orgnasatiing and organisational structural组织结构
organisational 英语辨析
organisational 英语辨析Organisational English: A Guide to Understanding Key Terms and Concepts。
Introduction。
In today's globalized business world, effective communication is essential for the success of any organization. As a result, having a strong grasp of organisational English is crucial for professionals at all levels. This document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of key terms and concepts related to organisational English, equipping readers with the necessary knowledge to navigate the complexities of the corporate environment.1. Organisational Structure。
Organisational structure refers to the way in which an organization is designed and arranged. It determines how tasks are divided, how authority is distributed, and how information flows within the organization. There are several common types of organisational structures, including functional, divisional, matrix, and flat structures. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, and organizations often choose the one that best suits their needs and goals.2. Leadership and Management。
Organization structure
Organizational Height the number of hierarchical levels
Factors affect Shape of Organizational Structure
How do we understand organizational structure? 1. How does organizational structure work basically? (positions and their relationship within organizational chart) 2. How to ensure that it works well? (principles and approaches) 3. How to understand organizational structure as a whole? (In terms of shapes and sizes)
Chain of Command To whom each employee is held accountable normally? Only one or more? Accountability What would happen if authority and responsibility are not corresponding? e.g.: authority > or < responsibility
When in times of crisis or risk of company failure Can centralization or decentralization help Honda face up to its operational risk? When Honda could not get agreement among division about new car models, President Nobuhiko Kawamoto made the decision himself.
第八章OrganizationStructure组织结构
第八章OrganizationStructure组织结 构
第八章OrganizationStructure组织结 构
1.Authority in organizations 组织中的职权
• Authority The legitimate right to make decisions and to tell other people what to do.
• 差异化: 组织的内部环境的一个方面,由工作专业 化和劳动分工而产生。
• Differentiation means that the organization is comprised of many different units that work on different kinds of tasks, using different skills and work methods.差异化意味着企业由许多从事不同 任务的不同单位构成,这些单位分别采用不同的 工作技能和工作方法。
• As organizations differentiate their structures, managers must simultaneously consider issues of integration. All of the specialized tasks in an organization cannot be performed completely independently. Because the different units are part of the larger organization, some degree of communication and cooperation must exist among them. Integration and its related concept, coordination, refer to the procedures that link the various parts of the organization to achieve the organization’s overall mission.当组织结构差异化之后, 管理者必须同时 考虑一体化的问题。组织中所有的专业化工作任务都不可 能独立的完成。因为这些不同的单位都是某个更大组织的 一部分, 它们之间必然存在着某种程度的沟通和合作。一 体化以及与其相关的概念协调, 指的是连接组织中各个部 分以实现企业整体使命的程序和步骤。
CH14 - Foundations of Organizational Structure
Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
14-2
What is Organization Structure?
• It defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated • Key elements to be addressed:
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Identify the six elements of an organization’s structure.
Describe the common organizational designs. Compare and contrast the virtual and boundaryless organizations. Demonstrate how organizational structures differ. Analyze the behavioral implications of different organizational designs. Show how globalization affects organizational structure.
Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10/e
Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge
Chapter 14
Foundations of Organizational Structure
Organisational Structure
Sunderlandschoolof Sunderlandschoolof
management
Span of Control Number of people
directly reporting to the next level
Assumes coordination through direct supervision
Firms moving toward flatter structures
Cuts costs Puts decision makers closer to front-line information Supports empowerment
Problem: risk of cutting too much middle management
“Structure is the pattern of relationships among positions in the organisation and among members of the organisation. The purpose of structure is the division of work among members of the organisation, and the members of their activities so they are directed towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organisation”
Sunderlandschoolof Sunderlandschoolof
management
Elements of Organizational Structure
Organizational Boundaries and Theories of Organization 解读
横向和纵向两个边界
• 身份一致性的概念影响横向和纵向两方面
• 身份一致性通过塑造成员们理解什么对组 织是合适的,来指导整合价值链的一系列 行为(纵向)或者进入产品或市场领域的 决定(横向)。
• 超越这种横纵向的边界,为保持行为与身 份的一致性,它为组织行为设立了比较宽 泛的规定 • 例子:美国港务局
• 着重研究nonefficiency会拓宽关于环境类型 的观点 • 研究其他类型的环境(初期市场、高度管 制的市场或接近垄断的市场)而非效率交 换为主的,结果产出比效率更重要 • 例如,初期市场不稳定,甚至不存在产业 机构,利用边界决策描绘产业结构 • 进一步可以发现隐藏在边界概念中的环境 假设,从而了解特定的边界概念什么时候 适用,什么时候不适用
理论来源
• 这种边界概念从两种理论体系中得到:
• 管理认知:依赖于管理者形成他们行为的 认知体系
• 组织识别:共同价值观的起源和作用以及 主要特点
• Daft和Weick认为:建立对环境的解释是组 织成员的基本任务,尤其是在复杂模糊的 环境下。 • 组织成员应该积极完成共同的sensemaking, 他们可以以此来增加对新信息的了解,分 享对之前行为的解释以及搜集环境变化的 意义和合适的行为途径
• 新边界决策问题 • 例如,除了增长短期效益,临时工聘用的 增长给作为身份形成的环境以及意义构建 的企业带来什么影响 • 或者,商业活动互相联系,企业越来越网 络化,而边界决策也许只能在单个企业而 不是在全局战略中发挥意义,如何控制这 种矛盾
• 非传统性的设定问题 • 例如,设定组织与国家见有不确定的关系, 如前共产主义政权正在迅速的私有化 • 或者,对于东西方边界的意义不同,在中 国企业的边界是不确定的,组织是分层的 巢状结构而非独立的个体。这种情况下的 组织边界有什么意义?
coordinate structure语言学
coordinate structure语言学Coordinate Structure语言学,又称协调结构语言学,是一种研究句子结构的语言学理论。
它关注的是句子中并列的成分(如词语、短语、从句等)的组合方式和语义关系。
Coordinate Structure语言学通过研究并列结构的构成、功能和语义等方面,揭示了语言表达中并列关系的重要性,并对句子的结构和语义进行了深入探讨。
在Coordinate Structure语言学中,最基本的概念是并列关系(coordination)。
并列是指两个或多个成分在语法上平等地连接在一起,且彼此之间具有对等的语义关系。
在句子中,这些成分可以是词语、短语、从句等,它们通过连词(如“和”、“或”、“而”等)或标点符号(如逗号、分号等)进行连接。
并列结构可以出现在主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等句子成分中,表达出并列关系的同时保持句子结构的平衡和对称。
通过并列结构,人们可以在句子中传达出多个成分的相互关系,增强句子的表达力和信息量。
在Coordinate Structure语言学中,还有一些重要的概念需要理解。
首先是对等连接(parataxis),指的是成分之间没有层级关系,只是通过连词或标点符号连接在一起;而非对等连接(hypotaxis)则指的是成分之间存在层级关系,其中的一部分成分作为主要成分,而其他成分则作为从属成分。
其次,是并列句(coordinate clause)和并列成分(coordinate constituent)的区分。
并列句是完整的、可以独立成句的句子,它具有主语、谓语和其他必要的成分;而并列成分则是句子中的独立于句子类型的附属成分,它可以是独立的词语、短语、从句等,并列成分之间的关系相对自由。
Coordinate Structure语言学主要关注句子的结构和语义,通过对并列结构的分析和研究,可以揭示出句子中成分之间的关系和作用。
例如,在主语并列结构中,两个或多个主语共同表示出动作的执行者,这体现了人们将不同的实体并列起来在句子中表达的需求。
WOS(WebofScience)检索规则
WOS(WebofScience)检索规则检索规则 不区分⼤⼩写检索运算符: AND:查找同时包含被该运算符分开的所有检索词的记录。
例如 Beverage AND bottle 查找同时包含这两个词语的记录。
在⼤多数字段输⼊两个或两个以上相邻的检索词时,产品会使⽤隐含的 AND。
注:隐含 AND 不适⽤于中⽂检索式。
例如标题检索式 rainbow trout fish farm 与 rainbow AND trout AND fish AND farm 等效,这两条检索式将返回相同数量的结果。
OR:查找包含被该运算符分开的任何检索词的记录。
例如 Beverage OR bottle 查找包含 beverage 或 bottle(或同时包含⼆者)的记录。
NOT:将包含特定检索词的记录从检索结果中排除。
例如 Beverage NOT bottle 查找包含 beverage 但不包含 bottle 的记录。
NEAR/x:查找由该运算符连接的检索词之间相隔指定数量的单词的记录。
该规则也适⽤于单词处于不同字段的情况。
该规则也适⽤于单词处于不同字段的情况。
如果只使⽤ NEAR ⽽不使⽤ /x,则系统将查找其中的检索词由 NEAR 连接且彼此相隔不到 15 个单词的记录。
不能再“出版年”字段使⽤。
例如 Beverage NEAR/5 bottle 查找同时包含 beverage 和 bottle 的记录。
两个单词间相隔必须在五个单词内。
SAME:在“地址”检索中使⽤,使⽤SAME将检索限制为出现在“全记录”同⼀地址中的检索词,你需要使⽤括号来分组地址检索词。
例如 Mineral Resources SAME Beijing 查找记录的“地址”字段中某作者的地址同时包含检索词 Mineral Resources 和 Beijing 的记录。
当在其他字段(如“主题”和“标题”)中使⽤时,如果检索词出现在同⼀记录中,SAME 与 AND 的作⽤就完全相同。
组织规律英文作文
组织规律英文作文Organizing is an essential part of our daily lives. Whether it's planning our schedules, arranging our belongings, or coordinating events, organization helps us stay on track and achieve our goals. Being organized not only saves time and reduces stress, but it also allows usto be more productive and efficient in our tasks.In terms of time management, organizing our schedules helps us prioritize our activities and allocate our time effectively. By creating to-do lists or using digital calendars, we can keep track of our appointments, deadlines, and commitments. This way, we can ensure that we are not overwhelmed and can complete our tasks in a timely manner.When it comes to arranging our belongings, organization helps us maintain a tidy and clutter-free environment. By categorizing and labeling our items, we can easily locate them when needed. This saves us from the frustration of searching for things and allows us to make the most of ourspace. Additionally, organizing our belongings can also help us identify items that we no longer need, allowing us to declutter and create a more streamlined living or working space.In terms of event coordination, organization plays a crucial role in ensuring that everything runs smoothly. Whether it's planning a party, a conference, or a project, organizing the various aspects involved is essential. This includes creating a timeline, delegating tasks, and coordinating with different individuals or teams. By having a well-organized plan in place, we can avoid confusion, delays, and misunderstandings, resulting in a successful and enjoyable event.Furthermore, being organized allows us to have a clear overview of our goals and progress. By setting objectives and breaking them down into smaller, manageable tasks, we can track our progress and stay motivated. This sense of organization gives us a sense of direction and purpose, making it easier to stay focused and achieve our desired outcomes.In conclusion, organization is a vital skill that contributes to our overall success and well-being. Whether it's managing our time, arranging our belongings, or coordinating events, being organized helps us stay on top of things and be more efficient. By implementing effective organizational strategies, we can create a more productive and stress-free environment for ourselves.。
生物传感器的研究进展综述
传感器与微系统(Transducer and M icr osyste m Technol ogies) 2006年第25卷第9期生物传感器的研究进展综述陈 玲(河北经贸大学信息技术学院,河北石家庄050061)摘 要:生物传感器是以固定化的生物成分(如,酶、蛋白质、DNA、抗体、抗原)或生物体本身(如,细胞、微生物、组织等)为敏感材料,与适当的化学换能器相结合,用于快速检测物理、化学、生物量的新型器件。
最初,以酶电极的生物传感器开始,逐渐扩展到多种技术,如,离子敏场效应管、光纤、声表面波、石英晶体谐振器及表面等离子体谐振技术将生物传感器的发展推向一个新的阶段。
生物传感器在环境监测、医学研究、食品工业、发酵工业等领域已得到广泛应用。
关键词:生物传感器;敏感材料;换能器中图分类号:TP212.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-9787(2006)09-0004-04Survey of bi osensors research progressCHEN L ing(College of I nfor ma ti on Technolog i es,Hebe i Un i versity of Econo m i cs&Busi n ess,Sh iji a zhuang050061,Ch i n a)Abstract:B i osens or is a novel device,which use i m mobilized bi omolecules(enzy me,p r otein,DNA,antibody,antigen)and organis m s(cells,m icr o2organis m,tissue)as sensitive material,t ogether with chem ical transducer,itcan be used t o detect variables of physics,che m istry and bi ophysics.Many ne w technol ogies are hel pful t obi osens or devel op,such as field effect transist or(FET),fiber op tics tuber(F OS),surface audi o wave(S AW),quartz crystal res onat or(QCR),surface p las mon res once(SPR).B i osens ors are br oadly used in zy mosis industry,envir on ment monit or,f ood monit or and clinic medicine.Key words:bi osens or;sensing material;transducer0 引 言[1]生物传感器是多学科综合交叉的一门技术,在科学研究、工业生产乃至人们的生活中起着很重要的作用。
2019-chap8StructureOrganizationalstructureanddesign-文档资料
3.Goals,control and coordination
• Organizational goals
• Output goals are the goals that define the organization’s type of business.
© John Wiley and Sons Australia
Scale
• As organizations grow, their structure is likely to become more complex.
• Larger organizations can be more efficient, with potential economies of scale in production and services through repetition.
Chap 8 Organisational structure and
design
© John Wiley and Sons Australia
Learning objectives
define and compare organizational design and structure and discuss the relationship between them.
Organisational chart
2.Factors for organizational design
• Factors impacting on the choices made when designing an organisation:
– Scale – Technology – Environment – Strategy
现代组织中的领导力 LiCO_L2
Bureaucratic structure
• High degree of specialisation and division of labour • Hierarchical arrangement of positions and authority • Clearly defined rules and procedures • Formal relationships • Centralised decision-making
• General Cultural Context (e.g. organisational culture, national culture)
• Historical, Institutional Context (e.g. education, socialisation)
3
Leaductures
• A classic vertical functional hierarchy is combined with a horizontal structure • Horizontally organised around for instance projects, products or customer groupings • In order to increase flexibility, serve customers better, reduce time to market, improve responsiveness, integrated focus
Flatter structures
• Widening the span of control • Lower operating costs by removing layers of management
国际关系专业英语词汇
国际关系专业英语词汇buffer state 缓冲国statecraft 治国术comprehensive power 综合国力dual nationality 双重国籍host country 东道国vassal state 附庸国protectorate 保护国a defeated country战败国satellite state 卫星国victorious nation战胜国neutrality stated, neutral country 中立国neutralized stated 永久中立国Axis Powers 轴心国nonaligned state 不结盟国家signatory state of the treaty (convention) 缔约国hegemonic state 霸权国political science 政治学comparative politics 比较政治学low politics 低级政治high politics 高级政治politics of scale 规模政治Realpolitik 现实政治bureaucratic politics 官僚政治political geography 政治地理politicization 政治化political psychophysiology 政治精神心理学ecopolitics 生态政治学political elite 政治精英zero-sum game 零和游戏nonzero-sum game 非零和游戏game theory 博弈论two-level game or two-tier game 双层博弈paradigm 范式localization 本土化irreversibility 不可逆转性convention 常规deconstruction 解构balance of power 均势association agreement 联系协定exclusivity 排他性critique theories 批判理论equilibrium 平衡globalization 全球化identity 认同或特性spill-over 外溢relative gain 相对收益absolute gain 绝对收益interdependence 相互依赖loyalty-transferring 效忠转移marginal cost 边际成本public domain 公共领域public choice theory 公共选择理论interstate transaction cost 国家间交易成本transaction benefit 交易收益interests group 利益集团prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境transferring rights 权利让渡anarchy 无政府状态constitutionalism 宪政asymmetric information 信息不对称quantitative analysis 定量分析qualitative analysis 定性分析transactionism 交流理论complex interdependence 复合相互依赖case study 个案研究theoretical framework 理论体系dialectical method 辩证法world system theory 世界体系理论alienation 异化natural selection 物竞天择pagan 异教徒falsification 证伪appeasement 绥靖asymmetrical strategy 不对称战略representative forms of government 代议制政府dependency theory 依附理论telecommunications revolution 电讯革命containment policy 遏制政策counterculture 反主流文化dewesternization 非西方化nonlinearity 非线性utilitarian philosophy 功利主义哲学supply-side economics 供应学派经济学rational actor model 理性行为体模型classical liberal school 古典自由主义学派decentralization 分散化utopian theory 乌托邦理论normative theory 规范理论value judgment 价值判断class struggle 阶级斗争mirror image 镜像comparative study 比较研究cybernetic theory; cybernetics 控制论predictability 可预测性cross-cultural comparative analysis 跨文化比较分析marginalization 边缘化assured destruction 确保摧毁intellectual property 知识产权homogeneous civilization 同质文明[,h m 'd i:ni s, ,h u-]homogenization 同质化Heterogeneou 异质化[,het r u'd i:nj s] futurology 未来学clash of civilizations 文明的冲突theoretical foundation 理论基础grand theory 大理论information revolution 信息革命ideological conflict 意识形态冲突barbarism 野蛮状态lobbying 游说nonwhite people 有色人种metaphysics 形而上学long-circle theory 长周期理论resource theory 资源理论autonomous 自治case study 案例研究cyclical theory 周期理论shared ideas 共同观念global governance 全球治理the nature of man 人性cognitive psychology 认知心理学civil society 市民社会ideology 意识形态brain trust 智囊团bandwagon 搭便车autarky 自给自足, 闭关自守atrocity 暴行democratization 民主化constitutional democracy 宪政民主current history approach 当代史方法end of history 历史终结socialization 社会化self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现的预言structural violence 结构性暴力survival of the fittest 适者生存xenophobia 仇外, 排外ontology 本体论Copenhagen School 哥本哈根学派duality of structure 结构二重性internalization 内化institutionalization 制度化secularization 世俗化think tank 思想库public goods 公共物品non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒informal agreement 非正式协议tariffs reduction 关税减让Tariffs Union 关税同盟reciprocity 互惠Great Depression 大萧条Industrial Revolution 工业革命Industrial Age 工业时代antitrust law 反托拉斯法industrialization 工业化stock market clash 股票市场崩溃floating exchange rate 浮动汇率fixed exchange rate 固定汇率currency exchange rate 外汇汇率gold standard 金本位financial institution 金融机构economic determinism 经济决定论economic globalization 经济全球化economic sanction 经济制裁economic circle 经济周期transnational corporation, multinational corporation 跨国公司money laundering 洗钱energy crisis 能源危机Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合surplus value 剩余价值interest rate 利率balance of trade 贸易平衡trade deficit 贸易赤字treasury bond 公债central bank 中央银行free market system 自由市场体系urbanization 城市化economic growth 经济增长sustainable development 可持续发展customs union 关税同盟emerging market 新兴市场stagflation 滞胀nondiscrimination 非歧视原则nontariff barriers (NTBs) 非关税壁垒package deal 一揽子交易market failure 市场失灵bourgeoisie 资产阶级national self-determination 民族自决national liberation 民族解放racial issue 种族问题ethnic identity 民族身份ethnic conflict 种族冲突geopolitics地缘政治sea power 海权land power 陆权air power 空权Balkan 巴尔干Age of Exploration 地理大发现时代Geoeconomics 地缘经济学Indochina 印度支那Formosa 福尔摩萨Pacific Rim 环太平洋地区heartland 大陆心脏Latin American 拉丁美洲Strait of Malacca 马六甲海峡continental country 大陆国家Kashmir 克什米尔geographic location 地理位置Serbia 塞尔维亚Shatter belt 破碎地带Netherlands 尼德兰Eurasia 欧亚大陆lebensraum 生存空间core-periphery model 中心-边缘模式Global North 北方世界Global South 南方世界人名Karl W. Deutsch 卡尔•多伊奇Francis Fukuyama 弗朗西斯•福山Hans J. Morgenthau 汉斯•摩根索Jean Monnet 让•莫内Joseph S. Nye 约瑟夫•奈Kenneth N. Waltz 肯尼思•沃尔兹Hugo Grotius 雨果•格劳秀斯Jean Bodin 让•博丹William Olson 威廉•奥尔森John Ikenberry 约翰•伊肯伯里Harold Nicolson 哈罗德•尼科尔森《外交学》Francesco Guicciardini 弗朗切斯科•圭恰迪尼《意大利史》Thomas Hobbes 托马斯•霍布斯Henry Kissinger 亨利•基辛格Robert Gilpin 罗伯特•吉尔平Arnord Wolfers 阿诺德•沃尔弗斯Edward Karl 爱德华•卡尔Peter Katzenstein 彼得•卡赞斯坦George Kennan 乔治•凯南Stephen Krasner 史蒂芬•克拉斯纳Paul Kennedy 保罗•肯尼迪John Ruggie 约翰•鲁杰Niccol Machiavelli 马基雅维利John Mearsheirmer 约翰•米尔斯海默Adam Smith 亚当•斯密David A. Baldwin 大卫•鲍德温Thucydides 修昔底德Raymond Aron 雷蒙•阿隆Stephen Walt 斯蒂芬•沃尔特Martin Wight 马丁•怀特Max Weber 马克斯•韦伯(德国社会学家) Alexander Wendt 亚历山大•温特Brace Russett 布鲁斯•拉西特Immanuel Wallerstein 伊曼纽尔•沃勒斯坦Jean-Jaques Rousseau 让•雅克•卢梭Sir Ernest Satow 欧内斯特•萨道义爵士《外交实践指南》John Locke 约翰•洛克Jeremy Bentham 杰里米•边沁France Bacon 弗朗西斯•培根Hedley Bull 赫德利•布尔Herbert Butterfield 赫伯特•巴特菲尔德George Canning 乔治•坎宁Socrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Benedict de Spinoza 本尼迪克特•德•斯宾诺莎Dante 但丁Lassa Oppenheim 拉萨•奥本海Joseph A. Schumpeter 约瑟夫•A•熊彼特Hans Kelsen 汉斯•凯尔森V oltaire 伏尔泰Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠John Courtney Murray 约翰•考特尼•默里Reinhold Niebuhr 莱因霍尔德•尼布尔John Dowey 约翰•杜威Denis Diderot 丹尼斯•狄德罗Erasmus 伊拉斯谟Ludwig Feuerbach 路德维希•费尔巴哈Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林Homer 荷马Graham T. Allison 格雷汉姆•艾利森Tommaso Campanella 托马索•康帕内拉David Hume 大卫•休谟Jack S. Levy 杰克•列维Walter Lippmann 沃尔特•李普曼Quincy Wright 昆西•赖特Susan Strange 苏珊•斯特兰奇Richard Ashley 理查德•阿什利David Mitrany 戴维•米特兰尼Charles de Visscher 查理•德维舍Michael W. Doyle 迈克尔•多伊尔John Hertz 约翰•赫茨Fredric Latzel 弗里德里希•拉采尔Rudolf Kjellen 鲁道夫•契伦Karl Haushofer 卡尔•豪斯霍夫Nicolas Spykman 尼古拉斯•斯皮克曼Sir Halford Mackinder 麦金德Douhet 杜黑Alfred Thayer Mahan 艾尔弗雷德•马汉David Mitrany 戴维•米特兰尼Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大•汉密尔顿Stanley Hoffmann 斯坦利•霍夫曼Kenneth W. Thompson 肯尼思•汤普逊Robert O. Keohane 罗伯特•基欧汉Robert Cox 罗伯特•考克斯Friedrich von Hayek 弗里德里希•冯•哈耶克John W. Burton 约翰•伯顿Morton Kaplan 莫顿•卡普兰John Ikenberry 约翰•埃肯伯里Arnold Toynbee 阿诺德•汤因比Francois de Callieres 弗朗索瓦•德•卡利埃《外交的艺术》Abraham de Wicquefort 亚伯拉罕•德•威克福,《大使及其职能》Robbery Jervis 罗伯特•杰维斯Barry Buzan 巴里•布赞Joseph Grieco 约瑟夫•格里科Sigmund Freud 西蒙•弗洛伊德Jurgen Habermas 尤尔根•哈贝马斯George W. F. Hegal 黑格尔Immanuel Kant 伊曼纽尔•康德Walter Lippmann 沃尔特•李普曼Thomas Aquinas 托马斯•阿奎那Fernand Braudel 费尔南•布罗代尔Karl von Clausewitz 凯尔•冯•克劳塞维茨Christopher Columbus 克里斯托弗•哥伦布Auguste Comte 奥古斯特•孔德Herodotus 希罗多德Martin Luther 马丁•路德Richelieu 黎塞留John L. Gaddis 约翰•加迪斯Herbert Spencer 赫伯特•斯宾塞(英国社会学家)Oswald Spengler 奥斯瓦尔德•施宾格勒(德国历史哲学家)Talleyrand 塔列朗Caliphate 哈里发Joseph Stalin 斯大林Dwight D. Eisenhower 德怀特•艾森豪威尔Eisenhower Doctrine 艾森豪威尔主义Harry Truman 哈里•杜鲁门Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Jimmy Carter 吉米•卡特Ronald Reagan 罗纳德•里根Thomas Jefferson 托马斯•杰斐逊Coolidge 柯立芝Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义Richard Nixon 理查德•尼克松Nixon Doctrine 尼克松主义Winston Churchill 温斯顿•丘吉尔Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗•威尔逊Wilsonianism 威尔逊主义Neville Chamberlain 内维尔•张伯伦Adolf Hitler 阿道夫•希特勒Otto von Bismarch 奥托•冯•俾斯麦Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑•波拿巴Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝Aristotle 亚里士多德Augustine 奥古斯丁Frederick the Great 腓特烈大帝Prince Metternich 梅特涅亲王Charles de Gaulle 戴高乐Yassir Arafat 阿拉法特Julius Caesar 凯撒Brezhnev Doctrine 勃列日涅夫主义Abbas I 阿拔斯一世Constantine (Byzantine emperor) 君士坦丁(拜占庭皇帝)Hideyoshi 丰臣秀吉Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗•克伦威尔Ivan the Terrible (Tsar) 伊凡雷帝Justinian 查士丁尼Genghis Khan 成吉思汗Mahomet 穆罕默德Peter the Great 彼得大帝William I (Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror, King of England) 威廉一世Yoshida Doctrine 吉田主义Robespierre 罗伯斯庇尔Catherine the Great 叶卡捷琳娜大帝Charlemagne 查理曼大帝Sun Yat-sen 孙中山Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫军事防御military base 军事基地military coup 军事政变military expenditures 军费开支military assistance 军事援助military integration 军事一体化military intervention 军事干预military provocation 军事挑衅military-technical revolution 军事技术革命mutual deterrence 相互威慑demilitarization of outer space 外层空间的非军事化armed force 军队, 武装力量massive retaliation 大规模报复WMD, Weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器preemption 先发制人cruise missile 巡航导弹ballistic missile defense 弹道导弹防御intercontinental ballistic missile 洲际弹道导弹intermediate-range ballistic missile 中程弹道导弹theater missile defense (TMD) (战区)导弹防御系统low-intensity conflict 低烈度冲突first-strike strategy 第一次打击战略second-strike capacity 第二次打击能力atomic bomb 原子弹strategic weapon 战略武器tactical weapon 战术武器naval blockade 海上封锁naval force 海军air force 空军land force 陆军arms race 军备竞赛arms control 军备控制naval capability 海军实力Pentagon 五角大楼peace keeping operation 维和行动defense policy 防务政策guerilla war 游击战information warfare (IW),infowar 信息战mercenary 雇佣军open sea 公海high seas,international waters 公海;国际水域outer space 外层空间territorial integrity 领土完整territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权territorial water 领水territorial air 领空territorial sea 领海limits of territorial sea 领海范围limits-to-growth proposition 增长极限论Persian Gulf War 海湾战争Indo-Pakistani War 印巴战争Vietnam War 越南战争conventional war 常规战争war by proxy 代理人战争Indo-Chinese War 中印战争just war 正义战争limited nuclear war 有限核战争preventive war 预防性战争postmodern war 后现代战争total war 总体战争Korean War 朝鲜战争preemptive war 先发制人的战争Crimean War 克里米亚战争[krai'miən] Falklands War 马岛战争Franco-Prussian 普法战争Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争Opium War 鸦片战争['əupiəm]Great Northern War 北方战争War of Pacific 太平洋战争Thirty Years War 三十年战争the Peloponnesian War 伯罗奔尼撒战争[,peləpə'ni:ʃən]Boer War 布尔战争Boer ['bəuə; bɔ:] nuclear weapons 核武器nuclear free zone 无核区non-first use 不首先使用(核武器) nonlethal weapon 非致使武器Chernobyl nuclear accident 切尔诺贝利核事故verification 核查antinuclear movements 反核运动nuclear deterrence 核威慑nuclear winter 核冬天nuclear technology 核技术nuclear age 核时代CTB, Comprehensive test ban 全面禁止核试验Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 全面禁止核试验条约peaceful settlement of disputes 和平解决争端peace dividend 和平红利peaceful coexistence 和平共处democratic peace 民主和平论institutional peace theory 制度和平论partnership of peace 和平伙伴关系genocide 种族屠杀apartheid 种族隔离racial discrimination 种族歧视ethnic cleansing 种族清洗ethnocentrism 种族优越感国际组织:The Andean Pact安第斯条约集团NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定the Council of Ministers (欧盟)部长理事会(即欧盟理事会)the COREPER, Committee of Permanent Representatives 常驻代表委员会the Dayton Peace Accords 代顿协议ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations 东南亚国家联盟community sense 共同体意识economic integration 经济一体化EMU, Economic and Monetary Union 经济与货币联盟ECJ, the European Court of Justice 欧洲法院EC, European Community 欧洲共同体the European Council欧洲委员会(Council of Europe1)Council of the European Union:欧盟理事会2(俗称欧盟部长理事会the Council of Ministers)EMS, European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EU, European Union 欧洲联盟the European Commission欧盟委员会31Council of Europe:欧洲委员会,是由爱尔兰、比利时、丹麦、法国、荷兰、卢森堡、挪威、瑞典、意大利和英国通过1949年5月5日在伦敦签订《欧洲委员会法规》所成立,具有国际法地位、并且为联合国观察员身份的国际组织,是欧洲整合东欧进程中最早成立的机构。
coordinate structure语言学 -回复
coordinate structure语言学-回复什么是coordinate structure语言学以及其重要性。
Coordinate structure语言学是一种语言学理论,主要关注研究句子和短语结构中的并列成分之间的关系。
并列结构是当两个或多个成分具有相同的结构和功能时,出现在句子或短语中的一种语言现象。
Coordinate structure的研究帮助我们理解句子和短语的组织方式,揭示语法规则以及语言习得过程中的模式。
Coordinate structure语言学的重要性在于它能够揭示语言结构的一致性和规范性。
通过对并列结构的分析,我们可以发现语言中的一些规律和模式,进而推测语言习得和语法规则的机制。
此外,coordinate structure 的研究还对翻译、教育、计算语言学等领域有着一定的应用价值。
那么,如何进行coordinate structure的分析呢?我们可以使用一些基本原则和方法来研究并列结构。
首先,我们需要观察并列结构中的成分。
并列结构的成分通常具有相同的词类和功能。
例如,在英语中,“I like reading books and watching movies.”中的“reading books”和“watching movies”都是动词-ing形式的短语,具有相同的功能,即作为谓语动词的宾语。
其次,我们需要确定并列结构中成分的结构和功能。
为了找到并列结构的成分,我们可以使用分裂策略。
这意味着将句子分为两部分,然后找到并列部分的成分。
例如,在句子“I like reading books and watching movies.”中,我们可以使用分裂策略将句子分为“I like reading books”和“watching movies”两个部分来查找并列成分。
此外,我们还可以使用树形结构表示并列结构。
树形结构是一种图形化的表示方法,用于显示语言结构中各个成分之间的关系。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
• Organization design also is a major way managers have to change how the organization operates
Changing the structure of intercollegiate athletics Perceived Problem
Intel Corporate
Architecture Group
Communications Group
Enterprise Platforms
Desktop Computers
Mobile Computers
Networks
Wireless
Telecom
Intel Reorganization: New Structure
different cultures different accountability unilateral disarmament in an arms race is suicide
Intel Reorganization: Old Structure
(Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2005)
Implications of Giuliani’s Advice
• If an organization’s design and structure are dependent on the goals and strategy of the organization (not to mention other things like the environment) … • and if different organizations have different objectives and operate in different environments …. • it follows logically that there is no one best way to organize
Changing the structure of intercollegiate athletics at Vanderbilt
Actions Taken (cont.) Moved fundraising for athletics to the Office of Development and Alumni Relations Consolidated management of all sports facilities with recreation facilities in a new Office of Facilities and Conferences Intercollegiate athletics media relations, marketing, broadcasting and publications placed under the Division of Public Affairs Merged intercollegiate athletics financial and administrative operations with the Division of Student Life and University Affairs
Evolving Structure of Organizations
Evolving Structure of Organizations
Evolving Structure of Organizations
Evolving Structure of Organizations
Evolving Structure of Organizations
“Organize around a purpose … finding the right organizational structure starts with a mission.”
Rudolph Giuliani Former Mayor of New York
Good Advice about Organizing
(Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2005)
Intel Corporate
Digital Health
Mobility Group
Digital Enterprise
Digital Home
Channel Products
Good Advice about Organizing
MGMT 321 Class 8
Organizing and Organizational Structure
Agenda
• Organizing and organizational structure • Hint: This is a good day to take careful notes
Twin Pressures in Organizations
• Differentiation
How do we arrange the different people and tasks of the organization in a coherent way that supports the objectives the organization is trying to achieve? How do we achieve coordination among people across the different parts of the organization so everything is aligned with overall objectives?
Organizing and Organization Design
Organization Design and Structure
Key Question
How can organizations arrange their people, tasks, and parts to most effectively and efficiently accomplish their mission and goals?
e.g., changes reporting relationships, who people interact with on a day-to-day basis in doing their jobs
• Is unlikely to solve the problems noted by the President of Vanderbilt, though
• As the environment changes, organizations need to consider new structures that adapt to new environmental opportunities and challenges
Evolving Structure of Organizations
Isolation of intercollegiate athletics from academics
Changing the structure of intercollegiate athletics at Vanderbilt
The Challenge “For too long, college athletics has been segregated from the core mission of the university. As a result, we have created a culture, both on this campus and nationally, that is disconnected from our students, faculty, and other constituents, where responsibility is diffuse, the potential for abuse considerable and the costs – both financial and academic – unsustainable” Gordon Gee, President
Purpose
Organization design and structure
Implications of Giuliani’s Advice
• Decisions about organizing should only be made once the purpose and objectives of the organization are known • The particular organization form that an organization adopts must align with and support the organization’s purpose and objectives
Intercollegiate athletics “arms race” is spiraling out of control
• • • • “Arms Race” (e.g., state-of-the-art facilities) Rising scholarship costs Increasing salaries for coaches Title IX compliance
Why or why not?
Vanderbilt University Campus
Structural Change in Organizations
• One of the very first things managers can do to implement needed change in organizations • Can be a powerful lever of change