生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释

绝对不应期absolute refractory period

The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.

动作电位action potential

An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).

主动转运active transport

The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy

后负荷afterload

Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

自身调节autoregulation

In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.

完全强直收缩complete tetanus

When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.

去极化depolarization

The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.

入胞endocytosis

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

平衡电位equilibrium potential

Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.

兴奋性excitability

Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.

兴奋excitation

Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.

出胞exocytosis

A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.

易化扩散facilitated diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channel

Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.

反馈feedback

Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.

稳态Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.

体内in vivo

Experiments performed on the whole body.

内环境internal environment

All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.

等长收缩isometric contraction

Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.

等张收缩isotonic contraction

Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.

负反馈negative feedback

A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.

神经肌肉接头neuromuscular junction

The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.

正反馈positive feedback

With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.

前负荷preload

Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.

相对不应期relative refractory period

A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.

复极化repolarization

Shortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.