The British freedom of information law
英国自由大宪章英文版
1215年自由大宪章（英文）The Magna Carta (The Great Charter)1215英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。
他们的宪法是由一系列的文件和法案组成，其中具有奠基意义的一份，就是在1215年6月15日，由英国国王与贵族们签订的《大宪章》。
这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。
大宪章（拉丁文Magna Carter, 英文Great Charter）是英国于1215年订立的宪法，用来限制英国国王（主要是当时的约翰）的绝对权力。
订立大宪章的主要原因是因为教皇、英王约翰及封建贵族对皇室权力出现不同的意见。
大宪章要求皇室放弃部分权力，及尊重司法过程，接受王权受法律的限制。
大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。
Preamble: John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou, to the archbishop, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and liege subjects, greetings. Know that, having regard to God and for the salvation of our soul, and those of all our ancestors and heirs, and unto the honor of God and the advancement of his holy Church and for the rectifying of our realm, we have granted as underwritten by advice of our venerable fathers, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry, archbishop of Dublin, William of London, Peter of Winchester, Jocelyn of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh of Lincoln, Walter of Worcester, William of Coventry, Benedict of Rochester, bishops; of Master Pandulf, subdeacon and member of the household of our lord the Pope, of brother Aymeric (master of the Knights of the Temple in England), and of the illustrious men William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, William, earl of Salisbury, William, earl of Warenne, William, earl of Arundel, Alan of Galloway (constable of Scotland), Waren Fitz Gerold, Peter Fitz Herbert, Hubert De Burgh (seneschal of Poitou), Hugh de Neville, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip d'Aubigny, Robert of Roppesley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and others, our liegemen.1. In the first place we have granted to God, and by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed; which isapparent from this that the freedom of elections, which is reckoned most important and very essential to the English Church, we, of our pure and unconstrained will, did grant, and did by our charter confirm and did obtain the ratification of the same from our lord, Pope Innocent III, before the quarrel arose between us and our barons: and this we will observe, and our will is that it be observed in good faith by our heirs forever. We have also granted to all freemen of our kingdom, for us and our heirs forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be had and held by them and their heirs, of us and our heirs forever.2. If any of our earls or barons, or others holding of us in chief by military service shall have died, and at the time of his death his heir shall be full of age and owe "relief", he shall have his inheritance by the old relief, to wit, the heir or heirs of an earl, for the whole barony of an earl by £100; the heir or heirs of a baron, £100 for a whole barony; the heir or heirs of a knight, 100s, at most, and whoever owes less let him give less, according to the ancient custom of fees.3. If, however, the heir of any one of the aforesaid has been under age and in wardship, let him have his inheritance without relief and without fine when he comes of age.4. The guardian of the land of an heir who is thus under age, shall take from the land of the heir nothing but reasonable produce, reasonable customs, and reasonable services, and that without destruction or waste of men or goods; and if we have committed the wardship of the lands of any such minor to the sheriff, or to any other who is responsible to us for its issues, and he has made destruction or waster of what he holds in wardship, we will take of him amends, and the land shall be committed to two lawful and discreet men of that fee, who shall be responsible for the issues to us or to him to whom we shall assign them; and if we have given or sold the wardship of any such land to anyone and he has therein made destruction or waste, he shall lose that wardship, and it shall be transferred to two lawful and discreet men of that fief, who shall be responsible to us in like manner as aforesaid.5. The guardian, moreover, so long as he has the wardship of the land, shall keep up the houses, parks, fishponds, stanks, mills, and other things pertaining to the land, out of the issues of the same land; and he shall restore to the heir, when he has come to full age, all his land, stocked with ploughs and wainage, according as the season of husbandry shallrequire, and the issues of the land can reasonable bear.6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice.7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the death of that husband; and she may remain in the house of her husband for forty days after his death, within which time her dower shall be assigned to her.8. No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long as she prefers to live without a husband; provided always that she gives security not to marry without our consent, if she holds of us, or without the consent of the lord of whom she holds, if she holds of another.9. Neither we nor our bailiffs will seize any land or rent for any debt, as long as the chattels of the debtor are sufficient to repay the debt; nor shall the sureties of the debtor be distrained so long as the principal debtor is able to satisfy the debt; and if the principal debtor shall fail to pay the debt, having nothing wherewith to pay it, then the sureties shall answer for the debt; and let them have the lands and rents of the debtor, if they desire them, until they are indemnified for the debt which they have paid for him, unless the principal debtor can show proof that he is discharged thereof as against the said sureties.10. If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall into our hands, we will not take anything except the principal sum contained in the bond.11. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if any children of the deceased are left under age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping with the holding of the deceased; and out of the residue the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be done touching debts due to others than Jews.12. No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom, except for ransoming our person, for making our eldest son a knight, andfor once marrying our eldest daughter; and for these there shall not be levied more than a reasonable aid. In like manner it shall be done concerning aids from the city of London.13. And the city of London shall have all it ancient liberties and free customs, as well by land as by water; furthermore, we decree and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall have all their liberties and free customs.14. And for obtaining the common counsel of the kingdom anent the assessing of an aid (except in the three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons, severally by our letters; and we will moveover cause to be summoned generally, through our sheriffs and bailiffs, and others who hold of us in chief, for a fixed date, namely, after the expiry of at least forty days, and at a fixed place; and in all letters of such summons we will specify the reason of the summons. And when the summons has thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day appointed, according to the counsel of such as are present, although not all who were summoned have come.15. We will not for the future grant to anyone license to take an aid from his own free tenants, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and once to marry his eldest daughter; and on each of these occasions there shall be levied only a reasonable aid.16. No one shall be distrained for performance of greater service for a knight's fee, or for any other free tenement, than is due therefrom.17. Common pleas shall not follow our court, but shall be held in some fixed place.18. Inquests of novel disseisin, of mort d'ancestor, and of darrein presentment shall not be held elsewhere than in their own county courts, and that in manner following; We, or, if we should be out of the realm, our chief justiciar, will send two justiciaries through every county four times a year, who shall alone with four knights of the county chosen by the county, hold the said assizes in the county court, on the day and in the place of meeting of that court.19. And if any of the said assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, let there remain of the knights and freeholders, who were present at the county court on that day, as many as may be required for the efficient making of judgments, accordingas the business be more or less.20. A freeman shall not be amerced for a slight offense, except in accordance with the degree of the offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet saving always his "contentment"; and a merchant in the same way, saving his "merchandise"; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his "wainage" if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of honest men of the neighborhood. 21. Earls and barons shall not be amerced except through their peers, and only in accordance with the degree of the offense.22. A clerk shall not be amerced in respect of his lay holding except after the manner of the others aforesaid; further, he shall not be amerced in accordance with the extent of his ecclesiastical benefice.23. No village or individual shall be compelled to make bridges at river banks, except those who from of old were legally bound to do so.24. No sheriff, constable, coroners, or others of our bailiffs, shall hold pleas of our Crown.25. All counties, hundred, wapentakes, and trithings (except our demesne manors) shall remain at the old rents, and without any additional payment.26. If anyone holding of us a lay fief shall die, and our sheriff or bailiff shall exhibit our letters patent of summons for a debt which the deceased owed us, it shall be lawful for our sheriff or bailiff to attach and enroll the chattels of the deceased, found upon the lay fief, to the value of that debt, at the sight of law worthy men, provided always that nothing whatever be thence removed until the debt which is evident shall be fully paid to us; and the residue shall be left to the executors to fulfill the will of the deceased; and if there be nothing due from him to us, all the chattels shall go to the deceased, saving to his wife and children their reasonable shares.27. If any freeman shall die intestate, his chattels shall be distributed by the hands of his nearest kinsfolk and friends, under supervision of the Church, saving to every one the debts which the deceased owed to him.28. No constable or other bailiff of ours shall take corn or other provisions from anyone without immediately tendering money therefor, unless he can have postponementthereof by permission of the seller.29. No constable shall compel any knight to give money in lieu of castle-guard, when he is willing to perform it in his own person, or (if he himself cannot do it from any reasonable cause) then by another responsible man. Further, if we have led or sent him upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard in proportion to the time during which he has been on service because of us.30. No sheriff or bailiff of ours, or other person, shall take the horses or carts of any freeman for transport duty, against the will of the said freeman.31. Neither we nor our bailiffs shall take, for our castles or for any other work of ours, wood which is not ours, against the will of the owner of that wood.32. We will not retain beyond one year and one day, the lands those who have been convicted of felony, and the lands shall thereafter be handed over to the lords of the fiefs.33. All kydells for the future shall be removed altogether from Thames and Medway, and throughout all England, except upon the seashore.34. The writ which is called praecipe shall not for the future be issued to anyone, regarding any tenement whereby a freeman may lose his court.35. Let there be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm; and one measure of ale; and one measure of corn, to wit, "the London quarter"; and one width of cloth (whether dyed, or russet, or "halberget"), to wit, two ells within the selvedges; of weights also let it be as of measures.36. Nothing in future shall be given or taken for a writ of inquisition of life or limbs, but freely it shall be granted, and never denied.37. If anyone holds of us by fee-farm, either by socage or by burage, or of any other land by knight's service, we will not (by reason of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage), have the wardship of the heir, or of such land of his as if of the fief of that other; nor shall we have wardship of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage, unless such fee-farm owes knight's service. We will not by reason of any small serjeancy which anyone may hold of us by the service of rendering to us knives, arrows, or the like, have wardship of his heir or of the land which he holds of another lord by knight's service.38. No bailiff for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone tohis "law", without credible witnesses brought for this purposes.39. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. And if such are found in our land at the beginning of the war, they shall be detained, without injury to their bodies or goods, until information be received by us, or by our chief justiciar, how the merchants of our land found in the land at war with us are treated; and if our men are safe there, the others shall be safe in our land.42. It shall be lawful in future for anyone (excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and to return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy- reserving always the allegiance due to us.43. If anyone holding of some escheat (such as the honor of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other escheats which are in our hands and are baronies) shall die, his heir shall give no other relief, and perform no other service to us than he would have done to the baron if that barony had been in the baron's hand; and we shall hold it in the same manner in which the baron held it.44. Men who dwell without the forest need not henceforth come before our justiciaries of the forest upon a general summons, unless they are in plea, or sureties of one or more, who are attached for the forest.45. We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or bailiffs only such as know the law of the realm and mean to observe it well.46. All barons who have founded abbeys, concerning which they hold charters from the kings of England, or of which they have long continued possession, shall have the wardship of them, when vacant, as they ought to have.47. All forests that have been made such in our time shall forthwith be disafforsted; anda similar course shall be followed with regard to river banks that have been placed "in defense" by us in our time.48. All evil customs connected with forests and warrens, foresters and warreners, sheriffs and their officers, river banks and their wardens, shall immediately by inquired into in each county by twelve sworn knights of the same county chosen by the honest men of the same county, and shall, within forty days of the said inquest, be utterly abolished, so as never to be restored, provided always that we previously have intimation thereof, or our justiciar, if we should not be in England.49. We will immediately restore all hostages and charters delivered to us by Englishmen, as sureties of the peace of faithful service.50. We will entirely remove from their bailiwicks, the relations of Gerard of Athee (so that in future they shall have no bailiwick in England); namely, Engelard of Cigogne, Peter, Guy, and Andrew of Chanceaux, Guy of Cigogne, Geoffrey of Martigny with his brothers, Philip Mark with his brothers and his nephew Geoffrey, and the whole brood of the same.51. As soon as peace is restored, we will banish from the kingdom all foreign born knights, crossbowmen, serjeants, and mercenary soldiers who have come with horses and arms to the kingdom's hurt.52. If anyone has been dispossessed or removed by us, without the legal judgment of his peers, from his lands, castles, franchises, or from his right, we will immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided by the five and twenty barons of whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the peace. Moreover, for all those possessions, from which anyone has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed, by our father, King Henry, or by our brother, King Richard, and which we retain in our hand (or which as possessed by others, to whom we are bound to warrant them) we shall have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised, or an inquest made by our order, before our taking of the cross; but as soon as we return from the expedition, we will immediately grant full justice therein.53. We shall have, moreover, the same respite and in the same manner in rendering justice concerning the disafforestation or retention of those forests which Henry our father and Richard our broter afforested, and concerning the wardship of lands which are of the fief of another (namely, such wardships as we have hitherto had by reason of a fief which anyone held of us by knight's service), and concerning abbeys founded on other fiefs than our own, in which the lord of the fee claims to have right; and when we have returned, or if we desist from our expedition, we will immediately grant full justice to all who complain of such things.54. No one shall be arrested or imprisoned upon the appeal of a woman, for the death of any other than her husband.55. All fines made with us unjustly and against the law of the land, and all amercements, imposed unjustly and against the law of the land, shall be entirely remitted, or else it shall be done concerning them according to the decision of the five and twenty barons whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the pease, or according to the judgment of the majority of the same, along with the aforesaid Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as he may wish to bring with him for this purpose, and if he cannot be present the business shall nevertheless proceed without him, provided always that if any one or more of the aforesaid five and twenty barons are in a similar suit, they shall be removed as far as concerns this particular judgment, others being substituted in their places after having been selected by the rest of the same five and twenty for this purpose only, and after having been sworn.56. If we have disseised or removed Welshmen from lands or liberties, or other things, without the legal judgment of their peers in England or in Wales, they shall be immediately restored to them; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided in the marches by the judgment of their peers; for the tenements in England according to the law of England, for tenements in Wales according to the law of Wales, and for tenements in the marches according to the law of the marches. Welshmen shall do the same to us and ours.57. Further, for all those possessions from which any Welshman has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed by King Henry our father, or King Richard our brother, and which we retain in our hand (or which are possessed by others,and which we ought to warrant), we will have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised or an inquest made by our order before we took the cross; but as soon as we return (or if perchance we desist from our expedition), we will immediately grant full justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and in relation to the foresaid regions.58. We will immediately give up the son of Llywelyn and all the hostages of Wales, and the charters delivered to us as security for the peace.59. We will do towards Alexander, king of Scots, concerning the return of his sisters and his hostages, and concerning his franchises, and his right, in the same manner as we shall do towards our owher barons of England, unless it ought to be otherwise according to the charters which we hold from William his father, formerly king of Scots; and this shall be according to the judgment of his peers in our court.60. Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and liberties, the observances of which we have granted in our kingdom as far as pertains to us towards our men, shall be observed b all of our kingdom, as well clergy as laymen, as far as pertains to them towards their men.61. Since, moveover, for God and the amendment of our kingdom and for the better allaying of the quarrel that has arisen between us and our barons, we have granted all these concessions, desirous that they should enjoy them in complete and firm endurance forever, we give and grant to them the underwritten security, namely, that the barons choose five and twenty barons of the kingdom, whomsoever they will, who shall be bound with all their might, to observe and hold, and cause to be observed, the peace and liberties we have granted and confirmed to them by this our present Charter, so that if we, or our justiciar, or our bailiffs or any one of our officers, shall in anything be at fault towards anyone, or shall have broken any one of the articles of this peace or of this security, and the offense be notified to four barons of the foresaid five and twenty, the said four barons shall repair to us (or our justiciar, if we are out of the realm) and, laying the transgression before us, petition to have that transgression redressed without delay. And if we shall not have corrected the transgression (or, in the event of our being out of the realm, if our justiciar shall not have corrected it) within forty days, reckoning from the time it has been intimated to us (or to our justiciar, if we should be out of the realm),the four barons aforesaid shall refer that matter to the rest of the five and twenty barons, and those five and twenty barons shall, together with the community of the whole realm, distrain and distress us in all possible ways, namely, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, and in any other way they can, until redress has been obtained as they deem fit, saving harmless our own person, and the persons of our queen and children; and when redress has been obtained, they shall resume their old relations towards us. And let whoever in the country desires it, swear to obey the orders of the said five and twenty barons for the execution of all the aforesaid matters, and along with them, to molest us to the utmost of his power; and we publicly and freely grant leave to everyone who wishes to swear, and we shall never forbid anyone to swear. All those, moveover, in the land who of themselves and of their own accord are unwilling to swear to the twenty five to help them in constraining and molesting us, we shall by our command compel the same to swear to the effect foresaid. And if any one of the five and twenty barons shall have died or departed from the land, or be incapacitated in any other manner which would prevent the foresaid provisions being carried out, those of the said twenty five barons who are left shall choose another in his place according to their own judgment, and he shall be sworn in the same way as the others. Further, in all matters, the execution of which is entrusted,to these twenty five barons, if perchance these twenty five are present and disagree about anything, or if some of them, after being summoned, are unwilling or unable to be present, that which the majority of those present ordain or command shall be held as fixed and established, exactly as if the whole twenty five had concurred in this; and the said twenty five shall swear that they will faithfully observe all that is aforesaid, and cause it to be observed with all their might. And we shall procure nothing from anyone, directly or indirectly, whereby any part of these concessions and liberties might be revoked or diminished; and if any such things has been procured, let it be void and null, and we shall never use it personally or by another.62. And all the will, hatreds, and bitterness that have arisen between us and our men, clergy and lay, from the date of the quarrel, we have completely remitted and pardoned to everyone. Moreover, all trespasses occasioned by the said quarrel, from Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign till the restoration of peace, we have fully remitted to all,both clergy and laymen, and completely forgiven, as far as pertains to us. And on this head, we have caused to be made for them letters testimonial patent of the lord Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, of the lord Henry, archbishop of Dublin, of the bishops aforesaid, and of Master Pandulf as touching this security and the concessions aforesaid.63. Wherefore we will and firmly order that the English Church be free, and that the men in our kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely and quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respects and in all places forever, as is aforesaid. An oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the art of the barons, that all these conditions aforesaid shall be kept in good faith and without evil intent.Given under our hand - the above named and many others being witnesses - in the meadow which is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of our reign.。
中文题目权衡信息自由与公共利益英国2000年信息自由法案
中文题目权衡信息自由与公共利益：英国2000年信息自由法案外文题目Balancing Information Freedom with PublicInterest: UK Freedom of Information Act 2000系 别 英语学院专 业 英语语言文学 研究方向 英国社会文化研究姓 名 魏一晓学 号 08011036导 师 王展鹏2010年 11 月 25 日Balancing Information Freedom with Public Interest: UK Freedom of Information Act 2000A Thesis SubmittedtoThe School of English and International StudiesAnd the Graduate School of Beijing Foreign Studies University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofMaster of ArtsByWei YixiaoSupervised byProfessor Wang ZhanpengBeijing Foreign Studies UniversityBeijing, ChinaNovember 25, 2010北京外国语大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
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英语国家概况（英国部分）
Chapt e r 1 The Land and Histo r y英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，―光荣革命‖爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. Gener a l Intro d ucti o n1. Locat i on and the Four Natio n s The full name of the UK is the Unite d Kingd o m of Great Brita i n and North e rn Irela n d. It is made up of four natio n s: Engla n d, Scotl a nd, North e rn Irela n d, and Wales . It is locat e d to the north w est of conti n enta l Europ e , separ a ted by the Engli s h Chann e l. Geogr a phic a lly, it is an islan d count r y, cover i ng an area of about 244,019 km 2, and consi s ts of Great Brita i n and north e aste r n part of Irela n d, toget h er with many small islan d s of Briti s h Isles . Great Brita i n accou n ts for over 90% of the count r y’stotal landm a ss. It is the large s t islan d off the north w este r n coast of mainl a nd Europ e with Engla n d, Scotl a nd and Wales on it. Irela n d is the secon d large s t islan d of Briti s h Isles locat e d to the north w est of Great Brita i n. It is divid e d into two parts : North e rn Irela n d and the Repub l ic of Irela n d (an indep e nden t count r y).Engla n d is the large s t part of the UK and occup i es most of the south e rn two third s of Great Brita i n. The total area of Engla n d is 130,410 km 2 with a popul a tion of aroun d 53.9 milli o n (Mid-2013 estim a ted), which cover s morethan 84% of the total UK popul a tion . It is the most popul o us and highl y urban i zed part of the UK . Londo n , the capit a l of the UK and Engla n d, as well as the seat of gover n ment , is locat e d in its south e aste rn part.Map of Briti s h Isles Scotla nd is the second larges t and most mounta inous part of the UK in the northof GreatBritai n. Compar ed with that of Englan d, the popula tiondensit y is quitelow. Thereare only 5.3 millio n people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinbu rgh, its larges t city, is the capita l of Scotla nd. Scotla nd is famous for its beauti ful natura l scener y, such as Scotti s h Highla nds1and Loch Ness2, as well as many histor icalplaces, like the Edinbu rgh Castle s.Walesis on the wester n side of centra l southe rn GreatBritai n. The totalarea of Walesis 20,779 km2, whichaccoun ts for 1/4 partsof the UK. It is also a mounta inous part of GreatBritai n, partic ularl y in the northand centra l region s. The southe ast region is the most builtup region of Wales, and the majori ty of its popula tionlive thereand a largepropor tionof its indust ry is basedthere. Its capita l city, Cardif f, is also in this region.Northe rn Irelan d lies in the northe ast of the island of Irelan d, coveri ng14,139 km2, whichconsti tutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smalle st part amongthe four nation s of the UK, as well as the second sparse ly popula ted part afterScotla nd. The capita l is Belfas t, the larges t city in Northe rn Irelan d both in popula tionand in area. It is the center for govern ment,econom ic, arts, higher educat ion, busine ss, law of Northe rn Irelan d. Additi onall y, it is the birthp laceof Titani c, and votedone of the world’stopdestin ation s.2. Climat eThe overal l climat e in the UK is temper ate mariti me, whichmeansthat it is mild with temper ature s neithe r much lowerthan 0℃ in winter nor much higher 32℃ in summer. Genera lly, the UK has warm summer s and cool winter s, with July and August as the warmes t month, and Januar y and Februa ry as the coldes t. Howeve r, due to the influe nce of Gulf Stream3, the summer s are cooler than thosein contin ent whilethe winter s are milder. Normal ly, the temper ature in summer is around20℃，with the high rarely goingabove30℃. The averag e temper ature in winter is around 0℃ and seldom go below-10℃ even in the most northe rn part of the countr y.Meanwh ile, sinceBritai n is an island countr y and surrou ndedby the sea, the climat e is consid erabl y change ablecompar ed with othercountr ies. Sincethe variab le climat e changi ng day to day, it is hard for people to predic t what the weathe r will be like the next day. Additi onall y, the unique geogra phica l positi on is also the reason for the dampne ss of the climat e. The rainfa ll is fairly distri buted throug houtthe year. Althou gh it does not rain everyday, it is always advisa ble for people to bringan umbrel la or waterp roofclothi ng everyday.II. Histor y1. The Foundi ng of the NationThe record ed histor y of the UK begins with the Romaninvasi on in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britai n was twiceinvade d by Julius Caesar and his Romantroops. Howeve r, it was not until43AD that the Romanled by Claudi us I finall y succes sfull y invade d and Britai n became part of the RomanEmpire. The native Celtic were driven to the mounta in region s of Scotla nd and Wales, whichremain ed unconq uered by the Romans.The Romans have greatimpact on many aspect s of the Britis h cultur e. The Romancivili zatio n was introd ucedto the Britai n during this period. For exampl e, Romanstylebathsand temple s were built, cities like London and townswere constr ucted, and the system of govern mentwas also introd uced. With the declin e of the RomanEmpire, when the German ic troops attack ed Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdr aw in orderto protec t theirown nation, whichled to the end of Romanoccupa tion.Afterthe leaveof the Romans, threegroups of German ic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britai n from the Europe an contin ent in the mid-4th centur y. They conque red differ ent region s of Britai n:1Scotti sh Highla nds：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结专八人文知识总结英国概况专八人文知识英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral 在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Refor mation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英国简介中英文版
英国简介中英文版Here is an essay about the United Kingdom with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks.The United Kingdom is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland. It is an island nation comprising the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller surrounding islands. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary parliamentary democracy. Its capital and largest city is London, which serves as the country's economic, political, and cultural center.The United Kingdom has a long and storied history dating back to the 5th century AD when various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established across the region. These kingdoms were gradually united under the rule of the English monarchy, culminating in the Act of Union in 1707 which merged the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. The United Kingdom as it is known today was further solidified in 1801 with the Act of Union which incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland.The United Kingdom has played a pivotal role in global affairs for centuries. As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, the UK was the world's first industrialized nation and went on to build the largest empire in history, covering a quarter of the global population at its peak. The UK was a leading power in the 19th and early 20th centuries and played a central role in World War I and World War II, emerging as one of the victorious Allied powers.Today, the United Kingdom remains a major global power with a highly developed economy, significant cultural influence, and permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. It is a member of numerous international organizations including the European Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the G7, the G20, NATO, and the OECD among others. The UK has a population of over 66 million people and is ethnically diverse, with significant immigrant populations from across the world.The geography of the United Kingdom is diverse and picturesque. The main island of Great Britain is predominantly hilly and mountainous, particularly in the north and west, with lowland areas in the east and southeast. Notable geographic features include the Pennines, the Lake District, Snowdonia, and the Scottish Highlands. The climate is generally temperate, with rainfall distributed throughout the year.The United Kingdom has a highly advanced and diversified economy. It is the sixth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. The service sector dominates the UK economy, accounting for around 80% of GDP. Key industries include financial services, information technology, the creative arts, tourism, and advanced manufacturing. The UK is a global leader in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, aerospace, telecommunications, and renewable energy.The United Kingdom is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and contributions to the world in fields such as literature, art, music, theater, architecture, and science. It is home to numerous world-famous cultural institutions and landmarks including the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Royal Opera House, Buckingham Palace, and the Tower of London among many others. The UK has produced countless influential writers, artists, musicians, scientists, and public figures over the centuries.The political system of the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The UK has a unitary state with devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state, while the Prime Minister, currently Rishi Sunak, is the head of government and leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons.The United Kingdom is known for its vibrant and diverse society. It is home to people from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, with significant immigrant populations from former British colonies and other parts of the world. The UK has a robust system of civil liberties and human rights protections, and is considered one of the most socially progressive countries in the world on issues such as LGBTQ+ rights.In conclusion, the United Kingdom is a highly influential global power with a rich history, diverse culture, and advanced economy. As a member of numerous international organizations and a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the UK continues to play a central role in world affairs. Despite the challenges it has faced in recent years, the United Kingdom remains a dynamic and resilient nation that is deeply respected around the world.。
英国（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国）
英国(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)
2018-01-13
英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of GreatBritainand Northern Ireland），是由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国，本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围；除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，人口超过6400万，以英格兰人为主体民族。
英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，是欧洲四大经济体之一，英联邦元首国、八国集团成员国、北约创始会员国，也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。
1688年，光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，是世界上第一个工业化国家。
18世纪至20世纪初期，英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲，是当时世界上最强的国家，号称日不落帝国。
20世纪下半叶，大英帝国解体，资本主义世界霸主的地位被美国取代。
2016年6月24日，英国通过脱欧公投宣布将退出欧盟。
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中英对照阅读《不自由，毋宁死---GiveMeLibertyOrGiveMeDeath》
中英对照阅读《不自由，毋宁死---GiveMeLibertyOrGiveMeDeath》中英对照阅读《不自由，毋宁死---Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death》Give Me Liberty Or Give Me DeathPatrick Henry, March 23, 1775.No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The questing before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, throughfear of giving offense, I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings.Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it.I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation?Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted?Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace andreconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free-- if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Ourchains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!--------------Give Me Liberty Or Give Me DeathPatrick Henry, March 23, 1775.No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism爱国心, 爱国精神, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it willnot be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员. The questing before the House is one of awful 可怕的, 威严的moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should consider myself as guilty犯罪的, 有罪的, 心虚的of treason叛逆, 通敌, 背信, 叛国罪 towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty不忠实, 不信, 不义, 背信弃义 toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere尊敬, 敬畏, 崇敬 above all earthly现世的, 可能的, 地球的, 俗世的 kings.Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge 沉湎于in the illusions 幻想of hope. We are apt to倾向于 shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren【希神】海上女妖莎琳[塞壬](半人半鸟的海妖, 常用歌声诱惑过路的航海者而使航船触礁毁灭) till she transforms us into beasts兽, 畜牲. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous费劲的, 辛勤的, 险峻的 struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to 使倾向于, 使有意于(to sth., to do) be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concerntheir temporal salvation拯救, 救助? For my part, whatever anguish 痛苦, 苦恼 of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it.I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace安慰themselves and the House. Is it that insidious阴险的 smile with which our petition请愿, 情愿书, 诉状, 陈情书has been lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare圈套, 罗网, 陷阱to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious亲切的, 高尚的reception of our petition comports with一致, 适合those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation和解, 调和, 顺从? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back 恢复, 夺得 our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation镇压, 平息, 征服; the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial战争的, 军事的, 尚武的, 威武的 array排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批, if its purpose be not to force us to submission屈服, 降服, 服从, 谦恭, 投降? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other.They are sent over to bind and rivet铆钉upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging锻炼, 伪造. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain徒劳的; 无效益的. Shall we resort to entreaty恳求, 乞求and humble卑下的, 微贱的, 谦逊的, 粗陋的 supplication恳求, 祈愿, 哀求? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted?Let us not, I beseech恳求, 哀求 you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert转移the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated抗议; we have supplicated; we have prostrated使衰竭, 使累透; 使沮丧; 使忧郁ourselves before the throne王座, 君主, and have implored恳求, 哀求 its interposition插入 to arrest the tyrannical专制的：暴君或暴政的，和暴君或暴政有关的hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted轻微的, 微小的; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult侮辱, 凌辱; our supplications have been disregarded漠视, 忽视; and we have been spurned弃绝, with contempt轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬, from the foot of the throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond ]喜爱的, 多情的, 喜欢的, 宠爱的, 温柔的hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free-- if we mean to preserve inviolate未亵渎的, 无污点的, 未受侵犯的those inestimable无价的, 无法估计的 privileges for which we have been so long contending斗争, 竞争, 主张--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged保证, 使发誓, 抵押, 典当, 举杯祝...健康ourselves never to abandon until the glorious光荣的, 显赫的object of our contest 论争, 竞赛shall be obtained--we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable强大的, 令人敬畏的, 可怕的, 艰难的an adversary敌手, 对手. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution不决断, 优柔寡断, 犹豫不定 and inaction无行动, 不活动, 无为, 怠惰, 迟钝? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely掌心向上地, 仰卧地on our backs and hugging拥抱 the delusive欺骗的, 迷惑的, 虚妄的, 令人错解的 phantom幻影of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. The millions of people, armed in the holy神圣的, 圣洁的cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible不能征服的, 无敌的by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over负责, 主持the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant警惕着的, 警醒的, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election选举, 当选, 选择权. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission屈服, 降服, 服从, 谦恭, 投降and slavery! Our chains are forged铸造, 伪造! Their clanking叮当声may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.It is in vain徒然, sir, to extenuate掩饰, 减轻, 使人原谅, 低估 the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale大风that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding共鸣的; 反响的; 响[宏]亮的; 强烈的; 有利的arms! Our brethren弟兄们, 同胞 are already in the field! Why stand we here idle空闲的, 懒惰的, 停顿的, 无用的, 无价值的? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear昂贵的, 亲爱的, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it禁止, 不许, Almighty全能的 God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!不自由，毋宁死派确克.亨利 1775年3月23日没有人比我更相信刚才在议会发言的尊敬的先生们所怀有的爱国心和能力。
英美国家概况名词解释重点
1.The functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.2.The House of Lords上议院The House of Lords consists of the Lord Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.3.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.1.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English Literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than withthe power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Words worth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”Keats, Byron and Shelly, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.1.Quality paperThey belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspaper are generally a well-educated middle class audience.2.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different form qualities paper.1.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open upto sell off all their Christmas stock decoration, food, cards and gift items at low prices.1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine 教义 of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,. It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.George WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America Republic. He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States of America. He participated in writing the Declaration of independence and making the US Constitution.1.The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.1.The “Lost Generation”In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. Two of the most representative writers of the “Lost Generation”were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.1.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the US.1.Ragtime musicRagtime music refers to a type of piano music of black US origin, popular in the 1920s. originally based on tunes for marching bands ragtime music is marked by a syncopated melodic line with a regular accented bass. Ragtime music has been popularized by such composers as Scott Joplin whose “Maple Leaf Rag” published in 1896 was hailed as the first popular ragtime繁音拍子tune, till listened to with pleasure by all jazz fans.。
专八英国人文知识讲解
专八英国人文知识讲解专八英国人文知识讲解2017年的专八已经落下帷幕，但是新一轮的专八备考当然也要开始了。
下面是关于专八英国站人文知识的`讲解，供大家阅读学习。
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The English Channel: The Channel is a narrow seapassage which separates England and France andconnects the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
The Dee estuary:A small sea ( in Irish Sea) where the Dee Riverenters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"The Act of Union of 1801": In 1801 the English Parliament passed an act by which Scotland,Wales and the Kingdom of England were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Great Britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
Gaelic:It is one of the Celtic Language, and is spoken in parts of the Highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
The "backbone of England": It refers to the Pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总
英美文学期末复习Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period 中古时期An Introduction ：❖最早的英国居民：Celts❖In 43AD , Roman conquered Britain, making the latter a province of Roman Empire.公元43年，罗马征服英国，将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。
❖In 449 Jutes came to Britain to settle there. Following the Jutes came Angles and Saxons. 449年，朱特人定居英国，紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。
❖Germanic means the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes.日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。
❖Anglo-Saxon poetry is bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit.安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力，悲伤且忧郁。
❖These tribes from Northern Europe together created the united kingdom--Anglo-Saxon England ("Angle-land").这些来自北欧的部落创建了联合王国--安格鲁撒克逊英格兰(in 449)❖Their dialects naturally grew into a single language called Angle-ish or English, the ancestor of the present-day English.他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言--盎格鲁语或者英语。
❖The old English were divided into two groups: ①religious group ②secular group古英语诗歌被分成两类：①宗教②世俗❖The religious group is mainly on biblical theme.宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。
英语国家概况名词解释
T he E ngl ish r efor ma tion: religious reform in England in 16 century .as a result, the church of English was established as a state church.T he gl ori ou s r ev ol utio n:William landed at Torbay on NOV 15, 1688 marched upon London. In England this takeover was relatively smooth with no bloodshed nor any execution of the king.T he b i ll o f rig h ts: is the term used to for the first ten amendments to the US constitution. It guarantees freedom of religious, freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom from unreasonable searches and legal rights.U tili tar ia ni sm: was the ideal of Jeremy Bentham suggested the government's function should be to achieve “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”should be done in two ways: government should be efficient; should interfere as little as possible.Blac k D ea th:modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague. Spread though Europe in the 14 century 1347``1650 killed one half and one third the population in England.Con sti tu ti on al M onarc hy: is a system, under this system the King or Queen is head of the state, but their power is limited by Parliament or the law.Bosto n T ea Par ty: in 1773, British ships of tea reached Boston; several dozen residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night threw the tea into the harbor.Red Sc ar e: took place in America in 1919`1920.during it many Communists and Progressive people were arrested in America.T he Bri ti sh Co mmo nw ea lth: a voluntary association of some 40 countries that were once British colonies.Whi g s (i n Br itai n): originated with the Glorious Revolution .known by the nickname, derogatory name for cattle drives. Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolutely monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.N ew D eal: a program put forward by President Roosevelt to overcome the Great Depression.Cou ntercu ltur e: was a movement of revolt against the values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Blood y M ary: during Queen Mary's reign, at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics.Ch ec ks a nd b a lan c es: it is a system by the US constitution. According to it powers are divided among government branches and those branches check each other.T he thr ee w av es o f i mmigra tion to A mer ica n:1) 1810``1854:2)1860``1890 :3)1890```1914Blac k T hur sd ay o f 1929: referred to Oct 24, 1929, the day when the stock market in the United States collapsed. Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the Market and millions of dollars of paper profit were wiped out within a few hours.T he Ch urc h o f E ng la nd: a state church supported by the British government .the king is head of the Church of England.T erti ary c oll eg es: offer a range of full-time and part-time vocational cause for student over 16, as well as academic courses.T he U S fed era l sy stem: the US Constitution sets up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule .there is a central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer question that affect the nation as a whole .there are also state and local governments .Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.Buil t envir on ment: refers to those features of the environment built by people or changed by people.Ben efi t o f cl ergy: referred to the privilege given to clerks in English history. At that time, clerks charged with criminals offences were tried in the Bishop's courts instead of in the king's court, and the Bishop's court did not inflict corporal punishment.T he ar ticl es of Co nfed er atio n: It was the first constitution of the US of America adopted at the Second Continental Congress and used during the war of Independence against Britain.Ban k h ol id ay s: are also called official public holidays. The term goes back to the Bank holidays Act of 1871.owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.Rou nd h ead s: supporters of parliament in the English Civil Wars called Roundheads because of their short haircutsT he gr ea t C har ter: also know as Magna Carta which the English barons limited the King's powers. Regarded as the foundation of English liberties.T he Ind u str ia l R evo lu ti on: refers to the mechanization of industry and Consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the 18 and 19 centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize in Europe.T he Ca nad ia n S hi eld: covers almost half of Canada and it is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Houdon Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the northeastterritories.Comp r eh en siv e sc ho ol s take pupils without references to ability or aptitude and provide a wide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.T he Pur i tan s were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen .They wanted to purify the Church of England .Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as the refuge provide by God for those he meant to save.War Pow er A ct: it was an act that limited the president's power in sending troops aboard and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision.T he C ommo nw eal th: it is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The decision to become to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.E lectora l Col l eg e: the electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia –a total of 538 persons—persons –comprise what is known as the Electoral College .To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.N o ta xa tio n w ith ou t r ep r esen ta ti on: the people in the British colonies opposed the unfair treatment by the British government. They declared,”No taxation without representation”, that is, without their representatives taking part in decision making, they had no obligation to pay taxes to Britain. Britai n's tw o-p ar ty sy stem: the Conservation party and the Labor Party since 1945 either of the two parties has held power.Rena i ssanc e: was the traditional period between the Middle Ages and modern in Europe ,covering the years C1350-1650.The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change.M ultic ul tural i sm: means to recognize that Australians are from different backgrounds and social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework. M anifest D estin y: refers to the theory that said it was right for the US to expand territory.T he h und r ed y ear s' w ar: refers to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337to 1453.E stab li sh ed ch urc h es: two established churches in Britain, that is, churches legally recognized as official churches of state; in England the churches of England and in Scotland the Church of Scotland.Ab oli tio ni sts: were those Americans who demanded immediate abolition of slavery before the Civil War.T op ograp hical r egi on s refer to the regions that divide according to the shape of the surface land.Free churches are some of the Protestant Churches in Britain which are free from government.T he gr ea t d ep r essi on: refers to the great economic crisis that hit the whole capitalist world in the 1930sBlac k p ow er a mov emen t of th e b la c k Muslims led by Malcolm during the civil Rights Movement Contrary to Martian Luther King's idea, Black Power movement advocated violence and attempted to separate themselves from white society.Shad ow cab i n et: the party which wins the second largest number of seats in Parliament becomes the official Opposition and it forms its own “”cabinet” known as Shadow cabinetWha t w as th e si gn ifica nc e o f th e E ngl i sh C ivi l War?Not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe .It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.Wha t w as th e op en fi eld sy stem l i ke in E ngl and i n hi stor y?Under the system, villages were surrounded by 3gteat hedge less fields .These fields were divided into strips and shared out among the villagers, one great field was left “fallow” each years so that its soil recovered richness.。
英国
撒切尔夫人 战后英国于1947年参与拟定并接受马歇尔计划，从美国得到大量援助，经济逐步复苏。与此同 时，工党政府还实施一些改善劳动人民状况的措施：第二次世界大战后的英国，由工党和保守党轮流执政。经济 发展缓慢。1973年1月加入欧共体。1979年大选后，保守党执政，撒切尔夫人成为英国历史上第一位女首相。 1982、1987年连任。撒切尔政府采取国有企业私有化的政策，在振兴经济方面取得不小成绩。开始推动部分企 业私有化，为了使英国经济恢复活力。
地理环境
地形地貌
区域位置
气候特征
英国是位于西欧的一个岛国，是由大不列颠岛上英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰共 同组成的一个岛国。
英国被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。东临北海，面对比利时、荷兰、德国、丹麦 和挪威等国；西邻爱尔兰，横隔大西洋与美国、加拿大遥遥相对；北过大西洋可达冰岛；南穿英吉利海峡行33公 里即为法国。国土面积24.41万平方公里（包括内陆水域）。英格兰地区13.04万平方公里，苏格兰7.88万平方公 里，威尔士2.08万平方公里，北爱尔兰1.41万平方公里。
19世纪中叶，英国发动两次侵略中国的鸦片战争，强占香港岛，参与镇压中国太平天国革命；镇压1857— 1859年印度民族大起义，强化对印度的统治。1876年，保守党B.迪斯累里内阁为维多利亚女王加冕，使其成为 印度女皇。此后英国又被称为大英帝国或英帝国（1947年印度独立，英国君主失去皇帝头衔）。此外，在伊朗、 缅甸、南非、埃及、东非以及新西兰、澳大利亚等地也扩大侵略，还逐步对南美洲进行渗透，成为那里最大的投 资者。1867年，加拿大成为英国第1个自治领地。
英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成有许多科学发现和发明，如蒸汽机、青霉素、脱氧核糖核酸 （DNA）、多利羊和喷气式发动机等等。伦敦的金融市场吸引着世界各地的众多公司来此利用英国的商业契机。 二百多年来，英国的各类学校和大专院校随着该国举世瞩目的技术、工业和金融革命而发展起来。但是，其世界 优 秀 的 教 育 历 史 更 为 悠 久 ， 可 追 溯 到 1 2 世 纪 牛 津 大 学 （ 11 8 5 ） 和 剑 桥 大 学 （ 1 2 0 9 ）军团入侵不列颠，均被不列颠人击退。公元43年，罗马皇帝克劳狄一世率军 入侵不列颠。征服不列颠后变其为罗马帝国的行省。到409年，罗马驻军被迫全部撤离不列颠，罗马对不列颠的 统治即告结束。
介绍美国独立日的英语作文
介绍美国独立日的英语作文Independence Day in the United States is a national holiday celebrated annually on the 4th of July. It commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, which marked the country's separation from Great Britain and the establishment of the United States as an independent nation. This day holds immense significance for Americans, as it represents the culmination of their struggle for freedom and the birth of a new nation.The journey towards independence was a long and arduous one. The American colonies had been under the rule of the British Empire for over a century, and the colonists had grown increasingly dissatisfied with the lack of representation and the heavy-handed policies imposed by the Crown. Tensions had been building for years, and in 1775, the American Revolutionary War broke out, pitting the colonies against the formidable British military.The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and signed by 56 delegates from the 13 colonies, was a bold and revolutionary document that laid out the colonists' grievances against the British government and their determination to establish anew, independent nation. The document eloquently articulated the fundamental principles of the American Revolution, including the belief that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.The signing of the Declaration of Independence was a momentous event, and it marked the beginning of a long and arduous struggle for independence. The American Revolutionary War raged on for eight years, with the colonists facing overwhelming odds against the British military. However, through a combination of strategic brilliance, determination, and the support of key allies such as France, the colonists were ultimately able to secure victory.The end of the war and the establishment of the United States as an independent nation was a cause for great celebration. The 4th of July was designated as the official Independence Day, and it has since become a cherished national holiday, celebrated with parades, fireworks, barbecues, and other festive activities.Today, Independence Day remains one of the most important and widely celebrated holidays in the United States. It is a time for Americans to reflect on the sacrifices and struggles of their ancestors, and to reaffirm their commitment to the principles of freedom, democracy, and self-governance that the country was founded upon.One of the most iconic and enduring traditions associated with Independence Day is the fireworks display. Every year, cities and towns across the country put on elaborate fireworks shows, with dazzling displays of light and sound that captivate audiences of all ages. The sound of the fireworks bursting in the night sky and the sight of the colorful explosions mirroring the American flag are a powerful symbol of the country's enduring spirit and resilience.Another important tradition associated with Independence Day is the reading of the Declaration of Independence. In many communities, public readings of the document are held, often by local officials or community leaders, as a way of honoring the sacrifices of the past and reaffirming the ideals that the country was founded upon.Beyond the traditional celebrations, Independence Day also serves as an important occasion for reflection and introspection. Americans use this day to consider the progress that has been made in the country's history, as well as the challenges that still lie ahead. It is a time to celebrate the country's diversity, to acknowledge its shortcomings, and to rededicate themselves to the ongoing work of building a more perfect union.Overall, Independence Day is a time of great pride and celebration for Americans. It is a day to honor the sacrifices of the past, to cherish the freedoms that have been won, and to look towards afuture filled with promise and possibility. As the country continues to evolve and grow, the spirit of Independence Day will endure, serving as a constant reminder of the enduring values that have made the United States a beacon of hope and freedom for people around the world.。
印度独立日的重要性 Independence Day in India 英语作文
Importance of IndependenceDay in India>Importance of Independence Day in India Essay:India celebrates 15th August every year as its Independence day. It is the day the country got freedom from its’ oppressors, the British government. Independence Day holds a special place in the hearts of all Indians.It is a day when Indians all over the country celebrate this day by organising different events. Independence day is a day when we payrespect to the freedom fighters who gave their lives for this country’s Independence. It is a day where we remember their immense contribution to the freedom struggle of India.Here in this article, we have provided short and long essays on the Importance of Independence Day in India in English. The essays have been written in simple language for your information and knowledge. They aim to help during school assignments or a speech on the Importance of Independence Day in India.Long and Short Essays on Importance of Independence Day in India for Students and Kids in EnglishWe provide children and students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic “Importance of Independence Day in India Essay” for reference.The citizens of India celebrate 15th August as their Independence day every year. People from all over the country hold celebrations in their schools, offices, colleges and residential areas.It is one of the most critical days in the lives of all Indians.India was under the British for almost two hundred years. They looted our country and harmed the citizens of the country. The Britisher’s plumber the country of its wealth. However, the nation’s citizens decided it was enough and started to raise their voice against the British rule.People from all over the country started to raise their voice against the British rule. These people gave their lives to fight the government. There were revolutionaries like Mahatma Gandhi, whotook non-violence and held various rallies across the country.All the people who took part in fighting for the freedom paid off on 15th August, 1947 when India got freedom. Since 1947, India has been celebrating this day as Independence Day.IntroductionCitizens of India come together on 15th August every year to celebrate Independence day. It is a day that holds a lot of importance and pride for all the country’s citizens. Inde pendence day iscelebrated joyously and enthusiastically all over the country on 15th August.Schools, colleges, offices and residential areas of the country celebrate Independence day. It is a day celebrated in the memory of those who sacrificed their lives for their country. Due to the selfless sacrifice of the people, we are living in a free country.Independence Day Celebration and its importance1. It’sIt’s a Way to Pay Tribute to Freedom Fighters: One of the reasons for IndependenceDay’s celebrati on is to pay our tribute to our freedom fighters. It’sIt’s a day to remember the many people that gave their lives for the country and its freedom. Speeches are given on Independence day to narrate the heroic deeds of the freedom fighters. 2. It’sIt’s a Da y to Celebrate the Spirit of Freedom: 15th August is when we as Indians celebrate the true spirit of freedom and Independence. The day we feel the joy that we got freedom from the colonial rulers and their suppression. Independence day celebrates the immense pleasure that the citizens of our country felt on 15th August, 1947.3. Keep the Love for India Alive: One of thebiggest reasons for celebrating Independence day is to keep the love for India alive. It is the day when we feel the love and patriotism for the country.ConclusionWe celebrate Independence day every year, and we come to love our country more every year. 15th August is an essential day in the lives of all Indians. We should celebrate this day with love and pride for our nation.Long Essay on Importance of Independence Day in India 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Importance of Independence Day in India is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.IntroductionEvery year on 15th August, India celebrates its Independence day. India has been under the British for two centuries before it got freedom and became an independent country. Since it’s freedom, India has been celebrating its Independence day on 15th August.The reason for celebrating it is to celebrate the feeling of being free from suppression. Anotherreason for celebrating Independence day is it is a tribute to all the freedom fighters who laid down their lives for the country.Each citizen of India celebrates India with great zeal and courage because it’s one of the most important days of the year. Independence Day holds a unique and vital place in the hearts of all Indians.How Schools and Colleges Celebrate Independence day?15th August is a national holiday which means that educational institutes hold the celebrationsa day before Independence day. Schools and colleges around the country hold special events to celebrate Independence day. Educational institutes around the country have different kinds of celebrations on Independence day.One of the first things that happen in the Independence day celebration is flag hoisting. Schools and colleges hold various events like debates, dances, singing and quiz competitions throughout the day. Students actively take part in all the events as they are a part of the celebration.The junior school students dress up as various freedom fighters as a part of the fancy dress competition. Students prepare a few lines about the freedom fighter they are portraying. At the end of all the rounds, there is a prize distribution held. Various students win prizes for the competitions they took part in through the Independence day celebration.The aim of holding various activities is to teach the students more about the country and its freedom struggle. When students learn more about the country, the love that they have for the country will deepen. Students learn about thefreedom fighters who gave their lives for the freedom struggles. Due to these freedom fighters’ immense contribution, the country got its freedom from the British oppressors.How Offices Celebrate Independence day?Offices are another institute where the Independence day celebrations happen a day before Independence day. Employees of the company are asked to dress in the colours of the Indian Flag. Some of the colours that people dress up in are blue, green, orange, saffron and white. People wear ethnic clothes on this dayand keep up with the theme of Independence day celebrations.Flag hoisting is an important and essential part of the Independence day celebrations. Offices hold special lunches for their employees to improve and strengthen the bond between the employees. Some people make speeches to show what the country means, and its Independence means to them. Some offices hold various cultural events.How Residential Areas Celebrate Independence Day?Many residential welfare associations take the initiative of celebrating Independence day. The most common way of celebrating Independence day is by hoisting the Indian Flag in public spaces like parks. People of the residential area gather around the parks in the mornings and celebrate Independence day. They dress up in Independence day colours and participate in various activities that are organised by the community.When the national anthem is played, people stand in the attention position, which is done after the flag hoisting. There are patriotic songsplayed on the maximum volume, and people are seen immersed in the feeling of love and patriotism for their country.One of the events that happen during the Independence day celebration in residential areas is fancy dress competition. It is an event that brings everyone in the community together. People come dressed as different freedom fighters and recite a few things about them. Children dress up like Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh and other freedom fighters.After a morning of Independence day celebrations, there is a brunch organised by the associations. Residents sit and enjoy sharing stories and eating food together. Independence day brings neighbours together.The Practice of Flying KitesOne of the most common things that are done throughout the country is the practice of flying kites. It’sIt’s a ritual to fly kites on Independence day in many parts of the country. The way of flying kites is a symbol to show that we have freedom. People fly kites on their roofs or go to grounds to fly kites with other community people.People invite their friends and family to fly kites with them to have fun and celebrate Independence day. In many parts of the country, there are kite flying competitions held on Independence day. People participate in these competitions very enthusiastically.Importance of Independence Day in India Essay ConclusionIndependence day is a day to celebrate India’sIndia’s freedom and Independence. It’sIt’s a day to remember all the people that gave their lives fighting for the freedom we enjoy now.Citizens around the country celebrate Independence day.。
罗斯福：四大自由(Franklin D. Roosevelt,The Four Freedoms)
在一九四一年一月六日致国会的咨文中，富兰克林．罗斯福总统要求国会根据租借法案，把必要的武器装备提供给那些总统认为其防御对美国利益至关重要的国家。
由于战争逼近，他宣布了四项「人类的基本自由」这项宣布，被认为是关于美国人民准备为之奋斗的原则的最简要声明。
被罗斯福称为四大自由的分别是：表达意见的自由，崇拜的自由，不虞匮乏的自由，免除恐惧的自由。
The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world.第一是在全世界任何地方发表言论和表达意见的自由。
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.第二是在全世界任何地方，人人有以自己的方式来崇拜上帝的自由。
The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world.第三是不虞匮乏的自由－－这种自由，就世界范围来讲，就是一种经济上的融洽关系，它将保证全世界每一个国家的居民都过健全的、和平时期的生活。
The fourth is freedom from fear, which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world.第四是免除恐惧的自由－－这种自由，就世界范围来讲，就是世界性的裁减军备，要以一种彻底的方法把它裁减到这样的程度：务使世界上没有一个国家有能力向全世界任何地区的任何邻国进行武力侵略。
浅谈英国三权分立(英文版)
Shallow Talk the British Separation of Powers’ Formation from a Historical PerspectiveElective course: British society and cultureCollege major : Life Science AcademyStudent name: Li XiangStudent ID: 0904314039Examine time: June 24, 2011Shallow Talk the British Separation of Powers’ Formation from a Historical PerspectiveThe separation of powers, often if imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias political principle, is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.In the United Kingdom, the executive is charged by Prime Minister, Cabinet, Government Departments and Civil Service ,the parliament possess the legislature, and the courts perform the judiciary. To a strict degree, the UK’s system can’t be considered the separation of powers. Although the doctrine of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdom's constitutional doctrine, the UK constitution is often described as having "a weak separation of powers" , despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred. The legislature and the executive are combined, this form is calledparliamentarism. Parliament is not only the state legislature, and is the center of the state power.On 28 September 1066, The Norman conquest of England began with the invasion of England by William, Duke of Normandy, who became known as William the Conqueror after his victory at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, defeating the then king Harold II of England. The Norman conquest was a pivotal event in English history. It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy, and brought about a transformation of the English governmental systems. After the Norman conquest, they gradually established an inchoate feudal monarchy of centralization. The king is the foremost lord, nobles are located in a vassal status, and the conference is the main institution for king to perform his sovereignty. However, after the William died, especially after his son Henry I died, Norman dynasty was trapped in twenty years of civil war, and its royalty was weakened to some extent. Although a series of reform made by Henry II had strengthened the monarchy greatly, British royalty was still weakened in the period of Richard I and the King John. Their atrocity and incompetence caused a lot of people’s dissatisfy. The king John confiscated the subservient manors just as he wished and interfered the court’s judgment, therefore, his awful behavior caused the feudal lords’ irritation. In order to collectthe military spending against the French, he raised the extra taxes. That made knights and citizens who were used to support the King transferred to the governors. Moreover, the church also standed by the governors.In June 1215, King John signed the Magna Carta with those church nobles under the pressure given by the joint action of all classes. The Magna Carta aimed at limiting the kingship and securitying the privileges of the feudal aristocracy. In this section, it’s claimed that the church of England had freedom, its rights couldn’t be interfered. The king was not allowed to ask feudal lords for taxes without the Big nobles’ agreement. And the church also had the right to elect. The signing of the Magna Carta showed that the joint actions of all classes had become a new form of political struggle and provided theory basis and important experiences for the foundation of the England Parliamentarianism. In the struggle against the feudal tyranny, knights and citizens had become a political force which cannot be ignored. The basic principles of the Magna Carta--- the charter-supremacy of law and human rights were gradually considered as the foundation of the British constitutional politics. Although the Magna Carta regulated the relationship of the f eudal, it didn’t solve the contradiction between the king and feudal lords completely. In 1258, the mutiny started by nobleman compelled Henry III signed the Oxford Rules which require the king govern the country together with the ministers of high reputation. The Oxfordconference transferred all the power to some noble, carried out the noble oligarchy. Although there were some struggle for power between the king and nobleman, at last, in 1295 the British parliament took shape. As a result, the British system of government evolved from aristocratic democratic system to "grade monarchy".British bourgeois revolution is catalysts of the separation of powers. The prototype of Locke’s doctrine of separation of powers is the capitalistic constitutional monarchy built by the British bourgeois revolution. The capitalist class and the new nobility won the power from the king step by step by revolution. In 1688, after the finish of Glorious Revolution, the king’s legislative and judicial power were despoiled by capitalism, and the executive power was taken out slowly in afteryears. Under the constitution convention of the king’s sole uncapablity, the king gradually became a king of no power.The birth, the practice and the series of changes of the decentra lization thought are associated tightly with the country’s historical, political and economic conditions. Separation of the powers keeps the state runnning efficiently and has the tremendous driving force on control the individual centralization , and prev ent the officials’ corruption. It also promotes the rapid development of economy in the capitalist countries.。
英美概况 英国Unit Two
7.How to divide classes in British society? How has social mobility changed the class structure in history? P 18 (P 3, traditionally)
8. What are the key elements in “Britishness” that the citizens of the UK share? Geography National symbols People, Values and attitudes Cultural habits Behaviours Citizenship Language And various notable achievements
3 What are the changing patterns of population distribution in the UK?
4.What are the Celtic languages? Are they still living? P17, 最后一段 Celtic languages include Irish, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic. Yes, they are still living. About one-fifth of the total population of Wales, especially in the north and west, are able to speak Welsh. Scottish Caelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the Islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye.
独立宣言英文作文
独立宣言英文作文英文：The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It was written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4th of that year. The document declared the colonies' independence from Great Britain and laid out the principles of democracy and freedom that would shape the new nation.One of the most famous lines in the Declaration of Independence is "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." This statement is a powerful expression of the belief in individual rights and freedoms that is at the heart of American democracy.The Declaration of Independence also lists a number of grievances against the British government, including taxation without representation and the quartering of troops in private homes. These grievances show that the colonists felt that their rights were being violated by the British government and that they had no choice but to declare their independence.Overall, the Declaration of Independence is a powerful statement of the principles of democracy and freedom that have shaped American history. It is a reminder of the importance of individual rights and the need to fight for those rights when they are threatened.中文：《独立宣言》是美国历史上最重要的文件之一。
英语的读书名人名言_学如逆水行舟不进则退
英语的读书名人名言_学如逆水行舟不进则退读书是体味文化，读书是回顾历史，读书是精神的旅行。
下面店铺为你分享的是英语的读书名人名言的内容，希望你会喜欢!英语的读书名人名言最新knowledge is one thing, virtue is another. -john newman知识是一回事，美德是另一回事。
-约翰·纽曼learning does not stop as long as a man lives, unless his learning power atrophies because he does not use it. -robert hutchins人只要活着，学习就不改停下来，除非学习能力因不学而萎缩。
-罗伯特·胡钦斯learning is like rowing upstream, not to advance is to drop back. -chinese proverb学如逆水行舟，不进则退。
-中国谚语learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous. -confucius学而不思则盲，思而不学则怠。
-孔子learn whatever it may be, whenever you can, and wherever you will. -chu hsi无一事而不学，无一时而不学，无一处而不得。
-朱喜life is short and art is long. -sophocles人生短暂，学术无涯。
-萨福克里斯much learning shows how little mortals know. -francis young 博学而后始知人类所知有限。
-拂朗西斯·杨my life is limited while knowledge is limitless. -chuang-tze 吾生也有涯，而知也无涯。
独立宣言英文
独立宣言英文The Declaration of IndependenceIntroductionThe Declaration of Independence is one of the most significant documents in American history. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, and it laid the foundation for the establishment of the United States of America as an independent nation. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence expressed the grievances of the American colonists against the British Crown and laid out the principles upon which the new nation would be built. This document serves as an inspiration for countless individuals around the world who seek freedom and self-determination.Historical ContextTo fully understand the importance of the Declaration of Independence, it is essential to grasp the historical context in which it was written. During the 18th century, Britain exerted control over its American colonies through various policies and regulations. However, as the colonies became moreprosperous and self-reliant, many colonists felt increasingly oppressed by British rule.The colonists' grievances were numerous. They resented the heavy taxation imposed by the British government without their consent. Additionally, they believed that they were being denied the basic rights and liberties that were afforded to British citizens. Many colonists viewed themselves as second-class citizens in their own land.Writing the Declaration of IndependenceIn response to these grievances, the Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a document expressing the colonists' desires for independence. This committee consisted of prominent individuals, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson was primarily responsible for drafting the document, and his eloquence and mastery of language are evident throughout the text.The Language of FreedomThe language used in the Declaration of Independence is powerful and resonant. It begins with the memorable phrase, \。
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Example about CBS (60 minutes) American.
• NEWS • WASHINGTON, April 28 — American soldiers at a prison outside Baghdad have been accused of forcing Iraqi prisoners into acts of sexual humiliation and other abuses in order to make them talk… • Harry Morgan Moses, the producer of television news program 60 Minutes said that: when we finished the reported which about U.S army abused prisoners, and then the person who is U.S. Soldiers chief of staff contacted me and requesting , he said that best not to play this report in publish because if we broadcast this the Iraqis will take more retaliatory measures against U.S. forces. From this example know that the press come from the Government although that the chief of staff use “please” not “an order” to ask we to stop but it also to stop f At first I explain that FOI means the individual has the rights to access different kinds of information held by the government, and FOE is a human right for Citizens which cannot exercise their right to vote effectively or take part in public decision-making if they do not have free access to information and ideas and are not able to express their views freely. According the 60 minute example obviously breaches of FOE. Others like slander , like bugging, like Leaking secrets (website, wiki…) and so on, these both breaches of ECHR whatever use the right with is FOI or FOE.
BBC:
Channel 4:
covered an extensive range
About the corruptions
Example: (ITV: Beam and Da Silva 18 January 1994）Which is landlord trying to hustle from Housing benefits (C4: Living in Fear 25 January 1994）which is landlord harassment and illegal evictions tenants 。 (ITV: The Wrong Arm of the Law 31 October 1994: BBC1: Out of Order 21 October 1997） Which is find it have dangerous things in a Private security Company 。
Briefly summary
• From that we can make sure that broadcasters and newsrooms had devote more resources, whatever the time or money, and they like watchdog in all aspects of our country. And as to the question which is government have been fully adhered to FIA to support or agree this institution or reporter to make publish which scandal can related about government? we should thinking deeply next I will discuss about it just with my personal view.
About Financial fraud
Example: (Channel 4 documentary ) which about International Trust and commercial banks and a report about Barlow Clowes (Observer): The reporter who call Michael Gillard Find corruption which in tax authorities (The Gillard): A Scandal about bank which happen in Deitsche Morgan Grenfell.
Social issues
Like: (Panorama) :Frankenstein Foods’, Missing Mum’, The Battle for Britain’
Medical issues
Like: (Panorama) :‘Every Parent’s Nightmare’ , ‘Plague Wars’ ,
Television:
(Panorama), (TV eye), (Man Alive), (The London Programme), (World in action)…
TV station : Investigative program
ITV:
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (Big Story), Network First), (First Tuesday), (The Cook Report) (Disguises), (Beam and Silva), Granada Television (world in action) (Taking Liberties), Here and Now) (Private Investigation), (File on Four), (Public eye), (Inside Story), (40 Minutes), (Timewatch), (Cutting edge), (Street Legal), (Secret), (Witness), (Countryside undercover) (understand Britain)
The national Media which have committed to investigative journalists reported
Newspaper:
(Sunday Times)(Investigation edition) , (the Observer ), (Daily Express), ( Daily Mirror), (The Guardian), (The Daily Telegraph), (Leveller), (New Statesman) (Private Eyes)…
CONCLUSION
• I think Government or law professionals to resolve the inevitable conflicts problem which come from different power or rights is not easy, so I cannot say that today’s Government have fully base on ECHR(FIO, FIE) to protect everything or everybody, but I can say today’s Government try the best way to Avoid this Unreasonable or unfair happen whatever in different zone, like PCC, BSC,BBC Governors, ITV Commission, Radio authority, NUJ, Broadcasting acts… Because also exist criminal things , that’s means also need watchdog to protect or supervision our country or our nation, at same that also is a way to development the country. Although that can find some investigates reports which Against Ethics or have risk for life to negate this kind of reports is not useful is wrong, if every person both think it like this who can protect who make the right to know come true, or where is the watchdog? Can not leave without it until a day which is no criminal world in the further. Xi GUO