小型民用无人机系统分解资料
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(**) No person may operate a light UAV except by visual reference with the air vehicle (***) A light UAV shall not fligh unless it’s equipped with a FTS ( flight termination system)
– Extreme high availability; redundant, specifically the commanding of essential actuation
– Development assurance level: TBD (probably Level C)
– Integrated set of sensors per channel
H < 400 ft Segregated area only
H < 400 ft R < 500 m (VFR) … Segregated area only H < 400 ft R < 500 m (VFR) … + (**) & FTS (***) Segregated area only
() For H> 400 ft and 150 m from habited area, an anti collision system is required
Application
Application type
Payload
Demo in Use
Aerial Observation Mapping
Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Or SAR
USA USA
US/JP
USA
Italy Japan
Border Patrol Pipeline oil / Gas / Railway / Power Monitoring Fire Detection Crops monitoring Fishing Wireless Applications Minerals Surveying Weather Research Air pollution monitoring Crop Dusting Volcanic Activity Survey
5
Regulations
European Commission
Airbus 380 to Small Bird
Proposed Categories for DoD UA
Flight in the National Airspace System
Cat III comply with applicable sections of 14 CFR 91, including see and avoid capability
– COA required, unless:
Meets specific guidelines allowing local flights in specified airspace under specified conditions (Similar to guidelines provided RC model aircraft operators).
Elevator Underground Shuttle train at airports . . . Airliner - without pilots
FAA Regulation
14 CFR 91
14 CFR 91, 101, and 103
None (AC 91-57)
Airspace Usage
Airspeed Limit, KIAS
Manned Example
Types Unmanned
All
None Airliners Predator, Global
– K5 – Birdeye 500 – K10 – K70T (Twin)
3 Mission profiles
– K70E (Electric)
– K125
5 The challenge
6 Summary
2
Applications Civil Applications
European Commission
EO/IR , SAR EO/IR , SAR / LIDAR
IR camera Aerial Photography Aerial Photography and LIDAR Broadband & Cellular
Special payload Special payload Special payload Special payload
The vibration stopped immediately.
A passenger emerged from a lavatory and explained that he had been jogging in place inside.
10
European Commission
History of unmanned vehicles
EO/IR
3
Applications
European Commission
Missions at Uninhabited Areas Mostly Infrastructure Monitoring Applications
Large infrastructures are
PRIMARY – pipelines – electric power lines – water/waste water system – road network – water network –… RELATED – boarders – forests/vegetation – geology – coasts
6
Regulations
Alignment of DoD UA with FAA Regulations
European Commission
Certified Aircraft / Cat
III UA
Non-Standard Aircraft / Cat II UA
RC Model Aircraft / Cat I UA
Less Than 150 Kg Commission Civil UAV- Commercial Use –Regulations
By weight < 7 kg
7-20 kg 20-150 kg > 150 kg
Requirements
Operational limits
w/o sense & avoid capability
8
Regulations
European
Required Capabilities Commission
UAV related features
– High availability Electrical supply
– Essential Actuation
Vehicle Management & Airborne Avionics
– Embedded functionality:
Autopilot including automatic takeoff & landing Airborne portion of flight management Redundancy management
– Encoding/decoding of exchanged data
– Examples: Global Hawk, Predator
– Qualified to “file and fly”
Cat II are DoD UA similar to light-sport aircraft and ultralights in
size and performance, and can not comply with 14 CFR 91
9
European Commission
Airliner In Trouble
Cause and Circumstance An airliner recently encountered severe vibration in flight.
The captain decided to make an emergency landing, and switched on the seat belt sign.
Navigation / Landing System
– Primary 3D Navigation Aid + Backup 3D Navigation Aid
– Primary landing aid + Landing equipment Backup
Command & Control Data Link – Data Link + Backup – Transponder – See/Sense and Avoid – Flight Termination System
Hawk
Class E, G, & non-joint-use
Class D
NTE 250 (proposed)
Light-Sport
Class G (<1200 ft AGL)
100 (proposed) None
பைடு நூலகம்
Pioneer, Shadow Dragon Eye, Raven
7
Regulations European
4
Applications
European Commission
Electricity Power line inspection
requirements
Required Resolution
Checking of general conditions of pole and fittings Cracked insulator and conductor condition Damaged stay-wires , tree encroachment Changes in surrounding land use Weather disaster assessment
– Examples: Shadow, Pioneer – Certificate of Airworthiness (COA) is required
Cat I are small DoD UA capable of being hand-launched
– Examples: Raven, Dragon Eye
Ground Control Equipment
–Power supply system + Backup –Flight Management, Redundant + Encoding –ATC communication + Backup –Primary landing aid + Backup Landing aids –Command & Control Data Link + Backup
European Commission
Small and Mini UAVs for Civil Use
Preliminary Study
18 May 2005
Contents
European Commission
4 Configurations
1 Civil applications 2 Regulations
“ Small aircraft” • Minimum operational constraints • No airworthiness standard required
“ Small aircraft” • Operational constraints required • No airworthiness standard required
“ Light aircraft” •Operational constraints required • Impact kinetic energy < 95 kjoule • Airworthiness recommendation
• Existing national operational rules • EASA airworthiness standard
– Extreme high availability; redundant, specifically the commanding of essential actuation
– Development assurance level: TBD (probably Level C)
– Integrated set of sensors per channel
H < 400 ft Segregated area only
H < 400 ft R < 500 m (VFR) … Segregated area only H < 400 ft R < 500 m (VFR) … + (**) & FTS (***) Segregated area only
() For H> 400 ft and 150 m from habited area, an anti collision system is required
Application
Application type
Payload
Demo in Use
Aerial Observation Mapping
Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Or SAR
USA USA
US/JP
USA
Italy Japan
Border Patrol Pipeline oil / Gas / Railway / Power Monitoring Fire Detection Crops monitoring Fishing Wireless Applications Minerals Surveying Weather Research Air pollution monitoring Crop Dusting Volcanic Activity Survey
5
Regulations
European Commission
Airbus 380 to Small Bird
Proposed Categories for DoD UA
Flight in the National Airspace System
Cat III comply with applicable sections of 14 CFR 91, including see and avoid capability
– COA required, unless:
Meets specific guidelines allowing local flights in specified airspace under specified conditions (Similar to guidelines provided RC model aircraft operators).
Elevator Underground Shuttle train at airports . . . Airliner - without pilots
FAA Regulation
14 CFR 91
14 CFR 91, 101, and 103
None (AC 91-57)
Airspace Usage
Airspeed Limit, KIAS
Manned Example
Types Unmanned
All
None Airliners Predator, Global
– K5 – Birdeye 500 – K10 – K70T (Twin)
3 Mission profiles
– K70E (Electric)
– K125
5 The challenge
6 Summary
2
Applications Civil Applications
European Commission
EO/IR , SAR EO/IR , SAR / LIDAR
IR camera Aerial Photography Aerial Photography and LIDAR Broadband & Cellular
Special payload Special payload Special payload Special payload
The vibration stopped immediately.
A passenger emerged from a lavatory and explained that he had been jogging in place inside.
10
European Commission
History of unmanned vehicles
EO/IR
3
Applications
European Commission
Missions at Uninhabited Areas Mostly Infrastructure Monitoring Applications
Large infrastructures are
PRIMARY – pipelines – electric power lines – water/waste water system – road network – water network –… RELATED – boarders – forests/vegetation – geology – coasts
6
Regulations
Alignment of DoD UA with FAA Regulations
European Commission
Certified Aircraft / Cat
III UA
Non-Standard Aircraft / Cat II UA
RC Model Aircraft / Cat I UA
Less Than 150 Kg Commission Civil UAV- Commercial Use –Regulations
By weight < 7 kg
7-20 kg 20-150 kg > 150 kg
Requirements
Operational limits
w/o sense & avoid capability
8
Regulations
European
Required Capabilities Commission
UAV related features
– High availability Electrical supply
– Essential Actuation
Vehicle Management & Airborne Avionics
– Embedded functionality:
Autopilot including automatic takeoff & landing Airborne portion of flight management Redundancy management
– Encoding/decoding of exchanged data
– Examples: Global Hawk, Predator
– Qualified to “file and fly”
Cat II are DoD UA similar to light-sport aircraft and ultralights in
size and performance, and can not comply with 14 CFR 91
9
European Commission
Airliner In Trouble
Cause and Circumstance An airliner recently encountered severe vibration in flight.
The captain decided to make an emergency landing, and switched on the seat belt sign.
Navigation / Landing System
– Primary 3D Navigation Aid + Backup 3D Navigation Aid
– Primary landing aid + Landing equipment Backup
Command & Control Data Link – Data Link + Backup – Transponder – See/Sense and Avoid – Flight Termination System
Hawk
Class E, G, & non-joint-use
Class D
NTE 250 (proposed)
Light-Sport
Class G (<1200 ft AGL)
100 (proposed) None
பைடு நூலகம்
Pioneer, Shadow Dragon Eye, Raven
7
Regulations European
4
Applications
European Commission
Electricity Power line inspection
requirements
Required Resolution
Checking of general conditions of pole and fittings Cracked insulator and conductor condition Damaged stay-wires , tree encroachment Changes in surrounding land use Weather disaster assessment
– Examples: Shadow, Pioneer – Certificate of Airworthiness (COA) is required
Cat I are small DoD UA capable of being hand-launched
– Examples: Raven, Dragon Eye
Ground Control Equipment
–Power supply system + Backup –Flight Management, Redundant + Encoding –ATC communication + Backup –Primary landing aid + Backup Landing aids –Command & Control Data Link + Backup
European Commission
Small and Mini UAVs for Civil Use
Preliminary Study
18 May 2005
Contents
European Commission
4 Configurations
1 Civil applications 2 Regulations
“ Small aircraft” • Minimum operational constraints • No airworthiness standard required
“ Small aircraft” • Operational constraints required • No airworthiness standard required
“ Light aircraft” •Operational constraints required • Impact kinetic energy < 95 kjoule • Airworthiness recommendation
• Existing national operational rules • EASA airworthiness standard