渣: slag inclusion (夹钨:tungsten inclusion; 夹杂物:inclusion)10.未焊透:incomplete penetration / lack of penetration11.过度焊缝加强高：excessive reinforce / Excessive weld metal12.电弧烧伤：Arc strike / Arc burn13.焊接变形: welding deformation14.烧穿:burn through15.塌陷: excessive penetration16.凹坑:pit / dent17.过度打磨：excessive grinding18.焊疤：scar19.飞溅：spatter20.焊缝成行不好：poor profile21.焊角不足：lack of weld leg附录 attachment焊接工艺方法1.熔焊:fusion welding 压焊:pressure welding 钎焊:brazing welding2.焊缝倾角:weld slope, inclination of weld axis.3.焊缝转角:weld rotation, angle of rotation4.平焊:flat position of welding, downhand welding 横焊:Horizontal positionwelding.5.立焊:vertical position welding 仰焊:overhead position welding.6.向下立焊:vertical down welding, downward welding in the vertical position.7.向上立焊:vertical up welding, upward welding in the vertical position.8.倾斜焊;inclined position welding9.上坡焊: upward welding in the inclined position10.下坡焊: downward welding in the inclined position11.对接焊:butt welding 角焊:fillet welding 搭接焊:lap welding12.船形焊: fillet welding in the downhand / flat position13.坡口焊:groove welding14.I 形坡口对接焊:square groove welding15.Y形坡口对接焊:flare groove welding16.纵缝焊接:welding of longitudinal seam. 横缝焊接:welding of transverse seam.17.环缝焊接:girth welding, circumferential welding18.螺旋缝焊接:welding of spiral seam, welding of helical seam.19.环缝对接焊:Butt welding of circumferential seam.20.单面焊:welding by one side 双面焊:welding by both sides21.单道焊:single-pass welding, single-run welding 多道焊: multi-pass welding..22.单层焊:single layer welding 多层焊:multi-layer welding23.分段多层焊:block sequence, block welding24.连续焊:continuous welding 打底焊:backing welding 封底焊:back sealing weld25.自动焊:automatic welding 半自动焊:semi-automatic welding26.手工焊:manual welding, hand welding27.车间焊接:shop welding 工地焊接:site welding, field welding28.堆焊:surfacing welding, building up welding, overlaying welding.29.衬垫焊:welding with backing.30.焊剂垫焊:welding with flux backing31.电弧点焊:arc spot welding.32.套环:ferrule 试板test piece 随机检查random check33.单面/双面串联点焊:direct/indirect serial spots welding.34.机械性能试验mechanical properties test35.简历curriculum vitae36.分类category37.风险评估risk assessment38.第三方notified body39.基准modules坡口, 焊缝1.焊接工艺参数:welding parameter2.坡口: groove 钝边:root face3.坡口面角度: angle of bevel, bevel angle.4.坡口角度: Included angle, groove angle.5.坡口高度:groove depth6.开坡口:beveling of the edge, chamfering.7.single-V/U groove (with root face)8.焊缝区:weld metal zone 热影响区:heat-affected Zone (HAZ)9.工艺/使用/热/焊接性:fabrication/service/thermal weldability.10.碳弧气刨:carbon arc air gouging. 火焰气刨:flame gouging11.等离子切割:plasma arc cutting(PAC) 激光切割: laser cutting (LC)12.喷沙: sand blast 清渣:slag removal 清根: back chipping13.碳/铬/镍当量:carbon/chromium/nickel equivalent.电弧焊1.手工电弧焊:manual metal arc welding2.直流电弧焊:direct current arc welding3.交流电弧焊:alternating current arc welding4.三相电弧焊:three phases current arc welding5.熔化极电弧焊: arc welding with consumable electrode6.金属极电弧焊:metal arc welding 电弧堆焊:arc surfacing7.碳弧焊:carbon arc welding 自动堆焊:automatic surfacing8.埋弧焊:submerged-arc welding (SAW)9.自动埋弧焊:automatic submerged-arc welding (SAW)10.半自动埋弧焊:semi-automatic submerged-arc welding (SAW)11.气体保护焊:gas shielded arc welding12.惰性气体保护焊:inert-gas arc welding13.氩弧焊:argon arc welding14.钨极惰性气体保护焊:tungsten inert-gas arc welding15.活性气体保护焊:metal active gas arc welding16.Co2气体保护焊:carbon-dioxide arc welding.17.电渣焊:electro-slag welding (ESW) 电阻焊:resistance welding (RW)18.点焊:spot welding 摩擦焊:friction welding (FW) 爆炸焊: explosive welding(EW)19.热切割: thermal cutting (TC) 气割: gas cutting20.塑性/脆性:plastic/brittle21.焊缝\环焊缝\打磨:welding seam\circumference seam\grind22.发证:certification issue焊接检验1.试件/试样: test piece/specimen2.直射/斜射/水浸超声探伤:straight/angle beam/immersed ultrasonic inspection3.射线探伤:radiographic inspection 超声探伤:ultrasonic inspection4.磁粉探伤:magnetic particle examination 渗透探伤: penetration inspection5.荧光检验:fluorescent penetration inspection6.着色检验:dye penetration inspection7.电磁法探伤:electromagnetic test8.密封性检验:leak test 气密性检验: airtight test10. 破坏检验:destructive test9.耐压检验:pressure test 水压试验:hydraulic test 气压试验:pneumatic test10.声发射:acoustic emersion11.淬火：quenching 回火：tempering退火：annealing 熔炼：smelting12.强制检验:mandatory inspection13.拉伸试验\弯曲试验\冲击试验:tension test\bend test\impact test14.金相检查:metallographic exam15.面弯\背弯\侧弯\断口\弯曲条件:face bend\root bend\side bend\break\condition ofbend16.合格级别\评定级别\底片编号acceptable grade\interpretation level\radiographno17.铱同位素:iridium isotope•welding inspection clearance groove, assembly space whether it meets the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around is not oil,rust;清理焊口：焊前检查坡口、组装间隙是否符合要求，定位焊是否牢固，焊缝周围不得有油污、锈物；•开孔前要按照图纸给定的方位、标高，结合排版图进行放样、测量、号孔、划线。
钢筋闪光对焊及气压对焊质量控制技术
- 39 -钢筋闪光对焊及气压对焊质量控制技术李正明1，张鸿鹏2，杨力列3，李文杰4（1.贵州建工集团，贵州 贵阳 550000；2.西南能矿建筑工程有限公司，贵州 贵阳 550000；3.贵州省建设工程质量安全监督总站，贵州 贵阳 550000；4.贵阳彰鲁建筑劳务有限公司，贵州 贵阳 550000） 【摘要】 深入分析施工现场钢筋闪光对焊、气压对焊接头存在的质量问题成因，通过焊接工艺试验，总结出闪光对焊预热次数、气压对焊宽幅加热实用焊接控制技术，在此基础上通过加强焊接过程关键技术管理，并坚持见证随机切取试件、送检，验收，使得钢筋对焊接头质量得到有效控制，接头外观质量和力学性能都能达到国家规程合格要求，研究结果可供借鉴推广。
【关键词】 施工现场；闪光对焊预热次数；气压对焊宽幅加热；随机；切取试件；质量控制 【中图分类号】 TU755.3 【文献标志码】 A 【文章编号】 1671－3702（2020）06－0039－050 引言建筑市场竞争激烈。
施工单位将钢筋（φ12 及以上）闪光对焊、气压对焊接头发包给分包商或钢筋班组、或焊接操作工人（下称焊工）。
有的施工单位、班组垫资施工，焊工赶工焊接；施工单位质量管理人员不严格执行国家规程，出现以包代管、包了少管或不管，不随机切取试件，让焊接班组、或焊工自行制作试件送检等，引发钢筋对焊接头质量问题，造成钢筋接头隐患。
1 钢筋闪光和气压对焊共性问题控制1.1 对焊工未进行严格考核虽然相关规定要求焊工必须持证上岗，但有不少人认为只要是持证焊工，就可以让其上岗。
殊不知焊工参加培训时，由于培训经费、时间不足等情况，培训老师安全生产知识强调较多，实际焊接和操作技术培训不够，焊接方法只培训 1～2 种常用方法，无法满足实际施工焊接工艺试验考核深度要求。
因此还需要大力强化焊工焊接技术水平以应对焊接工作中的重点难点。
控制措施：在施工、监理单位质量管理人员监督管理下，钢筋工程焊接开工之前，必须对参加施焊的焊作者简介：李正明，男，高级工程师，研究方向为建筑工程施工技术。
橡胶的英汉互译
粉末橡胶的流变性能是非常重要的，因为它们可以帮助优化炭黑延长粉末丁苯橡胶的商业化生产。
混合型粉末丁苯橡胶已被生产。
通常，橡胶硫化是基于硫磺和过氧化物体系的。
这些体系的共同特点是均以热的形式需要活化能。
在极高温度（150℃~180℃）时，成品的最终性能有缺陷即可能一方面受影响或另一方面如硫化所得的产品性能。
这种方法形成的交联类型在更高温度具有更好的力学性能。
使用不同类型的交联剂，可在高分子链间形成交联。
硫和有机过氧化物是两种通用的硫化剂。
硫和过氧化物的混合物产生混合交联。
原料橡胶或非极性（丁苯橡胶）具有较差的物理性能。
为改善这些性能，一些配方如加速物、活化剂、抗氧化剂和软化剂应以少量加入到原料橡胶中。
这些小批量可能会影响混合物的物理和力学性能。
尽管大气中存在的臭氧浓度正常情况下在每十亿0～7份的范围内，它仍对无抵抗性橡胶有严重影响。
当橡胶在使用中被拉紧或拉伸时，橡胶与臭氧的相互作用被很好地意识到。
一系列裂痕随时间发展直到垂直于所施加的压力。
这些裂痕表面进一步暴露在臭氧中，引起裂痕变得更宽更深直到橡胶老化。
在这项研究中，生产了12种不同的天然橡胶/丁苯橡胶混合配方，并通过硬度、拉伸强度和耐磨性对其力学性能进行了研究。
另一方面，通过硫化和臭氧测试还对物理性能进行了研究。
目前的工作中，对一些工业橡胶与高结构炭黑填料的性能作了详细调查。
同时，还对作为功能填料类型的力学和物理性能进行了研究。
由于重型车辆的苛刻条件，就这类车辆的调色板，还对目前的工业橡胶进行了建议。
材料和配方。
采用SMR-20型天然橡胶来分级标准马来西亚橡胶。
以通用目的使用于分级SMR-1502中的丁苯橡胶含有随机的苯乙烯共聚物，其中苯乙烯的含量为23.5％，其密度为0.97 g/cm3。
丁苯橡胶可用作相容剂。
所有其他的复合配方如填充材料、塑化剂、金属氧化物、硫化剂（硫磺）、加速物、抗氧剂都是具有商业级别，且所有在这项研究中使用的材料都是由Pekim，TR提供的。
Study to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg Containing High Entropy Alloys
Study to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg ContainingHigh Entropy AlloysRui Li 1, a , Jiacheng Gao 1, b , Ke Fan 1, c1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University,Chongqing City, 400030, Chinaa email:cqu_cos@,b email:gaojch@,c email:fanke_524@Key words : high entropy alloy; quasicrystal; microstructure; mechanical propertiesAbstract: In this paper, alloys with compositions of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x (x : atomic percentage; x =20, 33, 43, 45.6 and 50 respectively) were designed by using the strategy of equiatomic ratio and high entropy of mixing. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the new high entropy alloy were studied. The alloys were prepared by induction melting and then were cast in a copper mold in air. The alloy samples were examined by microhardness tester, XRD, SEM, thermal analyzer and testing machine for material strength. Alloys were composed mainly of h.c.p phase and Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal phases. The alloys exhibited moderate densities which were from 4.29g·cm -3 to2.20g·cm -3, high hardness (429HV-178HV) and high compression strength (500MPa-400MPa) at room temperature. The extensibility was increased with Mg from 20at% (atomic percentage) to 50at%.IntroductionThe general strategy of developing alloys is selecting one or two metals as the principal components and the other minor elements, such as steels, TiAl intermetallics [1], bulk metallic glasses [2-4]to optimize microstructure and properties. . According to the general strategy of developing alloys, multiprincipal will lead to the formation of intermetallic compounds and other complicated microstructures in alloy preparation, which would make alloys fragile in processing and difficult to analysis [5].The strategy of developing alloys that equiatomic ratio and high entropy of mixing [6, 7] was published in 2004 by two research teams respectively. They found the high entropy alloys have simple microstructures, the number of phases is less than 3 and cubic solution is the main phase. Other researchers studied the mechanical properties of high entropy alloys [8-10]. They found that the alloys had excellent room temperature mechanical properties, some properties were even superior to most of the reported high-strength alloys. For example, the max yield strength of AlCoCrFeNiTi x high entropy alloys was reached 2.26GPa when x is 0.5, and the alloy was ductile [10]; when x is 1.5, the hardness of AlCoCrFeNiTi x alloy could be HV768[11]. High entropy alloys were corrosion resisting, for example, CuTiVFeNiZrCo alloy could not be corroded in HCl(1mol/L), H 2SO 4(1mol/L) and HNO 3(1mol/L) respectively [6].In recent years, the mechanical properties of high entropy alloys were studied widely and deeply, and the components of high entropy alloys were focused on Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Ti, V, Cu and Al. But there were so few of papers reporting to the other components, like Mg, Mn and Zn. Mg is considered to be one of the next generation light metal engineering materials; the studies of improving mechanical properties of Mg alloys are popular in the world nowadays. The reported high entropy alloys always obtain high hardness and strength, so it is necessary to study Mg containing high entropy alloys. Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys (x : atomic percentage; x =20, 33, 43, 45.6 and 50 respectively) were designed to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg containing high entropy alloys in this paper.Materials Science Forum Vol. 650 (2010) pp 265-271Online available since 2010/May/04 at © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerlanddoi:10.4028//MSF.650.265Background knowledgeHigh entropy of mixing. According to the Gibbs phase rule, F=C−P+1 (F: degree of freedom, C: number of components, and P: number of phase), and the maximum number of equilibrium phases in the C components system at constant pressure is P=C+1. In this study, the P should be 6.Following Boltzmann’s theory, the mixing entropy of regular solution alloys which contain n-elements is as follows:1ln n mix i ii S R c c ==−∑ (1)11ni i c ==∑,i c is mole percent of component, and R is gas constant. The entropy of mixing reaches maximum when the alloy is at equiatomic ratio. As following is the formula of Gibbs free energymix mix mix G H TS =− (2)mix H is the enthalpy of mixing and T is the absolute temperature. mix H and mix S are competing in equation (2). The high entropy of mixing can significantly decrease the free energy. It reduces the tendency of order and segregate, and also makes random solid solution form more easily than intermetallics or other ordered phases, especially at high temperature [12-14].Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal. Quasicrystal phase was found by Shechtman in 1982 [15], which was always icosahedral and obtained high hardness, high anticorrosion and heat-resistance [16].Al-Mn phase was an icosahedral quasicrystal phase which had been discovered by quenching rapidly [15]. It was a heat-unstable product of rapid solidification. High quenching rate was needed to avoid equilibrium phases appearing in the rapid quenching [17].Experimental proceduresSamples preparation. The alloy ingots with nominal composition of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x (x : atomic percentage; x =20, 33, 43, 45.6 and 50 respectively) were mixed by pure metals in magnesium oxide pots and prepared by induction melting with a high purity argon atmosphere. Rabbling 2-3 minutes after all metals were melted, shut down the power, and then the melts were cast in a copper mold in air. The alloy ingots were cut to Φ10mm×10mm column.Test methods. The densities and hardness of alloy samples were tested by Archimedes principle and microhardness tester. The microstructures of as-cast samples were characterized by a D/Max-2000 x-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphologies of alloys were examined by a TESCAN VEGA Ⅱ LMU scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties at room temperature were tested by Gleeble 1500. Thermal analysis was tested by STA449C thermal analyzer. Results and discussionsMicrostructures of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys. The thermal analysis results were shown in fig 1. Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 was melted at about 975K, and the other alloys were melted at about 875K. There were weak peaks at about 625K except Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80. The temperature of peaks was almost at the melting point of Mg 7Zn 3, the XRD results were agreeing with the results of thermal analysis. According to the DSC result of Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80, it could be deduced that the Al-Mnquasicrystal phase in the high entropy alloy was heat-stable. It was quite different from the Al-Mn quasicrystal which was obtained by rapid quenching process.Fig. 1 DSC curves of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloysThe XRD patterns were shown in fig 2. According to equation (1), the entropy of mixing reached maximum when the alloy was equiatomic ratio, so the entropy of mixing was decreasing with the increase of atomic percentage of Mg. The effect of high entropy of mixing was most significant in Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 alloy, simple solid solution phases were formed prior to complex intermetallic phases. So, only h.c.p and Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal phases were found in Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80. The high confusion of atoms in Al-Mn system was kept by the effect of high entropy of mixing, and the quasicrystal phases were formed in Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 alloy with a moderation cooling speed. For the decrease of mixing entropy, the phases in Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x were complex. The number of phases in the alloys except Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 was increased to 4, which were h.c.p phase, icosahedral phase, Mg, and Mg 7Zn 3.Fig. 2 XRD patterns of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloysThe SEM images of as-cast Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys were shown in fig 3. The dark flower phase was distributed dispersedly in the base phase, which was confirmed to be Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal by electron probe. The widths of flower phase were fewer than 5µm. The base phase wasa solid solution, which was h.c.p phase and made up by five metal elements. The morphologies of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x except Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 were complex.Fig. 3 SEM images of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys: (a) Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 (b) Mg 33(MnAlZnCu)67(c) Mg 43(MnAlZnCu)57 (d) Mg 45.6(MnAlZnCu)55.4 (e) Mg 50(MnAlZnCu)50Mechanical properties of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys. The results of compression tests were shown in fig 4. The basic mechanical properties were listed in table 1. According to the tested results, Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys exhibited high compressive strength, but the plasticity of alloys was bad.The alloys were fragile except Mg 50(MnAlZnCu)50, and Mg 50(MnAlZnCu)50 alloy could be deformed1.80% plastically.Solution strengthening and quasicrystal dispersion strengthening were the main strengthening mechanics of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys. The effect of solution strengthening was most signification in Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 for the maximum entropy of mixing. High confusion atoms in the alloys were kept by effect of high entropy, and the alloys were formed as super solid solution. For the atomic radiuses of components were different dramatically, the distortion energy of lattice was very high. Dislocations in alloys were hard to move, so the strengths of alloys were high. There were a few slip systems in the lattice of h.c.p phase, it caused the bad plasticity of alloys. The mixing entropy was decreased with the increase of atomic percentage of Mg, so the effect of solution strengthening was also decreased. It might cause the plasticity improving in Mg 50(MnAlZnCu)50. The quasicruystal phases were hard and fine, they were distributed uniformly in base phases, and the compressive strength of alloys could be enhanced by quasicrystal dispersion strengthening. According to fig 3, it could be deduced that the effective of quasicrystal dispersion strengthening was most signification in Mg 43(MnAlZnCu)57 alloy.Fig. 4 Compressive true stress-strain curves of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloysTable 1 Compressive mechanical properties of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys at room temperatureAlloysE (GPa) σy (MPa) σmax (MPa) ε (%) Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)8013.01 428 428 3.29 Mg 33(MnAlZnCu)6712.82 437 437 3.41 Mg 43(MnAlZnCu)5713.20 500 500 3.72 Mg 45.6(MnAlZnCu)54.411.87 482 482 4.06 Mg 50(MnAlZnCu)5011.18 340 400 4.83The densities and hardness of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys were shown in fig 5 and fig 6 respectively. Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys exhibited moderate densities (4.29g·cm -3-2.20g·cm -3) and high hardness (431HV-178HV). The high hardness might be caused by effect of rapid solution and quasicrystal phase. According to the results, the relationship of densities and atomic percentage magnesium could be expressed by Y=5.72-0.07X. And the relationship of hardness and atomic percentage magnesium could be expressed by Y=588-8X.Fig. 5 Densities of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloysFig. 6 Hardness of Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloysConclusions(1) Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys were designed by using the strategy of equiatomic ratio and high entropy of mixing. The alloys were multiphase and crystalline. Mg 20(MnAlZnCu)80 was consisted of h.c.p phase and Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal phase. And the total number of phases was much smaller than the maximum equilibrium number allowed by the Gibbs phase rule.(2) Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys have a high compressive strength (500MPa-400MPa), plasticity (3.29%-4.83%), and high hardness (431HV-178HV). The densities of alloys were moderate (4.29g·cm -3 to 2.20g·cm -3). Solution strengthening and quasicrystal dispersion strengthening were the strengthening mechanics of the alloys.(3) The Al-Mn icosahedral quasicrystal phase formed in Mg x (MnAlZnCu)100-x alloys without rapidly quenching. The quasicrystal phase in this kind of alloy was heat-stable, which was quite different from the heat-unstable Al-Mn quasicrystal, which was prepared by rapid quenching process.AcknowledgementsThis project is supported by Hi-Technology Research and Development Program of China (863), SN: 2008AA0312.References[1]G.L.Chen, C.T.Liu: Int.Mater.Rev Vol.46 (2001), p.253[2] A.Peker, W.L.Johnson: Appl.Phys.Lett Vol.63(1993), p.2342[3] A.Inoue, A.Takeuchi: Mater.Sci.Eng.A Vol.375-377(2004), p.16[4]W.H.Wang, C Dong and C H Shek: Mater.Sci.Eng.R Vol.44(2004), p.45[5] A.L.Greer: Nature Vol.366(1993), p.303[6]J.W.Yeh, S.K.Chen, S.J.Lin, J.Y.Gan, T.S.Chin, T.T.Shun, C.H.Tsau and S.Y.Chang:Adv.Eng.Mater Vol.6(2004), p.299[7] B.Cantor, I.T.H.Chang, P.K.Night and A.J.Vincent: Mater.Sci.Eng.A Vol.375-377 (2004), p.213[8]X.F.Wang, Y.Zhang, Y.Qiao and G.L.Chen: Intermetallics Vol.15(2007), p.357[9]Y.J.Zhou, Y.Zhang, Y.L.Wang and G.L.Chen: Mater.Sci.Eng.A Vol.454-455(2007), p.260[10]Y.J.Zhou, Y.Zhang, Y.L.Wang and G.L.Chen: Appl.Phys.Lett Vol.90(2007), p.181904[11]Y.J.Zhou, Y.Zhang, Y.L.Wang and G.L.Chen: Chinese Journal of Materials ResearchVol.22(2008), p.461[12]C.J.Tong, Y.L.Chen, S.K.Chen, J.W.Yeh, T.T.Shun, C.H.Tsau, S.J.Lin and S.Y.Chang:Metall.Mater.Trans.A Vol.36(2005), p.881[13]K.A.Porter, K.E.Easterling: Phase Transformation in Metals and Alloys(Chapman and Hall,London 1981).[14]F.R.Boer, P.D.G.Ettifor: Cohesion in Metals: Transition Metal Alloys, Vol.1(North-Holland,Amsterdam 1989).[15]D.Shechtman, I.Blech, D.Gratias and J.W.Cahn: Phys.Rev.Lett Vol.53(1984), p.1951[16]S.S.Kang, J.M.Dubors: Phil.Mag.A Vol.66 (1992), p.151[17]J.Bigot, K.Yu-Zhang and M.Harmelin: Mater.Sci.Eng Vol.99(1988), p.453Energy and Environment Materials10.4028//MSF.650Study to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg Containing High Entropy Alloys10.4028//MSF.650.265DOI References[6] J.W.Yeh, S.K.Chen, S.J.Lin, J.Y.Gan, T.S.Chin, T.T.Shun, C.H.Tsau and S.Y.Chang: Adv.Eng.Mater Vol.6(2004), p.299doi:10.1002/adem.200300567[12] C.J.Tong, Y.L.Chen, S.K.Chen, J.W.Yeh, T.T.Shun, C.H.Tsau, S.J.Lin and S.Y.Chang:Metall.Mater.Trans.A Vol.36(2005), p.881doi:10.1007/s11661-005-0283-0。
机械专业术语英文翻译
陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center 车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics 流体力学 fluid mechanics 加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination气体状态方程 equation of state of gas动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表 notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传 rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疵shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车 mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷 safe load凹面、凹度 concavity扳手 wrench板簧 flat leaf spring半圆键 woodruff key变形 deformation摆杆 oscillating bar摆动从动件 oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel包角 angle of contact保持架 cage背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement背锥 back cone ； normal cone背锥角 back angle背锥距 back cone distance比例尺 scale比热容 specific heat capacity闭式链 closed kinematic chain闭链机构 closed chain mechanism臂部 arm变频器 frequency converters变频调速 frequency control of motor speed变速 speed change变速齿轮 change gear change wheel变位齿轮 modified gear变位系数 modification coefficient标准齿轮 standard gear标准直齿轮 standard spur gear表面质量系数 superficial mass factor表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度 surface roughness并联式组合 combination in parallel并联机构 parallel mechanism并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism 并行工程 concurrent engineering并行设计 concurred design, CD不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量 amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing波发生器 wave generator波数 number of waves补偿 compensation参数化设计 parameterization design, PD残余应力 residual stress操纵及控制装置 operation control device槽轮 Geneva wheel槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism ； Maltese cross 槽数 Geneva numerate槽凸轮 groove cam侧隙 backlash差动轮系 differential gear train差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism 差速器 differential常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床 lathe承载量系数 bearing capacity factor承载能力 bearing capacity成对安装 paired mounting尺寸系列 dimension series齿槽 tooth space齿槽宽 spacewidth齿侧间隙 backlash齿顶高 addendum齿顶圆 addendum circle齿根高 dedendum齿根圆 dedendum circle齿厚 tooth thickness齿距 circular pitch齿宽 face width齿廓 tooth profile齿廓曲线 tooth curve齿轮 gear齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rack齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构 gear齿轮轮坯 blank齿轮传动系 pinion unit齿轮联轴器 gear coupling齿条传动 rack gear齿数 tooth number齿数比 gear ratio齿条 rack齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链 silent chain齿形系数 form factor齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机 gear shaper重合点 coincident points重合度 contact ratio冲床 punch传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置 gearing; transmission gear传动系统 driven system传动角 transmission angle传动轴 transmission shaft串联式组合 combination in series串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism 串级调速 cascade speed control创新 innovation creation创新设计 creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮 driven pulley从动件 driven link, follower从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face从动件停歇 follower dwell从动件运动规律 follower motion从动轮 driven gear粗线 bold line粗牙螺纹 coarse thread大齿轮 gear wheel打包机 packer打滑 slipping带传动 belt driving带轮 belt pulley带式制动器 band brake单列轴承 single row bearing单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节 single universal joint单位矢量 unit vector当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷 equivalent load刀具 cutter导数 derivative倒角 chamfer导热性 conduction of heat导程 lead导程角 lead angle等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam等效构件 equivalent link等效力 equivalent force等效力矩 equivalent moment of force等效量 equivalent等效质量 equivalent mass等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model底座 chassis低副 lower pair点划线 chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀 pitting垫圈 gasket垫片密封 gasket seal碟形弹簧 belleville spring顶隙 bottom clearance定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学 dynamics动密封 kinematical seal动能 dynamic energy动力粘度 dynamic viscosity动力润滑 dynamic lubrication动平衡 dynamic balance动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine动态特性 dynamic characteristics动态分析设计 dynamic analysis design动压力 dynamic reaction动载荷 dynamic load端面 transverse plane端面参数 transverse parameters端面齿距 transverse circular pitch端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile端面重合度 transverse contact ratio端面模数 transverse module端面压力角 transverse pressure angle锻造 forge对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower 对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承 multi-row bearing多楔带 poly V-belt多项式运动规律 polynomial motion多质量转子 rotor with several masses惰轮 idle gear额定寿命 rating life额定载荷 load ratingII 级杆组 dyad发生线 generating line发生面 generating plane法面 normal plane法面参数 normal parameters法面齿距 normal circular pitch法面模数 normal module法面压力角 normal pressure angle法向齿距 normal pitch法向齿廓 normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm法向力 normal force反馈式组合 feedback combining反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法 kinematic inversion反正切 Arctan范成法 generating cutting仿形法 form cutting方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD防振装置 shockproof device飞轮 flywheel飞轮矩 moment of flywheel非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear非接触式密封 non-contact seal非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮 non-circular gear粉末合金 powder metallurgy分度线 reference line; standard pitch line分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder分母 denominator分子 numerator分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法 analytical method封闭差动轮系 planetary differential复合铰链 compound hinge复合式组合 compound combining复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train复合平带 compound flat belt复合应力 combined stress复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism复杂机构 complex mechanism杆组 Assur group干涉 interference刚度系数 stiffness coefficient刚轮 rigid circular spline钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子 rigid rotor刚性轴承 rigid bearing刚性联轴器 rigid coupling高度系列 height series高速带 high speed belt高副 higher pair格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law根切 undercutting公称直径 nominal diameter高度系列 height series功 work工况系数 application factor工艺设计 technological design工作循环图 working cycle diagram工作机构 operation mechanism工作载荷 external loads工作空间 working space工作应力 working stress工作阻力 effective resistance工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment公法线 common normal line公共约束 general constraint公制齿轮 metric gears功率 power功能分析设计 function analyses design共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles共轭凸轮 conjugate cam构件 link鼓风机 blower固定构件 fixed link; frame固体润滑剂 solid lubricant关节型操作器 jointed manipulator惯性力 inertia force惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia冠轮 crown gear广义机构 generation mechanism广义坐标 generalized coordinate轨迹生成 path generation轨迹发生器 path generator滚刀 hob滚道 raceway滚动体 rolling element滚动轴承 rolling bearing滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code 滚针 needle roller滚针轴承 needle roller bearing滚子 roller滚子轴承 roller bearing滚子半径 radius of roller滚子从动件 roller follower滚子链 roller chain滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆 ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch过度切割 undercutting函数发生器 function generator函数生成 function generation含油轴承 oil bearing耗油量 oil consumption耗油量系数 oil consumption factor 赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation合成弯矩 resultant bending moment 合力 resultant force合力矩 resultant moment of force 黑箱 black box横坐标 abscissa互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears 花键 spline滑键、导键 feather key滑动轴承 sliding bearing滑动率 sliding ratio滑块 slider环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧 annular spring缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber 灰铸铁 grey cast iron回程 return回转体平衡 balance of rotors混合轮系 compound gear train积分 integrate机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design机构 mechanism机构分析 analysis of mechanism机构平衡 balance of mechanism机构学 mechanism机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合 synthesis of mechanism机构组成 constitution of mechanism机架 frame, fixed link机架变换 kinematic inversion机器 machine机器人 robot机器人操作器 manipulator机器人学 robotics技术过程 technique process技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation技术系统 technique system机械 machinery机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery机械动力学 dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计 modern machine design机械系统 mechanical system机械利益 mechanical advantage机械平衡 balance of machinery机械手 manipulator机械设计 machine design; mechanical design机械特性 mechanical behavior机械调速 mechanical speed governors机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation 机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构 fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命 basic rating life基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD基圆 base circle基圆半径 radius of base circle基圆齿距 base pitch基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle基圆柱 base cylinder基圆锥 base cone急回机构 quick-return mechanism急回特性 quick-return characteristics急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio急回运动 quick-return motion棘轮 ratchet棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism棘爪 pawl极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩 calculated bending moment加权系数 weighting efficient加速度 acceleration加速度分析 acceleration analysis加速度曲线 acceleration diagram尖点 pointing; cusp尖底从动件 knife-edge follower间隙 backlash间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism 减速比 reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear减速器 speed reducer减摩性 anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面 involute helicoid渐开线 involute渐开线齿廓 involute profile渐开线齿轮 involute gear渐开线发生线 generating line of involute 渐开线方程 involute equation渐开线函数 involute function渐开线蜗杆 involute worm渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute渐开线花键 involute spline简谐运动 simple harmonic motion键 key键槽 keyway交变应力 repeated stress交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动 cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears胶合 scoring角加速度 angular acceleration角速度 angular velocity角速比 angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承 angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽 hinge校正平面 correcting plane接触应力 contact stress接触式密封 contact seal阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft结构 structure结构设计 structural design截面 section节点 pitch point节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线 pitch line节圆 pitch circle节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle节圆直径 pitch diameter节圆锥 pitch cone节圆锥角 pitch cone angle解析设计 analytical design紧边 tight-side紧固件 fastener径节 diametral pitch径向 radial direction径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating 径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing径向平面 radial plane径向游隙 radial internal clearance径向载荷 radial load径向载荷系数 radial load factor径向间隙 clearance静力 static force静平衡 static balance静载荷 static load静密封 static seal局部自由度 passive degree of freedom矩阵 matrix矩形螺纹 square threaded form锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor绝对运动 absolute motion绝对速度 absolute velocity均衡装置 load balancing mechanism抗压强度 compression strength开口传动 open-belt drive开式链 open kinematic chain开链机构 open chain mechanism可靠度 degree of reliability可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design, RD空气弹簧 air spring空间机构 spatial mechanism空间连杆机构 spatial linkage空间凸轮机构 spatial cam空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain空转 idle宽度系列 width series框图 block diagram雷诺方程 Reynolds‘s equation离心力 centrifugal force离心应力 centrifugal stress离合器 clutch离心密封 centrifugal seal理论廓线 pitch curve理论啮合线 theoretical line of action隶属度 membership力 force力多边形 force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩 moment力平衡 equilibrium力偶 couple力偶矩 moment of couple连杆 connecting rod, coupler连杆机构 linkage连杆曲线 coupler-curve连心线 line of centers链 chain链传动装置 chain gearing链轮 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel 联组 V 带 tight-up V belt联轴器 coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam临界转速 critical speed六杆机构 six-bar linkage龙门刨床 double Haas planer轮坯 blank轮系 gear train螺杆 screw螺距 thread pitch螺母 screw nut螺旋锥齿轮 helical bevel gear螺钉 screws螺栓 bolts。
产品可靠性测试宣传册(CTI华测)
HALT&HASS&HASA
Vibration&Temperature &Humidity(Combined)
Temperature: -100℃~200℃, 60℃/min Max. Vibration frequency: 10~5000Hz, Acceleration: 0~50Grms Temperature:-70℃~150℃, 15℃/min Max. Humidity: 25~98%RH Frequency:1~2200Hz, Acceleration: 0~60gn, Displacement max (p-p) : 50.8mm
可靠性实验室
气候试验 Climatic Testing
测试项目 高温 低温 恒温恒湿 温度/湿度循环 冷热冲击 快速温变 高压蒸煮 盐雾 气体腐蚀 臭氧老化 UV老化 太阳辐射 低气压 防水 防尘
测试范围 RT~300℃ RT~-70℃ 5℃~95℃，5 ~98%RH -70℃~150℃，5 ~ 98%RH -65℃~150℃ -70℃~150℃， 25~98%RH，≦20℃/min 105℃~142.9℃, 75~100%RH, 0.020~0.196Mpa 中性盐雾、醋酸盐雾、铜加速醋酸盐雾 SO2 , H2S , Cl2 , NO2 , NH3 0~ 500pphm UVA340, UVA351,UVB313 辐照度, 450W/m2~1200W/m2 RT~200℃，常压~10kPa IPX0~IPX8 IP0X~IP6X
可靠性实验室 01/02
RELIABILITY LAB
机械试验 Mechanical Testing
测试项目 振动 冲击
跌落
碰撞 铅笔硬度试验 摩擦测试
材料科学基础英文版
材料科学基础英文版Material Science Fundamentals。
Material science is a multidisciplinary field that explores the structure, properties, and performance of materials. It encompasses the study of metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, as well as the development of new materials with enhanced properties for various applications. This English version of the material science fundamentals aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key principles and concepts in the field.The atomic structure of materials is a fundamental aspect of material science. Atoms are the building blocks of all materials, and their arrangement and bonding determine the properties of the material. For example, the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline structure gives metals their strength and ductility, while the random arrangement of atoms in an amorphous structure gives glass its unique properties. Understanding the atomic structure of materials is essential for designing and engineering new materials with specific properties.The mechanical properties of materials, such as strength, hardness, and toughness, are crucial for their performance in various applications. The behavior of materials under different loading conditions, such as tension, compression, and bending, is determined by their mechanical properties. For instance, the high strength and stiffness of carbon fiber composites make them ideal for aerospace and automotive applications, where lightweight and high-performance materials are required.The study of materials also involves the investigation of their thermal and electrical properties. Thermal conductivity, specific heat, and coefficient of thermal expansion are important parameters for materials used in heat transfer applications. Similarly, electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic properties are essential for materials used in electronic and magnetic devices. Understanding the thermal and electrical behavior of materials is essential for developing new materials for advanced technologies.In addition to their physical properties, materials also exhibit chemical properties that determine their reactivity and corrosion resistance. The interaction of materials with different environments, such as air, water, and chemicals, can significantly affect their performance and durability. For example, the corrosion resistance of stainless steel makes it suitable for applications in harsh environments, such as marine and chemical processing industries.Furthermore, the processing and fabrication of materials play a critical role in determining their microstructure and properties. Various manufacturing techniques, such as casting, forging, welding, and additive manufacturing, can significantly influence the structure and performance of materials. For example, the heat treatment of steel can alter its microstructure and mechanical properties, making it suitable for different applications.In conclusion, material science fundamentals encompass the study of the structure, properties, and performance of materials, as well as the development of new materials with enhanced properties. Understanding the atomic structure, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties of materials, as well as their processing and fabrication, is essential for designing and engineering materials for various applications. This English version of the material science fundamentals provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles and concepts in the field, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students in the field of material science.。
钢化玻璃自爆机理的新发现——单质硅微粒引裂(英文)
摘 要：通过对 6 块玻璃自爆残片的电镜观察和成分分析，发现并证明了引起钢化玻璃自爆的主要原因不仅仅是传统认识中的硫化镍(NiS)微粒，很 多情况是由单质硅微粒引起的。进一步对单质硅微粒引起自爆的力学机理进行了分析和有限元模拟。结果显示：由于单质硅微粒周边玻璃的切向应力 过大从而引起局部拉伸破坏并导致整体破裂，降温过程可以使这种应力增加并加大破裂危险。
Abstract: It has been discovered and demonstrated, via scanning electron microscope examination on 6 samples of broken glasses, that one important cause for the spontaneous breakage in tempered glass occurs as a result of the single-phase polycrystalline silicon particles, rather than simply the nickel sulfide (NiS) particles that are commonly recognized to be the main cause for the spontaneous breakage. The mechanism of the spontaneous breakage resulting from these silicon particles was analyzed by using the finite element method. The calculation indicates that the crack initiation and extension on a whole glass sample is imputed to the tensile tangent stress in the glass near the silicon particle. The risk of spontaneous breakage, as caused by silicon particles in a heat-treated glass, might increase with a decreasing temperature.
适用于轴承故障诊断的数据增强算法
2021577轴承故障诊断在制造业的故障预测和健康管理中起着十分重要的作用。
除了传统的故障诊断方法以外，学者们将改进过的机器学习[1-4]和深度学习算法[5-8]应用于故障诊断领域，其诊断效率与准确率得到了较大的提高。
在大部分应用中，这些算法有两个共同点[9]：第一、根据经验风险最小化原则（Empirical Risk Minimization，ERM）[10]训练故障诊断模型。
第二、使用此原则训练的诊断模型的性能优劣主要取决于所使用的训练样本的数量和质量。
但在工业应用中，数据集中正负样本的比例不平衡：故障数据包含着区分类别的有用信息，但是所占比例较少。
此外由于机器的载荷、转轴转速等工况的不同，所记录的数据并不服从ERM原则中的独立同分布假设。
这两点使得ERM原则不适用于训练工业实际场景中的故障诊断模型，并且文献[11]表明使用ERM原则训练的模型无法拥有较好的泛化性能。
数据增强算法是邻域风险最小化原则[12]（Vicinal Risk Minimization，VRM）的实现方式之一，能够缓解ERM原则所带来的问题。
在VRM中通过先验知识来构建每个训练样本周围的领域区域，然后可从训练样本的领域分布中获取额外的模拟样本来扩充数据集。
例如，对于图像分类来说，通过将一个图片的领域定义为其经过平移、旋转、翻转、裁剪等变化之后的集合。
但与机器学习/深度学习中的数据不同，故障诊断中的数据（例如轴承故障诊断中的振动信号）具有明显的物理意义和机理特征，适用于机器视觉的数据增强方法可能导致物理意义的改变。
因此，本文从信号处理和信号分析的角度出发，设计了一种适用于轴承故障诊断中振动信号的数据增强方法。
适用于轴承故障诊断的数据增强算法林荣来，汤冰影，陈明同济大学机械与能源工程学院，上海201804摘要：针对在轴承故障诊断中存在的故障数据较少、数据所属工况较多的问题，提出了一种基于阶次跟踪的数据增强算法。
该算法利用阶次跟踪中的角域不变性，对原始振动信号进行时域重采样从而生成模拟信号，随后重新计算信号的幅值来抵消时域重采样以及环境噪声对原始信号能量的影响，最后使用随机零填充来保证信号在变化过程中采样长度不变。
科技论文写作02-TiTle-Affliation
How to Write Scientific Paper
1.1 概述
• 文题的主题应集中，不求面面俱到。例如： • Calorimetric study and thermal analysis of crystalline nicotinic
acid
• Calorimetric and thermogravimetric study of crystalline nicotinic acid
“论文题目以On …, Study on …, Research on … 开头是陈腐 的表达形式，19世纪很流行，现在几乎已绝迹。”
“凡是用Study on 的，十有八九是中国作者写的。”
How to Write Scientific Paper
1.1 概述
Physical properties and structure of ion-containing polymers Influence of the mechanical properties of the dispersed phase up
• → Apparent phase diagram of nylon1010/nylon6 copolymers
How to Write Scientific Paper
1.1 概述
通常，少用 Studies on … Investigation of … Relationship between … and …
on the behavior of nylon/rubber blends Single-phase bicomponent network by random crosslinking of h
中文Material-CHINESE1
2) •Z‡² (Reinforcement examples)
编织(Hybrid Weave) 编织
Comingled PP & Glass, Twintex®
Hybrid Roving _ mat
12
纯 纤维编织 Pure Glass fiber weave
8
• 缝传
( Resistance to stress-crack propagation)
如下图所示，GMT吸收应力强 度因素比被注射的PA 6.6 (40% GF)高出10倍。
For a given crack, GMT absorbs a stress intensity factor 10 times higher than injected PA 6.6 (40% GF). Stress
Properties of GMT
Critical Fiber Length 1 对 (Relative properties) Relative properties 0 0 复 10 纤维临界长 20 30 40 50
(Composite fiber critical length (mm))
汽车材料automotivematerialsnovember2008玻璃纤维加强型热塑性塑料glassmatreinforcedthermoplasticswhat性能的组合combinationreinforcement极好的机械性能excellentmechanicalproperties低热扩散率lowthermalexpansionrate非凡的能量消散能力extraordinaryenergydissipation重量轻lightweight机械特性mechanicalpropertiesgmtgmt片材的片材的结构结构structurestructuregmtsheetgmtsheet无序纤维randomfiberspprdmat短纤rdgmtsheet流动性强goodflowabilityundercoverseatbackrandomunidirectionalfibersppudmat长纤udgmtsheet高强度highstrengthbackbeamglassfibercoilsroving切割单元cuttingunit支托单元needlingunitmatglassfiberudbeam纤维工艺matprocessrdrandomgradeudunidirectionalgradegmt部件的生产manufacturinggmtpartsgmt片材的制造gmtsheetmanufacturing聚合物polymer添加剂additive挤压机extruder双重传送带doublebeltpress切割设备cuttingdevice玻璃纤glassmatpp矩阵毡ppmatrix玻璃纤维毡glassmat片材工艺sheetprocesswaste注入sprue流出runneretc
EN 10204 3_1报告
日期Date:
结果Pass
尺寸检测Dimensions of Spec.
检测项目Item
标准要求Requirement 检测结果Results 抽样数Sampling No. 注Remark 检测工具Inspection Tools
宏观组织检测Macro Etch
项目Division 要求Spec. 结果Results 次表面状况
Ningbo XX Fastener Manufacture Co.,Ltd.
宁波XX紧固件制造有限公司
编号Serial No.: 用户Customer: 合同号Order No.: 产品描述Product Description: 标准规范Specification: 原材料及供应商Material & Raw Material Supplier:
注remark检测工具inspectiontools宏观组织检测macroetch项目division次表面状况surfaceconditionn任意分布缺陷randomcondition中心疏松偏析centersegregation检测方法specofmethod要求specs2r2c3结果results不锈钢固溶处理solutiontreatedstainlesssteel加热温度heatingtemperature保温时间holdingtime冷却介质coolingmedium热处理报告heattreatment最低回火温度碳钢合金钢minimumtemperingtemperature?ccarbonsteelalloysteel要求spec
our actural testing & the products have been proved to comply with relevant standards.
机械状态监测和故障诊断的最新进展 毕业论文_英文论文及翻译
Recent Progress on Mechanical Condition Monitoring and Fault diagnosisChenxing Sheng, Zhixiong Li, Li Qin, Zhiwei Guo, Y uelei Zhang Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, P. R. China Huangpi Campus, Air Force Radar Academy, Wuhan 430019, P. R. ChinaAbstractMechanical equipments are widely used in various industrial applications. Generally working in severe conditions, mechanical equipments are subjected to progressive deterioration of their state. The mechanical failures account for more than 60% of breakdowns of the system. Therefore, the identification of impending mechanical fault is crucial to prevent the system from malfunction. This paper discusses the most recent progress in the mechanical condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Excellent work is introduced from the aspects of the fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning research and equipment development. An overview of some of the existing methods for signal processing and feature extraction is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. The review result suggests that the intelligent information fusion based mechanical fault diagnosis expert system with self-learning and self-updating abilities is the future research trend for the condition monitoring fault diagnosis of mechanical equipments.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [CEIS 2011]Keywords: Condition monitoring; Fault diagnosis; Vibration; Signal processing1. IntroductionWith the development of modern science and technology, machinery and equipment functions are becoming more and more perfect, and the machinery structure becomes more large-scale, integrated, intelligent and complicated. As a result, the component number increases significantly and the precision requirement for the part mating is stricter. The possibility and category of the related component failures therefore increase greatly. Malignant accidents caused by component faults occur frequently all over the world, and even a small mechanical fault may lead to serious consequences. Hence, efficient incipient fault detection and diagnosis are critical to machinery normal running. Although optimization techniques have been carried out in the machine design procedure and the manufacturing procedure to improve the quality of mechanical products, mechanical failures are still difficult to avoid due to the complexity of modern equipments. The condition monitoring and fault diagnosis based on advanced science and technology acts as an efficient mean to forecast potential faults and reduce the cost of machine malfunctions. This is the so-called mechanical equipment fault diagnosis technology emerged in the nearly three decades [1, 2].Mechanical equipment fault diagnosis technology uses the measurements of the monitored machinery in operation and stationary to analyze and extract important characteristics to calibrate the states of the key components. By combining the history data, it can recognize the current conditions of the key components quantitatively, predicts the impending abnormalities and faults, and prognoses their future condition trends. By doing so, the optimized maintenance strategies can be settled, and thus the industrials can benefit from the condition maintenance significantly [3, 4].The contents of mechanical fault diagnosis contain four aspects, including fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning researchand equipment development for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In the past decades, there has been considerable work done in this general area by many researchers. A concise review of the research in this area has been presented by [5, 6]. Some landmarks are discussed in this paper. The novel signal processing techniques are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of these new signal processing and feature extraction methods are discussed in this work. Then the fault reasoning research and the diagnostic equipments are briefly reviewed. Finally, the future research topics are described in the point of future generation intelligent fault diagnosis and prognosis system.2. Fault Mechanism ResearchFault Mechanism research is a very difficult and important basic project of fault diagnosis, same as the pathology research of medical. American scholar John Sohre, published a paper on "Causes and treatment of high-speed turbo machinery operating problems (failure)", in the United States Institute of Mechanical Engineering at the Petroleum Mechanical Engineering in 1968, and gave a clear and concise description of the typical symptoms and possible causes of mechanical failure. He suggested that typical failures could be classified into 9 types and 37 kinds [7]. Following, Shiraki [8] conduced considerable work on the fault mechanism research in Japan during 60s-70s last century, and concluded abundant on-site troubleshooting experience to support the fault mechanism theory. BENTLY NEV ADA Corporation has also carried out a series experiments to study the fault mechanism of the rotor-bearing system [9]. A large amount of related work has been done in China as well. Gao et al. [10] researched the vibration fault mechanism of the high-speed turbo machinery, investigated the relationship between the vibration frequency and vibration generation, and drew up the table of the vibration fault reasons, mechanism and recognition features for subsynchronous, synchronous and super-synchronous vibrations. Based on the table they proposed, they have classified the typical failures into 10 types and 58 kinds, and provided preventive treatments during the machine design and manufacture, Installation and maintenance, operation, and machine degradation. Xu et al. [11] concluded the common faults of the rotational machines. Chen et al. [12] used the nonlinear dynamics theory to analyze the key vibration problems of the generator shaft. They established a rotor nonlinear dynamic model for the generator to comprehensively investigate the rotor dynamic behavior under various influences, and proposed an effective solution to prevent rotor failures. Yang et al. [13] adopted vibration analysis to study the fault mechanism of a series of diesel engines. Otherresearchers have done a lot in the fault mechanism of mechanics since 1980s, and have published many valuable papers to provide theory and technology supports in the application of fault diagnosis systems [14-18]. However, most of the fault mechanism research is on the qualitative and numerical simulation stage, the engineering practice is difficult to implement. In addition, the fault information often presents strong nonlinear, non stationary and non Gaussian characteristics, the simulation tests can not reflect these characteristics very accurately. The fault diagnosis results and the application possibility may be influenced significantly. As a result, the development of the fault diagnosis technique still faces great difficulties.3. Advanced Signal Processing and Feature Extraction MethodsAdvanced signal processing technology is used to extract the features which are sensitive to specific fault by using various signal analysis techniques to process the measured signals. Condition information of the plants is contained in a wide range of signals, such as vibration, noise, temperature, pressure, strain, current, voltage, etc. The feature information of a certain fault can be acquired through signal analysis method, and then fault diagnosis can be done correspondingly. To meet the specific needs of fault diagnosis, fault feature extraction and analysis technology is undergoing the process from time domain analysis to Fourier analysis-based frequency-domain analysis, from linear stationary signal analysis to nonlinear and nonstationary analysis, from frequency-domain analysis to time-frequency analysis.Early research on vibration signal analysis is mainly focused on classical signal analysis which made a lot of research and application progress. Rotating mechanical vibration is usually of strong harmonic, its fault is also usually registered as changes in some harmonic components. Classical spectrum analysis based on Fourier transform (such as average time-domain techniques, spectrum analysis, cepstrum analysis and demodulation techniques) can extract the fault characteristic information effectively, thus it is widely used in motive power machine, especially in rotating machinery vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis. In a manner of speaking, classical signal analysis is still the main method for mechanical vibration signal analysis and fault feature extraction. However, classical spectrum analysis also has obvious disadvantages. Fourier transform reflects the overall statistical properties of a signal, and is suitable for stationary signal analysis. In reality, the signals measured from mechanical equipment are ever-changing, non-stationary, non-Gaussian distribution and nonlinear random. Especially when the equipment breaks down, this situation appears to be more prominent. For non-stationary signal, some time-frequency detailscan not be reflected in the spectrum and its frequency resolution is limited using Fourier transform. New methods need to be proposed for those nonlinearity and non-stationary signals. The strong demand from the engineering practice also contributes to the rapid development of signal analysis. New analytical methods for non-stationary signal and nonlinear signal are emerging constantly, which are soon applied in the field of machinery fault diagnosis. New methods of signal analysis are main including time-frequency analysis, wavelet analysis, Hilbert-Huang transform, independent component analysis, advanced statistical analysis, nonlinear signal analysis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed below.4. Research on Fault ReasoningAt present, many methods are adopted in the process of diagnostic reasoning. According to the subject systems which they belong to, the fault diagnosis can be divided into three categories: (1) the fault diagnosis based on control model; (2) the fault diagnosis based on pattern recognition; (3) the fault diagnosis based on artificial intelligence. Among them, the fault diagnosis based on control model needs to establish model through theoretic or experimental methods. The changes of system parameters or system status could directly reflect the changes of equipments physical process, and hence it is able to provide basis for fault diagnosis. This technology refers to model establishment, parameters estimation, status estimation, application of observers, etc. Since it requires accurately system model, this method is not economically feasible for the complicated devices in the practice.Pattern recognition conducts cluster description for a series of process or events. It is mainly divided into statistical method and language structure method. The fault diagnosis of equipments could be recognized as the pattern recognition process, that is to say, it recognizes the fault based on the extraction of fault characteristics. There are many common recognition methods, including bayes category, distance function category, fuzzy diagnosis, fault tree analysis, grey theory diagnosis and so on. Recent years, some new technologies have been also applied in the field of the fault diagnosis of rotary machines, such as the combination of fuzzy set and neural network, the dynamic pattern recognition based on hidden markov model, etc.5. Research and Development of Fault Diagnosis DevicesFault diagnosis technology ultimately comes down to the actual devices, and at present research and development of fault diagnosis devices is in the following two directions: (1) Portable vibration monitoring and diagnosis (including data collector system), and (2) On-line condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system. Portable instrument is mainly adopted single-chip microcomputers to complete data acquisition, which has certain ability for signal analysis and fault diagnosis. On-line monitoring and diagnosis system is usually equipped with sensors, data acquisition, alarm and interlock protection, condition monitoring subsystem, etc. And it is also fitted with rich signal analysis and diagnosis software. These software include America BENTLY Corporation 3300, 3500 and DM2000 systems, America Westinghouse Company PDS system, the 5911 system developed by ENTECK and IRD Company, Japan Mitsubishi MHM system, the Danish B&K Company B&K 3450 COMPASS system, etc. China has also successively developed large on-line monitoring and fault diagnosis system, which has been put into use on steam turbine and other important equipments.Based on the realization of condition monitoring of equipments, network diagnostics center can monitor and diagnose the operation of equipments at any time through the network to achieve the long distance information transmission. The remote monitoring system can also achieve the collaborative diagnosis of production equipments, multiple diagnostic systems serve the same piece of equipment, and multiple devices share the same diagnostic system.6. ConclusionsTo achieve a dynamic system condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, primary task is the need to get enough reliable characteristic information from the system. Due to the fluctuation of the system itself and the environment disturbance, reliable signal collection is seriously affected. It is therefore very urgent for advanced signal processing technology to eliminate noise to get true signal. No matter classical or advance fault diagnosis techniques, they have achieved great progress in various applications. In the point of systematic view, every technology is a part of the whole diagnostic system, and the efficient fusion of these parts will provide best performance for the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Thus, the fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning research and equipment development will connect even tighter to form an effective fault diagnostic expert system in the future. To realize the expert system, the core issue is to break through the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition, update the data model in a reliable manner and provide good generalization ability of the expert system. By doing so, the fault diagnostic expert system can offer accurate estimation of the potential abnormalities, and prevent them before breaking out to ensure the normal operation of the machines. Hence, the loss caused by the machine breakdowns can be minimized significantly.AcknowledgementsThis project is sponsored by the grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC) (No. 50975213).References[1] Wu XK. The fault diagnosis based on information fusion theory and its application in internal combustion engine. Ph.D. thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, 1998.[2] Chen YR. Modern signal processing technology in the application of vibration diagnosis of internal combustion engine.Ph.D. thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, 1998.[3] Qu LS, He ZJ. Mechanical fault diagnostics. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1986.[4] Huang WH, Xia SB, Liu RY. Equipment fault diagnosis principle, technology and application. Beijing: Science Press, 1996.[5] Jayaswalt P, Wadhwani AK. Application of artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and wavelet transform in fault diagnosis via vibration signal analysis: A review. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2009; 7: 157-172.[6] Daneshi-Far Z, Capolino GA, Henao H. Review of failures and condition monitoring in wind turbine generators. 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines. Rome, Italy; 2010. [7] Sohre JS. Trouble-shooting to stop vibration of centrifugal. Petrop Chem. Engineer 1968; 11: 22-23.[8] Shiraki T. Mechanical vibration lectures. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou Mechanical Institute; 1984.[9] Bently DW. Forced subrotative speed dynamic action of rotating machinery. USA: ASME Publication, 74-pet-16.[10] Gao JJ. Research on high speed turbine machinery vibration fault mechanism and diagnostic method. Ph.D. thesis, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 1993.[11] Xu M, Zhang RL. Equipment fault diagnosis manual. Xi’an: Xi'an Jiaotong University Press, 1998.[12] Chen YS, Tian JY, Jin ZW, Ding Q. Theory of nonlinear dynamics and applied techniques of solving irregular operation of a large scale gas turbine in a comprehensive way. China Mechanical Engineering 1999; 10: 1063-68.[13] Yang JG, Zhou YC. Internal combustion engine vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis. Dalian: Dalian Maritime University Press, 1994.[14] Wang Y, Gao JJ, Xia SB. The study of causes and features of faults in supporting system for rotary machinery. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology 1999; 31:104-6.[15] Liu SY, Song XP, Wen BC. Catastrophe in fault developing process of rotor system. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science) 2004; 17:159-162.[16] Han J, Zhang RL. Rotating machinery fault mechanism and diagnostic technique. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1997.[17] Chen AH. Research on some nonlinear fault phenomenon of rotating machinery. Ph.D. thesis, Central South University of Technology, 1997.[18]Zhang W, Zhang YX. Missile power system fault mechanism analysis and diagnosis technology. Xi’an: Northwest Indus trial University press, 2006.机械状态监测和故障诊断的最新进展Chenxing Sheng, Zhixiong Li, Li Qin, Zhiwei Guo, Y uelei Zhang武汉理工大学，能源与动力工程学院，可靠性工程研究所，中华人民共和国，武汉，430063空军雷达学院，黄陂校区，中华人民共和国，武汉，430019摘要机械设备被广泛应用于各种工业应用。
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Institute of Engineering Reliability and Safety, Traction Power State Key Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
3
Technical Centre, Datong ABC Castings Company Ltd., Datong 037038, China
பைடு நூலகம்80
Materials Engineering for Advanced Technologies
composition for elements C and Cr, much higher for Al and Mo, and significant lower for P and S comparing to the AAR code M 1-7/M 2-8 requirements for grade B cast steel wheels. Gross pearlites plus net-likely continuum ferrites are basic micro-structures inlaid randomly on the wheel hub; ferrites in web exhibit stochastically also net-likely but dis-continuum because of the shot peening effect; in rim, dis-continuum ferrites with few of net-like signs distribute randomly due to the quenching and tempering effect. Bigger random hardness values appear in rim; and the values in web and hub appear a decreasing in sequence. Major flaw affecting randomly material condense of the wheel is from the casting shrinkage porosities. Flawed random situations are closely between hub and web. More condenses appear randomly in rim. Major material inclusions are the non-metallic compounds of MnS and Al2O3. They appear randomly sphere-like shapes having around 8 μm diameters. Experiments Ten bar specimens with 15 mm diameter are employed for the present investigation on random mechanical properties of the wheel. They were machined from where meeting the requirement of code TB/T 1013-1999 [7]. Before tests, the test pieces of the specimens were machined to a mirror finished.
Fig. 2 Specimen geometry and where machined from for the present research
Tests were performed on MTS 810 Machine with MTS 632.25C-20 extensive meter, in accordance with the code GB/T 228-2002 [8]. All specimens were tested at room temperature with a constant straining rate of 1 mm per minute. Tensile curves are shown in Fig. 3. Test details and primary test data are given in Table 1.
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a
liujiyuan416@, byong_xiang_zhao@, *Correspondent
Key words: Railway; Wheel; Grade B cast steel; Mechanical properties.
Abstract. Random mechanical properties are experimentally studied on China grade B cast steel wheel. Significant dimples and fabric-like tearing signs were observed firstly and then, lotus flower-like cleavage fracture faces were appeared to indicate the material subjected to a plastic dissipation process under monotonic load. Randomness appears in the deformation process companied with a similarity in total and significant differences in local. Appropriate statistical description is explored with a comprehensive statistical comparison method. Lognormal distribution is excavated out by comparison from seven possible statistical models. Random characters and quantitative measurements have been given for the mechanical properties of China grade B cast steel wheel. Introduction Railway wheel is a key component related to railway transportation safety, which is subjected to complex mechanical, fatigue, and physical loads. Grade B cast steel wheels are wide employed for railway freight car, locomotive, and passenger car including high-speed with severe braking conditions and heavier axle loads [1]. Mechanical properties of a cast wheel are a basis of the wheels served in a safety state [2]. Corresponding to the random distributed material chemical composition, macro- and micro-structures, hardness values, and flaws [3], random analysis should be applied for the mechanical properties. Few of researches have addressed on the analysis beside of the studies for China railway grade B cast steel bogie frames and LZ50 axles have been estimated [4, 5]. In addition, considering commonly used limited data for statistical assessment on fatigue lives, an approach for determining appropriate distribution model has been suggested on a synthetic comparison to the possible models [6]. China is developing high-speed and heavy hauled railway industry. Reliability and safety are a primary task. And it is a basic work to ensure mechanical properties of the wheels. The present work investigates on China railway grade B cast steel wheels. Wheel A grade B cast steel wheel was fabricated by a metallurgical process first smelted and modeled in electric furnace with a control of temperature gradients to eliminate residual stress field formation. And then, they were moved into auto-controlled cooling furnace with a temperature decrease gradually and following a sequence of heat or machining treatments including rim Fig. 1 A grade B cast steel wheel [3] quenching and tempering and web shot peening. Previous inspections have verified that [3]: the present wheel shows a slight higher chemical